1 00:02:09,403 --> 00:02:11,123 The Shanidar Cave 2 00:02:11,123 --> 00:02:16,843 is regarded as one of the most revered caves in the world 3 00:02:17,803 --> 00:02:20,883 during the time of the Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens. 4 00:02:21,683 --> 00:02:27,683 In a place where life has been ever present, 5 00:02:27,683 --> 00:02:30,683 we might find answers to questions. 6 00:02:31,683 --> 00:02:34,283 Questions that are still mysterious. 7 00:06:59,083 --> 00:07:00,843 At that time, 8 00:07:01,803 --> 00:07:03,803 we were young. 9 00:07:07,363 --> 00:07:09,683 I was approximately... 10 00:07:11,123 --> 00:07:12,923 seventeen, eighteen years old. 11 00:07:16,843 --> 00:07:18,843 The doctor taught us. 12 00:07:21,443 --> 00:07:24,363 Many stones came out of the cave, large stones. 13 00:07:25,083 --> 00:07:26,523 They used explosives. 14 00:07:35,403 --> 00:07:39,603 They found the Neanderthal skeletons. It was a big deal. 15 00:07:42,963 --> 00:07:46,803 Their ribs and bones were thick. 16 00:07:47,483 --> 00:07:49,803 Their head was very large. 17 00:07:53,203 --> 00:07:54,643 Their hands, 18 00:07:55,643 --> 00:07:57,803 everything about them was striking. 19 00:08:44,723 --> 00:08:47,403 We call it the tree of life. 20 00:08:48,283 --> 00:08:50,003 Each human and each animal 21 00:08:50,963 --> 00:08:54,123 becomes a branch on that tree of life. 22 00:08:59,003 --> 00:09:03,843 We are one of the branches, and the Neanderthals were another. 23 00:09:06,123 --> 00:09:08,683 Somewhere along the line, we separated. 24 00:09:10,603 --> 00:09:12,923 I truly feel 25 00:09:13,483 --> 00:09:18,003 that I am sitting on my cousin's remains. 26 00:16:42,203 --> 00:16:45,443 Every new evidence, that you have about Neanderthals, 27 00:16:46,603 --> 00:16:49,963 is actually showing you how human they are. 28 00:16:56,243 --> 00:16:59,403 But their behavior was different from ours. 29 00:17:02,523 --> 00:17:05,803 They lived in a completely different world to our world. 30 00:17:21,923 --> 00:17:24,803 This is part of the Krapina Collection. 31 00:17:27,563 --> 00:17:31,403 They are around 130,000 years old, 32 00:17:31,403 --> 00:17:36,083 and they are the biggest collection of Neanderthals coming from a single site. 33 00:17:40,443 --> 00:17:46,403 We are estimating possibly up to around 80 individual Neanderthals. 34 00:17:47,883 --> 00:17:50,203 You don't have their whole bodies buried. 35 00:17:50,203 --> 00:17:54,923 You actually have just fragments of each of those individuals. 36 00:17:54,923 --> 00:17:56,803 So that is very unusual. 37 00:18:06,683 --> 00:18:12,083 On the Krapina bones, both cranial, so skull bones, and also postcranial, 38 00:18:12,083 --> 00:18:16,483 you see a lot of human-made cut marks. 39 00:18:23,603 --> 00:18:27,683 What this is is a tibia, and there is a possibility 40 00:18:27,683 --> 00:18:30,963 that it was broken on purpose, that it was smashed. 41 00:18:32,923 --> 00:18:38,043 You can also see cut marks here and even some other marks. 42 00:18:39,283 --> 00:18:43,963 One of the reasons you would maybe smash a long bone 43 00:18:43,963 --> 00:18:48,523 is because it's like a container of bone marrow. 44 00:18:52,163 --> 00:18:58,443 This is a fibula that has another interesting kind of marking 45 00:18:58,443 --> 00:19:00,123 on the surface of the bone. 46 00:19:01,283 --> 00:19:04,643 They were probably made when someone was scraping off 47 00:19:04,643 --> 00:19:10,083 the remaining flesh of the bone or remaining muscle tissue of the bone. 48 00:19:10,083 --> 00:19:11,203 As you would do 49 00:19:11,203 --> 00:19:16,203 when you were just like doing the same with your chicken bone at your lunch. 50 00:19:28,083 --> 00:19:33,083 When you hear they were eating each other, you're immediately, like, shocked. 51 00:19:38,203 --> 00:19:42,403 But it's also the question, "What kind of cannibalism?" 52 00:19:43,603 --> 00:19:45,123 What did it mean to them? 53 00:20:16,203 --> 00:20:22,163 Recreating the tools, the ways to do stuff, 54 00:20:22,163 --> 00:20:25,643 we are trying to go into the head of those people, 55 00:20:25,643 --> 00:20:29,963 and, you know, see the cognitive processes that go behind. 56 00:20:30,843 --> 00:20:34,083 So, what is different is that we're just getting cut marks 57 00:20:34,083 --> 00:20:36,963 close to the articulation sites. 