1 00:00:05,632 --> 00:00:06,715 - Charge! (soldiers war cry) 2 00:00:06,800 --> 00:00:09,718 (guns firing) 3 00:00:09,803 --> 00:00:11,303 Come on, boys! 4 00:00:11,388 --> 00:00:14,005 - McClellan had fresh troops in reserve. 5 00:00:14,099 --> 00:00:15,891 Could have used them to destroy Lee. 6 00:00:15,976 --> 00:00:18,676 Instead he let him him escape over the river to Virginia. 7 00:00:18,771 --> 00:00:20,228 - We chased him out of Maryland. 8 00:00:20,314 --> 00:00:21,480 Still a victory. 9 00:00:21,565 --> 00:00:23,315 Now I can release the proclamation. 10 00:00:23,400 --> 00:00:26,359 On the first day of January, all persons 11 00:00:26,487 --> 00:00:29,029 held as slaves shall be then, 12 00:00:29,156 --> 00:00:31,856 thenceforward, and forever free. 13 00:00:31,950 --> 00:00:33,241 Where's Lee? 14 00:00:33,327 --> 00:00:34,859 - Gettysburg. 15 00:00:34,953 --> 00:00:37,412 - It may be the best chance to destroy his army. 16 00:00:37,498 --> 00:00:38,538 - One big battle. 17 00:00:40,501 --> 00:00:41,533 (guns firing) 18 00:00:41,627 --> 00:00:44,127 What if Lee is thinking the exact same thing? 19 00:00:45,506 --> 00:00:47,705 - [Lincoln] Then we're both looking at the end of this war. 20 00:00:47,800 --> 00:00:49,216 One way or the other. 21 00:00:52,513 --> 00:00:53,878 - [Announcer] Ladies and gentlemen, 22 00:00:53,972 --> 00:00:56,515 some of you may have heard of him. 23 00:00:56,600 --> 00:00:58,058 - [Caroline] His story has been passed down 24 00:00:58,185 --> 00:01:00,218 from one generation to the next. 25 00:01:00,312 --> 00:01:02,887 - Four score and seven years ago. 26 00:01:02,981 --> 00:01:04,898 - He felt that democracy in its 27 00:01:05,025 --> 00:01:08,226 purest form is for all people. 28 00:01:08,320 --> 00:01:10,728 - All persons held as slaves shall be 29 00:01:10,823 --> 00:01:13,565 thenceforward and forever free. 30 00:01:13,659 --> 00:01:16,409 - But there's something deeper than what he did. 31 00:01:17,371 --> 00:01:19,404 It's about who he was. 32 00:01:19,498 --> 00:01:21,739 - Lincoln grew up in poverty. 33 00:01:21,834 --> 00:01:22,916 - Haven't done anything to make 34 00:01:23,043 --> 00:01:24,409 anyone remember that I ever lived. 35 00:01:24,503 --> 00:01:26,086 - He's living proof that Americans 36 00:01:26,213 --> 00:01:28,580 can rise from obscurity to power. 37 00:01:28,674 --> 00:01:31,916 - With that wit and that charm and that intellect. 38 00:01:32,010 --> 00:01:33,593 - It's better to stay silent and be thought 39 00:01:33,719 --> 00:01:36,254 a fool than to speak up and remove all doubt. 40 00:01:36,348 --> 00:01:38,557 - He has this deep sense of empathy. 41 00:01:38,641 --> 00:01:40,758 - He takes the Declaration of Independence. 42 00:01:40,853 --> 00:01:42,435 - All men are created equal. 43 00:01:42,563 --> 00:01:46,264 - And turns it into a nation's moral compass. 44 00:01:46,358 --> 00:01:48,900 (glass breaking) (men shouting) 45 00:01:48,986 --> 00:01:51,102 - As the country is breaking apart, 46 00:01:51,195 --> 00:01:52,278 there's a turning point where 47 00:01:52,406 --> 00:01:53,613 he's gonna have to take a stand. 48 00:01:53,740 --> 00:01:54,447 - Charge! 49 00:01:54,575 --> 00:01:56,658 - Blood will be on your hands! 50 00:01:56,743 --> 00:01:58,776 - Blood is already on my hands! 51 00:01:58,871 --> 00:02:01,446 - He had to learn how to be a commander in chief. 52 00:02:01,540 --> 00:02:02,706 - We can't have a war on two fronts. 53 00:02:02,791 --> 00:02:06,618 - He was willing to admit he was wrong and to change. 54 00:02:06,712 --> 00:02:07,836 - We can attack immediately. 55 00:02:07,921 --> 00:02:10,121 - [Historian] He was the right person at the right time. 56 00:02:10,215 --> 00:02:13,291 - If we let this stand for one minute longer 57 00:02:13,385 --> 00:02:15,802 we might as well say goodbye to the whole thing. 58 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:17,804 Union. 59 00:02:17,931 --> 00:02:18,805 Democracy. 60 00:02:20,392 --> 00:02:21,433 All of it. 61 00:02:21,518 --> 00:02:24,311 (dramatic sting) 62 00:02:27,107 --> 00:02:29,649 (tense music) 63 00:02:42,789 --> 00:02:46,875 - In 1863, Lee swings north again. 64 00:02:46,960 --> 00:02:49,628 What he hoped was that having moved swiftly 65 00:02:49,713 --> 00:02:54,883 into Pennsylvania, the Union Army would play catch up 66 00:02:54,968 --> 00:02:58,011 in a disorganized and bedraggled fashion. 67 00:02:58,138 --> 00:02:59,387 And then he would have them. 68 00:03:00,974 --> 00:03:04,351 - When Lee crossed into Maryland and then Pennsylvania, 69 00:03:04,478 --> 00:03:08,179 Lincoln was ecstatic that Lee was in Union territory 70 00:03:08,273 --> 00:03:11,233 because he said this is our chance to bag Lee. 71 00:03:11,318 --> 00:03:14,185 Lincoln believes that destroying that army 72 00:03:14,279 --> 00:03:17,447 would in effect destroy the Confederacy. 73 00:03:19,326 --> 00:03:21,534 - By the end of the day on July 1st, 74 00:03:21,662 --> 00:03:23,361 on the Gettysburg battlefield, 75 00:03:23,455 --> 00:03:26,531 the Union Army had taken a real shellacking. 76 00:03:26,625 --> 00:03:28,416 (clicking) 77 00:03:29,503 --> 00:03:33,588 (soldiers rallying) (bombs exploding) 78 00:03:33,674 --> 00:03:36,716 - Where the hell is Sickles and the Third Corps? 79 00:03:36,843 --> 00:03:37,759 Find them! 80 00:03:37,844 --> 00:03:38,551 - Yes sir. 81 00:03:38,679 --> 00:03:39,552 - Move! 82 00:03:41,473 --> 00:03:42,880 - From General Warren. 83 00:03:42,975 --> 00:03:44,140 - Give it here, give it here! 84 00:03:50,440 --> 00:03:52,190 - On the morning of July 2nd, 1863, 85 00:03:52,276 --> 00:03:54,025 Robert E. Lee makes the decision to test 86 00:03:54,110 --> 00:03:56,778 both flanks of the Union Army of the Potomac. 87 00:03:56,863 --> 00:03:58,947 At a place called Little Round Top. 88 00:03:59,032 --> 00:04:00,740 - And on the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg 89 00:04:00,867 --> 00:04:03,067 Meade sends General Dan Sickle's 90 00:04:03,161 --> 00:04:05,403 Third Corps off to the left flank. 91 00:04:05,497 --> 00:04:07,580 - Sickles moved his corps and it 92 00:04:07,708 --> 00:04:09,874 created a gap in the Union line. 93 00:04:09,960 --> 00:04:12,377 This opening creates this existential threat. 94 00:04:19,011 --> 00:04:20,593 - Brigadier General Warren fears 95 00:04:20,721 --> 00:04:22,846 Little Round Top may be exposed. 96 00:04:24,808 --> 00:04:26,599 - What does that mean for the line? 97 00:04:28,562 --> 00:04:30,437 - If Lee's army takes that hill. 98 00:04:32,065 --> 00:04:34,190 We might not stand a chance. 99 00:04:40,532 --> 00:04:42,240 - During Gettysburg, Abraham Lincoln 100 00:04:42,326 --> 00:04:45,160 almost lived in the war department offices 101 00:04:45,245 --> 00:04:47,454 close to the telegraph operators. 102 00:04:47,581 --> 00:04:51,783 He was about as closely involved in monitoring 103 00:04:51,877 --> 00:04:54,619 the operations of an army in the field 104 00:04:54,713 --> 00:04:57,955 as maybe any president had ever been. 105 00:04:58,050 --> 00:05:01,968 - You wonder what Lincoln had to shore him up 106 00:05:02,095 --> 00:05:05,555 emotionally and psychologically. 107 00:05:06,933 --> 00:05:08,975 As he went through all these different decisions 108 00:05:09,102 --> 00:05:11,686 he had to make and the crisis that took place. 109 00:05:15,567 --> 00:05:16,641 - Do you have news? 110 00:05:16,735 --> 00:05:17,942 - Not of the battle. 111 00:05:18,028 --> 00:05:19,235 Mr. President. 112 00:05:19,321 --> 00:05:21,979 - Reinforcements have been sent to Little Round Top. 113 00:05:22,074 --> 00:05:23,815 - We don't know how old that information is. 114 00:05:23,909 --> 00:05:25,533 We have to wait and see. 115 00:05:25,619 --> 00:05:26,993 - Mr. President. 116 00:05:30,123 --> 00:05:31,998 Mr. President, it's Mrs. Lincoln. 117 00:05:34,795 --> 00:05:37,327 She was in the presidential carriage. 118 00:05:37,422 --> 00:05:38,630 They were going downhill when the seat 119 00:05:38,715 --> 00:05:40,465 came loose and they lost control. 120 00:05:42,135 --> 00:05:43,835 - Is she all right? 121 00:05:43,929 --> 00:05:46,346 - She had to jump from the carriage. 122 00:05:46,473 --> 00:05:47,430 It's a head injury. 123 00:05:51,645 --> 00:05:53,686 It looks like somebody removed the screws that fasten 124 00:05:53,814 --> 00:05:56,189 the driver's seat to the body of the carriage. 125 00:05:59,486 --> 00:06:01,361 Somebody was trying to kill you, sir. 126 00:06:02,906 --> 00:06:04,522 - [Operator] This is from General Meade. 127 00:06:04,616 --> 00:06:05,907 - Mrs. Pomeroy's tending to her. 128 00:06:05,992 --> 00:06:07,409 Shall I tell her you'll be around? 129 00:06:07,494 --> 00:06:08,868 - They still got the hill. 130 00:06:11,957 --> 00:06:13,206 - [Messenger] Mr. President. 131 00:06:17,671 --> 00:06:19,537 - Tell Mrs. Lincoln I'm sorry. 132 00:06:19,631 --> 00:06:21,047 I can't possibly leave now. 133 00:06:25,137 --> 00:06:26,469 Ask Robert to go to her. 134 00:06:32,144 --> 00:06:34,601 - All hell seemed to be breaking loose. 135 00:06:34,688 --> 00:06:37,054 Lincoln was faced with the consequences 136 00:06:37,149 --> 00:06:39,390 that someone had tampered with 137 00:06:39,484 --> 00:06:42,026 the carriage in order to do him in, 138 00:06:42,112 --> 00:06:44,821 and his wife had become collateral damage. 139 00:06:46,658 --> 00:06:48,283 - On the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, 140 00:06:48,368 --> 00:06:51,736 Robert E. Lee would launch his 12,500 men 141 00:06:51,830 --> 00:06:53,872 across nearly a mile wide field. 142 00:06:53,957 --> 00:06:55,874 And they would strike the Union position. 143 00:06:55,959 --> 00:06:58,409 - This comes to be known as Pickett's Charge. 144 00:06:58,503 --> 00:07:00,912 It becomes a huge bloodletting. 145 00:07:01,006 --> 00:07:05,249 The casualties mount for both Confederate and Union armies 146 00:07:05,343 --> 00:07:08,928 as Lee's men are storming the center of the Union line. 147 00:07:10,557 --> 00:07:11,422 - On and on it went. 148 00:07:11,516 --> 00:07:15,018 Confusion, no certain information. 149 00:07:15,812 --> 00:07:17,645 Through July 2nd. 150 00:07:17,731 --> 00:07:19,931 Through July 3rd. 151 00:07:20,025 --> 00:07:22,934 - And while the Battle of Gettysburg is going on, 152 00:07:23,028 --> 00:07:25,102 Ulysses S. Grant is now laying siege 153 00:07:25,197 --> 00:07:28,072 to the Confederate Army inside of Vicksburg. 154 00:07:28,158 --> 00:07:29,240 - [Caroline] Vicksburg was the last portion 155 00:07:29,326 --> 00:07:32,327 of the Mississippi River the Confederates still held. 156 00:07:32,412 --> 00:07:35,455 - Everybody knows the importance of the Mississippi River 157 00:07:35,582 --> 00:07:37,457 for commerce and military movements. 158 00:07:37,584 --> 00:07:40,418 And the primary goal of the Vicksburg campaign 159 00:07:40,504 --> 00:07:42,295 is to open the Mississippi River. 160 00:07:44,341 --> 00:07:48,426 On July 3rd Lincoln will stay at the telegraph office. 161 00:07:48,512 --> 00:07:51,638 Spending all night waiting on reports from the army. 162 00:07:55,560 --> 00:07:59,229 (telegraph machine tapping) 163 00:08:14,037 --> 00:08:16,246 - It's from General Meade. 164 00:08:18,583 --> 00:08:21,492 "The battle has been successfully concluded. 165 00:08:21,586 --> 00:08:22,335 "Lee's retreating." 166 00:08:23,755 --> 00:08:27,423 (group cheers and applauds) 167 00:08:32,054 --> 00:08:36,558 - After Gettysburg, Lincoln is thrilled with Meade. 168 00:08:36,643 --> 00:08:39,394 Here we've had the first decisive victory 169 00:08:39,479 --> 00:08:42,063 for the Army of the Potomac over Lee's army. 170 00:08:42,148 --> 00:08:44,181 This is a victory in no uncertain terms. 171 00:08:44,275 --> 00:08:46,568 Unlike Antietam, it is clear that 172 00:08:46,653 --> 00:08:49,353 the Union Army has won this battle. 173 00:08:49,447 --> 00:08:52,857 - The patriotism and cheers going in offices. 174 00:08:52,951 --> 00:08:55,860 And in Washington, DC hardly any work gets done that day. 175 00:08:55,954 --> 00:08:58,079 The president gets serenaded at the white house. 176 00:08:58,164 --> 00:08:59,747 The idea that if it isn't the end, 177 00:08:59,833 --> 00:09:00,832 it is the beginning of the end, 178 00:09:00,917 --> 00:09:03,710 this is prevailing throughout the north. 179 00:09:05,672 --> 00:09:07,880 - Gettysburg has been the largest battle 180 00:09:08,008 --> 00:09:09,507 of the war up until that time, 181 00:09:09,593 --> 00:09:12,093 will remain the largest battle of the war. 182 00:09:12,178 --> 00:09:15,388 Somewhere around 50,000 casualties. 183 00:09:15,515 --> 00:09:19,559 Lee has lost a third of his army on this venture north. 184 00:09:20,604 --> 00:09:23,313 And he has clearly been defeated. 185 00:09:25,150 --> 00:09:27,025 - Send this message to General Meade. 186 00:09:28,361 --> 00:09:30,236 Go after Lee's army now. 187 00:09:31,114 --> 00:09:32,447 While they're vulnerable. 188 00:09:33,658 --> 00:09:36,576 Imperative you attack before they cross the Potomac. 