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Downloaded from
YTS.MX

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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX

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(dramatic music throughout)

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(speaking in French)

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FLORES: The first time I saw the audio
discs it was in the cellar.

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They had been left in storage, unheard,
for many decades.

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(camera click)

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(speaking in French)

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FLORES: Listening to
them gave me the chills.

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MAN (over tape): Attention!

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The International Military Tribunal
will now enter.

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JUDGE (over tape): Will
you state your full name?

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KEITEL (over tape): Wilhelm Keitel.

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STREICHER (over tape): Julius Streicher.

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DOENITZ (over tape): Karl Doenitz.

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NARRATOR: At end of World War II,
top Nazi leaders were put on trial.

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(speaking in German)

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NARRATOR: For ten months, this
trial revealed unknown details

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about major battles.

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PHILLIMORE (over tape): U-boats
were to shoot up the lifeboats.

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NARRATOR: And wartime crimes.

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MAXWELL-FYFE (over tape): How did you
tolerate all these men being murdered?

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MAN (over tape): Hello, recording.

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NARRATOR: Unknown to many, the
entire proceeding was recorded

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on more than 2,000 audio discs.

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FLORES: While we were digitizing the
discs, we preferred to keep it a secret.

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We had fears that someone would steal and
destroy the discs because they contain

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really important
testimonies about the war.

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NARRATOR: Most of this audio has never
been heard. Until now.

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OHLENDORF: The executions were carried
out in a military manner

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a military manner by firing squads
under command.

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JACKSON (over tape): Tell us about
preparations for gas warfare.

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SPEER: This proposal
came from Dr. Goebbels.

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NARRATOR: This is the
story of World War II.

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KEITEL: That was an order which was given
to me by Hitler.

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MAN: Hitler! Sieg!

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CROWD: Heil!

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NARRATOR: And the most
chilling criminals in history.

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GOERING: I stand up for
the things that I have done.

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NARRATOR: As you’ve never heard it before.

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(overlapping chatter)

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MAN (over tape): Is that your testimony?

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(theme music playing)

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(cheering throughout)

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MONTGOMERY (over radio):
This is the BBC Home Service.

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The end of the war in Europe
was officially announced at

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3:00 this afternoon.

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REPORTER (over radio): The commanders of
the German forces have come to

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this headquarters today to
make unconditional surrender.

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DOUGLAS: At the end of the war,
the question of course emerges,

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what to do with the
defeated Nazi leadership.

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We have to remember that at
the time the public was just

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absorbing the stories that were coming out
of the liberated Western camps.

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And so, public opinion polls aggressively
supported the idea of summary execution.

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But then, mainly
coming from the Americans,

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there was the proposal to
actually have a legal response.

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KISSI: If the truth of Nazi
rule was not established in

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a due process of law, then
it was very likely that someday

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people would even deny that the
atrocities that the Nazi regime

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had committed took place.

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MORGAN: There was the idea that
a big case could be presented

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publicly to help explain,
to help make sense of what had

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just happened to the world.

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-(engines rumbling)
-(shattering)

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WITTMANN: But by the time a trial is a
possibility at all in the fall of 1945,

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it's really a question of
who they can still catch.

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REPORTER (over radio): This is London
calling. Hitler is dead.

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REPORTER 2 (over radio): The SS chief
Heinrich Himmler also ends his life.

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NARRATOR: With several top Nazis dead,
the Allies decide to hold a group trial of

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the remaining German leaders.

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REPORTER (over radio): Among the
more prominent Nazis seized are

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Admiral Doenitz and Albert Speer,
Minister of Economics and Production.

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NARRATOR: They arrest and charge
just over 20 major officials,

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who represent the full
scope of the Nazi system.

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BUTTAR: Keitel was chief
of the German armed forces.

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MATTHÄUS: Streicher was known
for his anti-Semitic propaganda.

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BARRETT: Rudolf Hess had
been Hitler’s stenographer as

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Hitler was dictating Mein Kamp.

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MCDONOUGH: Goering was the number two
figure in the Nazi party.

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During the war, he was the head of the
Luftwaffe, the head of the Four-Year Plan.

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He is the biggest
Nazi war criminal still alive.

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NARRATOR: The trial will be
held in Nuremberg, Germany.

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(speaking in German)

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MAN: Sieg!

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CROWD: Heil!

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NARRATOR: As the former site of
Hitler’s infamous party rallies,

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it is considered to be the
symbolic birthplace of Nazism.

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(shouting)

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WITTMANN: So Nuremberg is seen as the
perfect spot in which to punish the Nazis.

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(explosion)

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NARRATOR: In the city’s Palace of Justice,

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the Nazis will face an
international tribunal made up

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of judges and prosecutors
from four Allied nations.

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MCDONOUGH: It was Britain,
America, Russia, and the French

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and so they all had their
own prosecuting counsels.

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NARRATOR: Although
they will work together,

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the American and British
prosecutors will take the lead.

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JACKSON: We have an opportunity
to bring to a just judgement

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those who have thought it safe to wage
aggressive and ruthless war.

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BARRETT: Robert H. Jackson is
the American chief prosecutor.

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He had been Attorney General and
in 1941 U.S. Supreme Court Justice.

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He really is America’s leading lawyer.

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MAXWELL-FYFE (over tape): It is the only
hope for Germany and the world that

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our people realize and
repent for what has happened.

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MCDONOUGH: David Maxwell-Fyfe was the
leading prosecutor for the British.

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He’d suffered from the bombing in London
and he hated the Nazis.

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NARRATOR: To prepare their case, Allied
investigators scour the countryside,

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gathering witnesses and evidence.

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MATTHÄUS: The unconditional
surrender gave the Allies access

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to all German records.
That was unprecedented.

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BARRETT: And that really
strengthens the knowledge level

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as they’re heading for trial in Nuremberg.

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(whistle blowing)

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GAETH (over radio): This is Arthur Gaeth
in Nuremberg, Germany.

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If the 43 pages of charges
prepared by the four capable

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prosecutors are made to stick,
this trial will not only make history,

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but also establish precedence
in international criminal law.

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(overlapping chatter)

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DOUGLAS: The atmosphere at the start of
the trial was incredibly electric.

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MAN (over tape): Hello recording,
hello recording.

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DOUGLAS: We have to bear in mind,

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this is the first international
criminal trial in human history.

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MAN (over tape):
Test, one, two, three, four.

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DOUGLAS: And we have heads
of state being accused of an

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extraordinary range of horrific crimes.

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MAN (over tape): Attention!

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The International Military Tribunal
will now enter.

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HYMEL: They knew that
with this trial they would be

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revealing information
that no one had known before.

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MORGAN: That’s why the
decision was made to capture

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the full proceedings
in an audio recording.

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NARRATOR: Some of these
recordings will be played for

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the first time in this film.

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PRESIDENT (over tape): The
present defendants stand charged

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here today, with Crimes Against Peace,

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War Crimes, Crimes Against Humanity,

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and of a Common Plan
or Conspiracy to commit those crimes.

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I will now call upon the
defendants to plead guilty or

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not guilty to the charges against them.

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KEITEL: I declare myself not guilty.

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JODL: Not guilty.

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SAUCKEL: Not guilty.

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WITTMANN: When you
listen to the defendants…

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HESS: No.

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WITTMANN: They speak with a
kind of bizarre confidence.

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SEYSS-INQUART: I declare myself not
guilty.

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WITTMANN: And they all plead not guilty.

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FRICK: Not guilty.

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None of them consider
themselves to be guilty.

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GOERING: I declare myself, in the
sense of the indictment, not guilty.

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NARRATOR: To establish the Nazis’ guilt,

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prosecutors intend to lay
out a wide range of crimes,

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to reveal, exactly how the Nazis were able
to wage such a devastating war.

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And they will seek to
prove that starting the war was

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the Nazis’ plan from the beginning.

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(cheering)

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(overlapping chatter)

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JUDGE (over tape): The Tribunal
will hear the defendant Goering

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in the witness box now.

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NARRATOR: As Hitler’s
former right-hand man,

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defendant Hermann Goering
was a high-ranking member of

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the Nazi government and German military.

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One of the many accusations
against him is that he took a

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lead role in conspiring to wage
war almost immediately

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after the Nazis came to power.

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JACKSON (over tape): Now, as
early as 1933 after you came to

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power you regarded it as
necessary to rearm Germany

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regardless of any
treaty limitations, did you not?

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GOERING: It was, of course,
already discussed in 1933

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because it was clear at
once that something different

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needed to happen under our government.

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(cheering)

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MORGAN: At the end of the first World War,
the Versailles Treaty had forced

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a large number of restrictions
on the German military.

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(speaking in German)

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GOERING: Hitler was of the opinion that
Germany

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must be freed from the
restrictions of Versailles.

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(speaking in German)

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MORGAN: Adolf Hitler and
the clique of professional

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military soldiers that
followed him into office,

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like Hermann Goering who was
an accomplished fighter pilot

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during the First World War,
said if we don’t rearm,

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we're just going to be victimized by
other world powers.

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(chanting)

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GOERING: It was not only Adolf Hitler.
Every German - every patriotic German -

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had the same feeling.

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MORGAN: But what emerges
during the Tribunal is that

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German re-armament had a greater goal than
simply protecting Germany.

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That they were secretly
preparing to take on the world.

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BARRETT: Remember,
captured documents are just

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incredibly powerful,
authentic smoking guns.

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If you’ve got the right documents,
you’ve pretty much got magic evidence.

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ALDERMAN (over tape):
May it please the Tribunal.

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One of the most striking and
revealing captured documents is

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a document which we have come
to know as the Hossbach notes

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of a conference on 5 November 1937.

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NARRATOR: Friedrich Hossbach had
been part of Hitler’s personal staff.

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DOUGLAS: And that memo
was prepared in the wake of a

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meeting between Hitler and a small number
of members of the military.

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ALDERMAN (over tape): I note the defendant
Hermann Wilhelm Goering was present.

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In this conspiratorial meeting
Adolf Hitler posed the question;

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"The question for Germany is

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where the greatest possible conquest could
be made at the lowest cost."

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DOUGLAS: It was very clear
from that memo that Hitler

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wanted land and that land would come from

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Austria, Czechoslovakia, possibly Poland.

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NARRATOR: It’s a stunning revelation,

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only according to Goering,
there’s a simple explanation.

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GOERING: Hossbach was present at the
meeting and took notes.

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Five days later, he prepared this record.

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This is, therefore, a record
which contains mistakes.

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NARRATOR: But the prosecution is
about to reveal Goering’s lie.

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HYMEL: When Nazi Germany
starts taking over countries

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like Austria and
Czechoslovakia, at the time,

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the interpretation is that the people in
those countries wanted it.

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CROWD: Heil! Sieg!

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Heil! Sieg!

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Heil! Sieg!

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HYMEL: Yet what captured documents
reveal is that the Nazis were

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secretly putting pressure on
their governments to hand over

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their countries to Nazi Germany.

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ALDERMAN (over tape): I now offer in
evidence the actual events in Austria.

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MCDONOUGH: There's actually a
telephone conversation that’s

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introduced into the trial of how Goering
bullies Schuschnigg, the,

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the Austrian chancellor.

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ALDERMAN (over tape): I
turn now to copies of the

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telephone conversations, Top Secret.

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Goering: "You go and
tell the Federal President

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that if the conditions are
not accepted immediately,

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the troops who are already stationed at
the frontier, will march in tonight,

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and Austria will cease to exist.”

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00:16:51,719 --> 00:16:57,349
The Nazis were actually able to secure
Austria by making a threat of force.

233
00:16:59,727 --> 00:17:03,272
NARRATOR: Goering refuses
to admit any wrongdoing.

234
00:17:05,566 --> 00:17:12,281
GOERING: Aggressive war is carried out
by shooting, throwing bombs, and so on.

235
00:17:13,032 --> 00:17:16,910
But there was only one thing thrown
and that was flowers.

