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They aren't ideologically-motivated,
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willing executioners.
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They're not trained killers.
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They're people with civilian jobs,
like taxi drivers or plumbers.
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In every respect
they were completely ordinary men.
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They ranged from bakers and craftsmen
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to carpenters and tradesmen
with office jobs.
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That police battalion basically reflected
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{\an8}the average working population of Hamburg.
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They were given a fairly abstract
description of their mission,
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which consisted of securing
the German-occupied areas.
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{\an8}Major Trapp, who delivers the order,
is an older man
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{\an8}who is very popular with his men
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{\an8}because he's
not the typical authoritarian commander.
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The men call him "Papa" Trapp.
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That indicates
what kind of relationship they have.
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Major Trapp stands in front
of the battalion and says,
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"I have a terrible order
to give you today."
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Telling people to step out
if they don't want to participate
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requires them to take action.
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But when we are faced with a decision
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and we don't know exactly
what the right thing is to do,
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we usually do nothing.
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Attention! Dismiss!
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From a historical perspective,
it's an incredibly interesting situation
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because the orders are documented
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and it's clear from the way they were
issued that the men did not have to kill.
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Part of the post-war narrative
was that you had to take part,
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otherwise you would
have been shot yourself.
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Here we can clearly show that no,
that was not the case.
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They could decide.
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160,000 men applied to volunteer
for the police,
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{\an8}and only 26,000 to 30,000
could be accepted.
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{\an8}They were then trained for six months
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and, most crucially,
received ideological training
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which made it fairly clear to them
what would be expected of them.
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They were told that, as the master race,
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they should ensure
that National Socialist policies
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were established and executed
in the occupied territories.
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As early as October or November 1939,
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those units began shooting civilians:
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Polish resistance fighters, clergy,
intellectuals, even Jews,
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driving people out, deporting them.
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All in all, you could say that those units
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put the National Socialist
extermination policy into practice.
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They don't fit with Hollywood's image
of a Nazi perpetrator.
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{\an8}That image is a henchman
who is not particularly intelligent
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{\an8}and who only cares
about killing as many people as possible.
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But the historical reality
is that they were nothing like that.
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Some of the Einsatzgruppen leaders
had double doctorate degrees.
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They're mostly middle-class, educated,
really sophisticated people
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who could definitely hold a conversation
about Mozart or Beethoven.
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They were taken to a forest.
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Then the policemen led them
into the forest one by one,
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some of them women, some of them children.
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The victims feared for their lives
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and knew death was moments away.
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And the policemen were experiencing
an emotional crisis
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because they knew they were about to
have to kill someone at point-blank range.
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Otto Ohlendorf said,
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"My men suffered more than the victims."
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Looking at that from today's perspective,
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that's an absurd reinterpretation.
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It's the perpetrators looking
for psychological mechanisms
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that they can use
to cast themselves as victims
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because of the fact they had to do things
that made them suffer.
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The order to liquidate
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came from the Führer of the Reich.
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So, in that sense,
it's a policy determined by the Führer.
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{\an8}They lined us up at the edge of the pit,
squeezed together.
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{\an8}Then they started shooting.
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{\an8}I closed my eyes, clenched my fists,
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{\an8}tensed all my muscles and jumped.
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The fall seemed to take forever.
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Finally, I landed on the bodies.
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I hadn't been hit.
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After a while, the shooting stopped.
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I heard the Germans coming down
into the pit...
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to finish off those
who were still moaning.
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Some were still twitching and convulsing
in their death throes.
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They shot everyone who was still alive.
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I played dead, scared of being discovered.
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I can still see the image in my mind.
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I remember thinking back then
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that we didn't have enough earth
to cover so many bodies.
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I was angry
that we had become animals, murderers.
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We didn't see Jews as human beings.
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He was a popular, respected superior,
and he said,
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"If I had a choice,
I wouldn't give you the order. But..."
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He was calling on them for solidarity,
to support him with this task,
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which didn't come from him,
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and asking them not to abandon him.
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It was a combination of coercion
and free will.
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They were told
that they could refuse to do it,
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but that they would have to accept
their comrades having to do it instead.