189 00:09:38,872 --> 00:09:41,238 - Lincoln believes that the aftermath 190 00:09:41,333 --> 00:09:43,458 of Gettysburg could have been the end 191 00:09:43,543 --> 00:09:45,251 of the army in Northern Virginia. 192 00:09:48,048 --> 00:09:53,092 - [Thomas] Papa! 193 00:09:55,388 --> 00:09:56,095 - How's mother? 194 00:09:57,807 --> 00:09:59,098 - It was a terrible fall. 195 00:10:00,226 --> 00:10:01,559 She's been asking for you. 196 00:10:03,897 --> 00:10:06,022 So we've won at Gettysburg? 197 00:10:07,817 --> 00:10:08,524 - Yes. 198 00:10:09,736 --> 00:10:11,194 But there's much work ahead. 199 00:10:13,490 --> 00:10:16,032 (tense music) 200 00:10:21,665 --> 00:10:22,538 - You're here. 201 00:10:27,712 --> 00:10:30,505 I overheard the doctor speaking to Mrs. Pomeroy. 202 00:10:31,633 --> 00:10:33,633 Is it true that someone was trying to hurt you? 203 00:10:37,555 --> 00:10:38,638 - Don't you worry. 204 00:10:40,266 --> 00:10:41,724 You need to rest. 205 00:10:43,436 --> 00:10:44,977 - Is your life in danger? 206 00:10:47,232 --> 00:10:49,273 (knocking) 207 00:10:49,359 --> 00:10:50,066 - Mrs. Lincoln. 208 00:10:51,194 --> 00:10:53,027 I'm sorry to interrupt. 209 00:10:53,113 --> 00:10:53,986 Sir. 210 00:10:58,618 --> 00:11:01,077 I just received a message from General Grant. 211 00:11:02,580 --> 00:11:04,488 Pemberton surrendered. 212 00:11:04,582 --> 00:11:05,915 Vicksburg is ours. 213 00:11:09,129 --> 00:11:09,877 - That's great news. 214 00:11:09,963 --> 00:11:10,712 That's great. 215 00:11:12,257 --> 00:11:14,331 Well we must congratulate Grant. 216 00:11:14,426 --> 00:11:16,008 I had my doubts, but he done it. 217 00:11:17,303 --> 00:11:18,502 Any word from Meade? 218 00:11:18,596 --> 00:11:19,762 - Progress is slow. 219 00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:21,931 - He can't let Lee retreat now. 220 00:11:23,768 --> 00:11:26,185 If Meade completes the work the rebellion will be over. 221 00:11:26,312 --> 00:11:27,729 He has orders to attack now doesn't he? 222 00:11:27,814 --> 00:11:29,272 - Those are the orders. 223 00:11:35,155 --> 00:11:37,447 - Please stay with your mother. 224 00:11:45,665 --> 00:11:46,873 You must rest. 225 00:11:54,007 --> 00:11:56,549 - He learns of the capitulation of Vicksburg 226 00:11:56,676 --> 00:11:58,876 the same day as the last battle of Gettysburg. 227 00:11:58,970 --> 00:12:01,554 - You can just see the joy on Lincoln's face 228 00:12:01,681 --> 00:12:04,548 when he gets the news of Vicksburg on top of Gettysburg. 229 00:12:04,642 --> 00:12:05,558 And he said it couldn't be better. 230 00:12:05,685 --> 00:12:07,718 It just couldn't be better. 231 00:12:07,812 --> 00:12:11,555 - Lincoln had said early on Vicksburg is the key. 232 00:12:11,649 --> 00:12:13,566 The war can never be brought to a close 233 00:12:13,693 --> 00:12:15,735 until that key is in our pocket. 234 00:12:15,862 --> 00:12:20,397 Ulysses S. Grant delivered the key to Lincoln. 235 00:12:20,492 --> 00:12:22,366 - This is a turning point in the war. 236 00:12:22,452 --> 00:12:23,400 Vicksburg and Gettysburg, 237 00:12:23,495 --> 00:12:25,402 it's the high tide of the Confederacy. 238 00:12:25,497 --> 00:12:26,454 Never again would they have that much initiative, 239 00:12:26,539 --> 00:12:27,738 never again when they have that much momentum, 240 00:12:27,832 --> 00:12:29,907 never again would they have that much numbers. 241 00:12:30,001 --> 00:12:33,044 - After the victory at Gettysburg, Lincoln just assumed 242 00:12:33,129 --> 00:12:34,921 that General Meade would be able to capture 243 00:12:35,048 --> 00:12:37,715 General Lee's army and the war would be over. 244 00:12:37,801 --> 00:12:39,416 And telegrams had been sent to him 245 00:12:39,511 --> 00:12:42,253 to make sure that Lee's army doesn't escape. 246 00:12:42,347 --> 00:12:44,889 - George Gordon Meade has filled almost every 247 00:12:44,974 --> 00:12:47,424 branch in the army except for the calvary. 248 00:12:47,519 --> 00:12:49,018 Arguably one of the most qualified 249 00:12:49,103 --> 00:12:51,771 people to lead an army. 250 00:12:51,898 --> 00:12:54,598 - But George Meade is a cautious man, 251 00:12:54,692 --> 00:12:59,270 so his pursuit of Lee is careful. 252 00:12:59,364 --> 00:13:03,440 When Lee's army retreats to the Potomac at Williamsport, 253 00:13:03,535 --> 00:13:08,287 he finds the Potomac has been swollen by incessant floods. 254 00:13:08,414 --> 00:13:10,498 And Lee suddenly realized he had 255 00:13:10,583 --> 00:13:12,616 no way to get across the river. 256 00:13:12,710 --> 00:13:14,502 The Army of the Potomac could close in 257 00:13:14,587 --> 00:13:16,671 on him here and crush him. 258 00:13:16,756 --> 00:13:21,717 (thunder booming) (tense music) 259 00:13:25,598 --> 00:13:26,556 - General. 260 00:13:27,725 --> 00:13:30,977 - I've got orders from Washington to march on Lee. 261 00:13:32,230 --> 00:13:33,855 But I won't do the damn thing unless we can 262 00:13:33,940 --> 00:13:36,858 agree here we have a fighting chance to beat him. 263 00:13:36,943 --> 00:13:38,067 - His army's whipped. 264 00:13:39,028 --> 00:13:39,777 Most are wounded. 265 00:13:39,863 --> 00:13:40,820 We can take him. 266 00:13:40,947 --> 00:13:43,114 - General, a wet deserter told us Lee's army's 267 00:13:43,199 --> 00:13:45,950 still mostly intact with plenty of fight left in it. 268 00:13:46,035 --> 00:13:48,119 Probably planning a counterattack right now. 269 00:13:48,204 --> 00:13:51,831 - He probably planted that deserter just to buy time. 270 00:13:51,958 --> 00:13:52,999 Backs to the river. 271 00:13:53,126 --> 00:13:54,125 Strapped. 272 00:13:54,210 --> 00:13:55,659 - That could be for us. 273 00:13:55,753 --> 00:13:56,752 - All right. 274 00:13:58,381 --> 00:13:59,630 We'll hold off for now. 275 00:13:59,716 --> 00:14:00,331 - But General-- 276 00:14:00,425 --> 00:14:01,382 - I said we'll hold off! 277 00:14:05,138 --> 00:14:06,012 - General. 278 00:14:18,443 --> 00:14:20,192 - What is Meade talking about? 279 00:14:21,487 --> 00:14:24,188 He says he'll attack the enemy tomorrow. 280 00:14:24,282 --> 00:14:26,032 Unless something intervenes? 281 00:14:28,328 --> 00:14:30,161 This is the time. 282 00:14:30,246 --> 00:14:31,746 He can't let Lee get away. 283 00:14:35,752 --> 00:14:38,702 - But Meade does not arrive at Williamsport 284 00:14:38,796 --> 00:14:40,838 for a number of days. 285 00:14:40,924 --> 00:14:43,507 (tense music) 286 00:15:24,550 --> 00:15:26,425 And when on the morning of July 14th 287 00:15:26,552 --> 00:15:28,085 he is finally ready to attack Lee 288 00:15:28,179 --> 00:15:31,722 he finds that in the night Lee, his engineers 289 00:15:31,808 --> 00:15:34,558 have improvised, the pontoons, the bridges, 290 00:15:34,644 --> 00:15:39,605 the materials, have slipped away across the Potomac 291 00:15:39,732 --> 00:15:43,609 back into Maryland, back into Virginia. 292 00:15:44,654 --> 00:15:45,528 And they're gone. 293 00:15:54,414 --> 00:15:55,413 - Lee was entrenched, all right. 294 00:15:55,498 --> 00:15:57,114 Now he's gone. 295 00:15:57,208 --> 00:15:59,041 His army escaped across the Potomac. 296 00:16:00,753 --> 00:16:02,286 - Meade had him in his grasp. 297 00:16:02,380 --> 00:16:03,462 How could that be? 298 00:16:03,589 --> 00:16:06,298 - He says they've driven the invader from our soil. 299 00:16:06,426 --> 00:16:08,926 - "Driven the invader from our soil"? 300 00:16:10,388 --> 00:16:13,597 Will our generals never get that idea out of their heads? 301 00:16:14,434 --> 00:16:16,767 The whole country is our soil. 302 00:16:18,146 --> 00:16:19,770 (sighs) 303 00:16:23,401 --> 00:16:24,316 What does it mean? 304 00:16:27,572 --> 00:16:28,404 McClellan. 305 00:16:29,365 --> 00:16:30,656 And now Meade. 306 00:16:33,745 --> 00:16:35,161 There's bad faith somewhere. 307 00:16:36,706 --> 00:16:38,655 Our army held the war in the hollow 308 00:16:38,750 --> 00:16:41,083 of their hand and yet they would not close it. 309 00:16:42,628 --> 00:16:45,171 (tense music) 310 00:16:50,344 --> 00:16:53,179 (dramatic music) 311 00:17:17,497 --> 00:17:19,580 I need a second opinion. 312 00:17:23,753 --> 00:17:25,044 "General Meade. 313 00:17:26,005 --> 00:17:28,046 "I am very, very grateful 314 00:17:29,175 --> 00:17:31,717 "for the magnificent success at Gettysburg. 315 00:17:33,137 --> 00:17:36,555 "But I am also immeasurably distressed. 316 00:17:37,850 --> 00:17:42,603 "By the magnitude of misfortune involved in Lee's escape. 317 00:17:44,315 --> 00:17:47,441 "He was within your easy grasp, and to have closed 318 00:17:47,527 --> 00:17:49,777 "upon him would in connection with our 319 00:17:49,862 --> 00:17:52,113 "other late successes have ended the war. 320 00:17:54,534 --> 00:17:58,410 "As it is, the war will be prolonged indefinitely." 321 00:18:08,881 --> 00:18:10,756 Meade was like an old woman trying 322 00:18:10,883 --> 00:18:13,134 to shoot the rebels across a crick. 323 00:18:13,219 --> 00:18:14,468 That's not how we win this war. 324 00:18:17,140 --> 00:18:20,516 - "As it is, the war will be prolonged indefinitely." 325 00:18:22,895 --> 00:18:24,728 It's very... 326 00:18:24,814 --> 00:18:27,481 Well, direct. 327 00:18:27,567 --> 00:18:31,443 - There's 50,000 casualties at Gettysburg alone. 328 00:18:31,571 --> 00:18:32,278 50,000. 329 00:18:33,364 --> 00:18:34,864 - More of them on their side. 330 00:18:35,783 --> 00:18:37,283 - They are all Americans. 331 00:18:39,745 --> 00:18:40,870 - Meade did win the battle. 332 00:18:43,749 --> 00:18:47,168 With Vicksburg, things have shifted in our favor. 333 00:18:49,922 --> 00:18:51,714 - Everybody's sick of this war. 334 00:18:54,468 --> 00:18:56,385 Perhaps because of my proclamation. 335 00:18:57,513 --> 00:18:58,387 - Yes. 336 00:19:00,766 --> 00:19:04,226 But you will find the right path forward. 337 00:19:14,197 --> 00:19:15,154 - Don't worry. 338 00:19:17,325 --> 00:19:18,699 I won't send it. 339 00:19:26,250 --> 00:19:28,158 - Lincoln writes this letter to Meade, 340 00:19:28,252 --> 00:19:30,711 which he never sends, in which he says 341 00:19:30,796 --> 00:19:32,880 this was your chance, this was your opportunity. 342 00:19:32,965 --> 00:19:34,673 You had him. 343 00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:38,427 And yet you failed to end this war at this moment. 344 00:19:38,512 --> 00:19:41,338 He never gave up the belief that war 345 00:19:41,432 --> 00:19:45,267 could have been ended in the summer of 1863. 346 00:19:46,437 --> 00:19:48,845 - When he found out that Lee's army had escaped, 347 00:19:48,940 --> 00:19:51,181 that was one of the lowest moments of the war. 348 00:19:51,275 --> 00:19:53,525 Because he felt we had victory within our grasp. 349 00:19:53,653 --> 00:19:55,361 It was in the hollow of our hands. 350 00:19:55,488 --> 00:19:57,404 And then it meant that the war was gonna go on 351 00:19:57,490 --> 00:20:00,032 month after month, year after year. 352 00:20:00,159 --> 00:20:03,410 - McClellan had done this to him after Antietam. 353 00:20:03,496 --> 00:20:05,579 He didn't want to see Meade do it to him. 354 00:20:05,665 --> 00:20:08,666 He didn't want to relive this experience of so many 355 00:20:08,751 --> 00:20:13,796 dead Americans not buying anything with their lives. 356 00:20:16,175 --> 00:20:19,760 - In the north, there was initially this idea, 357 00:20:19,845 --> 00:20:22,379 okay, we've got to maintain the Union. 358 00:20:22,473 --> 00:20:26,267 For most northerners, the war wasn't about slavery. 359 00:20:26,352 --> 00:20:29,219 There was this idea among many people in the north 360 00:20:29,313 --> 00:20:31,563 that this is a war we shouldn't be fighting. 361 00:20:32,984 --> 00:20:34,900 - Lincoln has changed the character of the war. 362 00:20:35,027 --> 00:20:37,403 Which now becomes about emancipation. 363 00:20:38,823 --> 00:20:41,615 Along with this idea means that it also opens up 364 00:20:41,701 --> 00:20:45,619 the opportunity on January 1st, 1863 to now start 365 00:20:45,705 --> 00:20:49,081 to recruit African Americans to serve in uniform. 366 00:20:49,208 --> 00:20:52,293 That they might fight for their own freedom. 367 00:20:52,378 --> 00:20:55,245 - Frederick Douglas has been advocating to allow free men, 368 00:20:55,339 --> 00:20:59,675 and these now contraband enslaved men, to join the army. 369 00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:02,303 And Lincoln agrees. 370 00:21:02,388 --> 00:21:05,088 So the emancipation proclamation actually 371 00:21:05,182 --> 00:21:08,475 establishes the United States colored troops. 372 00:21:08,561 --> 00:21:12,429 Lincoln is moved to understanding and belief 373 00:21:12,523 --> 00:21:15,858 in what the nation could and should be despite 374 00:21:15,943 --> 00:21:20,029 his own prejudices and concerns when he starts. 375 00:21:20,114 --> 00:21:24,033 He is wise enough to know that he has them. 376 00:21:25,202 --> 00:21:27,661 And wise enough to know that his nation 377 00:21:27,747 --> 00:21:29,830 needs to move beyond them. 378 00:21:29,915 --> 00:21:33,334 The fear is if we have trained black men, 379 00:21:33,419 --> 00:21:37,296 who then have the potential to train other black men, 380 00:21:37,423 --> 00:21:40,799 we have insurrection and that's how the south viewed it. 381 00:21:40,926 --> 00:21:42,968 When they sent their response 382 00:21:43,095 --> 00:21:45,220 to the emancipation proclamation, 383 00:21:45,306 --> 00:21:48,182 they issued it as you have fomented 384 00:21:48,267 --> 00:21:51,268 insurrection among our Negroes. 