236
00:17:21,832 --> 00:17:24,960
NARRATOR: But the evidence
continues to mount.

237
00:17:27,379 --> 00:17:29,882
ALDERMAN (over tape): I should
like now to offer in evidence

238
00:17:29,965 --> 00:17:32,426
the conquest of Czechoslovakia.

239
00:17:34,053 --> 00:17:40,059
In the second week of March 1939 in
response to the summons from Hitler,

240
00:17:40,142 --> 00:17:45,272
Monsieur Hácha, the President of the
Czechoslovak Republic arrived in Berlin.

241
00:17:49,485 --> 00:17:52,279
Hácha was ushered
into the Reich Chancellery.

242
00:17:54,615 --> 00:17:59,244
He found there Adolf Hitler, Goering,
and other high Nazi officials.

243
00:18:02,414 --> 00:18:04,416
MCDONOUGH: They have
him in a lamp lit room.

244
00:18:05,334 --> 00:18:09,463
It's like a scene straight out
to the Godfather, Godfather II.

245
00:18:11,507 --> 00:18:14,009
ALDERMAN (over tape): This is
the captured Germans’ account of

246
00:18:14,093 --> 00:18:16,136
this infamous meeting.

247
00:18:18,472 --> 00:18:23,060
They reminded him that in three hours the
German army would cross the border.

248
00:18:24,269 --> 00:18:29,191
The defendant Goering boasted of
what his Luftwaffe would do

249
00:18:29,691 --> 00:18:32,194
if the Czech forces dared to resist.

250
00:18:33,737 --> 00:18:35,572
MCDONOUGH: Goering
bullies him and says to him,

251
00:18:35,656 --> 00:18:39,034
“If you don’t give up and
allow our troops to march in,

252
00:18:39,576 --> 00:18:41,995
we will bomb Prague to the ground.”

253
00:18:43,372 --> 00:18:45,415
He couldn’t hardly deny it.

254
00:18:45,999 --> 00:18:48,127
BARRETT: So he tried
to minimize and tried to lie.

255
00:18:50,170 --> 00:18:53,882
GOERING: I told him there would only be
unnecessary bloodshed.

256
00:18:54,550 --> 00:18:57,970
And in that connection,
I made the statement

257
00:18:58,053 --> 00:19:02,599
that I should be sorry if I had to bomb
beautiful Prague.

258
00:19:04,393 --> 00:19:07,980
MCDONOUGH: But it’s pretty clear
that this is criminal behavior.

259
00:19:09,439 --> 00:19:13,360
ALDERMAN (over tape): Under this threat
the aged President of Czechoslovakia

260
00:19:13,861 --> 00:19:18,490
signed the document with which
the Nazi conspirators confronted him.

261
00:19:19,825 --> 00:19:23,036
DOUGLAS: What we basically have
is Germany holding a gun up to

262
00:19:23,120 --> 00:19:26,957
the head of the leaders of
Austria and Czechoslovakia.

263
00:19:28,125 --> 00:19:29,293
(explosion)

264
00:19:29,376 --> 00:19:32,379
And it’s all part of this
aggressive policy,

265
00:19:33,547 --> 00:19:37,634
which is inevitably going to lead
to the Second World War.

266
00:19:39,761 --> 00:19:42,139
PRESIDENT (over tape): You’ll go
on with the evidence tomorrow?

267
00:19:42,222 --> 00:19:43,473
ALDERMAN (over tape): Yes, sir.

268
00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:53,150
GAETH (over radio): This is Arthur Gaeth
in Nuremberg Germany.

269
00:19:53,775 --> 00:19:59,156
In the Nuremberg Palace of Justice,
the prosecution is well into its case.

270
00:20:03,827 --> 00:20:07,497
DOUGLAS: At Nuremberg,
the prosecution demonstrates

271
00:20:07,915 --> 00:20:10,250
that the annexation of Austria,

272
00:20:11,126 --> 00:20:13,003
the seizure of Czechoslovakia

273
00:20:13,545 --> 00:20:17,966
is all part of this aggressive
policy of the Nazi regime.

274
00:20:19,551 --> 00:20:22,888
But none of that had really
led to direct military conflict.

275
00:20:25,849 --> 00:20:28,518
(gunfire)

276
00:20:29,019 --> 00:20:32,105
It really isn’t until
Germany’s attack on Poland,

277
00:20:33,482 --> 00:20:36,568
that we have the beginning
of the Second World War.

278
00:20:40,697 --> 00:20:43,283
MORGAN: So, it was
important to prosecutors to

279
00:20:43,367 --> 00:20:45,702
look at what happened
during the invasion of Poland.

280
00:20:48,121 --> 00:20:51,500
MAN (over tape): Colonel Amen will
represent the United States this morning.

281
00:20:55,212 --> 00:20:56,672
AMEN (over tape): May
it please the Tribunal,

282
00:20:56,755 --> 00:20:59,675
I propose to call as
witness for the prosecution,

283
00:20:59,925 --> 00:21:02,552
Major General Erwin von Lahousen.

284
00:21:04,805 --> 00:21:07,933
NARRATOR: Erwin von Lahousen
had been a high-ranking member

285
00:21:08,016 --> 00:21:12,980
of the Nazis’ military espionage group,
called the Abwehr.

286
00:21:13,647 --> 00:21:16,149
PRESIDENT (over tape): Will you
stand in front of the microphone

287
00:21:16,233 --> 00:21:17,734
there so you can be heard?

288
00:21:18,193 --> 00:21:21,363
NARRATOR: He has detailed
knowledge of top-secret events

289
00:21:21,446 --> 00:21:23,907
leading up to the invasion of Poland.

290
00:21:25,409 --> 00:21:27,995
DOUGLAS: The defendants were
not aware that he was going to

291
00:21:28,078 --> 00:21:30,330
be testifying against them.

292
00:21:30,914 --> 00:21:34,960
(vinyl scratching)

293
00:21:35,377 --> 00:21:37,963
AMEN (over tape): Was the
Abwehr ever asked to furnish

294
00:21:38,046 --> 00:21:41,049
any assistance for the Polish campaign?

295
00:21:41,758 --> 00:21:42,592
LAHOUSEN: Yes.

296
00:21:43,635 --> 00:21:45,679
AMEN (over tape): Will
you explain to the Tribunal

297
00:21:45,762 --> 00:21:48,765
the nature of the assistance required?

298
00:21:50,142 --> 00:21:55,105
LAHOUSEN: The affair on which I am
now giving testimony

299
00:21:55,188 --> 00:22:00,819
is one of the most mysterious
actions which took place…

300
00:22:03,196 --> 00:22:05,741
(tape whirring)

301
00:22:07,951 --> 00:22:12,039
NARRATOR: Back in 1939, Nazi
leadership had claimed that

302
00:22:12,122 --> 00:22:15,250
the fighting only
began after Polish troops

303
00:22:15,334 --> 00:22:17,711
first attacked German soldiers.

304
00:22:20,589 --> 00:22:25,093
According to them, Poland is to
blame for the start of the war.

305
00:22:26,887 --> 00:22:29,514
MORGAN: That's the way the story
was presented to the world,

306
00:22:29,598 --> 00:22:32,642
it was Germany simply
defending its border.

307
00:22:35,562 --> 00:22:40,442
NARRATOR: But General Von Lahousen is
about to stun the world with the truth.

308
00:22:44,613 --> 00:22:48,825
AMEN (over tape): Will you please explain
exactly what took place?

309
00:22:50,077 --> 00:22:54,414
LAHOUSEN: My division,
Defense Division 2, received

310
00:22:54,498 --> 00:22:59,336
the task of providing Polish
uniforms.

311
00:23:00,921 --> 00:23:03,048
AMEN (over tape): And
what was the purpose?

312
00:23:06,593 --> 00:23:11,473
LAHOUSEN: That people
from concentration camps

313
00:23:11,556 --> 00:23:18,021
were disguised in these uniforms and were
ordered to make a military attack

314
00:23:18,438 --> 00:23:22,692
on the radio station at Gleiwitz.

315
00:23:22,776 --> 00:23:25,153
(rapid gunfire)

316
00:23:25,487 --> 00:23:28,281
MORGAN: And so what actually
happened was that the Germans

317
00:23:28,615 --> 00:23:31,910
dressed some prisoners up in
Polish uniform and used that as

318
00:23:31,993 --> 00:23:35,747
the pretext for invading
the western half of Poland.

319
00:23:37,958 --> 00:23:40,752
AMEN (over tape): What
happened to the men that wore

320
00:23:40,836 --> 00:23:44,423
the Polish uniforms
and created this incident?

321
00:23:45,882 --> 00:23:48,718
LAHOUSEN: All of the people
who took part in

322
00:23:48,802 --> 00:23:54,891
that were put out of the way, that is,
killed.

323
00:23:59,604 --> 00:24:02,399
AMEN (over tape): Is there any slighted
doubt in your mind about that?

324
00:24:03,567 --> 00:24:04,568
LAHOUSEN: No.

325
00:24:06,486 --> 00:24:09,489
BARRETT: This is a bowl ‘em over moment.

326
00:24:10,615 --> 00:24:14,786
DOUGLAS: Goering calls von Lahousen,
“Schwein,” meaning pig.

327
00:24:14,870 --> 00:24:19,207
He says, “Verrat,” treason.
“Verrater,” uh, traitor.

328
00:24:22,961 --> 00:24:25,130
Goering even says, “He
should have been gassed.”

329
00:24:31,678 --> 00:24:37,767
NARRATOR: Von Lahousen’s testimony leaves
the courtroom, and the world, reeling.

330
00:24:41,897 --> 00:24:43,773
MAN (over tape): Okay,
recording, that’s all for now.

331
00:24:43,857 --> 00:24:46,693
Adjourn ‘til tomorrow at 9:30.

332
00:24:48,236 --> 00:24:51,281
NARRATOR: But it won’t stop
the Nazis from still attempting

333
00:24:51,364 --> 00:24:55,285
to lie their way out of
responsibility for the war.

334
00:24:56,745 --> 00:24:59,998
KISSI: Criminals can
always find a way to deny.

335
00:25:06,421 --> 00:25:07,797
PRESIDENT (over tape): What is your name?

336
00:25:08,256 --> 00:25:09,716
MILCH: Erhard Milch

337
00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:14,095
NARRATOR: Erhard Milch is
a witness for the defense.

338
00:25:15,222 --> 00:25:19,476
During the war, he served directly under
Goering in the Luftwaffe.

339
00:25:21,394 --> 00:25:24,439
MILCH: To the gentlemen
who now stand accused

340
00:25:24,898 --> 00:25:29,361
the whole question of the
war came as a great surprise.

341
00:25:31,112 --> 00:25:33,365
JACKSON (over tape): You want
this Tribunal to understand you,

342
00:25:33,448 --> 00:25:37,494
as an officer, as saying
that there was no preparation?

343
00:25:40,872 --> 00:25:43,500
-(bombs whistling)
-(explosion)

344
00:25:43,833 --> 00:25:47,003
How long did it take to overrun Denmark?

345
00:25:47,420 --> 00:25:49,381
MILCH: Denmark, very short.

346
00:25:51,675 --> 00:25:55,845
JACKSON (over tape): How long did it take
to overrun Holland and Belgium?

347
00:25:58,098 --> 00:25:59,140
MILCH: A few days.

348
00:26:00,392 --> 00:26:03,728
JACKSON (over tape): How long did it take
to take possession of Norway?

349
00:26:05,105 --> 00:26:06,690
MILCH: Also a short time.

350
00:26:08,275 --> 00:26:12,862
JACKSON (over tape): And how long did it
take to overrun France and take Paris?

351
00:26:14,197 --> 00:26:16,032
MILCH: Two months in all.

352
00:26:17,284 --> 00:26:19,828
JACKSON (over tape): And those
were all surprise movements?