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That combination of,
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"It has to be done,
the police battalion has to do the job"
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and, "If you're weak, you can refuse,
but it's at the expense of your comrades."
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That combination creates the pressure
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which led to most of them taking part
in the shootings.
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No! We were already hoping it was over.
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More potatoes?
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Objectively speaking,
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nothing bad happened to the objectors.
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They were assigned work cleaning latrines
and that kind of thing.
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They were called names:
bastard, dirty rat, sissy and so on.
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Those men were not at home,
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they didn't go back to their families
at the end of the day.
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Instead, they were in a group of men
for an unforeseeable amount of time,
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always with the same people,
who could torment them,
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insult them and exclude them.
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You need to be very self-assured
to be able to endure that.
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It might be only a social punishment
and not a physical one,
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but for human beings, a social punishment
is one of the hardest things to bear.
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The first step towards mass murder
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is a categorical distinction between "us"
and "them."
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Everyone noticed people losing their jobs,
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being forced to leave their homes,
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having their belongings auctioned off,
businesses being "Aryanized."
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All of that was a public process.
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It wasn't a secret.
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And that process reinforces the division.
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They are "them,"
while "we" are the others.
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If I define someone as different in theory
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and also treat them differently
in practice,
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the willingness to use violence
against that person
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will naturally grow.
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{\an8}Our leader told our group of 12 men
about our future tasks.
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We would have to gather up
and shoot the Jewish population.
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The convoy stopped about 70 to 90 meters
from the pit.
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The Gruppenführer divided up
his men as follows:
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Six men to guard and six men to shoot.
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I was tasked with shooting.
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The shooting then proceeded as follows:
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About 45 to 50 people
were separated and led to the pit.
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They had to line up facing us.
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And that's how they were shot.
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Each of the perpetrators
developed their own way
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of justifying what they were doing.
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"Someone has to do the dirty work."
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Or maybe,
"We have a historical duty to fulfill."
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Another factor might have been,
"I'm better at this than other people."
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They all had justifications
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that allowed them to find meaning
in the murders.
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Ultimately, this shows that mass murder
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is committed by thinking people
who do not execute orders like a machine,
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but who think and comprehend
what they are doing.
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I tried, and was able,
to shoot only children.
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The man next to me would shoot the mother,
and I would shoot her child.
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I told myself that the child, after all,
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would not be able to live
without its mother.
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He translates his truly appalling act
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into something morally good
in a sense of "redemption."
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That's the key to understand
why the men did this.
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It is not blind obedience.
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Instead, they interpret the commands
in a way that is acceptable for them
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and allows them to see themselves
as morally righteous.
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Only afterwards did it occur to me
that it wasn't right.
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You started to flounder,
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the clear ideas you used to have
were gone.
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Stop arguing!
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- Stop it!
- He started after all!
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For God's sake!
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- What do you want?
- I want to go home!
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{\an8}They always found ways to do it
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{\an8}that would keep the machine running.
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{\an8}Someone would say they were indisposed
or they felt too weak that day.
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But it wasn't an act of resistance,
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it was just an attempt
to extract the individual
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without questioning the legitimacy
of the police battalion as a whole.
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We will not let life make us bitter
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Don't be afraid
Don't be afraid, Rosemary!
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Not even when the whole earth shakes
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And the world is lifted off its hinges
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The terrifying and central issue
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in the case of Police Battalion 101
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is that you don't need to act
out of conviction,
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to be motivated by ideology,
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to carry out a mass killing.
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The prosecution was a disaster.
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{\an8}Lots of material and documents
had been collected,
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{\an8}there was really good evidence,
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{\an8}but there was a lack of will to punish
those who had been involved in the crimes.
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{\an8}There have been several genocides
since the Holocaust.
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{\an8}There have been massacres
and mass murders.
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There are other contexts
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where we find those mechanisms
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that lead people to kill others
without any personal
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or psychological motives.
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Wherever people can say to themselves,
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"I am only a cog in the wheel,
I am not responsible."
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With that attitude,
almost anything is possible.
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Come on, attention. For home.
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Yeah, a little cuddling.
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Good.