385 00:21:51,354 --> 00:21:54,563 Therefore, any slaves who dared do this, 386 00:21:54,648 --> 00:21:57,441 they were caught, were gonna be put to death. 387 00:21:57,526 --> 00:22:00,143 - And this led Lincoln to issue his strong 388 00:22:00,237 --> 00:22:03,113 retaliatory order against the Confederacy. 389 00:22:04,158 --> 00:22:06,817 - Lincoln made the decision that for every 390 00:22:06,911 --> 00:22:09,328 black person that was captured, 391 00:22:09,455 --> 00:22:11,655 who was being executed, that there 392 00:22:11,749 --> 00:22:15,042 would be one Confederate that had been 393 00:22:15,127 --> 00:22:16,835 captured and would be executed. 394 00:22:17,922 --> 00:22:20,005 - But Douglas is frustrated that Lincoln 395 00:22:20,132 --> 00:22:23,842 is not really enforcing his retaliation order. 396 00:22:25,137 --> 00:22:28,222 - Frederick Douglas understood that black men 397 00:22:28,307 --> 00:22:30,674 would fight with the power because 398 00:22:30,768 --> 00:22:33,102 they're fighting for their own freedom. 399 00:22:34,271 --> 00:22:38,348 - But they didn't get equal pay until 1864. 400 00:22:38,442 --> 00:22:42,069 They were not able to command their own units. 401 00:22:42,154 --> 00:22:46,073 Those us colored troops were commanded by white men. 402 00:22:47,451 --> 00:22:50,193 - Douglas was unhappy about the mistreatment 403 00:22:50,287 --> 00:22:52,121 of black soldiers in the Union Army. 404 00:22:52,206 --> 00:22:54,832 And so he said I'm gonna go and talk to the president. 405 00:23:00,756 --> 00:23:04,133 (footsteps approaching) 406 00:23:08,055 --> 00:23:09,930 - [Secretary] Mr. Douglas. 407 00:23:10,015 --> 00:23:11,932 The president will see you right away. 408 00:23:17,690 --> 00:23:20,232 (tense music) 409 00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:33,954 - Mr. President. 410 00:23:34,957 --> 00:23:36,123 I'm Frederick-- 411 00:23:36,208 --> 00:23:37,499 - I know who you are, Mr. Douglas. 412 00:23:39,670 --> 00:23:40,669 I'm glad to see you. 413 00:23:45,509 --> 00:23:46,508 Have a seat. 414 00:23:49,847 --> 00:23:51,346 I read your recent article. 415 00:23:52,725 --> 00:23:55,976 About the tardy, hesitating, vacillating policy 416 00:23:56,061 --> 00:23:58,145 of the President of the United States. 417 00:23:59,690 --> 00:24:03,358 Tardy and hesitating perhaps, but vacillating? 418 00:24:04,653 --> 00:24:06,603 - I tend to speak my mind. 419 00:24:06,697 --> 00:24:08,780 - Well I admire that. 420 00:24:09,909 --> 00:24:11,658 I expect it's what you're here for. 421 00:24:11,744 --> 00:24:12,618 - It is. 422 00:24:15,206 --> 00:24:18,790 Mr. President, when I persuade men to enlist, 423 00:24:18,918 --> 00:24:20,459 I want to do it with my heart. 424 00:24:21,587 --> 00:24:23,462 But I cannot in good conscience recruit 425 00:24:23,589 --> 00:24:25,380 for the Union Army any longer. 426 00:24:26,675 --> 00:24:28,383 First there was the issue of pay. 427 00:24:29,261 --> 00:24:31,386 Now the retaliatory order. 428 00:24:31,472 --> 00:24:33,388 And your response? 429 00:24:33,474 --> 00:24:35,140 It's too little too late. 430 00:24:35,267 --> 00:24:37,142 My own sons are fighting as if they 431 00:24:37,269 --> 00:24:38,894 have halters around their necks. 432 00:24:42,900 --> 00:24:45,901 - I am in a difficult position, Mr. Douglas. 433 00:24:47,446 --> 00:24:50,113 If I could find the rebels responsible 434 00:24:50,199 --> 00:24:52,741 for acting out those orders I could execute them. 435 00:24:55,246 --> 00:24:57,412 But to kill just any captured rebel? 436 00:24:58,791 --> 00:25:00,707 You'll agree that there's a difference between 437 00:25:00,793 --> 00:25:04,086 stating a principle and putting it into practice. 438 00:25:05,589 --> 00:25:07,506 And had I issued the order any sooner 439 00:25:07,633 --> 00:25:10,592 there would've been a public outcry against the measure. 440 00:25:12,304 --> 00:25:14,680 But now that the black soldiers have proven 441 00:25:14,807 --> 00:25:18,433 themselves at Milliken's Bend and Fort Wagner, 442 00:25:19,853 --> 00:25:21,270 public opinion's changing. 443 00:25:22,565 --> 00:25:25,440 So you see, I had to wait. 444 00:25:28,612 --> 00:25:32,739 - You say all this, but I hear only one word. 445 00:25:34,201 --> 00:25:35,075 Wait. 446 00:25:36,161 --> 00:25:37,828 Wait for equal pay. 447 00:25:37,913 --> 00:25:39,079 Wait for justice. 448 00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:45,377 When we're done waiting, what will be left of us? 449 00:25:47,673 --> 00:25:49,089 - You're right, Mr. Douglas. 450 00:25:51,552 --> 00:25:52,634 But you must know. 451 00:25:54,179 --> 00:25:55,095 It will come. 452 00:25:56,181 --> 00:25:59,933 Once I take a position, I never retreat from it. 453 00:26:00,019 --> 00:26:02,561 (tense music) 454 00:26:16,452 --> 00:26:19,995 (crowd chatter) (dramatic music) 455 00:26:22,041 --> 00:26:24,333 (crowd applauds) 456 00:26:24,418 --> 00:26:25,709 Hello. 457 00:26:25,794 --> 00:26:26,910 Hello. 458 00:26:27,004 --> 00:26:28,629 Pleasure to meet you as well. 459 00:26:28,714 --> 00:26:30,047 Hello, what's your name? 460 00:26:30,132 --> 00:26:30,881 - Emiya. 461 00:26:30,966 --> 00:26:31,581 - Emiya. 462 00:26:31,675 --> 00:26:32,716 What a beautiful name. 463 00:26:32,801 --> 00:26:33,634 Hello. 464 00:26:33,719 --> 00:26:35,385 How's it's going? 465 00:26:35,471 --> 00:26:36,470 Good to see you. 466 00:26:36,555 --> 00:26:37,471 Hello. 467 00:26:37,556 --> 00:26:38,639 Pleasure to meet you. 468 00:26:38,724 --> 00:26:39,589 Hello. 469 00:26:39,683 --> 00:26:40,757 - You're even taller than they say. 470 00:26:40,851 --> 00:26:41,933 - And better looking. 471 00:26:44,063 --> 00:26:47,522 I hear you had the rebels here this past summer. 472 00:26:47,608 --> 00:26:48,774 Did you fight them any? 473 00:26:51,654 --> 00:26:54,112 - I had three sons fighting them. 474 00:26:55,658 --> 00:26:56,531 - They come home? 475 00:26:57,993 --> 00:26:59,117 - Two of them. 476 00:27:03,040 --> 00:27:04,039 - Thank you. 477 00:27:06,585 --> 00:27:09,711 You have done our country a great service. 478 00:27:12,383 --> 00:27:13,799 - Thank you. 479 00:27:19,264 --> 00:27:21,848 - Gettysburg will always remain a kind of, 480 00:27:21,934 --> 00:27:23,967 bright moment for Lincoln. 481 00:27:24,061 --> 00:27:28,805 A great victory just when it was so badly needed. 482 00:27:28,899 --> 00:27:30,807 And when, in the wake of the battle, 483 00:27:30,901 --> 00:27:33,402 people at Gettysburg begin planning 484 00:27:33,487 --> 00:27:35,529 for the creation of a national cemetery 485 00:27:35,614 --> 00:27:37,864 for the fallen Union soldiers there, 486 00:27:37,950 --> 00:27:41,118 they extended an invitation to him to participate. 487 00:27:41,203 --> 00:27:42,485 And he agrees. 488 00:27:42,579 --> 00:27:47,666 Now Lincoln very rarely strayed outside of Washington, DC. 489 00:27:48,961 --> 00:27:51,545 That he would take the trouble to come to Gettysburg 490 00:27:51,630 --> 00:27:53,997 to speak said a great deal about 491 00:27:54,091 --> 00:27:57,467 how important Gettysburg was to him as a symbol. 492 00:27:57,553 --> 00:28:00,887 He arrived there on November 18th. 493 00:28:00,973 --> 00:28:04,007 Already the town was swollen with crowds. 494 00:28:04,101 --> 00:28:06,727 10 to 15,000 people packed into 495 00:28:06,812 --> 00:28:10,180 this little town of no more than 2,500. 496 00:28:10,274 --> 00:28:13,183 A great platform had been constructed. 497 00:28:13,277 --> 00:28:16,194 And the next day, crowd formed a great 498 00:28:16,321 --> 00:28:18,989 half circle around the platform. 499 00:28:19,074 --> 00:28:22,409 There was music, there were choirs. 500 00:28:22,494 --> 00:28:24,578 The United States Marine band played. 501 00:28:27,624 --> 00:28:29,875 And the master of ceremonies simply said 502 00:28:30,002 --> 00:28:32,127 "The President of the United States." 503 00:28:55,819 --> 00:28:59,896 - Four score and seven years ago, our fathers 504 00:28:59,990 --> 00:29:04,576 brought forth on this continent a new nation. 505 00:29:05,996 --> 00:29:09,664 Conceived in liberty, and dedicated 506 00:29:09,750 --> 00:29:13,910 to the proposition that all men are created equal. 507 00:29:14,004 --> 00:29:17,506 (audience applauds) 508 00:29:17,591 --> 00:29:21,593 Now we are engaged in a great civil war. 509 00:29:24,223 --> 00:29:28,925 Testing whether that nation, or any nation 510 00:29:29,019 --> 00:29:33,438 so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. 511 00:29:36,068 --> 00:29:39,027 We are met on a great battlefield of that war. 512 00:29:40,948 --> 00:29:44,607 We have come to dedicate a portion 513 00:29:44,701 --> 00:29:48,537 of that field as a final resting place. 514 00:29:49,665 --> 00:29:53,041 For those who here gave their lives 515 00:29:53,126 --> 00:29:55,043 that that nation might live. 516 00:29:57,589 --> 00:30:01,967 It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. 517 00:30:05,931 --> 00:30:09,966 But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. 518 00:30:10,060 --> 00:30:12,686 We cannot consecrate. 519 00:30:12,771 --> 00:30:15,814 We cannot hallow this ground. 520 00:30:15,941 --> 00:30:20,819 The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here 521 00:30:20,946 --> 00:30:23,446 have consecrated it far beyond 522 00:30:23,532 --> 00:30:27,325 our poor power to add or detract. 523 00:30:27,452 --> 00:30:30,495 (audience applauds) 524 00:30:33,750 --> 00:30:35,584 The world will little note, 525 00:30:36,795 --> 00:30:38,587 nor long remember what we say here. 526 00:30:40,507 --> 00:30:42,924 But it can never forget what they did here. 527 00:30:43,969 --> 00:30:47,012 (audience applauds) 528 00:30:52,644 --> 00:30:56,438 It is for us the living, rather, 529 00:30:58,317 --> 00:31:03,361 to be dedicated here to the unfinished work. 530 00:31:04,406 --> 00:31:06,489 Which they who fought here 531 00:31:06,575 --> 00:31:09,534 have thus far so nobly advanced. 532 00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:17,125 It is rather for us to be here dedicated. 533 00:31:19,504 --> 00:31:22,047 To the great task remaining before us. 534 00:31:25,844 --> 00:31:29,971 That from these honored dead we take 535 00:31:30,057 --> 00:31:34,976 increased devotion to that cause for which 536 00:31:35,062 --> 00:31:38,229 they gave their last full measure of devotion. 537 00:31:42,027 --> 00:31:47,563 We here highly resolve that these dead 538 00:31:47,658 --> 00:31:49,324 shall not have died in vain! 539 00:31:51,328 --> 00:31:54,621 That this nation, under God, 540 00:31:55,749 --> 00:31:57,666 shall have a new birth of freedom! 541 00:32:00,504 --> 00:32:05,507 And the government of the people, by the people, 542 00:32:06,885 --> 00:32:11,513 for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 543 00:32:14,017 --> 00:32:17,018 (audience applauds) 544 00:32:28,115 --> 00:32:33,201 - It's this tiny little speech, 272 words, 545 00:32:33,286 --> 00:32:35,620 yet it distilled all of the truths 546 00:32:35,747 --> 00:32:37,163 that he'd been thinking about, 547 00:32:37,249 --> 00:32:39,833 including the tragic truth that a great 548 00:32:39,918 --> 00:32:42,452 many brave young men on both sides 549 00:32:42,546 --> 00:32:46,089 killed each other to make this a better country. 550 00:32:46,174 --> 00:32:49,009 And the best way to honor their sacrifice 551 00:32:49,094 --> 00:32:53,388 is to recognize that democracy, in its purest form, 552 00:32:53,473 --> 00:32:58,518 is for all people no matter what their background is. 553 00:32:59,187 --> 00:33:02,638 - Lincoln took people to the past, to 1776, 554 00:33:02,733 --> 00:33:04,149 and the Declaration of Independence 555 00:33:04,276 --> 00:33:06,476 and its proposition. 556 00:33:06,570 --> 00:33:09,863 Then to the present, to this great Civil War 557 00:33:09,948 --> 00:33:12,815 that we are engaged in, testing whether 558 00:33:12,909 --> 00:33:15,368 that nation or any nation so conceived 559 00:33:15,454 --> 00:33:18,654 and so dedicated can long endure. 560 00:33:18,749 --> 00:33:23,460 And a proposition that all men are created equal 561 00:33:23,545 --> 00:33:26,496 irrespective of their birth, their class, 562 00:33:26,590 --> 00:33:29,132 their nation, their religion, their language. 563 00:33:29,217 --> 00:33:31,926 Can a nation dedicated to that proposition 564 00:33:32,012 --> 00:33:36,181 really, really seriously survive? 565 00:33:37,559 --> 00:33:41,010 And with this crucial phrase "a new birth of freedom" 566 00:33:41,104 --> 00:33:45,398 he was signaling not only the emancipation proclamation, 567 00:33:45,484 --> 00:33:48,568 but he seemed to be confessing a new birth 568 00:33:48,653 --> 00:33:51,071 of something inside of him too. 569 00:33:51,156 --> 00:33:54,857 A little bit like a religious rebirth. 