353
00:26:20,495 --> 00:26:24,666
You were surprised at every one of them?
Is that your testimony?

354
00:26:27,419 --> 00:26:28,503
MILCH: Yes.

355
00:26:34,718 --> 00:26:37,971
NARRATOR: But it is not just
the conquest of nations that

356
00:26:38,054 --> 00:26:41,391
prosecutors will show was pre-planned.

357
00:26:41,474 --> 00:26:43,310
CROWD: Heil, heil Hitler.

358
00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:46,396
NARRATOR: They will
soon reveal how propaganda was

359
00:26:46,479 --> 00:26:50,525
used to not only gain
public support for the war,

360
00:26:51,151 --> 00:26:53,945
but also to help pave the way for

361
00:26:54,112 --> 00:26:58,450
one of the largest mass
murders of the 20th Century.

362
00:27:04,748 --> 00:27:06,958
MCDONOUGH: I think one of the
big problems with history is

363
00:27:07,042 --> 00:27:12,213
that we look at the past
through the eyes of the present.

364
00:27:16,259 --> 00:27:18,345
This is especially true of Nazism.

365
00:27:19,429 --> 00:27:23,433
We would tend to see
Nazism through the prism of

366
00:27:23,516 --> 00:27:26,019
the brutality and its antisemitism.

367
00:27:27,103 --> 00:27:28,521
But what you've got to remember is;

368
00:27:28,605 --> 00:27:31,149
that's not how the German
people saw Hitler at all.

369
00:27:31,524 --> 00:27:34,778
(cheering)

370
00:27:35,570 --> 00:27:36,571
HITLER: Sieg!

371
00:27:36,946 --> 00:27:39,532
CROWD: Heil! Heil!

372
00:27:39,616 --> 00:27:44,287
MCDONOUGH: The appeal of Nazism was not
negative, it was utopian.

373
00:27:44,496 --> 00:27:46,873
(speaking in German)

374
00:27:46,956 --> 00:27:48,500
MCDONOUGH: “I’m going
to build a new Germany,

375
00:27:48,750 --> 00:27:50,418
and I'm going to make
Germany a great power."

376
00:27:50,502 --> 00:27:52,462
It was a utopian appeal.

377
00:27:52,545 --> 00:27:54,506
(speaking in German)

378
00:27:54,589 --> 00:27:56,424
(cheering)

379
00:27:56,508 --> 00:28:01,429
KISSI: And so, it was very important
for the Nuremberg process

380
00:28:01,513 --> 00:28:07,519
to lay out how they
eventually induced people to

381
00:28:07,602 --> 00:28:13,400
think that the evil that they
were being asked to participate in,

382
00:28:13,858 --> 00:28:15,944
was virtue of some kind.

383
00:28:25,203 --> 00:28:27,080
WALLIS (over tape): Now
let us consider for a moment

384
00:28:27,372 --> 00:28:31,251
the doctrinal techniques
of the Nazi conspirators.

385
00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:34,963
The first was the,
“Master Race,” doctrine.

386
00:28:35,046 --> 00:28:39,551
Calling anything, “Non-German,”
and you have a clear right,

387
00:28:39,968 --> 00:28:42,846
indeed a duty, to cast it out.

388
00:28:45,265 --> 00:28:49,018
MATTHÄUS: Propaganda played a large role
in the prosecution’s argument.

389
00:28:49,436 --> 00:28:50,937
HITLER: My German youth…

390
00:28:52,188 --> 00:28:54,482
MATTHÄUS: Because
indoctrination was perceived as

391
00:28:54,566 --> 00:28:59,738
a driving force of bringing
along the German population

392
00:29:00,280 --> 00:29:03,241
in the aggressive Nazi policies.

393
00:29:06,035 --> 00:29:07,954
PRESIDENT (over tape): Will
you repeat this oath after me?

394
00:29:08,663 --> 00:29:11,458
MATTHÄUS: I think a
clear indicator for this is

395
00:29:11,958 --> 00:29:14,252
the charges against Julius Streicher.

396
00:29:15,128 --> 00:29:16,546
(speaking in German)

397
00:29:16,629 --> 00:29:19,883
NARRATOR: Julius Streicher had been an
elementary school teacher

398
00:29:19,966 --> 00:29:22,677
before aspiring to politics.

399
00:29:23,219 --> 00:29:25,221
STREICHER: I will
speak the pure truth

400
00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:26,806
JUDGE (over tape): You may sit down.

401
00:29:27,599 --> 00:29:31,269
NARRATOR: In the early
1920s he founded Der Stürmer,

402
00:29:31,853 --> 00:29:34,439
a viciously racist newspaper.

403
00:29:37,609 --> 00:29:41,863
It would eventually become a significant
part of Nazi propaganda,

404
00:29:42,447 --> 00:29:46,284
and continue publication
until the end of the war.

405
00:29:48,411 --> 00:29:51,831
GRIFFITH-JONES (over tape): We
have an example of the really

406
00:29:51,915 --> 00:29:54,751
remarkable lengths to which he went.

407
00:29:55,210 --> 00:29:59,798
I quote, “One single
cohabitation of a Jew with an

408
00:29:59,881 --> 00:30:04,511
Aryan woman is sufficient to
poison her blood forever.

409
00:30:05,386 --> 00:30:09,265
The Aryan is impregnated
with an alien species.”

410
00:30:11,100 --> 00:30:14,103
WITTMANN: It had, you know,
wild allegations against Jews.

411
00:30:16,815 --> 00:30:20,693
It equated them with
parasites and leeches and rats.

412
00:30:22,529 --> 00:30:23,863
GRIFFITH-JONES (over tape):
I have not attempted to have

413
00:30:23,947 --> 00:30:27,408
translated all of the articles.

414
00:30:28,117 --> 00:30:31,663
It is perhaps sufficient
to look at the pictures.

415
00:30:33,623 --> 00:30:36,459
WITTMANN: All of this is very
much unearthed at Nuremberg.

416
00:30:37,669 --> 00:30:41,965
GRIFFITH-JONES (over tape): His newspapers
are crowded with them, week after week,

417
00:30:42,048 --> 00:30:43,633
day after day.

418
00:30:43,716 --> 00:30:50,640
It is impossible to pick up any copy
without finding the same kind of stuff.

419
00:30:52,892 --> 00:30:55,812
MATTHÄUS: That is very important
material because what the trial

420
00:30:55,895 --> 00:31:01,109
revealed was the building up and
the creation of an enemy image.

421
00:31:05,029 --> 00:31:10,869
STREICHER: After the seizure of
power the daily press was coordinated.

422
00:31:10,952 --> 00:31:14,497
And orders were given by the Fuehrer

423
00:31:16,207 --> 00:31:19,794
that every newspaper should
provide enlightening articles

424
00:31:19,878 --> 00:31:22,171
on the “Jewish question.”

425
00:31:24,924 --> 00:31:28,094
WITTMANN: Already before
Hitler comes to power,

426
00:31:28,344 --> 00:31:35,226
there is certainly antisemitism and this
sort of vague sense amongst many

427
00:31:35,518 --> 00:31:38,688
that there's a, “Jewish problem,”
that has to be solved somehow.

428
00:31:38,771 --> 00:31:42,025
And, you know, hopefully this
government will get that done.

429
00:31:44,944 --> 00:31:50,992
STREICHER: I did not intend to agitate
or to inflame, but to enlighten.

430
00:31:53,661 --> 00:32:00,627
I never wrote, "burn Jewish houses
down; beat them to death."

431
00:32:04,839 --> 00:32:06,174
GRIFFITH-JONES (over tape):
But you know, do you not,

432
00:32:06,257 --> 00:32:12,013
that starting with the boycott
which you led yourself in 1933,

433
00:32:13,389 --> 00:32:17,685
the Jews thereafter were
deprived of the right to vote,

434
00:32:18,144 --> 00:32:21,356
they were forced to wear
a yellow star and they had

435
00:32:21,439 --> 00:32:24,984
their houses and their
businesses taken away from them.

436
00:32:26,819 --> 00:32:29,280
Do you call that enlightenment?

437
00:32:31,950 --> 00:32:35,828
KISSI: So the trial was
important for connecting dots

438
00:32:35,912 --> 00:32:38,206
that had not previously been connected.

439
00:32:39,082 --> 00:32:41,209
GRIFFITH-JONES (over tape):
I’m suggesting that you set out

440
00:32:41,292 --> 00:32:46,714
to incite the German people
to murder and to accept

441
00:32:46,798 --> 00:32:49,384
the murder of the Jewish race.

442
00:32:50,343 --> 00:32:51,886
STREICHER: That is not true.

443
00:32:52,470 --> 00:32:54,555
GRIFFITH-JONES (over tape): I’ve no doubt
you’ll say it isn’t true, I just want to

444
00:32:54,639 --> 00:32:57,475
make myself quite clear
to what I’m suggesting.

445
00:32:59,978 --> 00:33:06,567
KISSI: In many ways, Nuremberg was more
than the prosecution of the defendants.

446
00:33:07,443 --> 00:33:13,408
It was also making Germans confront what
they had acquiesced to.

447
00:33:18,496 --> 00:33:22,000
WITTMANN: But there wasn't much appetite
for this in Germany at that at time.

448
00:33:25,753 --> 00:33:28,256
NARRATOR: To capture the
attention of the German public,

449
00:33:28,923 --> 00:33:31,926
prosecutors turn to a
type of evidence that had

450
00:33:32,010 --> 00:33:35,263
rarely been used in courtrooms before.

451
00:33:37,223 --> 00:33:40,935
DOUGLAS: They actually
interrupt their case to suddenly

452
00:33:41,269 --> 00:33:43,354
show a film in the courtroom.

453
00:33:49,277 --> 00:33:50,903
DODD: (over tape):
Prosecution will at this

454
00:33:50,987 --> 00:33:56,576
time present a documentary
film on concentration camps.

455
00:33:57,744 --> 00:34:03,541
This is by no means the entire
proof which the prosecution will offer,

456
00:34:04,417 --> 00:34:10,298
but this film represents what the words,
“Concentration camp,” imply.

457
00:34:13,009 --> 00:34:14,177
(bell ringing)

458
00:34:14,719 --> 00:34:17,013
(projector running)

459
00:34:25,563 --> 00:34:32,570
(somber music throughout)

460
00:34:34,530 --> 00:34:37,867
MAN (over film): At this concentration
camp the Germans starved, clubbed,

461
00:34:37,950 --> 00:34:41,788
and burned to death more than 4,000
prisoners over a period of eight months.

462
00:34:45,458 --> 00:34:48,461
On the table is a
lampshade made of human skin,

463
00:34:48,711 --> 00:34:51,130
made at the request
of an SS Officer’s wife.

464
00:34:54,175 --> 00:34:57,929
DOUGLAS: At the time, the world really
hadn’t seen footage like this.

465
00:35:00,223 --> 00:35:04,143
This really had an
incredibly galvanizing effect.

466
00:35:13,236 --> 00:35:15,738
MCDONOUGH: Fyfe himself says
he was fighting back the tears.

467
00:35:16,364 --> 00:35:20,868
"After that, I wasn't so much a
prosecutor," he says, "As a Terrier dog."

468
00:35:22,036 --> 00:35:25,373
You know, "I wanted
these men to be convicted."

469
00:35:39,345 --> 00:35:42,932
JUDGE (over tape): I call on General
Rudenko for the Soviet Union.

470
00:35:50,731 --> 00:35:52,608
RUDENKO: I will now
describe the crimes

471
00:35:52,692 --> 00:35:57,572
committed by the Hitlerite aggressors
against my own country.

472
00:36:06,956 --> 00:36:10,418
On June 22, 1941, the U.S.S.R.

473
00:36:10,501 --> 00:36:14,463
was deceitfully
attacked by Hitlerite Germany.