58 00:20:36,963 --> 00:20:40,443 And what is weird in the human remains in Krapina is 59 00:20:40,443 --> 00:20:44,003 that you are getting it all along the long bones. 60 00:20:44,003 --> 00:20:47,203 So as if someone is actually scraping it continuously. 61 00:20:49,443 --> 00:20:54,283 I cannot imagine, like, doing this to someone I actually know. 62 00:21:00,403 --> 00:21:04,563 So, this is the famous Krapina 3 skull. 63 00:21:05,603 --> 00:21:11,483 It is the most complete cranial specimen 64 00:21:11,483 --> 00:21:16,203 in the whole collection, and it's the only one that has a face. 65 00:21:21,243 --> 00:21:24,083 This person, we believe, was a female. 66 00:21:24,083 --> 00:21:27,283 A young Neanderthal in her 20s. 67 00:21:29,003 --> 00:21:31,723 What is very interesting is that on the frontal bone, 68 00:21:31,723 --> 00:21:36,683 you have a series of something like 40 cut marks. 69 00:21:40,403 --> 00:21:43,043 There is determination 70 00:21:43,043 --> 00:21:47,843 to do 40 cut marks slowly and very close together. 71 00:21:49,003 --> 00:21:51,363 Even if they were consuming these bones, 72 00:21:51,363 --> 00:21:54,963 I don't think it was because they were starving. 73 00:21:57,683 --> 00:22:00,643 It's actually deeply complex behavior. 74 00:22:09,883 --> 00:22:14,603 Maybe by consuming the flesh of the person they knew, 75 00:22:15,483 --> 00:22:20,923 they want to get some kind of virtue, something that they admired in this person 76 00:22:20,923 --> 00:22:23,843 that they shared their lives with. 77 00:22:26,763 --> 00:22:29,443 In the ethnographic examples that we know of, 78 00:22:29,963 --> 00:22:33,683 until recently, people consumed their loved ones 79 00:22:33,683 --> 00:22:38,683 because by consuming their flesh, they're trying to take in something 80 00:22:38,683 --> 00:22:43,723 that can continue on to other generations, you know, it's some kind of legacy. 81 00:22:47,603 --> 00:22:51,083 I cannot say that this was exactly what was the driving force 82 00:22:51,083 --> 00:22:53,883 behind this kind of behavior in Neanderthals, 83 00:22:53,883 --> 00:22:55,563 but it's another possibility. 84 00:35:35,163 --> 00:35:37,603 After cleaning and strengthening the bones, 85 00:35:37,603 --> 00:35:39,323 then I had the pieces, 86 00:35:39,323 --> 00:35:43,843 and I could start to do the restoration, which is a big jigsaw. 87 00:35:48,603 --> 00:35:51,803 So, the first fragment is like the easy part. 88 00:35:54,083 --> 00:35:56,283 And then it gets more complicated. 89 00:36:01,243 --> 00:36:02,763 You need patience, 90 00:36:05,723 --> 00:36:09,803 because you have a very unique specimen in your hands. 91 00:36:12,203 --> 00:36:14,403 It's a lot of responsibility. 92 00:40:04,843 --> 00:40:08,083 Here we have the skull that Emma, the data Emma, sent us. 93 00:40:08,083 --> 00:40:11,883 We've got an almost complete skull, nice complete skull, and it's printed out. 94 00:40:11,883 --> 00:40:14,123 - So now we can see him. - Wow. 95 00:40:14,123 --> 00:40:16,603 {\an8}Who are the Kennis brothers? 96 00:40:16,603 --> 00:40:21,003 {\an8}The Kennis brothers are two twins who are fascinated by human evolution. 97 00:40:21,003 --> 00:40:22,563 Let's see, look at this nose. 98 00:40:22,563 --> 00:40:25,763 It looks a very Neanderthal-like nose, but what we see is 99 00:40:25,763 --> 00:40:28,523 that the other side of the nose is very narrow. 100 00:40:28,523 --> 00:40:31,123 We reconstruct ancient extinct humans. 101 00:40:31,123 --> 00:40:33,003 We try to show people 102 00:40:33,003 --> 00:40:37,443 how maybe the early ancestors would look like in real life. 103 00:40:37,443 --> 00:40:40,523 - Big eyes, tall face, small nose. - Big eye, yeah. 104 00:40:40,523 --> 00:40:46,203 You know, like... spectacles, you know, these enormous, big spectacles like... 105 00:40:46,203 --> 00:40:50,123 If you put the mandible below it, it looks like... uh... 106 00:40:50,123 --> 00:40:52,043 We were very bad at school. 107 00:40:52,043 --> 00:40:53,683 We didn't read much. 108 00:40:53,683 --> 00:40:57,403 We went to the library, and we saw some beautiful pictures of Neanderthals. 109 00:40:59,283 --> 00:41:01,803 We see immediately those worn-down teeth, mamma mia! 110 00:41:01,803 --> 00:41:04,083 - Incredible teeth. - Typical Neanderthal. 111 00:41:04,083 --> 00:41:07,643 - They use their teeth like a vice. Yeah. - Vice. Like a tool. 112 00:41:07,643 --> 00:41:09,083 That, we find fascinating. 