570 00:33:54,951 --> 00:33:58,203 You see a Lincoln who is dragging his feet about slavery 571 00:33:58,330 --> 00:34:00,288 at the beginning of his presidency was in fact 572 00:34:00,373 --> 00:34:04,125 promising not to touch it where it existed, 573 00:34:04,211 --> 00:34:06,503 and was always disappointing Frederick Douglas 574 00:34:06,588 --> 00:34:11,298 or white abolitionists, is now moving pretty quickly. 575 00:34:12,677 --> 00:34:14,760 - Lincoln has changed the character of the war. 576 00:34:14,846 --> 00:34:17,889 It now becomes an idea of emancipation. 577 00:34:22,604 --> 00:34:24,104 (dramatic music) 578 00:34:24,189 --> 00:34:26,606 - There were so many people dying, from being killed 579 00:34:26,691 --> 00:34:30,693 on the battlefield and from the illnesses that people had, 580 00:34:32,239 --> 00:34:35,398 that there was an aura of sadness and stress 581 00:34:35,492 --> 00:34:39,202 that Lincoln was under for the entire time of the war. 582 00:34:40,163 --> 00:34:43,123 - Lincoln is experiencing the losses 583 00:34:43,208 --> 00:34:47,836 on the southern side of this equation, in his own family, 584 00:34:47,921 --> 00:34:49,838 because Mary's family came from the south. 585 00:34:49,923 --> 00:34:53,383 And her people were fighting on the Confederate side. 586 00:34:53,468 --> 00:34:55,802 Mary's sister Emilie has lost her husband Ben 587 00:34:55,887 --> 00:34:57,345 whom Lincoln was very close to. 588 00:34:57,430 --> 00:34:59,681 He was in the Confederate Army, and she comes 589 00:34:59,766 --> 00:35:03,393 to visit Washington in the winter of 1863. 590 00:35:04,771 --> 00:35:08,764 - [Senator] So where are you visiting from, Mrs. Helm? 591 00:35:08,859 --> 00:35:11,359 - My daughter and I were living in Selma, Alabama. 592 00:35:12,195 --> 00:35:13,236 - Alabama? 593 00:35:13,321 --> 00:35:14,279 - Yes. 594 00:35:14,406 --> 00:35:17,073 Her husband was killed at Chickamauga. 595 00:35:17,159 --> 00:35:18,408 - My condolences. 596 00:35:18,493 --> 00:35:20,076 He was a soldier? 597 00:35:21,705 --> 00:35:22,912 - A Confederate general. 598 00:35:27,794 --> 00:35:31,287 - Well I heard we whipped the rebels so good at Chickamauga 599 00:35:31,381 --> 00:35:33,923 they went running like scared little rabbits. 600 00:35:34,009 --> 00:35:34,957 (men chuckling) 601 00:35:35,051 --> 00:35:36,626 - Perhaps they were following the example 602 00:35:36,720 --> 00:35:38,845 of your brave federals at Manassas. 603 00:35:41,725 --> 00:35:42,765 - Ah, Mr. President. 604 00:35:43,894 --> 00:35:46,895 I see your sister-in-law has quite a sharp tongue. 605 00:35:47,898 --> 00:35:50,398 - Well she is tired after all. 606 00:35:51,484 --> 00:35:54,402 - But tell me again why Robert isn't fighting. 607 00:35:56,364 --> 00:35:57,906 - Because I won't let him. 608 00:35:57,991 --> 00:36:00,366 I value education above all else, General. 609 00:36:00,452 --> 00:36:03,077 - Todds have suffered a great deal in this war. 610 00:36:03,163 --> 00:36:04,579 - It's not a war. 611 00:36:04,664 --> 00:36:05,538 It's a rebellion. 612 00:36:07,125 --> 00:36:09,250 I only have the one son. 613 00:36:09,336 --> 00:36:10,335 And he's fighting. 614 00:36:11,296 --> 00:36:14,163 Even if I had 20, they'd all be out there. 615 00:36:14,257 --> 00:36:15,498 Fighting the rebels. 616 00:36:15,592 --> 00:36:18,259 - Rest assured Senator, if I had 20 sons 617 00:36:18,345 --> 00:36:20,511 they would all be opposing yours. 618 00:36:21,640 --> 00:36:23,973 You Yankees talk about freedom, but take ours. 619 00:36:24,059 --> 00:36:27,769 - You rebs talk freedom, but you keep slaves. 620 00:36:27,854 --> 00:36:30,146 - Honestly, Mr. President, I don't know why 621 00:36:30,232 --> 00:36:31,981 you let a woman like this in your house. 622 00:36:32,067 --> 00:36:35,109 - General Sickles, my wife and I are quite capable 623 00:36:35,195 --> 00:36:37,403 of choosing our own guests without any help. 624 00:36:39,824 --> 00:36:41,524 - He's able to see what the war 625 00:36:41,618 --> 00:36:43,025 is doing to the Southern people, 626 00:36:43,119 --> 00:36:45,328 to feel that himself, in a way that 627 00:36:45,413 --> 00:36:46,955 a lot of people in the border states did 628 00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:49,198 'cause they had families that were divided. 629 00:36:49,292 --> 00:36:51,200 So that empathy that he always feels 630 00:36:51,294 --> 00:36:53,628 for other people's points of view that's in him 631 00:36:53,713 --> 00:36:56,923 as a child is amplified in a way by having 632 00:36:57,008 --> 00:37:00,301 to experience Mary's pain when her sister comes. 633 00:37:00,387 --> 00:37:01,928 It just gives him an extra dimension 634 00:37:02,013 --> 00:37:03,546 that I think allows him to understand 635 00:37:03,640 --> 00:37:06,349 what's happening on all sides of the country. 636 00:37:06,434 --> 00:37:08,050 - And Robert from the very outset 637 00:37:08,144 --> 00:37:09,885 of the war had wanted to serve. 638 00:37:09,980 --> 00:37:13,481 This was a battle between Abraham Lincoln and his wife. 639 00:37:13,566 --> 00:37:15,441 She had already lost a son before 640 00:37:15,527 --> 00:37:17,193 they came to the White House. 641 00:37:17,279 --> 00:37:19,562 After she lost Willie she was even wilder 642 00:37:19,656 --> 00:37:23,065 because Robert, he was determined to enlist. 643 00:37:23,159 --> 00:37:24,659 Mary put a stop to it. 644 00:37:24,744 --> 00:37:28,070 Told his father he could not allow this. 645 00:37:28,164 --> 00:37:30,406 - Lincoln is trying to balance a lot 646 00:37:30,500 --> 00:37:32,792 of different pieces of the puzzle. 647 00:37:32,877 --> 00:37:35,745 After Vicksburg, after Gettysburg, 648 00:37:35,839 --> 00:37:38,131 he's elated to some extent. 649 00:37:38,216 --> 00:37:40,750 He sees that it's possible that the war 650 00:37:40,844 --> 00:37:44,304 may be able to come to an end. 651 00:37:44,389 --> 00:37:46,472 - We tend to think of the Civil War's 652 00:37:46,558 --> 00:37:48,683 decisive areas as in the east, 653 00:37:48,768 --> 00:37:52,228 but the west arguably was more decisive. 654 00:37:52,314 --> 00:37:56,065 And out of the west rose one general, Ulysses Grant. 655 00:37:56,151 --> 00:37:59,435 Grant was almost everything that McClellan wasn't. 656 00:37:59,529 --> 00:38:01,604 He was very, very aggressive. 657 00:38:01,698 --> 00:38:03,939 Grant believed that you had to pummel 658 00:38:04,034 --> 00:38:07,201 the south into submission because they had proven 659 00:38:07,287 --> 00:38:09,662 that they were not gonna give up. 660 00:38:09,748 --> 00:38:11,781 - Out in the Western Theater, the Army of the Cumberland 661 00:38:11,875 --> 00:38:14,000 will lose at the battle of Chickamauga. 662 00:38:15,086 --> 00:38:17,170 They'll be driven back into Chattanooga. 663 00:38:17,255 --> 00:38:19,505 Confederate Army will advance and cut them off. 664 00:38:19,591 --> 00:38:21,341 To rescue that army, the responsibility 665 00:38:21,426 --> 00:38:23,593 is given to Ulysses S. Grant. 666 00:38:23,678 --> 00:38:26,220 He will counterattack and drive the Confederates back, 667 00:38:26,306 --> 00:38:28,598 now opening an invasion to the deep south. 668 00:38:28,683 --> 00:38:31,100 Grant's ability to combine the activities 669 00:38:31,186 --> 00:38:33,686 of three armies together is really the last 670 00:38:33,772 --> 00:38:35,688 metric that Lincoln needs to go 671 00:38:35,774 --> 00:38:38,140 that's the man we need to run the war. 672 00:38:38,234 --> 00:38:41,310 And he will bring him east in March of 1864. 673 00:38:41,404 --> 00:38:42,320 To be anointed the first 674 00:38:42,447 --> 00:38:45,147 Lieutenant General of the regular army. 675 00:38:45,241 --> 00:38:47,283 The first since George Washington. 676 00:38:49,412 --> 00:38:50,870 - It's Ohio isn't it? 677 00:38:50,955 --> 00:38:52,580 - [Ulysses] Yes sir. 678 00:38:52,665 --> 00:38:54,248 Spent time in Missouri too. 679 00:38:55,335 --> 00:38:56,158 - Oh. 680 00:38:56,252 --> 00:38:57,543 What did your father do? 681 00:38:58,588 --> 00:38:59,712 - He was a tanner, Mr. President. 682 00:38:59,798 --> 00:39:00,797 He owned a tannery. 683 00:39:01,883 --> 00:39:03,299 Can't say I liked it much. 684 00:39:04,427 --> 00:39:05,134 The smell. 685 00:39:07,430 --> 00:39:09,305 - Yeah, I shot a turkey as a boy. 686 00:39:10,809 --> 00:39:12,174 I hated it. 687 00:39:12,268 --> 00:39:13,726 I vowed never to do it again. 688 00:39:15,105 --> 00:39:16,938 So you don't care for the smell of blood, 689 00:39:17,023 --> 00:39:19,565 and I don't like the sight of it, yet here we are. 690 00:39:20,652 --> 00:39:21,818 You've worked around animals, you know 691 00:39:21,903 --> 00:39:23,945 as well as anyone that a quick end 692 00:39:24,030 --> 00:39:26,522 is far better than a long and painful one. 693 00:39:26,616 --> 00:39:27,740 Some of my generals don't seem 694 00:39:27,826 --> 00:39:29,409 to understand that philosophy. 695 00:39:30,829 --> 00:39:33,863 Now I've been studying for a while now, General. 696 00:39:33,957 --> 00:39:36,866 Discuss various plans with how we can stand. 697 00:39:36,960 --> 00:39:38,584 I'd like to start with a campaign engagement-- 698 00:39:38,670 --> 00:39:40,962 - Mr. President, I appreciate 699 00:39:41,047 --> 00:39:43,172 all this, but I have my own plan. 700 00:39:44,592 --> 00:39:47,135 We have better numbers, better artillery. 701 00:39:47,220 --> 00:39:48,594 We control ports. 702 00:39:49,722 --> 00:39:51,764 We're also fighting for the better cause. 703 00:39:54,185 --> 00:39:57,887 What we must do is attack from these positions. 704 00:39:57,981 --> 00:39:59,021 All at once. 705 00:40:00,358 --> 00:40:04,059 Army of the Potomac will March on Lee in Central Virginia. 706 00:40:04,154 --> 00:40:06,821 Butler will move on in from the James. 707 00:40:06,906 --> 00:40:08,731 Sherman will move into Georgia and Siegel 708 00:40:08,825 --> 00:40:11,200 will work the Shenandoah cutting off supplies. 709 00:40:13,121 --> 00:40:13,870 - Yes. 710 00:40:15,582 --> 00:40:17,373 Pin them down on all sides. 711 00:40:17,459 --> 00:40:20,042 Anybody who can't do the skinning will hold the leg. 712 00:40:21,504 --> 00:40:23,796 - I believe that will give you the quick end you want. 713 00:40:25,717 --> 00:40:28,918 - Well I have heard promises before from my generals. 714 00:40:29,012 --> 00:40:30,511 - Maybe so sir, but I mean it. 715 00:40:31,848 --> 00:40:33,422 I have no desire for this war to go on 716 00:40:33,516 --> 00:40:35,057 a minute longer than it has to. 717 00:40:36,227 --> 00:40:38,227 - Well we have that in common. 718 00:40:40,690 --> 00:40:43,149 I have a feeling I won't be needing these anymore. 719 00:40:46,070 --> 00:40:47,102 - [Barton] Abraham Lincoln goes through 720 00:40:47,197 --> 00:40:51,440 six generals before he finds Ulysses S. Grant. 721 00:40:51,534 --> 00:40:52,942 - They're both from the Midwest. 722 00:40:53,036 --> 00:40:54,327 They're both incredibly practical. 723 00:40:54,412 --> 00:40:56,078 They quickly adapt. 724 00:40:56,164 --> 00:40:58,664 Ulysses S. Grant is a man who takes responsibilities 725 00:40:58,750 --> 00:41:01,375 and doesn't ask for any more than he can give. 726 00:41:01,461 --> 00:41:04,504 I think in that sense they see the world very much the same. 727 00:41:04,589 --> 00:41:06,005 The idea that somebody is rebelling 728 00:41:06,090 --> 00:41:07,882 and gonna tear the nation apart. 729 00:41:07,967 --> 00:41:10,459 This Grant has no time for. 730 00:41:10,553 --> 00:41:11,594 Neither does Lincoln. 731 00:41:13,056 --> 00:41:14,964 - Lincoln really appreciated 732 00:41:15,058 --> 00:41:18,768 the way Grant thought about war. 733 00:41:18,853 --> 00:41:21,971 To Grant, it wasn't a gentleman's game. 734 00:41:22,065 --> 00:41:23,606 The point of war was to win. 735 00:41:25,235 --> 00:41:26,642 - [Barton] Grant attaches himself 736 00:41:26,736 --> 00:41:27,977 to the Army of the Potomac. 737 00:41:28,071 --> 00:41:29,946 And at the beginning of May, 1864, 738 00:41:30,031 --> 00:41:32,823 they fight a vicious battle in the wilderness 739 00:41:32,951 --> 00:41:35,484 of Spotsylvania Courthouse in Northern Virginia 740 00:41:35,578 --> 00:41:37,828 as Grant begins what becomes 741 00:41:37,956 --> 00:41:39,872 known as his Overland campaign. 742 00:41:50,134 --> 00:41:52,885 (dramatic music) 743 00:42:01,896 --> 00:42:02,853 - Sir. 744 00:42:03,982 --> 00:42:06,315 Should I instruct General Hancock to fall back? 745 00:42:08,027 --> 00:42:09,026 - No. 746 00:42:10,363 --> 00:42:13,239 We're gonna send his corps in and assault them at the angle. 747 00:42:14,284 --> 00:42:16,158 - All 20,000, sir? 748 00:42:20,248 --> 00:42:21,122 Of course, sir. 749 00:42:21,207 --> 00:42:22,164 I'll let him know. 750 00:42:24,002 --> 00:42:26,586 And Washington is waiting for any news. 751 00:42:29,465 --> 00:42:30,256 - I don't have news. 752 00:42:33,928 --> 00:42:36,679 - The president himself is asking, sir. 753 00:42:53,197 --> 00:42:54,563 - Send this. 754 00:42:54,657 --> 00:42:55,489 - Yes sir. 755 00:43:00,913 --> 00:43:03,072 - [Caroline] In the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse, 756 00:43:03,166 --> 00:43:05,833 there was such a massive bloodletting. 