474
00:36:16,674 --> 00:36:19,218
(explosion)

475
00:36:20,094 --> 00:36:24,390
MATTHÄUS: What the Nuremberg Trial did was
pay quite a bit of attention

476
00:36:24,473 --> 00:36:28,978
to the kind of German warfare
that was waged in the East.

477
00:36:31,606 --> 00:36:35,693
RUDENKO: It meant unheard
of terror, plundering, violence

478
00:36:36,903 --> 00:36:40,239
and killing of prisoners
of war and peaceful citizens.

479
00:36:41,824 --> 00:36:47,288
MATTHÄUS: The estimate for casualties in
the Soviet Union was 26 million,

480
00:36:48,331 --> 00:36:51,709
more than half of that is
estimated to be civilians.

481
00:36:54,712 --> 00:36:57,340
And because of the
Nuremberg Trial we know now

482
00:36:57,423 --> 00:37:01,761
that there wouldn’t be a Holocaust without
the German invasion of the Soviet Union.

483
00:37:04,096 --> 00:37:08,726
(vinyl scratching)

484
00:37:09,685 --> 00:37:12,146
JUDGE (over tape): Then you
will call the defendant Keitel?

485
00:37:17,693 --> 00:37:19,779
NARRATOR: Wilhelm Keitel
had been the chief of

486
00:37:19,862 --> 00:37:23,366
the high command of
the German Armed Forces.

487
00:37:23,449 --> 00:37:25,493
JUDGE (over tape): Will
you repeat this oath after me?

488
00:37:26,369 --> 00:37:28,246
NARRATOR: A devout supporter of Hitler,

489
00:37:28,329 --> 00:37:34,043
he participated in the planning of all
ground combat operations during the war.

490
00:37:34,418 --> 00:37:36,045
MAN (over tape): You
may sit down if you wish.

491
00:37:36,671 --> 00:37:38,839
NARRATOR: But it is the
planning for the invasion of

492
00:37:38,923 --> 00:37:43,719
the Soviet Union that prosecutors want
to get to the bottom of.

493
00:37:46,264 --> 00:37:51,269
RUDENKO: I shall first of all
refer to a document entitled,

494
00:37:51,352 --> 00:37:53,604
“Directive on Military Jurisdiction
in the Region Barbarossa

495
00:37:53,688 --> 00:37:59,735
in the Region Barbarossa and on the
Adoption of Special Military Measures.”

496
00:38:00,569 --> 00:38:02,488
Do you remember that document?

497
00:38:03,739 --> 00:38:07,994
KEITEL: That was an order which was
given to me by Hitler.

498
00:38:11,497 --> 00:38:13,874
BUTTAR: It’s discovered
that just a few months before

499
00:38:13,958 --> 00:38:16,711
the invasion of the Soviet Union,

500
00:38:17,211 --> 00:38:20,339
Hitler called together
various senior figures

501
00:38:20,548 --> 00:38:24,051
and described how the war in
the East was to be conducted.

502
00:38:27,638 --> 00:38:31,017
NARRATOR: This meeting was translated
into a top-secret order,

503
00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:33,394
called the Barbarossa Decree,

504
00:38:33,519 --> 00:38:37,231
which Keitel signed and
issued to the German military.

505
00:38:39,317 --> 00:38:43,779
This is the document Prosecutor Rudenko is
presenting to the court.

506
00:38:44,822 --> 00:38:48,117
BUTTAR: The Barbarossa Decree
was the first time that it was

507
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:51,454
explicitly stated that
this was a war of annihilation.

508
00:38:51,537 --> 00:38:55,791
It was either Nazism or Bolshevism.
The world was not big enough for both.

509
00:38:56,876 --> 00:39:02,757
RUDENKO: So you planned the murder of
human beings ahead of time?

510
00:39:04,759 --> 00:39:09,722
KEITEL: I merely passed on the order
received from the Füehrer.

511
00:39:12,183 --> 00:39:14,935
BUTTAR: For Keitel to
pass on an order that he knew

512
00:39:15,019 --> 00:39:17,438
was illegal made him complicit.

513
00:39:18,189 --> 00:39:22,318
He knew full well that it was going to
result in the deaths of many, many people.

514
00:39:24,111 --> 00:39:28,282
NARRATOR: And the Barbarossa Decree is
just one murderous directive

515
00:39:28,366 --> 00:39:30,910
that the prosecution has uncovered.

516
00:39:31,952 --> 00:39:35,873
MAXWELL-FYFE (over tape): This order was
by no means the end, was it?

517
00:39:37,708 --> 00:39:41,504
NARRATOR: Prosecutors reveal
a series of secret orders that

518
00:39:41,587 --> 00:39:45,633
condone the killing of POWs and civilians,

519
00:39:46,592 --> 00:39:51,514
as well as the ruthless pillaging of
food and vital resources.

520
00:39:52,640 --> 00:39:55,351
BUTTAR: These orders fed into
this whole narrative that this

521
00:39:55,434 --> 00:39:57,770
is a conflict between
two different cultures,

522
00:39:57,853 --> 00:40:01,315
two different races,
and only one can survive.

523
00:40:04,235 --> 00:40:10,116
MATTHÄUS: And by August 1941,
the evidence showed the start of

524
00:40:10,199 --> 00:40:14,120
mass executions of women and children.
That is unprecedented.

525
00:40:21,836 --> 00:40:23,462
AMEN (over tape): I wish
to call as a witness for

526
00:40:23,546 --> 00:40:27,133
the prosecution Mr. Otto Ohlendorf.

527
00:40:30,928 --> 00:40:36,392
NARRATOR: Otto Ohlendorf has first-hand
knowledge of these early mass murders.

528
00:40:37,268 --> 00:40:41,647
A former officer with the
Nazi Schutzstaffel, or SS,

529
00:40:41,730 --> 00:40:46,152
he had commanded an Einsatzgruppen unit on
the Eastern Front.

530
00:40:47,862 --> 00:40:51,323
DOUGLAS: Einsatzgruppen were
these mobile extermination units

531
00:40:51,407 --> 00:40:56,996
who basically comb through towns
in conquered Eastern Europe and

532
00:40:57,079 --> 00:40:59,123
engaged in mass executions.

533
00:41:04,211 --> 00:41:07,715
OHLDENDORF: The instructions was
given that in the operational areas

534
00:41:07,798 --> 00:41:10,217
of the Einsatzgruppen
in the Russian territory

535
00:41:11,969 --> 00:41:13,304
the Jews were to be liquidated.

536
00:41:15,890 --> 00:41:18,976
As well as the Soviet political
commissars.

537
00:41:22,897 --> 00:41:26,984
AMEN (over tape): And when you say,
"Liquidated," do you mean, "Kill?"

538
00:41:28,903 --> 00:41:30,738
OHLDENDORF: By
that I mean "kill."

539
00:41:34,867 --> 00:41:37,244
AMEN (over tape): Now will
you explain to the Tribunal

540
00:41:37,328 --> 00:41:41,332
in detail how a mass
execution was carried out?

541
00:41:42,917 --> 00:41:46,837
OHLDENDORF: The rounding up took place
under the pretext of resettlement.

542
00:41:49,673 --> 00:41:54,553
After the registration, the Jews were
collected in one place.

543
00:41:55,429 --> 00:42:01,101
And from there they were transported
to the place of execution.

544
00:42:04,813 --> 00:42:08,192
The executions were carried out in a
military manner,

545
00:42:08,484 --> 00:42:11,195
by firing squads under command.

546
00:42:13,113 --> 00:42:14,990
(gunfire)

547
00:42:25,292 --> 00:42:28,170
DOUGLAS: Being able to hear
this kind of banality of evil

548
00:42:28,754 --> 00:42:31,632
in the audio recordings is shocking.

549
00:42:33,092 --> 00:42:36,428
What was notable was
the straightforwardness and

550
00:42:36,512 --> 00:42:40,140
sobriety of his, uh,
his recounting of things.

551
00:42:42,768 --> 00:42:44,395
AMEN (over tape): Now, will you continue?

552
00:42:46,063 --> 00:42:50,568
OHLDENDORF: They were transported to
the place of execution in trucks.

553
00:42:50,651 --> 00:42:52,736
Only as many as could
be executed immediately.

554
00:42:53,862 --> 00:42:58,576
In this way, it was attempted
to keep the span of time

555
00:42:58,826 --> 00:43:03,122
from the moment the victims knew
what was about to happen to them

556
00:43:03,205 --> 00:43:06,041
until their actual execution as short
as possible.

557
00:43:10,754 --> 00:43:13,591
BUTTAR: His testimony
was absolutely devastating.

558
00:43:15,050 --> 00:43:20,139
This was a true manifestation
of Nazi racial policy and

559
00:43:20,222 --> 00:43:22,099
their plans for domination.

560
00:43:24,643 --> 00:43:27,938
HYMEL: And in a lot of ways,
Ohlendorf’s testimony is a

561
00:43:28,022 --> 00:43:31,317
preview of what’s going to
be revealed later in the trial.

562
00:43:39,658 --> 00:43:42,119
MAN (over tape): Hello sound recording,
hello sound recording.

563
00:43:43,037 --> 00:43:45,372
MAXWELL-FYFE (over tape): What
I want to understand is this;

564
00:43:46,123 --> 00:43:49,877
how did you tolerate all
these young men being murdered,

565
00:43:49,960 --> 00:43:53,297
one after the other,
without making any protests?

566
00:43:53,714 --> 00:43:56,008
I want to understand what’s in your mind.

567
00:43:58,969 --> 00:44:03,724
DOUGLAS: During the trial,
people had intense interest in

568
00:44:03,807 --> 00:44:05,976
the psychology of the defendants.

569
00:44:07,770 --> 00:44:12,191
The Americans even retained
this psychologist, G.M. Gilbert,

570
00:44:12,274 --> 00:44:16,779
to perform extensive psychological testing
on the Nazis.

571
00:44:18,072 --> 00:44:21,200
Things like Rorschach exams, uh,
intelligence tests.

572
00:44:22,910 --> 00:44:25,329
Because there was this general question;

573
00:44:25,746 --> 00:44:30,334
are they just a bunch of psychopaths who
happened to hijack a regime?

574
00:44:35,464 --> 00:44:37,174
There were a couple of
defendants who were not

575
00:44:37,257 --> 00:44:39,510
necessarily in the
best psychological health.

576
00:44:40,260 --> 00:44:42,304
One of them was Rudolf Hess.

577
00:44:44,848 --> 00:44:47,601
NARRATOR: Rudolf Hess was a
close confidant of Hitler during

578
00:44:47,851 --> 00:44:50,646
the early days of the Nazi party.

579
00:44:51,563 --> 00:44:55,359
He is accused of conspiring
with Hitler to wage war and

580
00:44:55,442 --> 00:44:58,028
committing crimes against peace.

581
00:45:00,489 --> 00:45:05,119
But during the trial, Hess
puts forth a surprising defense.

582
00:45:07,204 --> 00:45:11,041
BARRETT: He claims he doesn’t remember any
of it. He says, “I have amnesia.”

583
00:45:13,502 --> 00:45:15,963
So they have a serious question about
whether he’s mentally competent.

584
00:45:17,423 --> 00:45:20,634
NICHOLS (over radio): This is Leslie
Nichols speaking from Nuremberg, Germany.

585
00:45:21,176 --> 00:45:24,138
For a long time now, the
International Military Tribunal

586
00:45:24,221 --> 00:45:27,433
at Nuremberg has been trying to
get an answer to the question;

587
00:45:27,683 --> 00:45:29,935
“Is there a crazy man in the house?”

588
00:45:33,397 --> 00:45:36,108
JUDGE (over tape): I call upon
counsel for the defendant Hess.

589
00:45:38,318 --> 00:45:43,240
DR. VON ROHRSCHEIDT: The defendant
Hess is unfit for trial.

590
00:45:43,991 --> 00:45:45,784
BARRETT: Of course,
some think he’s faking,

591
00:45:45,909 --> 00:45:48,203
and others think he’s mad as a hatter.