113 00:41:09,083 --> 00:41:13,603 How a face, an ape face, could morph into a human face. 114 00:41:21,163 --> 00:41:23,603 For us, what's fascinating about Neanderthals is, 115 00:41:23,603 --> 00:41:26,123 they've got an enormous, big nose, 116 00:41:27,243 --> 00:41:28,803 an enormous puffy face. 117 00:41:29,363 --> 00:41:34,043 Never in human evolution did you see such a big, strange face. 118 00:41:34,923 --> 00:41:36,603 So that's fantastic to see. 119 00:41:45,963 --> 00:41:50,163 So, mostly we get skulls. Mostly the skulls are distorted. 120 00:41:51,603 --> 00:41:53,443 We're gonna correct the skulls. 121 00:41:53,443 --> 00:41:57,203 We're going to make them complete with forensic methods. 122 00:42:04,003 --> 00:42:07,963 When the skull is complete, then we apply the tissue thickness, 123 00:42:09,163 --> 00:42:11,123 the muscles on it and the flesh. 124 00:42:14,043 --> 00:42:16,883 We fill it up with a kind of skin layer. 125 00:42:42,883 --> 00:42:44,283 Yeah, you can come. 126 00:42:46,843 --> 00:42:49,283 I hope that a lot of people look at this face 127 00:42:49,283 --> 00:42:52,043 and maybe look at how strange it is. 128 00:42:53,563 --> 00:42:56,283 They had such peculiar features. 129 00:42:57,683 --> 00:43:01,163 And that's so striking because the brain size is same as us. 130 00:43:01,163 --> 00:43:04,403 They are as human as us, but still there are differences, 131 00:43:04,403 --> 00:43:06,883 and that's fascinating, why are they different? 132 00:43:09,163 --> 00:43:12,043 It's such a kind of parallel evolution with us. 133 00:43:13,563 --> 00:43:15,563 - All right. - Yeah, all right. Okay. 134 00:43:15,563 --> 00:43:18,923 And why did one disappear, and why is one still alive? 135 00:43:18,923 --> 00:43:22,043 That's fascinating. That's the other us. 136 00:45:14,483 --> 00:45:17,843 It is really unnatural to go into the caves. 137 00:45:23,483 --> 00:45:26,923 These are places that people fear. 138 00:45:35,403 --> 00:45:37,643 And especially to the very bottom of the caves. 139 00:47:06,923 --> 00:47:08,843 It's very constructed. 140 00:47:11,843 --> 00:47:15,963 {\an8}We understood that there were architectural tricks. 141 00:47:24,123 --> 00:47:28,683 Small elements to wedge the large stalagmites. 142 00:47:32,003 --> 00:47:35,883 All of this is completely structured and thought out. 143 00:47:46,523 --> 00:47:52,083 For an archaeologist, it's quite unique. There is no other equivalent to it. 144 00:48:12,243 --> 00:48:15,563 Here we have a thermal alteration, but it's not the only one. 145 00:48:15,563 --> 00:48:17,723 We have quite a few... 146 00:48:17,723 --> 00:48:20,323 - Here we agree, that's the hearth. - It's the hearth. 147 00:48:20,323 --> 00:48:21,723 It's the hearth. 148 00:48:24,763 --> 00:48:30,803 So we have several places here where a fire was present at some point. 149 00:48:33,283 --> 00:48:34,283 Number 38, 150 00:48:34,283 --> 00:48:37,763 along the middle. 151 00:48:48,043 --> 00:48:51,323 This is very exciting because we can see traces of soot, 152 00:48:51,323 --> 00:48:53,483 thermal alterations. 153 00:48:53,483 --> 00:48:57,043 There is very black soot, it's red, it's purple. 154 00:49:03,523 --> 00:49:07,803 Obviously, in all traditional or prehistoric populations, 155 00:49:07,803 --> 00:49:10,243 we know that fire has a symbolic value. 156 00:51:12,043 --> 00:51:14,643 One hundred seventy-five thousand years ago in Europe, 157 00:51:14,643 --> 00:51:16,403 there were only Neanderthals. 158 00:51:18,123 --> 00:51:22,563 Bruniquel is the oldest construction in the world that you can see. 159 00:51:51,203 --> 00:51:55,163 The recurring question that keeps coming back is, 160 00:51:55,163 --> 00:51:56,643 "What are the structures for?" 161 00:53:20,283 --> 00:53:25,483 So more and more, we tend to see in Neanderthals 162 00:53:27,363 --> 00:53:30,243 a much older humanity, 163 00:53:32,643 --> 00:53:38,043 which shares with modern man more and more things in common. 164 00:53:52,403 --> 00:53:54,283 And therefore with Bruniquel, 165 00:53:55,683 --> 00:54:02,683 we increased this relationship we have with an ancestor who is very old. 166 01:09:38,563 --> 01:09:42,963 Neanderthal genes are present inside many Homo Sapiens. 167 01:09:46,283 --> 01:09:51,203 And I do really believe that we are cousins. 168 01:09:51,203 --> 01:09:53,963 We are of the same blood. 169 01:09:53,963 --> 01:09:56,123 We have the same ancestors.