757 00:43:05,918 --> 00:43:07,076 - [Barton] You see some of the worst 758 00:43:07,170 --> 00:43:10,079 and most deadly fighting of the American Civil War. 759 00:43:10,173 --> 00:43:11,255 Hand-to-hand combat. 760 00:43:11,382 --> 00:43:15,051 You have utter viciousness on a level that had 761 00:43:15,136 --> 00:43:18,012 not been previously even seen in the Eastern Theater. 762 00:43:21,559 --> 00:43:22,850 - What does Grant write? 763 00:43:24,437 --> 00:43:25,853 Are there many casualties? 764 00:43:27,690 --> 00:43:29,565 - There are a great many casualties. 765 00:43:32,570 --> 00:43:34,770 And writes he proposes to fight it out 766 00:43:34,864 --> 00:43:36,989 on this line if it takes all summer. 767 00:43:42,580 --> 00:43:44,914 But he's not gonna come back until it's done. 768 00:43:46,125 --> 00:43:48,668 (tense music) 769 00:43:51,381 --> 00:43:54,632 - [Barton] 100,000 casualties roughly occurred 770 00:43:54,759 --> 00:43:57,051 in the span of six weeks' time 771 00:43:57,136 --> 00:43:59,220 between the Union and Confederate armies. 772 00:43:59,305 --> 00:44:03,599 This brings the northern war effort to its knees. 773 00:44:05,770 --> 00:44:07,970 - The losses that are suffered. 774 00:44:08,064 --> 00:44:10,639 The casualty figures. 775 00:44:10,733 --> 00:44:14,527 He says "If there is a worse place than Hell, I am in it." 776 00:44:14,612 --> 00:44:16,779 And he wondered out loud to others. 777 00:44:18,241 --> 00:44:20,866 Whether he would live very long beyond the war. 778 00:44:22,078 --> 00:44:24,245 Given how much the war had taken out of him. 779 00:44:25,540 --> 00:44:28,541 - After the Overland campaign, Wilderness, 780 00:44:28,626 --> 00:44:32,253 Spotsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor. 781 00:44:32,338 --> 00:44:33,963 This is the campaign in the Eastern Theater 782 00:44:34,048 --> 00:44:37,383 Lincoln hopes will help him win the election of 1864. 783 00:44:37,468 --> 00:44:40,219 However, as those casually lists are going home, 784 00:44:40,304 --> 00:44:42,471 voters are seeing those casualty lists. 785 00:44:42,557 --> 00:44:44,506 And you'd have to ask yourself is Lincoln 786 00:44:44,600 --> 00:44:47,342 closer or further from winning the election. 787 00:44:47,437 --> 00:44:49,145 Arguably he's further. 788 00:44:49,230 --> 00:44:51,439 He can't sustain these kind of casualties. 789 00:44:52,775 --> 00:44:55,067 - [Mary] Grant sent those men to their death. 790 00:44:56,320 --> 00:44:58,320 - He's the first real General I've had. 791 00:44:59,449 --> 00:45:02,241 - So many boys, he just throws them in. 792 00:45:04,162 --> 00:45:05,861 - That's war, Mary. 793 00:45:05,955 --> 00:45:08,497 - Well then there must be a smarter way to win it. 794 00:45:08,583 --> 00:45:11,834 To achieve a victory than through cold-blooded murder. 795 00:45:13,755 --> 00:45:15,504 - What are you trying to tell me? 796 00:45:17,675 --> 00:45:19,175 - I don't blame you. 797 00:45:21,888 --> 00:45:22,845 - Glad to hear it. 798 00:45:25,016 --> 00:45:28,267 - But I am thinking of all the young men out there. 799 00:45:30,396 --> 00:45:31,103 And of Robert. 800 00:45:34,358 --> 00:45:36,025 - Is Robert gonna be a soldier? 801 00:45:37,069 --> 00:45:37,777 - No. 802 00:45:39,655 --> 00:45:41,197 I know he'll ask you again. 803 00:45:43,785 --> 00:45:44,909 - And what can I tell him? 804 00:45:46,245 --> 00:45:48,454 Other men in Washington have sons fighting. 805 00:45:50,875 --> 00:45:55,044 - But other women haven't lost two sons already. 806 00:45:57,507 --> 00:46:00,508 Please don't let him go. 807 00:46:00,593 --> 00:46:03,135 (tense music) 808 00:46:07,183 --> 00:46:08,349 - The pressures that Lincoln 809 00:46:08,434 --> 00:46:11,101 is under in that period are enormous. 810 00:46:11,229 --> 00:46:13,395 He couldn't sleep at night, and his only 811 00:46:13,481 --> 00:46:16,232 solace was to be able to pardon soldiers. 812 00:46:16,317 --> 00:46:18,526 Somehow by being able to pardon a soldier 813 00:46:18,611 --> 00:46:21,654 who was going to be killed or hanged 814 00:46:21,739 --> 00:46:23,489 for having run away from battle, 815 00:46:23,574 --> 00:46:25,574 or having fallen asleep on picket duty, 816 00:46:25,660 --> 00:46:27,868 he would know the happiness that the pardon 817 00:46:27,954 --> 00:46:29,912 would bring to his family and it would give 818 00:46:29,997 --> 00:46:32,781 the soldier a second chance to get his respect back, 819 00:46:32,875 --> 00:46:35,584 go back in the army, and have served his cause. 820 00:46:36,921 --> 00:46:39,713 - After Cold Harbor Grant changes his approach. 821 00:46:39,799 --> 00:46:41,290 Crosses over the James, will threaten 822 00:46:41,384 --> 00:46:42,958 both Richmond and Petersburg. 823 00:46:43,052 --> 00:46:45,010 It will now have to turn into a siege. 824 00:46:46,055 --> 00:46:48,514 If he can pin Robert E. Lee down, 825 00:46:48,599 --> 00:46:49,765 Robert E. Lee who can't maneuver 826 00:46:49,851 --> 00:46:52,301 is not a dangerous Robert E. Lee. 827 00:46:52,395 --> 00:46:54,854 - Now Lee understands that he had to do 828 00:46:54,939 --> 00:46:57,472 something to put pressure on the north. 829 00:46:57,567 --> 00:47:00,809 - [Doug] On June 13th, 1864, Robert E. Lee unleashed 830 00:47:00,903 --> 00:47:04,146 Major General Jubal Early up the Shenandoah Valley. 831 00:47:04,240 --> 00:47:06,949 If the Confederates could threaten Washington DC, 832 00:47:07,034 --> 00:47:09,702 it would force Ulysses S. Grant to pull Union troops 833 00:47:09,787 --> 00:47:12,538 from their efforts around Richmond and Petersburg. 834 00:47:13,749 --> 00:47:17,835 - It's a very very scary moment for the north. 835 00:47:17,962 --> 00:47:20,337 And so Lincoln goes to Fort Stevens 836 00:47:20,464 --> 00:47:23,999 to inspire not only his troops, but the north 837 00:47:24,093 --> 00:47:27,553 that was more and more down on the war. 838 00:47:28,472 --> 00:47:30,139 He really could've been shot. 839 00:47:30,224 --> 00:47:32,391 So for Lincoln to go up there and actually 840 00:47:32,476 --> 00:47:37,563 expose himself reveals that old frontier guts. 841 00:47:38,441 --> 00:47:41,317 There was a side of Lincoln that was fearless. 842 00:47:42,612 --> 00:47:44,820 (gunfire) 843 00:47:46,824 --> 00:47:47,907 - Gentlemen. 844 00:47:52,163 --> 00:47:53,078 Hello boys. 845 00:47:54,123 --> 00:47:54,997 Hello. 846 00:47:56,500 --> 00:47:59,168 - We should be far enough removed from the rebels. 847 00:48:00,880 --> 00:48:02,922 But we'll start the battery soon enough. 848 00:48:05,343 --> 00:48:06,216 - Soldier. 849 00:48:06,344 --> 00:48:06,884 - [Soldier] Sir? 850 00:48:07,011 --> 00:48:07,927 - That a Springfield? 851 00:48:08,012 --> 00:48:09,303 - Yes sir. 852 00:48:09,388 --> 00:48:10,596 - 68 caliber? 853 00:48:10,681 --> 00:48:13,474 No, it's the 58 with a rifle barrel. 854 00:48:13,559 --> 00:48:15,384 And it's more accurate at a distance, sir. 855 00:48:15,478 --> 00:48:16,435 - How accurate? 856 00:48:16,520 --> 00:48:19,388 - You can hit someone maybe 500 yards, sir. 857 00:48:19,482 --> 00:48:20,222 - That far? 858 00:48:20,316 --> 00:48:21,023 - Yes sir. 859 00:48:21,108 --> 00:48:22,191 (loud explosion) 860 00:48:22,276 --> 00:48:23,725 - For God's sake get down! 861 00:48:23,819 --> 00:48:25,319 - Take off that hat. 862 00:48:25,404 --> 00:48:27,237 (tense music) 863 00:48:27,365 --> 00:48:29,865 (guns firing) 864 00:48:35,873 --> 00:48:36,571 (gun fire) 865 00:48:36,666 --> 00:48:38,123 - Ah! 866 00:48:42,421 --> 00:48:43,754 - Are you okay? 867 00:48:45,549 --> 00:48:46,581 - Mr. President. 868 00:48:46,676 --> 00:48:47,424 - [Advisor] Let's go! 869 00:48:47,551 --> 00:48:48,509 - Come on! 870 00:48:48,594 --> 00:48:49,593 - If you don't come now I'm gonna order you 871 00:48:49,720 --> 00:48:51,470 an ambulance and force you outta here. 872 00:48:51,555 --> 00:48:52,721 Please, Mr. President! 873 00:48:52,807 --> 00:48:54,723 - All right, all right! 874 00:49:05,861 --> 00:49:08,320 - Lincoln rides out to Fort Stevens. 875 00:49:08,406 --> 00:49:12,032 While he is there Confederate sharpshooters 876 00:49:12,118 --> 00:49:15,327 come from the north and attack this fortification. 877 00:49:16,455 --> 00:49:18,947 - And bullets were whizzing by him. 878 00:49:19,041 --> 00:49:22,626 Sanding up as a very tall target and being possibly shot. 879 00:49:22,753 --> 00:49:25,754 It shows you his incredible courage. 880 00:49:25,840 --> 00:49:27,789 And that story got out. 881 00:49:27,883 --> 00:49:30,125 And it really inspired a lot of people 882 00:49:30,219 --> 00:49:33,095 at an extremely low moment in the war. 883 00:49:34,306 --> 00:49:35,797 - The mood of the north is really 884 00:49:35,891 --> 00:49:38,767 disconsolate in the summer of 1864. 885 00:49:38,853 --> 00:49:41,812 Despite the victory in Gettysburg the year before, 886 00:49:41,939 --> 00:49:44,398 Grant is stuck on his way to Richmond, 887 00:49:44,483 --> 00:49:47,976 the raid on Washington has shocked people in the north, 888 00:49:48,070 --> 00:49:50,070 and the Republican leaders come to Lincoln 889 00:49:50,156 --> 00:49:52,147 and they tell him there's no way you're gonna 890 00:49:52,241 --> 00:49:54,616 win this election next November. 891 00:49:54,702 --> 00:49:57,703 - There is anti-war sentiment growing in the north. 892 00:49:57,788 --> 00:50:00,155 Many northern democrats don't believe 893 00:50:00,249 --> 00:50:02,499 that the war is worth waging at all 894 00:50:02,626 --> 00:50:05,544 and they certainly aren't on board with the emancipation. 895 00:50:05,629 --> 00:50:07,379 - [Ted] Henry Raymond, the chairman 896 00:50:07,465 --> 00:50:11,091 of the Republican National Committee, goes to see Lincoln. 897 00:50:11,177 --> 00:50:11,925 - Beautiful day. 898 00:50:13,262 --> 00:50:15,054 If the elections were held today, 899 00:50:15,139 --> 00:50:17,765 you'd be beaten in nearly every state. 900 00:50:17,850 --> 00:50:20,184 - So these are the glad tidings that you bring me. 901 00:50:20,311 --> 00:50:21,393 (Henry chuckles) 902 00:50:21,479 --> 00:50:24,646 - There is something you can do to change the tide. 903 00:50:24,732 --> 00:50:25,814 But you might not like it. 904 00:50:27,234 --> 00:50:29,026 People still believe the rebels are willing 905 00:50:29,153 --> 00:50:31,570 to negotiate peace with reunion. 906 00:50:31,655 --> 00:50:35,074 The only thing standing in the way is your emancipation. 907 00:50:35,159 --> 00:50:36,691 - Not true. 908 00:50:36,786 --> 00:50:38,243 Jeff Davis won't budge on independence 909 00:50:38,329 --> 00:50:39,870 for his Confederacy. 910 00:50:39,997 --> 00:50:41,863 I know that, you know that. 911 00:50:41,957 --> 00:50:43,457 - The people don't. 912 00:50:43,542 --> 00:50:45,125 What if you negotiate that? 913 00:50:45,211 --> 00:50:49,871 Upon restoration of the Union, war will cease at once. 914 00:50:49,965 --> 00:50:50,881 All remaining questions, 915 00:50:51,008 --> 00:50:55,043 including slavery, will be resolved later. 916 00:50:55,137 --> 00:50:57,096 - So force Davis to say no. 917 00:50:58,516 --> 00:51:01,716 Then people will see that emancipation isn't the problem. 918 00:51:01,811 --> 00:51:03,435 - That's the idea. 919 00:51:03,521 --> 00:51:05,938 - Don't think I haven't thought of that myself. 920 00:51:07,066 --> 00:51:09,191 - Does he always follow this close? 921 00:51:12,029 --> 00:51:15,614 - Oh, only when I'm with a suspicious character. 922 00:51:17,827 --> 00:51:20,452 If I turn my back on the black soldiers now, 923 00:51:20,538 --> 00:51:22,788 I will be damned in time and eternity. 924 00:51:24,875 --> 00:51:29,128 I understand the political merits of your idea, 925 00:51:29,213 --> 00:51:31,547 but I will keep my word come what will. 926 00:51:32,925 --> 00:51:35,467 - Well your word may cost you the election. 927 00:51:36,262 --> 00:51:38,804 (tense music) 928 00:51:43,853 --> 00:51:45,853 - Henry Raymond says every state 929 00:51:45,938 --> 00:51:47,813 that we need is against you. 930 00:51:47,898 --> 00:51:49,106 You're gonna lose Pennsylvania, 931 00:51:49,233 --> 00:51:50,765 you're gonna lose New York. 932 00:51:50,860 --> 00:51:52,601 You're gonna lose everything. 933 00:51:52,695 --> 00:51:53,861 - There's no way you're gonna win 934 00:51:53,946 --> 00:51:55,696 the election this November unless 935 00:51:55,781 --> 00:51:58,490 you are willing to bring the south to peace talks 936 00:51:58,576 --> 00:52:01,443 on the basis of restoring the Union alone 937 00:52:01,537 --> 00:52:04,705 and leaving emancipation for a later time. 938 00:52:04,790 --> 00:52:07,958 - His entire life is now wrapped up with bringing 939 00:52:08,085 --> 00:52:12,045 this war to a just conclusion. 940 00:52:12,131 --> 00:52:13,881 And the ultimate liberation 941 00:52:13,966 --> 00:52:16,633 of black people on American soil. 942 00:52:16,760 --> 00:52:20,971 He has climbed a steep mountain and you can't go down. 943 00:52:21,098 --> 00:52:23,298 All you can do is keep going up. 944 00:52:23,392 --> 00:52:25,434 - Lincoln is getting a lot of pressure and criticism, 945 00:52:25,519 --> 00:52:28,020 so he calls Frederick Douglas to the White House. 