592
00:45:48,328 --> 00:45:50,038
(microphone stand squeaking)

593
00:45:50,289 --> 00:45:53,751
But then, Hess asks to testify.

594
00:46:00,841 --> 00:46:02,342
HESS: Mr. President…

595
00:46:03,677 --> 00:46:08,974
Henceforth, my memory will again
respond to the outside world.

596
00:46:11,351 --> 00:46:16,565
The reasons for faking loss of memory
were of a tactical nature.

597
00:46:19,067 --> 00:46:21,570
HYMEL: And he finally says,
“Oh everything I was saying was untrue,

598
00:46:21,653 --> 00:46:24,198
I remember it all,
that was part of my strategy.”

599
00:46:26,366 --> 00:46:28,494
BARRETT: There’s just a
kind of stunned silence.

600
00:46:31,288 --> 00:46:33,791
The Tribunal at that point
really has no choice but to take

601
00:46:33,874 --> 00:46:36,960
his word for it and
certify him as competent.

602
00:46:40,380 --> 00:46:42,841
But then, and I think ever since,

603
00:46:43,300 --> 00:46:46,553
it’s a serious question
whether that was accurate,

604
00:46:47,304 --> 00:46:50,307
or whether that just
another piece of his craziness?

605
00:46:55,020 --> 00:47:01,235
(speaking in German)

606
00:47:02,110 --> 00:47:04,404
DOUGLAS: In the case
of the other defendants,

607
00:47:05,197 --> 00:47:11,703
the psychological testing demonstrated
that these are terrifyingly normal people,

608
00:47:12,746 --> 00:47:14,790
high IQ individuals.

609
00:47:17,042 --> 00:47:21,547
And that raises very troubling
questions about the capacity of

610
00:47:21,630 --> 00:47:26,385
all people to engage in acts
under similar circumstances.

611
00:47:32,975 --> 00:47:34,810
FARR (over tape): May
it please the Tribunal,

612
00:47:35,894 --> 00:47:39,064
with the march of Nazi armies over Europe,

613
00:47:40,357 --> 00:47:45,487
wholesale murders were disguised under the
name of, “Anti-partisan,” actions.

614
00:47:47,698 --> 00:47:50,617
But not every undesirable
could be, “Liquidated.”

615
00:47:54,204 --> 00:47:57,916
BUTTAR: When the Germans had invaded
the Soviet Union in 1941,

616
00:47:59,960 --> 00:48:04,631
the Germans gambled
by mobilizing far more troops

617
00:48:04,923 --> 00:48:07,926
than they could actually
sustain for any length of time.

618
00:48:09,177 --> 00:48:13,515
Because the intention was that the war
would be over by the end of 1941.

619
00:48:15,767 --> 00:48:18,937
So when the war didn’t end,
there was an enormous problem.

620
00:48:21,648 --> 00:48:25,193
NARRATOR: The problem was how
to produce enough weapons and

621
00:48:25,277 --> 00:48:28,447
supplies to keep the
German war machine going.

622
00:48:30,198 --> 00:48:35,203
And the Nazi’s solution would
be revealed as a brutal one.

623
00:48:37,456 --> 00:48:40,834
DODD (over tape): The evidence relating to
the Nazi slave labor program

624
00:48:41,376 --> 00:48:44,087
shall show that it was
a policy which compelled

625
00:48:44,171 --> 00:48:48,342
foreign civilians and prisoners
of war to manufacture armaments

626
00:48:48,759 --> 00:48:51,887
and to engage in other operations
where they were literally

627
00:48:51,970 --> 00:48:57,976
worked to death in the course of the Nazi
program of, “Extermination through work.”

628
00:49:01,730 --> 00:49:05,400
Foreign laborers became
the serfs of the, "Master race,"

629
00:49:05,901 --> 00:49:08,445
and they were enslaved by the millions.

630
00:49:11,323 --> 00:49:16,995
This document is a top-secret memorandum
from the files of the Defendant Rosenberg,

631
00:49:17,245 --> 00:49:21,208
dated the 21st day of December 1942.

632
00:49:22,834 --> 00:49:26,880
“They are now catching humans like
the dog-catchers used to catch dogs.”

633
00:49:31,009 --> 00:49:33,095
NARRATOR: According to the prosecution,

634
00:49:33,178 --> 00:49:37,641
one of the masterminds behind
this immense slave labor program

635
00:49:37,724 --> 00:49:40,435
was defendant Albert Speer.

636
00:49:43,563 --> 00:49:46,984
A trained architect who had
risen to prominence by designing

637
00:49:47,067 --> 00:49:50,862
monumental buildings
for Hitler, he is far from

638
00:49:50,946 --> 00:49:54,491
what many consider to be a,
“Stereotypical Nazi.”

639
00:49:58,078 --> 00:50:02,833
MCDONOUGH: Albert Speer came from a very
high-ranking upper-class background.

640
00:50:04,418 --> 00:50:08,422
Hitler loved architecture, so
he became very close to Hitler.

641
00:50:09,423 --> 00:50:13,677
During the war, Hitler tended to trust
him, thought he could do anything.

642
00:50:13,760 --> 00:50:16,054
He made him the Minister of Armaments.

643
00:50:18,265 --> 00:50:20,350
JUDGE (over tape): Will
you repeat this oath after me.

644
00:50:20,434 --> 00:50:24,021
BUTTAR: So Speer absolutely had
to know that the workers that

645
00:50:24,104 --> 00:50:29,568
he was demanding to ramp up German
military production were not volunteers.

646
00:50:33,030 --> 00:50:35,032
JACKSON (over tape): This was perhaps the
most horrible

647
00:50:35,115 --> 00:50:36,616
slaving operation in history.

648
00:50:37,325 --> 00:50:40,162
Who is responsible for these conditions?

649
00:50:40,912 --> 00:50:45,667
SPEER: Neither I, nor the Ministry,
was responsible for this.

650
00:50:49,004 --> 00:50:51,757
There were efforts in Germany

651
00:50:51,840 --> 00:50:55,635
to bring about increased productivity
through very severe compulsory measures.

652
00:50:56,261 --> 00:50:59,514
These efforts did not
meet with my approval.

653
00:51:02,893 --> 00:51:05,103
WITTMANN: He’s very intelligent.

654
00:51:05,896 --> 00:51:08,940
SPEER: It is quite out of the
question that 14 million workers

655
00:51:09,024 --> 00:51:13,820
can be forced to produce satisfactory
work through coercion and terror.

656
00:51:16,156 --> 00:51:19,451
WITTMANN: And he’s a
very careful manipulator.

657
00:51:20,410 --> 00:51:22,954
SPEER: As a matter of principle, I
represented the view

658
00:51:23,205 --> 00:51:26,249
that a satisfactory work
output could only be achieved

659
00:51:26,333 --> 00:51:29,336
through the good will
of the worker himself.

660
00:51:31,463 --> 00:51:33,507
JACKSON (over tape): I am
not attempting to say that

661
00:51:33,840 --> 00:51:35,342
you were personally responsible.

662
00:51:35,675 --> 00:51:38,678
I merely give you
what the regime was doing.

663
00:51:39,554 --> 00:51:42,891
WITTMANN: And he fools
them to a certain degree.

664
00:51:44,726 --> 00:51:47,687
MCDONOUGH: Even Maxwell-Fyfe
says he was taken in by him.

665
00:51:48,105 --> 00:51:53,568
He said, at certain points, "I thought,
how can a man so cultured and so handsome,

666
00:51:54,194 --> 00:51:55,487
be a monster?"

667
00:51:58,532 --> 00:52:02,494
NARRATOR: And Speer will not
be the only defendant to try to

668
00:52:02,577 --> 00:52:05,372
blur the line between good and evil.

669
00:52:05,664 --> 00:52:09,292
(explosion)

670
00:52:10,710 --> 00:52:16,133
(cheering)

671
00:52:19,052 --> 00:52:22,264
MORGAN: For the most part
history has abided by the idea

672
00:52:22,347 --> 00:52:23,431
of the good German and the bad German,

673
00:52:24,850 --> 00:52:29,271
the evil, sickening villain,
and the reluctant Nazi.

674
00:52:30,522 --> 00:52:34,526
Because what we don't want is to
look at what happened to Germany

675
00:52:34,609 --> 00:52:36,319
and say that could happen to anybody.

676
00:52:39,281 --> 00:52:44,327
And so, this idea first takes shape
during the Nuremberg Trial.

677
00:52:46,288 --> 00:52:51,877
And we have cast Karl Doenitz as
the reluctant Naval professional

678
00:52:51,960 --> 00:52:53,545
that got caught up in things.

679
00:52:57,215 --> 00:53:01,469
But the reality is, Karl Doenitz
unpacks this larger story about

680
00:53:02,220 --> 00:53:06,808
the way that we are still attempting to
reconcile what the Third Reich was.

681
00:53:11,813 --> 00:53:17,027
DOENITZ: Adolf Hitler only ever saw me
as the first soldier of the Navy.

682
00:53:20,572 --> 00:53:24,117
NARRATOR: Karl Doenitz was a
highly regarded naval officer.

683
00:53:25,577 --> 00:53:27,329
When Hitler first came into power,

684
00:53:27,954 --> 00:53:33,543
Doenitz oversaw the secret re-building of
the U-boat, or submarine, fleet.

685
00:53:33,627 --> 00:53:36,004
(explosion)

686
00:53:36,087 --> 00:53:39,007
He then commanded it
with devastating effect

687
00:53:39,090 --> 00:53:42,427
during the first three years of the war.

688
00:53:43,803 --> 00:53:46,765
PHILLIMORE (over tape): The
defendant rose steadily in rank

689
00:53:47,474 --> 00:53:51,186
until he became Commander
in Chief of the German Navy.

690
00:53:52,229 --> 00:53:55,190
Members of the Tribunal
will see it was not, however,

691
00:53:55,732 --> 00:54:01,738
only his ability as a naval officer which
won the defendant these high honors;

692
00:54:02,364 --> 00:54:07,786
These he owed to his capacity
for utter ruthlessness.

693
00:54:14,793 --> 00:54:17,712
NARRATOR: One of the accusations
against Doenitz is that in

694
00:54:17,796 --> 00:54:22,300
the autumn of 1942 he
directed his U-boats to start

695
00:54:22,384 --> 00:54:25,845
gunning down shipwrecked Allied sailors,

696
00:54:26,846 --> 00:54:29,224
murdering them in their lifeboats.

697
00:54:32,602 --> 00:54:36,731
In 1942, the Allies’
determination to strengthen

698
00:54:36,815 --> 00:54:40,986
their transatlantic convoy
system was beginning to result

699
00:54:41,528 --> 00:54:45,615
in a steadier flow of
weapons and soldiers to Europe.

700
00:54:46,908 --> 00:54:48,034
PHILLIMORE (over tape): And the defendant…

701
00:54:48,118 --> 00:54:49,911
NARRATOR: According to prosecutors,

702
00:54:50,245 --> 00:54:54,958
Doenitz’ murderous directive was
intended to stop these convoys.

703
00:54:56,960 --> 00:55:00,964
The trial audio
reveals his vehement denial.

704
00:55:03,049 --> 00:55:10,015
DOENITZ: Firing upon these men is a
matter concerned with the ethics of war.

705
00:55:10,807 --> 00:55:17,105
No order on this subject has ever been
issued in any form whatsoever.

706
00:55:20,233 --> 00:55:22,193
MORGAN: Well, the only
problem for Doenitz was that

707
00:55:22,277 --> 00:55:24,946
there were a few U-boat messages that

708
00:55:25,030 --> 00:55:28,742
suggest that Doenitz did indeed
provide some instructions

709
00:55:29,576 --> 00:55:31,786
to machine-gun survivors in the water.