946 00:52:30,107 --> 00:52:33,317 - The plain truth is that I'm likely to lose this election. 947 00:52:33,444 --> 00:52:34,860 - Are you so sure? 948 00:52:34,945 --> 00:52:37,029 - The Democrats will nominate McClellan. 949 00:52:37,114 --> 00:52:40,240 And if he wins, everything I've done will be undone. 950 00:52:40,326 --> 00:52:43,202 He'll sue for peace and that'll be the end of the war. 951 00:52:43,287 --> 00:52:45,662 And of emancipation of your people. 952 00:52:46,790 --> 00:52:48,373 And some people in my own party would have me 953 00:52:48,459 --> 00:52:51,159 turn my back on emancipation to win the election. 954 00:52:51,253 --> 00:52:53,462 - Well sir, I can tell you this. 955 00:52:53,547 --> 00:52:54,880 Black soldiers won't fight 956 00:52:54,965 --> 00:52:56,831 if freedom isn't at the end of it. 957 00:52:56,926 --> 00:52:58,383 - And they shouldn't. 958 00:52:58,469 --> 00:52:59,384 I wouldn't. 959 00:53:00,471 --> 00:53:02,387 Now I want to get as many slaves as possible 960 00:53:02,473 --> 00:53:04,473 to freedom in the case I lose. 961 00:53:04,558 --> 00:53:06,058 Frankly I was expecting more to make it 962 00:53:06,143 --> 00:53:08,435 to our lines by now once the proclamation got out. 963 00:53:08,520 --> 00:53:10,687 - It's a fair bet they don't know about it. 964 00:53:12,107 --> 00:53:15,150 Masters know how to keep their slaves in the dark. 965 00:53:16,278 --> 00:53:18,237 - This is exactly why I sent for you. 966 00:53:20,866 --> 00:53:24,526 I'm asking you organize a band of scouts. 967 00:53:24,620 --> 00:53:27,362 Something like old John Brown had in mind. 968 00:53:27,456 --> 00:53:28,530 They could go into rebel states, 969 00:53:28,624 --> 00:53:32,251 encouraged slaves to escape into our Union lines. 970 00:53:32,336 --> 00:53:34,836 Then we can protect them once the worst happens. 971 00:53:35,589 --> 00:53:36,338 What do you say? 972 00:53:39,009 --> 00:53:42,177 - Mr. President, I'm for freedom. 973 00:53:43,180 --> 00:53:44,263 Any way we can get it. 974 00:53:46,976 --> 00:53:50,227 - What came out of that meeting was Douglas saw 975 00:53:50,354 --> 00:53:53,855 for the first time Lincoln's hatred of slavery. 976 00:53:55,192 --> 00:53:58,393 - Douglas writes an elaborate plan about sending an army 977 00:53:58,487 --> 00:54:01,563 of kind of, missionaries into the deep south. 978 00:54:01,657 --> 00:54:04,658 To spread the word about emancipation. 979 00:54:04,743 --> 00:54:07,569 Because if a Democrat wins the presidency 980 00:54:07,663 --> 00:54:10,956 he will cancel the emancipation proclamation. 981 00:54:11,041 --> 00:54:13,625 - Democratic Party nominates McClellan. 982 00:54:13,711 --> 00:54:15,961 Good ol' McClellan comes back to be 983 00:54:16,046 --> 00:54:18,422 his opponent in this election. 984 00:54:18,549 --> 00:54:20,674 And the platform of the Democratic Party 985 00:54:20,759 --> 00:54:22,634 is really a compromised platform. 986 00:54:22,720 --> 00:54:24,586 It's almost peace at any price. 987 00:54:24,680 --> 00:54:27,589 - There's more at stake in this election than there 988 00:54:27,683 --> 00:54:30,475 had been in any other election up to this point. 989 00:54:30,561 --> 00:54:31,810 - He wanted a second term. 990 00:54:31,895 --> 00:54:34,438 He said he wanted the second term even more than the first 991 00:54:34,565 --> 00:54:36,097 because it would be an endorsement 992 00:54:36,191 --> 00:54:37,357 of his administration. 993 00:54:37,443 --> 00:54:40,277 And he could get to finish the job that he wanted to do. 994 00:54:41,322 --> 00:54:44,606 - And then William Sherman takes Atlanta. 995 00:54:44,700 --> 00:54:48,201 And suddenly the northern mood is void. 996 00:54:48,287 --> 00:54:51,163 (loud explosions) 997 00:54:52,583 --> 00:54:55,876 - Sherman broke the backbone of the deep south. 998 00:54:56,920 --> 00:54:59,212 - The tide turns in northern public opinion. 999 00:54:59,298 --> 00:55:01,289 And people start to feel good about the possibilities 1000 00:55:01,383 --> 00:55:03,291 of the war and that it might end soon. 1001 00:55:03,385 --> 00:55:06,386 - He realizes that the prospects for the Northern 1002 00:55:06,472 --> 00:55:08,930 victory at that time were much much greater 1003 00:55:09,016 --> 00:55:10,932 than they had been in the summer. 1004 00:55:11,018 --> 00:55:14,019 But still, for Lincoln it was a very anxious moment. 1005 00:55:15,272 --> 00:55:17,189 - If he loses that election, it would 1006 00:55:17,274 --> 00:55:19,483 be much more than a personal blow. 1007 00:55:19,610 --> 00:55:22,152 It would be a calamity for the country. 1008 00:55:22,279 --> 00:55:23,978 And the fear is that the soldiers have loved 1009 00:55:24,073 --> 00:55:26,865 McClellan all along and will vote for him. 1010 00:55:29,620 --> 00:55:32,537 - Still nothing from Grant at Petersburg. 1011 00:55:32,623 --> 00:55:34,155 The siege may take months yet. 1012 00:55:34,249 --> 00:55:35,540 - We need something big out of Grant 1013 00:55:35,626 --> 00:55:38,210 if we want to win this damn election. 1014 00:55:38,295 --> 00:55:40,420 I don't like our chances against McClellan. 1015 00:55:40,506 --> 00:55:41,630 People are fickle. 1016 00:55:41,715 --> 00:55:44,174 Atlanta's already starting to fade in their minds. 1017 00:55:44,301 --> 00:55:46,385 - I hear my boy Tad paid you a visit! 1018 00:55:46,470 --> 00:55:48,053 With his pet turkey. 1019 00:55:48,138 --> 00:55:49,888 - Yes sir, that's right. 1020 00:55:49,973 --> 00:55:52,599 Chased that turkey all over the place. 1021 00:55:52,684 --> 00:55:55,727 - Oh I asked him if he'd be voting alongside you boys. 1022 00:55:55,813 --> 00:55:57,062 (soldiers laugh) 1023 00:55:57,147 --> 00:55:58,680 - What did Tad say, sir? 1024 00:55:58,774 --> 00:56:01,650 Well he said no pa, he's not of age. 1025 00:56:01,735 --> 00:56:04,236 (group laughing) 1026 00:56:04,321 --> 00:56:05,487 Thank you boys. 1027 00:56:05,572 --> 00:56:06,071 - Thank you, sir. - Thank you, sir. 1028 00:56:06,156 --> 00:56:07,239 - Thank you. 1029 00:56:08,617 --> 00:56:10,951 - This is hardly the time for jokes. 1030 00:56:11,036 --> 00:56:11,993 - I'm not joking. 1031 00:56:13,163 --> 00:56:15,622 We need to make sure soldiers like those can vote. 1032 00:56:15,707 --> 00:56:18,959 - Sir, just because these Pennsylvania boys like you, 1033 00:56:19,044 --> 00:56:21,461 they live here, of course they like you. 1034 00:56:21,547 --> 00:56:22,587 - They believe in the war. 1035 00:56:22,673 --> 00:56:24,256 - Yes, but against McClellan? 1036 00:56:25,342 --> 00:56:27,208 - He did build the Army of the Potomac. 1037 00:56:27,302 --> 00:56:29,719 - And now he makes a mistake betting against it. 1038 00:56:30,806 --> 00:56:31,930 Democrats want the war to end 1039 00:56:32,015 --> 00:56:33,932 because they say we can't win it. 1040 00:56:34,017 --> 00:56:35,517 - Nobody wants to lose. 1041 00:56:38,105 --> 00:56:39,888 Especially the soldier. 1042 00:56:39,982 --> 00:56:42,941 - That's why I want as many of them to vote as possible. 1043 00:56:43,026 --> 00:56:44,025 I'd rather lose with those soldiers 1044 00:56:44,111 --> 00:56:47,154 behind me then get reelected without them. 1045 00:56:47,239 --> 00:56:50,115 - I can wire Sheridan and other generals. 1046 00:56:50,200 --> 00:56:53,743 Tell them to allow leave to any soldiers who want to vote. 1047 00:56:53,871 --> 00:56:55,620 - Especially in the border states. 1048 00:56:57,875 --> 00:57:00,876 Make sure that the furloughs are granted liberty too. 1049 00:57:02,212 --> 00:57:03,378 - And if you're wrong? 1050 00:57:10,888 --> 00:57:12,721 - They'll never put us in charge. 1051 00:57:12,806 --> 00:57:14,598 Same as white officers? 1052 00:57:16,393 --> 00:57:17,267 Go home. 1053 00:57:18,312 --> 00:57:19,227 - They might. 1054 00:57:21,356 --> 00:57:23,106 What do you think about that, James? 1055 00:57:24,193 --> 00:57:26,234 - We're fighting same as anyone. 1056 00:57:26,320 --> 00:57:28,528 No reason why we shouldn't be commissioned. 1057 00:57:32,409 --> 00:57:33,283 - Corporal James! 1058 00:57:34,828 --> 00:57:35,944 - Sir! 1059 00:57:36,038 --> 00:57:37,412 - You too, Fleetwood and Beaty. 1060 00:57:37,498 --> 00:57:38,830 You got orders. 1061 00:57:38,916 --> 00:57:40,782 Prepare your men to attack at daybreak. 1062 00:57:40,876 --> 00:57:41,750 - Yes sir! 1063 00:57:43,253 --> 00:57:44,127 Come on men! 1064 00:57:45,714 --> 00:57:49,341 - Grant has laid siege to Petersburg. 1065 00:57:49,426 --> 00:57:51,125 And Lincoln gives Grant his orders. 1066 00:57:51,220 --> 00:57:54,262 He tells him to go after Lee and chew and bite 1067 00:57:54,348 --> 00:57:56,640 and hold on with a bulldog grip, he says. 1068 00:57:56,767 --> 00:57:59,634 It turns into a major stalemate. 1069 00:57:59,728 --> 00:58:03,146 - Grant's armies are squeezing the Confederacy 1070 00:58:03,273 --> 00:58:06,191 and trying to get to Richmond. 1071 00:58:06,276 --> 00:58:08,026 - During the Petersburg campaign, 1072 00:58:08,111 --> 00:58:09,778 General Benjamin Butler 1073 00:58:09,863 --> 00:58:12,489 is one of the first generals who started 1074 00:58:12,616 --> 00:58:15,033 using black troops to help in any sort of way 1075 00:58:15,118 --> 00:58:17,652 when they were quote unquote "contraband." 1076 00:58:17,746 --> 00:58:20,154 So he decides he's going to put 1077 00:58:20,249 --> 00:58:22,415 some of his black troops front and center. 1078 00:58:23,585 --> 00:58:26,962 - Lincoln has developed a real appreciation 1079 00:58:27,047 --> 00:58:30,048 of black people serving in the Union Army. 1080 00:58:30,133 --> 00:58:32,008 He says we will all remember that there were 1081 00:58:32,135 --> 00:58:34,803 some black men with their bayonets 1082 00:58:34,888 --> 00:58:36,671 and their steel-hearted eyes who helped 1083 00:58:36,765 --> 00:58:40,016 mankind to preserve the Republic. 1084 00:58:40,143 --> 00:58:42,561 - All of them understand it is their opportunity 1085 00:58:42,646 --> 00:58:45,647 and their moment to show themselves as men 1086 00:58:45,732 --> 00:58:48,191 worthy of freedom and citizenship. 1087 00:58:48,318 --> 00:58:50,986 Not just for themselves, but for their families. 1088 00:58:51,071 --> 00:58:53,738 And that becomes the driving force. 1089 00:58:53,824 --> 00:58:55,824 - The stakes were very high because when 1090 00:58:55,909 --> 00:59:00,194 the Confederacy encounters black Union Army soldiers, 1091 00:59:00,289 --> 00:59:03,031 they don't want to treat them as prisoners of war. 1092 00:59:03,125 --> 00:59:06,418 They want to treat them as escaped slave rebels. 1093 00:59:06,503 --> 00:59:08,202 And kill them. 1094 00:59:08,297 --> 00:59:10,005 Or sell them back into slavery. 1095 00:59:11,925 --> 00:59:14,509 (guns firing) 1096 00:59:30,611 --> 00:59:33,153 (tense music) 1097 00:59:42,539 --> 00:59:44,072 - [Beaty] Do you ever get scared? 1098 00:59:44,166 --> 00:59:45,373 - Leave him be, Beaty. 1099 00:59:47,002 --> 00:59:48,168 - Be stupid not to be. 1100 00:59:50,297 --> 00:59:51,579 - That's what I'm saying. 1101 00:59:51,673 --> 00:59:53,381 I kept thinking about (indistinct). 1102 00:59:53,467 --> 00:59:55,050 What if I get captured? 1103 00:59:56,345 --> 00:59:57,385 - That's an easy one. 1104 00:59:59,681 --> 01:00:00,847 Don't get captured. 1105 01:00:02,059 --> 01:00:02,932 - Calvary ready! 1106 01:00:03,894 --> 01:00:05,259 Advance! 1107 01:00:05,354 --> 01:00:08,229 (soldiers war cry) 1108 01:00:10,817 --> 01:00:13,360 (guns firing) 1109 01:00:19,910 --> 01:00:24,037 - They are being mowed down with artillery and gunfire. 1110 01:00:24,122 --> 01:00:26,447 Many of their officers died. 1111 01:00:26,541 --> 01:00:28,449 And when their officers were killed, 1112 01:00:28,543 --> 01:00:30,460 the sergeants took over. 1113 01:00:35,759 --> 01:00:38,459 - Sergeant Major Christian Fleetwood would see 1114 01:00:38,553 --> 01:00:41,971 the colors go down, he would grab them and rally his men. 1115 01:00:42,099 --> 01:00:43,807 First Sergeant Powhatan Beaty 1116 01:00:43,934 --> 01:00:45,800 would take command of his company. 1117 01:00:45,894 --> 01:00:48,269 His knapsack was shot off, his hat was shot off, 1118 01:00:48,355 --> 01:00:50,480 the sole of one of his shoes was shot off. 1119 01:00:56,113 --> 01:01:00,281 Miles James, his arms mangled by Confederate shot, 1120 01:01:00,367 --> 01:01:02,951 loaded and fired his rifle with one arm. 1121 01:01:03,036 --> 01:01:05,745 (Miles screams) 1122 01:01:08,917 --> 01:01:11,492 Of the 25 African Americans that would receive 1123 01:01:11,586 --> 01:01:14,379 the Medal of Honor during the Civil War, 14 of them 1124 01:01:14,464 --> 01:01:17,331 were awarded at the Battle for New Market Heights. 1125 01:01:17,426 --> 01:01:18,550 Including Christian Fleetwood, 1126 01:01:18,635 --> 01:01:22,971 including Powhatan Beaty, and including Miles James. 