710
00:55:36,833 --> 00:55:40,170
PHILLIMORE (over tape): Now this, is a
top-secret order sent

711
00:55:40,253 --> 00:55:42,756
from the defendant's headquarters to all

712
00:55:42,839 --> 00:55:49,054
commanding officers of
U-boats dated September 1942.

713
00:55:50,430 --> 00:55:55,226
"Rescue runs counter to the
rudimentary demands of warfare

714
00:55:55,310 --> 00:55:58,813
for the destruction of
enemy ships and crews."

715
00:56:01,066 --> 00:56:02,025
"Be harsh.”

716
00:56:04,235 --> 00:56:08,156
Now, my lord, that is a
very carefully worded order.

717
00:56:08,740 --> 00:56:13,244
But its intentions are made
very clear by the next document.

718
00:56:15,580 --> 00:56:19,167
NARRATOR: Prosecutors reveal a
copy of the secret conversation

719
00:56:19,376 --> 00:56:25,548
that took place between Hitler and the
Japanese ambassador in early 1942.

720
00:56:27,300 --> 00:56:29,302
PHILLIMORE (over tape):
The Fuehrer pointed out that

721
00:56:29,386 --> 00:56:32,305
however many ships
the United States built,

722
00:56:33,014 --> 00:56:37,227
one of their main problems
would be the lack of personnel.

723
00:56:38,103 --> 00:56:41,314
For that reason
U-boats were to surface and

724
00:56:41,689 --> 00:56:44,109
shoot up the lifeboats.

725
00:56:45,485 --> 00:56:48,196
And on that, I shall call a witness.

726
00:56:54,160 --> 00:56:55,537
JUDGE (over tape): What is your name?

727
00:56:55,995 --> 00:56:58,331
HEISIG: My name is Peter Josef Heisig.

728
00:56:59,457 --> 00:57:03,044
NARRATOR: Peter Heisig is
a former German submariner.

729
00:57:04,129 --> 00:57:07,924
He served under
Admiral Doenitz during the war.

730
00:57:10,218 --> 00:57:14,931
PHILLIMORE (over tape): Will you take your
mind back to the autumn of 1942?

731
00:57:16,391 --> 00:57:17,225
HEISIG: Yes, sir.

732
00:57:23,231 --> 00:57:27,819
HEISIG: I was a senior midshipman at
the 2nd U-boat Training Division.

733
00:57:30,905 --> 00:57:34,993
Grossadmiral Doenitz
said in his speech,

734
00:57:35,493 --> 00:57:40,915
“Crews for ships are as
much a target for U-boats

735
00:57:40,999 --> 00:57:43,543
as the ships themselves.”

736
00:57:46,629 --> 00:57:52,093
“Through this, it will become
impossible for the Allies

737
00:57:52,177 --> 00:57:55,638
to outfit their newly built ships with
crews.”

738
00:58:01,269 --> 00:58:03,021
NARRATOR: It is compelling evidence.

739
00:58:03,480 --> 00:58:08,985
But without a clearly written order,
Doenitz can still deny it.

740
00:58:11,196 --> 00:58:13,490
MORGAN: He uses a very common defense,

741
00:58:14,866 --> 00:58:18,453
and that defense is there may
have been outliers that chose to

742
00:58:18,536 --> 00:58:23,917
machine-gun people in the water,
but I never gave that order.

743
00:58:26,878 --> 00:58:30,173
DOENITZ: Everything else
Heisig said is so vague

744
00:58:30,256 --> 00:58:35,261
that I do not attach
much credibility to him.

745
00:58:38,848 --> 00:58:41,768
MORGAN: And so, Doenitz ended
up being in this position of

746
00:58:42,101 --> 00:58:45,230
still possessing a little
bit of a moral high-ground.

747
00:58:47,190 --> 00:58:53,071
But I believe that is partly because what
we want to see is the, “Good German.”

748
00:58:58,201 --> 00:59:04,207
NARRATOR: And prosecutors will soon show
that as the war dragged into 1943,

749
00:59:04,624 --> 00:59:06,459
and then ’44,

750
00:59:08,211 --> 00:59:11,589
and victory began to
slip from the Nazis’ grasp,

751
00:59:12,674 --> 00:59:18,888
they were preparing to use any
means necessary to avoid defeat.

752
00:59:24,060 --> 00:59:27,272
JACKSON (over tape): It may
well be said that Hitler started

753
00:59:27,355 --> 00:59:30,233
the war without cause and
prolonged it without reason.

754
00:59:33,069 --> 00:59:36,447
If he could not rule, he cared
not what happened to Germany.

755
00:59:46,791 --> 00:59:48,960
NARRATOR: As prosecutors
turn their attention to

756
00:59:49,043 --> 00:59:53,965
the later stages of the war,
they raise the question of just

757
00:59:54,048 --> 00:59:59,429
how far German leadership was
preparing to go to avoid defeat.

758
01:00:04,100 --> 01:00:08,813
Defendant Goering, Hitler’s
former number two in command,

759
01:00:09,188 --> 01:00:11,190
is called back to the stand.

760
01:00:13,568 --> 01:00:16,571
JACKSON (over tape): At what
time did you know that the war,

761
01:00:16,654 --> 01:00:21,993
so far as achieving the objectives that
you had in mind, was a lost war?

762
01:00:24,579 --> 01:00:27,915
GOERING: It is extremely difficult to say.

763
01:00:33,546 --> 01:00:37,884
(bombs wailing)

764
01:00:37,967 --> 01:00:40,261
(explosions)

765
01:00:42,805 --> 01:00:48,186
At any rate, according to
my conviction, relatively late.

766
01:00:55,943 --> 01:01:01,324
At that time, I was forced to realize

767
01:01:03,910 --> 01:01:09,082
that defeat would probably set in slowly.

768
01:01:16,547 --> 01:01:21,886
I also knew that Hitler
did not want to negotiate

769
01:01:21,969 --> 01:01:24,681
under any circumstances.

770
01:01:27,892 --> 01:01:29,977
JACKSON (over tape): And after that time,

771
01:01:30,436 --> 01:01:33,773
the air attacks which were
continued against England were

772
01:01:34,357 --> 01:01:39,153
designed solely to affect a
prolongation of what you then

773
01:01:39,237 --> 01:01:40,780
knew was a hopeless conflict?

774
01:01:42,657 --> 01:01:47,453
GOERING: I can only regret
that we did not have enough

775
01:01:47,537 --> 01:01:50,373
of the V-1 and V-2 bombs.

776
01:01:52,583 --> 01:01:54,210
(explosions)

777
01:01:54,836 --> 01:02:00,216
Because the only way
we could have reduced

778
01:02:00,299 --> 01:02:05,304
the attacks on German cities

779
01:02:06,723 --> 01:02:12,228
was if we could inflict equally
heavy losses on the enemy.

780
01:02:14,480 --> 01:02:18,693
I would have continued fighting
whatever the circumstances.

781
01:02:21,571 --> 01:02:25,158
MCDONOUGH: Goering realizes he's going to
be executed. He knows this.

782
01:02:25,241 --> 01:02:28,453
You know, he says to people around him,
"You know we're going to be killed."

783
01:02:28,536 --> 01:02:31,581
He said, he said, "But
what's the point of this trial?

784
01:02:31,831 --> 01:02:34,000
It's to give some kind of legacy."

785
01:02:35,626 --> 01:02:37,837
And he’s trying to
rally the other Nazis to say,

786
01:02:37,920 --> 01:02:44,010
at least have a kind of last stand.
Stay true to Nazism.

787
01:02:45,553 --> 01:02:47,764
But, of course, a lot of
them don't want to do that.

788
01:02:58,191 --> 01:03:01,611
NARRATOR: Albert Speer is one
defendant who has shown he would

789
01:03:01,694 --> 01:03:05,740
rather cooperate with the prosecution and
try to save his life.

790
01:03:06,908 --> 01:03:09,952
He’s more than willing
to spill details about

791
01:03:10,036 --> 01:03:13,581
the Nazis’ secret plans
for the end of the war.

792
01:03:15,333 --> 01:03:18,669
JACKSON (over tape): I want to
ask you about the proposal to

793
01:03:18,753 --> 01:03:22,048
resort to poison gas warfare.

794
01:03:23,508 --> 01:03:25,927
Who made those proposals?

795
01:03:28,012 --> 01:03:31,516
SPEER: This proposal
came from Dr. Goebbels.

796
01:03:33,810 --> 01:03:39,065
NARRATOR: Joseph Goebbels had been the
Nazi party’s head of propaganda.

797
01:03:40,233 --> 01:03:46,030
A trusted member of the inner circle, he
held considerable sway with Adolf Hitler,

798
01:03:46,113 --> 01:03:47,573
right up to the end.

799
01:03:50,159 --> 01:03:56,999
SPEER: They were discussing the question
of using our two new combat gases -

800
01:03:58,000 --> 01:03:59,669
Tabun and Sarin.

801
01:04:02,213 --> 01:04:08,177
…That these gases, these two, were
of an extraordinary effectiveness.

802
01:04:10,555 --> 01:04:13,850
…That no gas masks,
that is no protection

803
01:04:13,933 --> 01:04:17,770
was available against them,
according to our knowledge.

804
01:04:20,523 --> 01:04:25,027
MORGAN: At Nuremberg, we are
hearing for the first time that

805
01:04:25,111 --> 01:04:28,030
Germany was beginning to
consider the possibility of

806
01:04:28,114 --> 01:04:32,577
using poison gases on the battlefield as
they had during the First World War.

807
01:04:35,037 --> 01:04:36,789
JACKSON (over tape): Now will
you tell us about preparations

808
01:04:36,873 --> 01:04:38,791
that were made for gas warfare?

809
01:04:42,086 --> 01:04:46,591
SPEER: For the manufacture
of this gas

810
01:04:47,675 --> 01:04:50,803
we had about three factories

811
01:04:52,305 --> 01:04:58,519
all of which were undamaged and which
until November 1944

812
01:04:59,437 --> 01:05:01,772
were working at full speed.

813
01:05:05,151 --> 01:05:09,488
MORGAN: And so, we know now it's
just virtue of good fortune that

814
01:05:09,572 --> 01:05:13,200
the war ended when it did,
because if it had stretched

815
01:05:13,284 --> 01:05:17,330
into '46, and God forbid, '47,
which could have happened,

816
01:05:18,456 --> 01:05:20,583
you could bet there
would have been poison gas.

817
01:05:25,713 --> 01:05:27,840
NARRATOR: It’s a chilling confession.

818
01:05:28,716 --> 01:05:32,762
But it will pale next to the
revelation of just how great

819
01:05:32,845 --> 01:05:36,098
the suffering in Europe had already been.

820
01:05:46,067 --> 01:05:49,820
(vinyl scratching)

821
01:05:49,904 --> 01:05:52,156
DODD (over tape): May
it please the Tribunal,

822
01:05:52,239 --> 01:05:55,618
we propose to offer
additional evidence at this time

823
01:05:55,993 --> 01:06:00,414
concerning the use of
the Nazi concentration camps

824
01:06:00,957 --> 01:06:03,876
against the people of
Germany and allied nationals.

825
01:06:06,003 --> 01:06:08,714
We wish to invite the
Tribunal's attention to a chart,

826
01:06:09,048 --> 01:06:13,302
showing the Nazi system
of concentration camps as

827
01:06:13,386 --> 01:06:16,514
they have become known since 1945.

828
01:06:17,807 --> 01:06:22,103
WITTMANN: The trial is
the first massive exposure of

829
01:06:22,186 --> 01:06:26,357
the intricacies and
machinery of destruction.

830
01:06:27,650 --> 01:06:29,735
DODD (over tape): I should
like to direct our attention to

831
01:06:29,819 --> 01:06:31,612
the treatment in these camps.

832
01:06:32,488 --> 01:06:37,118
MATTHÄUS: The estimate at the time was
5.3 million Jewish victims.

833
01:06:37,576 --> 01:06:42,331
Actually, quite close to what we know now
as the overall victim figure.

834
01:06:43,416 --> 01:06:47,336
DODD (over tape): At this point,
my colleagues will present full evidence.

835
01:06:54,802 --> 01:06:56,095
(grunting)

836
01:06:57,930 --> 01:06:59,974
JUDGE (over tape): Will
you repeat this oath after me?

837
01:07:00,057 --> 01:07:05,312
NARRATOR: Witness Samuel Rajzman is a
Jewish man who had lived in Poland.

838
01:07:05,813 --> 01:07:09,191
JUDGE (over tape): I hereby swear that I
will speak nothing but the truth…

839
01:07:10,109 --> 01:07:14,321
NARRATOR: He and his family were
confined to the Warsaw ghetto.

840
01:07:14,864 --> 01:07:19,201
Before being taken to the
extermination camp at Treblinka.

841
01:07:21,620 --> 01:07:27,251
PROSECUTOR SMIRNOV: Will you describe
this camp to the Tribunal?

842
01:07:32,923 --> 01:07:36,385
RAJZMAN: On an average, I
believe they killed in Treblinka

843
01:07:36,469 --> 01:07:38,679
from ten to twelve
thousand persons daily.

844
01:07:44,518 --> 01:07:47,480
Transports arrived there every day.

845
01:07:50,107 --> 01:07:53,235
They were all forced
to strip immediately.

846
01:07:54,528 --> 01:08:00,034
And this process continued under the
lashes of the German guards' whips.

847
01:08:03,996 --> 01:08:10,211
Then the people were obliged to walk naked
through the street to the gas chamber.

848
01:08:13,839 --> 01:08:20,096
My work was to load the clothes of
the murdered persons on the trains.

849
01:08:25,267 --> 01:08:28,229
When I had been in the camp two days,

850
01:08:28,312 --> 01:08:32,983
my mother, my sister, and two
brothers were brought to the camp.

851
01:08:34,443 --> 01:08:39,156
I had to watch them being led away
to the gas chambers.

852
01:08:41,617 --> 01:08:44,829
Several days later, my comrades
found my wife's documents

853
01:08:44,912 --> 01:08:47,414
and a photograph
of my wife and child.

854
01:08:48,582 --> 01:08:52,461
That is all I have left of my family.
Only a photograph.

855
01:08:57,341 --> 01:08:59,635
DOUGLAS: A lot of the things
that we now take for granted

856
01:08:59,718 --> 01:09:02,221
that we know about the Holocaust,

857
01:09:02,304 --> 01:09:05,766
this was information that was really being
supplied for the first time.

858
01:09:09,728 --> 01:09:12,148
(speaking in German)

859
01:09:12,231 --> 01:09:18,070
NARRATOR: As witnesses step forward,
they speak about the killings, beatings,

860
01:09:18,445 --> 01:09:23,868
and sadistic treatment, that they had
suffered at the hands of the Nazis.

861
01:09:23,951 --> 01:09:25,911
(speaking in German)

862
01:09:26,537 --> 01:09:30,416
They reveal the truth
about unimaginable horrors.

863
01:09:31,167 --> 01:09:33,043
SHMAGLEVSKAYA: I could
tell about the children

864
01:09:33,127 --> 01:09:36,755
who were brought to
the concentration camp.

865
01:09:42,386 --> 01:09:46,307
When the greatest number
of Jews were exterminated

866
01:09:47,308 --> 01:09:50,227
an order went out that the children

867
01:09:50,978 --> 01:09:57,568
were to be thrown into the crematory
ovens or the crematory ditches

868
01:09:58,527 --> 01:10:00,738
without previous asphyxiation with gas.

869
01:10:03,073 --> 01:10:05,034
SMIRNOV: Were they
thrown into the ovens alive?

870
01:10:06,118 --> 01:10:07,912
Or were they killed by other means
before they were burned?

871
01:10:09,205 --> 01:10:11,582
SHMAGLEVSKAYA: The
children were thrown in alive.

872
01:10:12,875 --> 01:10:16,045
Their cries could be heard
all over camp.

873
01:10:22,968 --> 01:10:26,138
BUTTAR: When concentration
camp victims gave testimony,

874
01:10:26,805 --> 01:10:30,226
the defendants often looked away
or took off their headphones.

875
01:10:31,852 --> 01:10:35,856
MATTHÄUS: They wouldn't even
react to evidence unless it was

876
01:10:35,940 --> 01:10:38,692
directed at them personally.

877
01:10:41,528 --> 01:10:44,573
BARRETT: And then what else
could they do but lie and deny.

878
01:10:47,034 --> 01:10:52,164
GOERING: First of all, I want to say I did
not know anything about what took place

879
01:10:52,248 --> 01:10:55,960
and what methods were used
in the concentration camps.

880
01:11:01,465 --> 01:11:04,551
MAXWELL-FYFE (over tape): But
witness you’ve seen the films

881
01:11:04,635 --> 01:11:06,011
since this trial started.

882
01:11:10,474 --> 01:11:13,727
You know that there
were millions of garments,

883
01:11:15,187 --> 01:11:16,939
millions of shoes,

884
01:11:18,524 --> 01:11:24,488
20,952 kilograms of gold wedding rings.

885
01:11:26,198 --> 01:11:32,830
All that which these people who were
exterminated left behind them.

886
01:11:36,208 --> 01:11:41,380
Did nobody ever tell you all
these came from the effects

887
01:11:41,714 --> 01:11:43,924
of these people who were murdered?

888
01:11:46,969 --> 01:11:50,306
GOERING: No, and how can you imagine this?

889
01:11:50,806 --> 01:11:55,185
I was laying down the broad outlines
for the German economy

890
01:11:55,811 --> 01:12:00,190
and that certainly didn't include the
utilization of old shoes and clothes.

891
01:12:05,112 --> 01:12:09,908
MAXWELL-FYFE (over tape): So, I’m asking
about the murder of five million people.

892
01:12:11,035 --> 01:12:15,539
The Fuehrer must have had
full knowledge, mustn’t he?

893
01:12:17,291 --> 01:12:21,253
GOERING: It is my
opinion that the Fuehrer

894
01:12:21,337 --> 01:12:26,550
was not informed about details in
concentration camps.

895
01:12:29,887 --> 01:12:33,098
NARRATOR: What the Nazis
don’t know is that their lies

896
01:12:33,182 --> 01:12:36,977
will be exposed by one
of their own witnesses.

897
01:12:47,154 --> 01:12:49,573
MAXWELL-FYFE (over tape):
My Lord, I have an application

898
01:12:49,907 --> 01:12:56,413
on behalf of the Defendant Kaltenbrunner
for a witness called Hoess.

899
01:12:59,124 --> 01:13:03,545
DOUGLAS: Rudolf Hoess was the
former commandant at Auschwitz.

900
01:13:04,254 --> 01:13:08,759
And strangely enough, Hoess
is called as a witness not by

901
01:13:08,842 --> 01:13:11,762
the prosecution, but by the defense.

902
01:13:12,346 --> 01:13:15,641
He’s actually called by
Kaltenbrunner’s lawyer.

903
01:13:18,477 --> 01:13:20,854
NARRATOR: Defendant
Ernst Kaltenbrunner had

904
01:13:20,938 --> 01:13:23,941
been a high-ranking member of the SS.

905
01:13:24,525 --> 01:13:27,486
ALDERMAN (over tape): With reference to
concentration camps…

906
01:13:27,569 --> 01:13:29,321
NARRATOR: Earlier in the trial,

907
01:13:29,405 --> 01:13:33,158
evidence was presented showing
he was heavily involved in

908
01:13:33,242 --> 01:13:35,744
the Nazi concentration camp system.

909
01:13:36,954 --> 01:13:41,125
But he and his lawyer hope that
by calling Hoess to the stand

910
01:13:41,458 --> 01:13:45,212
they can distance him from
the murders at Auschwitz.

911
01:13:54,054 --> 01:14:00,519
KAUFFMAN: Is it true that in 1941 you were
ordered to Berlin to see Himmler?

912
01:14:01,979 --> 01:14:02,938
HOESS: Yes, sir.

913
01:14:05,858 --> 01:14:08,777
HOESS: In the summer of 1941

914
01:14:08,861 --> 01:14:13,490
I was summoned to Berlin to
see Reichsfuehrer-SS Himmler

915
01:14:13,574 --> 01:14:15,951
to receive personal orders.

916
01:14:17,953 --> 01:14:20,706
He told me that the Fuehrer

917
01:14:20,789 --> 01:14:25,210
had given the order for a final
solution of the Jewish question.

918
01:14:27,254 --> 01:14:33,218
KAUFFMAN: Did you ever talk with
Kaltenbrunner with reference to your task?

919
01:14:33,886 --> 01:14:34,928
HOESS: No, never.

920
01:14:37,431 --> 01:14:40,684
BARRETT: So that little nugget
is helpful for Kaltenbrunner.

921
01:14:40,767 --> 01:14:43,687
But, of course, that opens
the door on cross examination.

922
01:14:44,938 --> 01:14:50,777
And on cross examination the prosecution
introduces an affidavit that Hoess signed.

923
01:14:53,030 --> 01:14:57,117
AMEN (over tape): If you will follow along
with me as I read, please.

924
01:15:02,289 --> 01:15:09,213
"I was ordered to establish extermination
facilities at Auschwitz in June of '41.

925
01:15:11,173 --> 01:15:16,386
At that time, there were already
three other extermination camps.

926
01:15:17,804 --> 01:15:23,602
I visited Treblinka to find out
how they carried out their exterminations.

927
01:15:25,729 --> 01:15:30,359
The Camp Commandant told
me that he used monoxide gas,

928
01:15:30,651 --> 01:15:34,863
and I did not think that
his methods were very efficient.

929
01:15:37,491 --> 01:15:39,993
So when I set up the
extermination building

930
01:15:40,077 --> 01:15:43,747
at Auschwitz, I used Cyklon B,

931
01:15:44,373 --> 01:15:48,544
which we dropped into the death
chamber from a small opening.

932
01:15:51,213 --> 01:15:55,425
Another improvement was
that we built our gas chamber

933
01:15:55,509 --> 01:15:59,596
to accommodate 2,000 people at one time.”

934
01:16:02,516 --> 01:16:06,103
BARRETT: It’s one thing to kind
of know the planning abstractly.

935
01:16:06,812 --> 01:16:10,607
But Hoess is the first real
decision-making eyewitness.

936
01:16:11,525 --> 01:16:13,151
It sort of proves the worst.

937
01:16:13,443 --> 01:16:17,781
And it’s unapologetic.

938
01:16:21,076 --> 01:16:22,452
AMEN (over tape): Now I ask you, Witness,

939
01:16:22,536 --> 01:16:26,248
is everything which I have read to you
true to your own knowledge?

940
01:16:28,000 --> 01:16:29,918
HOESS: Yes, sir.

941
01:16:30,586 --> 01:16:33,171
AMEN (over tape): That
concludes my cross-examination.

942
01:16:37,259 --> 01:16:40,345
MATTHÄUS: Particularly, I think
Goering was appalled by someone

943
01:16:40,429 --> 01:16:44,057
divulging information
that he could have withheld.

944
01:16:46,435 --> 01:16:50,731
Once this was communicated
it had a massive impact.

945
01:16:53,191 --> 01:16:54,860
KISSI: People were just simply shocked.

946
01:16:55,527 --> 01:17:00,407
They were shocked to believe that these
things could be done in a modern society.

947
01:17:02,993 --> 01:17:06,330
NARRATOR: Hoess’s
emotionless admission becomes

948
01:17:06,413 --> 01:17:10,208
one of the most galvanizing
moments of the trial.

949
01:17:14,004 --> 01:17:19,760
And in the summer of 1946, as
the proceedings draw to a close,

950
01:17:20,260 --> 01:17:24,348
it is his words, and
the words of the survivors,

951
01:17:24,640 --> 01:17:28,060
that resonate the loudest for prosecutors.