1127 01:01:23,056 --> 01:01:25,849 - There will be about 180,000 African American men 1128 01:01:25,976 --> 01:01:29,227 free and enslaved who will join the US Army 1129 01:01:29,312 --> 01:01:32,731 representing about 10% of the army. 1130 01:01:32,816 --> 01:01:35,183 Lincoln even says that that added 1131 01:01:35,277 --> 01:01:38,853 10% will make the difference in the war. 1132 01:01:38,947 --> 01:01:40,864 - [Doug] After the battle for New Market Heights, 1133 01:01:40,991 --> 01:01:42,523 the Confederates retreat up the road 1134 01:01:42,617 --> 01:01:45,026 and set up another defensive line. 1135 01:01:45,120 --> 01:01:49,414 And as fall of 1864 approaches, Grant continues 1136 01:01:49,499 --> 01:01:52,208 to be stalemated outside of Richmond and Petersburg, 1137 01:01:52,335 --> 01:01:53,918 and Lincoln is in doubt whether or not 1138 01:01:54,004 --> 01:01:55,870 he can win the election. 1139 01:01:55,964 --> 01:02:01,009 (office chatter) (tense music) 1140 01:02:08,643 --> 01:02:10,885 - [John] From Forney in Philadelphia. 1141 01:02:10,979 --> 01:02:13,521 Says we're gonna win by 10,000 in Pennsylvania. 1142 01:02:16,193 --> 01:02:17,817 - Forney, he's always excitable. 1143 01:02:21,990 --> 01:02:24,073 - This one says Baltimore goes Republican. 1144 01:02:25,660 --> 01:02:28,069 That can only mean you're winning. 1145 01:02:28,163 --> 01:02:29,913 - I'm far from being certain, John. 1146 01:02:32,501 --> 01:02:34,167 I wish I was certain. 1147 01:02:35,545 --> 01:02:38,338 (dramatic music) 1148 01:02:40,008 --> 01:02:41,925 (chatter) 1149 01:02:47,682 --> 01:02:49,891 - Reilly says we'll have New York. 1150 01:02:51,353 --> 01:02:52,185 New York. 1151 01:02:55,565 --> 01:02:56,689 And now Indiana. 1152 01:03:00,195 --> 01:03:01,694 You can't deny it. 1153 01:03:02,572 --> 01:03:06,366 (office celebratory chatter) 1154 01:03:13,416 --> 01:03:15,959 - [Office Worker] Congratulations, Mr. President. 1155 01:03:18,755 --> 01:03:20,288 - [Second Office Worker] Well done, Mr. President. 1156 01:03:20,382 --> 01:03:24,759 - [Third Office Worker] Well done, Mr. Lincoln. 1157 01:03:24,845 --> 01:03:26,469 - You did it. 1158 01:03:26,596 --> 01:03:28,462 - We did it, boys. 1159 01:03:28,557 --> 01:03:30,181 - [Office Worker] Congratulations, Mr. President. 1160 01:03:31,268 --> 01:03:33,518 - [Barton] Lincoln is elected in an electoral landslide. 1161 01:03:33,603 --> 01:03:36,771 - And he wins with the twin goals of Union and emancipation 1162 01:03:36,857 --> 01:03:40,024 intact because of his courage that terrible summer 1163 01:03:40,110 --> 01:03:41,809 when he thought he might lose the election, 1164 01:03:41,903 --> 01:03:43,152 but was unwilling to sacrifice 1165 01:03:43,280 --> 01:03:44,979 emancipation in order to do so. 1166 01:03:45,073 --> 01:03:46,030 It's a great moment. 1167 01:03:46,116 --> 01:03:50,326 What has happened over time is that people's 1168 01:03:50,453 --> 01:03:53,654 attitudes toward adding emancipation as a goal 1169 01:03:53,748 --> 01:03:56,824 to the restoration of the Union has increased. 1170 01:03:56,918 --> 01:03:59,627 That's what a leader does, that's what events do. 1171 01:03:59,713 --> 01:04:01,337 That's what movements do. 1172 01:04:01,464 --> 01:04:03,331 They change public sentiment. 1173 01:04:03,425 --> 01:04:05,383 And the extraordinary thing is that seven 1174 01:04:05,468 --> 01:04:07,668 out of the 10 soldiers vote for Lincoln. 1175 01:04:07,762 --> 01:04:09,503 They know that they may be extending the war, 1176 01:04:09,598 --> 01:04:11,672 they know they may be sacrificing their lives, 1177 01:04:11,766 --> 01:04:13,474 but by then they believe in the cause, 1178 01:04:13,560 --> 01:04:15,727 they believe in Lincoln, and they're willing to give 1179 01:04:15,812 --> 01:04:18,813 their lives for the cause that they now believe in. 1180 01:04:18,899 --> 01:04:20,732 - And a lot of that comes from the fact 1181 01:04:20,817 --> 01:04:24,360 that he had met these guys and talked to these guys. 1182 01:04:24,487 --> 01:04:27,989 I don't know that we've ever had someone leading 1183 01:04:28,074 --> 01:04:32,026 our nation that had the depth of skill that he has. 1184 01:04:32,120 --> 01:04:36,039 Call it political savvy, call it statesmanship, 1185 01:04:36,166 --> 01:04:38,082 call it just plain common sense. 1186 01:04:38,168 --> 01:04:40,043 Whatever it is, Lincoln has it. 1187 01:04:40,170 --> 01:04:42,253 And part of that is to show 1188 01:04:42,339 --> 01:04:45,873 his commonness with the soldiers. 1189 01:04:45,967 --> 01:04:49,043 Show them that he's one of them. 1190 01:04:49,137 --> 01:04:51,012 - After the election, Sherman is really 1191 01:04:51,097 --> 01:04:53,598 making swift progress as he and his army 1192 01:04:53,683 --> 01:04:55,975 march across the south to the sea. 1193 01:04:57,270 --> 01:04:59,020 - [Caroline] And it's there that Lincoln really sees 1194 01:04:59,105 --> 01:05:01,481 that the end of the war must be upon them. 1195 01:05:02,609 --> 01:05:04,943 - And he worries that if the war is over, 1196 01:05:05,028 --> 01:05:08,112 the emancipation proclamation, which is an executive order, 1197 01:05:08,198 --> 01:05:10,073 may no longer be valid because he's using 1198 01:05:10,200 --> 01:05:13,401 military necessity as his cover for doing it. 1199 01:05:13,495 --> 01:05:15,203 And that's when he begins to champion 1200 01:05:15,288 --> 01:05:18,373 the 13th amendment to end slavery forever. 1201 01:05:25,256 --> 01:05:28,299 - We need to start thinking about after this ends. 1202 01:05:28,385 --> 01:05:30,093 - Are you talking to him or me? 1203 01:05:31,262 --> 01:05:32,971 (Lincoln laughs) 1204 01:05:33,056 --> 01:05:34,722 - [Painter] Mr. President, you must remain still. 1205 01:05:34,808 --> 01:05:36,474 - Yes, of course. 1206 01:05:39,729 --> 01:05:41,396 I'm gonna revisit the amendment. 1207 01:05:44,776 --> 01:05:46,442 - We won seats in the House. 1208 01:05:47,946 --> 01:05:50,655 You have a better chance now than ever before. 1209 01:05:50,740 --> 01:05:52,907 - I will need to sway a few Democrats. 1210 01:05:52,993 --> 01:05:55,243 - Why not wait until the rebellion is over. 1211 01:05:57,622 --> 01:05:58,705 - [Painter] Mr. President. 1212 01:05:58,790 --> 01:05:59,831 - My apologies. 1213 01:06:01,751 --> 01:06:03,167 An amendment to the Constitution 1214 01:06:03,253 --> 01:06:04,618 winds the whole thing up. 1215 01:06:04,713 --> 01:06:05,795 It's done forever. 1216 01:06:07,173 --> 01:06:09,340 We'll need at least five to go our way. 1217 01:06:10,719 --> 01:06:12,927 - You'll need to offer them something real. 1218 01:06:15,932 --> 01:06:18,433 - Perhaps I have a longer reach than you realize. 1219 01:06:19,269 --> 01:06:21,811 (tense music) 1220 01:06:25,817 --> 01:06:28,234 - Lincoln believed that the founding fathers 1221 01:06:28,319 --> 01:06:32,238 had meant for slavery to end, but that they 1222 01:06:32,323 --> 01:06:35,450 didn't believe that they could just end it overnight. 1223 01:06:35,535 --> 01:06:37,285 That it was like a cancer. 1224 01:06:37,370 --> 01:06:39,579 So widespread you might not be able 1225 01:06:39,664 --> 01:06:42,415 to cut it out without damaging the patient, 1226 01:06:42,500 --> 01:06:45,493 but you can find ways to contain it. 1227 01:06:45,587 --> 01:06:48,880 But by this time he's not asking 1228 01:06:48,965 --> 01:06:50,882 for the consent of the people. 1229 01:06:50,967 --> 01:06:53,000 He's not asking for colonization. 1230 01:06:53,094 --> 01:06:55,887 He's not asking for anything gradual. 1231 01:06:55,972 --> 01:06:59,265 - Lincoln knew that saying now the war is over, 1232 01:06:59,350 --> 01:07:03,844 you guys go back, be slaves, was a nonstarter. 1233 01:07:03,938 --> 01:07:05,897 That the emancipation proclamation 1234 01:07:05,982 --> 01:07:07,899 was a fit and necessary war measure, 1235 01:07:07,984 --> 01:07:12,111 but when the war was over it was no longer a legal measure. 1236 01:07:12,197 --> 01:07:14,280 - And this is why you need the 13th amendment. 1237 01:07:14,365 --> 01:07:16,532 You have to change the Constitution. 1238 01:07:16,659 --> 01:07:20,661 - You've got almost four million people 1239 01:07:20,747 --> 01:07:24,031 who are enslaved, and there was nothing to prevent 1240 01:07:24,125 --> 01:07:28,202 southerners from re-establishing slavery 1241 01:07:28,296 --> 01:07:31,923 in the south unless this 13th amendment was issued. 1242 01:07:32,008 --> 01:07:33,874 He realized that something had 1243 01:07:33,968 --> 01:07:36,385 to be done that was permanent. 1244 01:07:36,513 --> 01:07:39,806 And so he is determined that this amendment 1245 01:07:39,891 --> 01:07:42,216 is going to pass Congress. 1246 01:07:42,310 --> 01:07:43,226 And it does. 1247 01:07:44,521 --> 01:07:47,721 - He came to recognize the inconsistency 1248 01:07:47,816 --> 01:07:51,484 that a nation conceived in liberty would have slavery. 1249 01:07:51,569 --> 01:07:54,987 - To the extent that America has any kind of standing 1250 01:07:55,073 --> 01:07:58,449 in the world now is in part the consequence 1251 01:07:58,535 --> 01:08:03,329 of people knowing about Lincoln and his views 1252 01:08:03,414 --> 01:08:06,457 on slavery and his views on freedom. 1253 01:08:06,543 --> 01:08:08,876 He has evolved in his thinking. 1254 01:08:09,963 --> 01:08:11,546 And it's the war that has done it. 1255 01:08:13,508 --> 01:08:16,750 - By the time the 13th amendment came along, 1256 01:08:16,844 --> 01:08:19,219 the war was dragging on and on. 1257 01:08:19,305 --> 01:08:22,639 More Americans died in that war than in any other. 1258 01:08:22,725 --> 01:08:24,057 Both sides. 1259 01:08:24,894 --> 01:08:26,477 And a lot had happened to him 1260 01:08:26,563 --> 01:08:28,603 and to the whole country by that time. 1261 01:08:29,816 --> 01:08:32,775 He's seen the death, he's experienced extreme 1262 01:08:32,902 --> 01:08:37,822 personal loss early in the war with the death of Willie. 1263 01:08:37,906 --> 01:08:39,448 All of this has moved him. 1264 01:08:40,450 --> 01:08:43,411 And he's carried the weight of a nation on him. 1265 01:08:43,495 --> 01:08:46,330 (dramatic music) 1266 01:09:39,218 --> 01:09:43,054 - All these people wiped out by the war. 1267 01:09:43,138 --> 01:09:46,557 He must write letters consoling those 1268 01:09:46,643 --> 01:09:49,843 who had lost members of families, fathers, 1269 01:09:49,938 --> 01:09:53,897 brothers, and all of this grinds him down. 1270 01:09:53,983 --> 01:09:56,016 You see it in his face. 1271 01:09:56,110 --> 01:10:00,354 The hollows of his cheeks sink more deeply in. 1272 01:10:00,448 --> 01:10:03,824 He said at one point that there was a tired spot 1273 01:10:03,910 --> 01:10:08,120 in him that no amount of rest could touch. 1274 01:10:08,206 --> 01:10:09,863 - Those photographs are haunting. 1275 01:10:09,958 --> 01:10:13,251 Etched on his face is a testimony, 1276 01:10:13,336 --> 01:10:16,503 a record of the stress that he endured. 1277 01:10:16,589 --> 01:10:20,258 Every president ages during their presidency, 1278 01:10:21,177 --> 01:10:24,512 but nothing like Lincoln 1279 01:10:24,597 --> 01:10:27,932 three or four years after he assumes office. 1280 01:10:28,017 --> 01:10:31,385 It gives you a sense of the burden that he was carrying. 1281 01:10:31,479 --> 01:10:34,063 - How can any human being accept 1282 01:10:34,190 --> 01:10:36,557 the casualties that were piling up 1283 01:10:36,651 --> 01:10:39,560 and take personal responsibility 1284 01:10:39,654 --> 01:10:42,863 without resigning or killing yourself 1285 01:10:42,949 --> 01:10:45,908 over this tragedy, unless you could find 1286 01:10:46,035 --> 01:10:48,494 a higher power that was instrumental 1287 01:10:48,579 --> 01:10:52,039 in causing the war to go on for so long. 1288 01:10:52,125 --> 01:10:54,792 And Lincoln writes a memo to himself that has 1289 01:10:54,877 --> 01:10:58,128 become known as a Meditation on the Divine Will. 1290 01:10:58,214 --> 01:11:01,582 If God wills that this contest continue, it will continue. 1291 01:11:01,676 --> 01:11:04,468 It must be divine providence forcing us to have 1292 01:11:04,554 --> 01:11:08,180 this bitter confrontation over the future of our country. 1293 01:11:08,266 --> 01:11:10,182 But Lincoln never joined a church. 1294 01:11:10,268 --> 01:11:12,560 He was not a believer in organized religion. 1295 01:11:13,438 --> 01:11:16,930 - As he prepared for the second inaugural address, 1296 01:11:17,025 --> 01:11:21,935 he wanted to make clear to everybody that he, Lincoln, 1297 01:11:22,030 --> 01:11:27,107 understood that the war had been a war to free the slaves. 1298 01:11:27,200 --> 01:11:30,536 And not just a war to save the Union. 1299 01:11:30,620 --> 01:11:34,332 And he wanted to make sure that everybody understood 1300 01:11:34,417 --> 01:11:38,836 that slavery was done forever in the country. 1301 01:11:56,731 --> 01:11:57,771 - Fellow countrymen. 1302 01:11:59,984 --> 01:12:04,477 Four years ago, all thoughts were anxiously 1303 01:12:04,572 --> 01:12:07,365 directed to an impending civil war. 1304 01:12:09,494 --> 01:12:10,534 All dreaded it. 1305 01:12:11,954 --> 01:12:13,537 All sought to avert it. 1306 01:12:16,167 --> 01:12:20,994 Neither party, expected for the war, the magnitude 1307 01:12:21,089 --> 01:12:24,131 or the duration, which it has already attained. 