952
01:17:33,732 --> 01:17:36,693
MAXWELL-FYFE (over tape):
My lord, I am deeply conscious

953
01:17:37,110 --> 01:17:39,446
that one of the greatest difficulties,

954
01:17:40,614 --> 01:17:43,492
and not the least of
the dangers of this trial,

955
01:17:44,701 --> 01:17:50,040
is that those of us who have
been engaged day in and day out

956
01:17:50,207 --> 01:17:53,085
for over nine months have

957
01:17:53,168 --> 01:17:56,254
reached the saturation point of horror.

958
01:17:56,588 --> 01:17:59,341
(speaking in German)

959
01:17:59,675 --> 01:18:00,926
(cheering)

960
01:18:01,009 --> 01:18:03,053
JACKSON (over tape): It is
against such a background that

961
01:18:03,679 --> 01:18:06,765
these defendants now ask
this Tribunal to say

962
01:18:07,349 --> 01:18:09,059
that they are not guilty.

963
01:18:18,652 --> 01:18:23,198
If you were to say of these
men that they are not guilty,

964
01:18:23,907 --> 01:18:27,244
it would be as true to say
that there has been no war,

965
01:18:28,078 --> 01:18:32,708
that there are no slain,
that there has been no crime.

966
01:18:47,347 --> 01:18:51,309
PRESIDENT (over tape): I now call
defendant Hermann Wilhelm Goering.

967
01:19:00,694 --> 01:19:04,448
GOERING: The Prosecution has treated
the defendants and

968
01:19:04,531 --> 01:19:08,285
their testimony as completely worthless.

969
01:19:09,828 --> 01:19:13,707
I stand up for the things that I have
done.

970
01:19:15,542 --> 01:19:20,380
WITTMANN: Despite everything, there was
still an attitude amongst defendants

971
01:19:20,964 --> 01:19:24,092
of total self-righteousness and
entitlement.

972
01:19:25,051 --> 01:19:30,474
KEITEL: I was not in a position to prevent
what ought to have been prevented.

973
01:19:32,893 --> 01:19:36,438
NARRATOR: But it is Rudolf Hess,
who’s not spoken since he

974
01:19:36,521 --> 01:19:42,819
admitted to faking amnesia, who delivers
the most chilling of all final statements.

975
01:19:44,863 --> 01:19:48,617
HESS: Even if I could,
I would not want

976
01:19:48,700 --> 01:19:51,912
to erase this period
of time from my history.

977
01:19:54,456 --> 01:19:56,666
I am happy to know

978
01:19:57,125 --> 01:20:02,589
that I have done my duty as a
loyal follower of my Fuehrer.

979
01:20:03,215 --> 01:20:05,759
-HESS: Hitler! Sieg!
-CROWD: Heil!

980
01:20:08,512 --> 01:20:10,764
HESS: I regret nothing.

981
01:20:16,102 --> 01:20:17,938
PRESIDENT (over tape): The
Tribunal will now adjourn

982
01:20:18,146 --> 01:20:20,106
in order to consider its judgement.

983
01:20:30,367 --> 01:20:31,576
(beeping)

984
01:20:31,660 --> 01:20:33,620
GAETH (over radio): This
is Arthur Gaeth speaking from

985
01:20:33,703 --> 01:20:38,708
the International
Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.

986
01:20:44,798 --> 01:20:46,842
NARRATOR: After a month of deliberating,

987
01:20:46,925 --> 01:20:52,556
the Nuremberg Tribunal reconvenes
to deliver verdicts and sentencing.

988
01:20:55,392 --> 01:20:57,561
MAN (over tape): Attention! Tribunal!

989
01:21:00,730 --> 01:21:03,483
GAETH (over radio): The
assembly is jam-packed.

990
01:21:04,234 --> 01:21:07,737
There must be 600 people in the courtroom.

991
01:21:10,365 --> 01:21:13,285
NARRATOR: The newly
transferred audio reveals

992
01:21:13,368 --> 01:21:15,787
the moment the sentences are read.

993
01:21:16,037 --> 01:21:19,165
MAN (over tape): Hello sound recording,
start cutting, start cutting.

994
01:21:27,465 --> 01:21:30,051
PRESIDENT (over tape): Defendant
Hermann Wilhelm Goering,

995
01:21:32,012 --> 01:21:37,601
the International Military Tribunal
sentences you to death by hanging.

996
01:21:42,188 --> 01:21:47,569
Defendant Hess, the Tribunal sentences you
to imprisonment for life.

997
01:21:50,739 --> 01:21:54,117
Julius Streicher, death by hanging.

998
01:21:57,579 --> 01:22:03,585
KISSI: At the pinnacle of their power,
they had seemed in-conquerable.

999
01:22:04,920 --> 01:22:08,089
PRESIDENT (over tape): Wilhelm Keitel,
death by hanging.

1000
01:22:09,466 --> 01:22:13,303
Karl Doenitz, ten years' imprisonment.

1001
01:22:13,970 --> 01:22:17,641
Albert Speer, 20 years' imprisonment.

1002
01:22:18,683 --> 01:22:25,357
KISSI: But the Nuremberg Trial reduced
people who claim superhuman status.

1003
01:22:25,941 --> 01:22:29,694
PRESIDENT (over tape): Ernst
Kaltenbrunner, death by hanging.

1004
01:22:31,196 --> 01:22:36,201
KISSI: And they became no more than the
victims that they had done to death.

1005
01:22:38,870 --> 01:22:40,789
(dramatic music throughout)

1006
01:22:40,997 --> 01:22:45,543
BARRETT: In the end, it’s
18 guilty, three not guilty.

1007
01:22:47,629 --> 01:22:51,758
And so the Nuremberg prosecutors
are generally quite satisfied.

1008
01:22:54,177 --> 01:22:59,015
From a podium prosecutor to
a clerk in a documents room,

1009
01:22:59,099 --> 01:23:02,811
everybody who was a part of that was quite
proud to be part of that.

1010
01:23:04,521 --> 01:23:06,439
PRESIDENT (over tape): The
Tribunal will now adjourn.

1011
01:23:16,616 --> 01:23:21,329
NARRATOR: But not all of the condemned
will face their court-appointed fate.

1012
01:23:22,372 --> 01:23:28,503
(overlapping chatter)

1013
01:23:31,464 --> 01:23:35,260
GAETH (over radio): Hermann Goering
escaped his fate of hanging by

1014
01:23:35,593 --> 01:23:39,597
committing suicide at 10:45 last night.

1015
01:23:40,932 --> 01:23:42,976
MCDONOUGH: Everyone
was saying, "How the hell

1016
01:23:43,518 --> 01:23:49,357
does the major defendant end
up taking a cyanide capsule?"

1017
01:23:49,983 --> 01:23:53,528
GAETH (over radio): He did it so cleverly
that the sentinel watching him

1018
01:23:53,862 --> 01:23:56,489
did not even see him
put his hand to his mouth.

1019
01:23:58,283 --> 01:24:02,162
NARRATOR: Goering’s suicide sparks an
extensive investigation.

1020
01:24:03,121 --> 01:24:07,834
But it fails to uncover
exactly how he got the poison.

1021
01:24:11,296 --> 01:24:13,173
MCDONOUGH: For him,
it's a victory, isn't it?

1022
01:24:13,757 --> 01:24:16,843
It was a massive
humiliation for the Allies.

1023
01:24:17,761 --> 01:24:19,846
(beeps)

1024
01:24:20,805 --> 01:24:22,557
NARRATOR: With heightened security,

1025
01:24:23,183 --> 01:24:27,645
the remaining executions are
carried out just hours later.

1026
01:24:29,939 --> 01:24:35,195
Only a handful of reporters are permitted
to witness as the Nazis are hanged,

1027
01:24:35,278 --> 01:24:37,113
one by one,

1028
01:24:37,864 --> 01:24:41,868
on gallows built inside
the Nuremberg prison.

1029
01:24:45,163 --> 01:24:47,957
GAETH (over radio): I was an
eyewitness to the execution of

1030
01:24:48,041 --> 01:24:50,460
the wilted flower of Nazidom.

1031
01:24:53,421 --> 01:24:56,925
There was a silent, serious atmosphere.

1032
01:25:03,098 --> 01:25:04,766
Ten men died here,

1033
01:25:08,353 --> 01:25:12,982
and the body of the other was brought in
to complete the picture.

1034
01:25:16,069 --> 01:25:18,488
Justice has been done.

1035
01:25:26,454 --> 01:25:30,125
NARRATOR: The Nazis who are
sentenced to jail are taken to

1036
01:25:30,208 --> 01:25:33,795
Berlin’s Spandau Prison
to serve their time.

1037
01:25:36,881 --> 01:25:40,593
HYMEL: Hess is gonna spend the rest of his
life in a prison in Germany.

1038
01:25:41,344 --> 01:25:45,682
He had actually sat out a lot of the war
in a British prison camp.

1039
01:25:46,432 --> 01:25:51,229
And I think that's what saved him from the
hangman's noose at the end of the trial.

1040
01:25:52,480 --> 01:25:56,860
He will eventually hang himself
in Spandau in the late 1980s.

1041
01:26:01,281 --> 01:26:04,242
MORGAN: Doenitz has an
interesting post-prison life.

1042
01:26:04,993 --> 01:26:10,415
He was, I don't want to say celebrated,
but he certainly wasn't hated in Germany.

1043
01:26:12,917 --> 01:26:17,714
At the time of his passing, thousands of
people flocked to his funeral.

1044
01:26:20,925 --> 01:26:24,012
MCDONOUGH: But if there
is a star of this trial,

1045
01:26:24,095 --> 01:26:28,474
it's Albert Speer because
when he comes out of prison,

1046
01:26:28,558 --> 01:26:33,021
he writes his memoirs, the
biggest selling set of memoirs

1047
01:26:33,104 --> 01:26:36,649
around the world there’s ever been,
in other words, he profits hugely.

1048
01:26:40,111 --> 01:26:44,365
BARRETT: Of course, since then,
history has discovered lots more

1049
01:26:44,449 --> 01:26:49,495
specific knowledge
of deportations, exterminations,

1050
01:26:50,038 --> 01:26:52,582
all of that stuff that
he distanced himself from.

1051
01:26:54,000 --> 01:26:56,377
He was as bad as anybody
who went to the gallows.

1052
01:27:00,673 --> 01:27:03,885
AMEN (over tape): Is there any slightest
doubt in your mind about that?

1053
01:27:03,968 --> 01:27:05,762
(speaking in German)

1054
01:27:05,845 --> 01:27:07,847
DOUGLAS: The trial really did demonstrate

1055
01:27:07,931 --> 01:27:12,185
to the world the crimes
that the Nazi regime committed.

1056
01:27:12,268 --> 01:27:15,813
MAXWELL-FYFE (over tape): These came from
people who were murdered?

1057
01:27:15,897 --> 01:27:20,276
DOUGLAS: And this notion that
heads of state could be held

1058
01:27:20,360 --> 01:27:24,822
criminally responsible established a very
powerful precedent moving forward.

1059
01:27:27,116 --> 01:27:31,246
WITTMANN: After Rwanda,
after former Yugoslavia,

1060
01:27:31,704 --> 01:27:34,457
the precedent set at
Nuremberg is used again.

1061
01:27:36,334 --> 01:27:38,962
BARRETT: That brought the International
Criminal Court into being.

1062
01:27:41,047 --> 01:27:46,886
So Nuremberg showed that
when power and values unite,

1063
01:27:47,262 --> 01:27:49,973
the world can do these
kinds of rule-of-law projects.

1064
01:27:51,766 --> 01:27:57,272
And that’s a legacy that will challenge us
evermore to live up to it.

1065
01:27:57,647 --> 01:28:00,191
MAN (over tape):
Sound recording, it’s over.

1066
01:28:01,567 --> 01:28:04,904
(somber music fades out)