1308 01:12:25,176 --> 01:12:28,093 Both read the same bible. 1309 01:12:28,179 --> 01:12:30,221 And pray to the same God. 1310 01:12:31,349 --> 01:12:34,307 And each invokes his aid against the other. 1311 01:12:35,977 --> 01:12:38,854 - And Douglas was there in the front row 1312 01:12:38,981 --> 01:12:42,024 listening to Lincoln's inaugural address. 1313 01:12:42,944 --> 01:12:44,068 There's a great photograph. 1314 01:12:44,153 --> 01:12:48,489 It shows Lincoln at the lectern, Douglas with his 1315 01:12:48,574 --> 01:12:50,408 big hair, that's how you can recognize him, 1316 01:12:50,493 --> 01:12:52,993 and in the balcony is John Wilkes Booth. 1317 01:12:54,622 --> 01:12:56,997 - If God wills it, it continue. 1318 01:12:58,084 --> 01:13:01,034 Until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's 1319 01:13:01,128 --> 01:13:06,173 250 years of unrequited toil shall be sunk! 1320 01:13:07,510 --> 01:13:11,470 And until every drop of blood drawn with the lash 1321 01:13:11,556 --> 01:13:15,382 shall be paid by another drawn with the sword! 1322 01:13:15,476 --> 01:13:17,601 - What you see in the second inaugural 1323 01:13:17,687 --> 01:13:21,021 is not a certainty of victory. 1324 01:13:22,483 --> 01:13:27,153 But a certainty of the rightness of the struggle. 1325 01:13:27,238 --> 01:13:32,032 An almost biblical, righteous, prophetic 1326 01:13:33,286 --> 01:13:37,288 vision of why this struggle was necessary. 1327 01:13:38,374 --> 01:13:41,208 - As was said 3,000 years ago. 1328 01:13:42,587 --> 01:13:44,712 So still it must be said. 1329 01:13:46,090 --> 01:13:49,884 The judgments of the Lord are true 1330 01:13:49,968 --> 01:13:52,218 and righteous altogether. 1331 01:13:52,305 --> 01:13:55,923 - His consciousness of something bigger than himself 1332 01:13:56,017 --> 01:14:00,019 and the need to recognize that a form of pain 1333 01:14:00,104 --> 01:14:03,146 had existed in America for generations before 1334 01:14:03,232 --> 01:14:05,983 he came along and it would not instantly be solved. 1335 01:14:07,361 --> 01:14:11,363 - It's a statement of the need to rewire the country. 1336 01:14:11,449 --> 01:14:13,774 To change its moral axis. 1337 01:14:13,868 --> 01:14:15,784 He's now telling a new story. 1338 01:14:16,870 --> 01:14:19,330 About what America should be. 1339 01:14:19,414 --> 01:14:20,498 Who are we? 1340 01:14:20,583 --> 01:14:22,115 What do we believe in? 1341 01:14:22,209 --> 01:14:24,251 - With malice toward none. 1342 01:14:25,588 --> 01:14:28,255 With charity for all. 1343 01:14:29,425 --> 01:14:32,218 With firmness in the right. 1344 01:14:32,303 --> 01:14:34,929 As God gives us to see the right! 1345 01:14:36,224 --> 01:14:39,600 Let us strive on to finish the work we are in. 1346 01:14:40,770 --> 01:14:43,145 To bind up the nation's wounds. 1347 01:14:44,774 --> 01:14:48,275 To care for him who shall have borne the battle. 1348 01:14:49,820 --> 01:14:50,861 And for his widow. 1349 01:14:52,365 --> 01:14:53,447 And his orphan. 1350 01:14:55,325 --> 01:14:57,868 To do all which may achieve 1351 01:14:57,954 --> 01:15:01,288 and cherish a just and lasting peace. 1352 01:15:02,166 --> 01:15:03,666 Among ourselves. 1353 01:15:04,627 --> 01:15:06,709 And with all nations! 1354 01:15:11,759 --> 01:15:15,093 (audience applauds) 1355 01:15:15,179 --> 01:15:18,472 (dramatic music swells) 1356 01:15:40,663 --> 01:15:43,030 (crowd chatter) (tense music) 1357 01:15:43,124 --> 01:15:43,864 - Thank you. 1358 01:15:43,958 --> 01:15:45,457 I appreciate that. 1359 01:15:48,628 --> 01:15:50,212 - Where do you think you're going? 1360 01:15:50,339 --> 01:15:52,372 - In there like anybody else. 1361 01:15:52,466 --> 01:15:53,173 - Come on. 1362 01:15:53,259 --> 01:15:54,133 - What are you... 1363 01:15:54,968 --> 01:15:55,843 - Douglas! 1364 01:16:00,850 --> 01:16:01,849 Is there a problem? 1365 01:16:03,352 --> 01:16:05,144 - No, Mr. President. 1366 01:16:08,316 --> 01:16:10,390 - I saw you in the crowd today. 1367 01:16:10,484 --> 01:16:12,526 I'm anxious to hear your thoughts. 1368 01:16:12,611 --> 01:16:14,736 - I thought it was a sacred effort. 1369 01:16:16,198 --> 01:16:17,573 - Make sure to tell your readers. 1370 01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:19,450 - I might do that. 1371 01:16:19,535 --> 01:16:22,036 But you should know, Mr. Lincoln. 1372 01:16:22,120 --> 01:16:22,870 I won't let up. 1373 01:16:24,707 --> 01:16:26,582 You'll be hearing a lot from me. 1374 01:16:26,709 --> 01:16:28,083 - Well I figured as much. 1375 01:16:28,961 --> 01:16:30,209 - Mr. President. 1376 01:16:30,296 --> 01:16:31,086 - Yes. 1377 01:16:31,213 --> 01:16:32,378 - Congratulations. 1378 01:16:32,465 --> 01:16:33,580 - Oh I appreciate that very much. 1379 01:16:33,673 --> 01:16:35,507 Have you been met my friend Frederick Douglas? 1380 01:16:36,677 --> 01:16:38,427 - It's not a friendship. 1381 01:16:38,554 --> 01:16:42,556 It's mostly adversarial for most of the war. 1382 01:16:42,642 --> 01:16:45,476 Douglas certainly didn't like the way Lincoln behaved 1383 01:16:45,561 --> 01:16:48,437 in terms of what he saw as his slowness, 1384 01:16:48,564 --> 01:16:50,773 but he did have respect for the man. 1385 01:16:52,193 --> 01:16:53,934 - I think Lincoln's vision that America could be 1386 01:16:54,028 --> 01:16:56,436 for anyone who was willing to love her 1387 01:16:56,530 --> 01:17:00,240 and give it a chance should be open to anybody. 1388 01:17:00,325 --> 01:17:02,575 He predominantly meant that as white people 1389 01:17:02,662 --> 01:17:05,611 at the beginning of the war, but by the end of the war 1390 01:17:05,706 --> 01:17:08,082 he had a very different point of view. 1391 01:17:08,167 --> 01:17:09,783 I think no one was more surprised 1392 01:17:09,877 --> 01:17:13,462 by Lincoln's transformation as Douglas was. 1393 01:17:14,882 --> 01:17:17,633 - Frederick wanted the Civil War to be a crusade 1394 01:17:17,760 --> 01:17:22,295 to rid the country of this evil institution of slavery. 1395 01:17:22,390 --> 01:17:24,464 And I think by the time you get to Lincoln's 1396 01:17:24,557 --> 01:17:28,301 second inaugural address you can hear in his words 1397 01:17:28,396 --> 01:17:31,646 a lot of what Frederick Douglas had been fighting for. 1398 01:17:31,774 --> 01:17:35,976 And Frederick Douglass's influence over Lincoln. 1399 01:17:36,070 --> 01:17:38,812 We can credit Frederick Douglas and the abolitionists 1400 01:17:38,905 --> 01:17:41,148 for pushing Lincoln and not accepting 1401 01:17:41,242 --> 01:17:45,994 his gradual ideas about how slavery should end. 1402 01:17:47,123 --> 01:17:49,823 - Lincoln said don't call me a liberator. 1403 01:17:49,917 --> 01:17:51,500 It was the anti-slavery movement 1404 01:17:51,627 --> 01:17:53,584 and the Union soldiers that did it all. 1405 01:17:54,714 --> 01:17:56,505 - [Doug] In March of 1865, 1406 01:17:56,632 --> 01:17:59,166 Lee's army is trapped in Petersburg. 1407 01:17:59,260 --> 01:18:02,343 Sherman's now eating the innards out of the Confederacy. 1408 01:18:02,471 --> 01:18:04,512 - There are food shortages. 1409 01:18:04,640 --> 01:18:07,507 The Confederate Army and the civilians 1410 01:18:07,601 --> 01:18:09,727 of the south were starving. 1411 01:18:09,812 --> 01:18:13,021 - In the final weeks of the Civil War, Grant invites 1412 01:18:13,149 --> 01:18:17,359 Lincoln to his headquarters near City Point, Virginia. 1413 01:18:17,486 --> 01:18:19,403 He's in constant communication with Grant 1414 01:18:19,488 --> 01:18:22,865 and his son Robert is on Grant's staff. 1415 01:18:22,992 --> 01:18:24,575 And he wants to see Robert. 1416 01:18:24,660 --> 01:18:27,369 - Robert, Lincoln's older son, from the very 1417 01:18:27,495 --> 01:18:30,038 outset of the war had wanted to serve. 1418 01:18:30,166 --> 01:18:36,203 In the early weeks of 1865 Robert's wishes prevailed 1419 01:18:36,297 --> 01:18:38,370 and Lincoln not only allowed him to enlist, 1420 01:18:38,466 --> 01:18:42,542 he assigned him to the staff of Ulysses S. Grant. 1421 01:18:42,636 --> 01:18:45,345 - And so Lincoln goes on a boat trip. 1422 01:18:45,431 --> 01:18:49,382 He's the commander in chief of the entire military 1423 01:18:49,477 --> 01:18:52,886 in the final weeks of a very difficult war, 1424 01:18:52,980 --> 01:18:55,222 and he leaves the White House to live 1425 01:18:55,316 --> 01:18:58,725 on an ordinary boat at City Point. 1426 01:18:58,819 --> 01:18:59,735 He really loved it. 1427 01:18:59,861 --> 01:19:02,696 He was happy to get away from Washington. 1428 01:19:02,782 --> 01:19:05,365 I think it might've reminded him of his teenage years 1429 01:19:05,450 --> 01:19:08,235 as a flat boat builder and pilot and those 1430 01:19:08,329 --> 01:19:10,245 long trips down the Mississippi river. 1431 01:19:11,707 --> 01:19:13,414 And it's important to Lincoln to get 1432 01:19:13,542 --> 01:19:15,575 near the front lines in Virginia 1433 01:19:15,669 --> 01:19:17,836 in the final weeks of the Civil War. 1434 01:19:20,966 --> 01:19:21,882 - You look good. 1435 01:19:22,968 --> 01:19:23,675 It suits you. 1436 01:19:24,720 --> 01:19:26,720 - I'm glad you convinced mother. 1437 01:19:26,806 --> 01:19:27,679 - It wasn't easy. 1438 01:19:31,727 --> 01:19:32,601 - General Grant. 1439 01:19:40,528 --> 01:19:41,819 - We'll head over to Patrick Station 1440 01:19:41,904 --> 01:19:43,611 and you can review the prisoners. 1441 01:19:46,408 --> 01:19:48,742 - Is it mostly rebels? 1442 01:19:50,079 --> 01:19:50,911 - Mostly. 1443 01:19:55,042 --> 01:19:56,458 Lee's running out of options. 1444 01:19:58,878 --> 01:20:00,087 - Yeah. 1445 01:20:00,172 --> 01:20:01,547 - Mr. President. 1446 01:20:02,341 --> 01:20:04,883 (tense music) 1447 01:21:16,164 --> 01:21:18,707 - When Lincoln comes to meet Grant at City Point 1448 01:21:18,834 --> 01:21:21,084 Sherman comes up and they have 1449 01:21:21,170 --> 01:21:23,628 a meeting aboard The River Queen. 1450 01:21:23,714 --> 01:21:26,006 And it's there that Lincoln really sees 1451 01:21:26,091 --> 01:21:28,342 that the end of the war must be upon them. 1452 01:21:29,428 --> 01:21:33,555 - I must thank you for your heroic efforts. 1453 01:21:33,682 --> 01:21:35,891 I am much obliged to you both. 1454 01:21:36,018 --> 01:21:37,559 - Thank you, Mr. President. 1455 01:21:38,646 --> 01:21:39,895 But the war is not over. 1456 01:21:41,065 --> 01:21:42,731 - Lee can retreat to the Carolinas. 1457 01:21:44,026 --> 01:21:47,861 Maybe join forces with Johnston and stage another attack. 1458 01:21:50,199 --> 01:21:51,490 - Can't we avoid this? 1459 01:21:51,575 --> 01:21:52,824 - [Sherman] No. 1460 01:21:52,910 --> 01:21:54,493 - There will be at least one more 1461 01:21:54,578 --> 01:21:56,453 bloody battle before the war can end. 1462 01:21:57,873 --> 01:22:00,164 - When it's over I want peace. 1463 01:22:00,250 --> 01:22:03,961 I have no interest in retaliation or retribution. 1464 01:22:05,839 --> 01:22:08,715 The rebels will be returned home unharmed. 1465 01:22:09,843 --> 01:22:11,593 - That's assuming they go peacefully. 1466 01:22:13,389 --> 01:22:16,014 Sir, I have seen these people. 1467 01:22:16,100 --> 01:22:18,350 I have been watching them in Atlanta, 1468 01:22:18,435 --> 01:22:20,602 Columbia, Fayetteville, they are angry. 1469 01:22:21,730 --> 01:22:23,430 Rightfully so, they have been shamed. 1470 01:22:23,524 --> 01:22:25,190 They have been starved, their land 1471 01:22:25,275 --> 01:22:27,150 has been looted, their cotton burned. 1472 01:22:29,321 --> 01:22:32,072 Who do you think they're gonna blame for all of this? 1473 01:22:37,745 --> 01:22:38,745 - You let them alone. 1474 01:22:40,708 --> 01:22:43,166 You let them have their horses to plow with. 1475 01:22:44,461 --> 01:22:46,586 And their guns to shoot crows with. 1476 01:22:48,507 --> 01:22:50,465 I want no one punished. 1477 01:22:51,927 --> 01:22:55,220 We want those people to return to the Union. 1478 01:22:55,305 --> 01:22:57,014 And to submit to the laws. 1479 01:23:05,232 --> 01:23:07,190 There's been enough bloodshed. 1480 01:23:14,700 --> 01:23:16,149 - [Caroline] Lincoln's not willing to have 1481 01:23:16,243 --> 01:23:19,703 anything less than emancipation and complete 1482 01:23:19,788 --> 01:23:23,155 dissolution of the Confederate armies. 1483 01:23:23,250 --> 01:23:25,542 - Well what about the Confederate officials? 1484 01:23:26,628 --> 01:23:29,046 Let them go into exile, Lincoln says. 1485 01:23:29,131 --> 01:23:32,048 We don't want trials, we don't want hangings. 1486 01:23:32,134 --> 01:23:34,051 We want to reconstruct the country and we want it 1487 01:23:34,136 --> 01:23:38,003 to be done on the basis of some peace. 1488 01:23:38,098 --> 01:23:40,307 And some generosity. 1489 01:23:41,393 --> 01:23:45,937 A new country is about to take shape here. 1490 01:23:46,023 --> 01:23:47,564 A country without slavery. 1491 01:23:48,691 --> 01:23:50,941 - He's certain that slavery should end. 1492 01:23:51,028 --> 01:23:53,320 And he does everything in his power 1493 01:23:53,405 --> 01:23:54,361 to make sure that happens 1494 01:23:54,490 --> 01:23:56,655 with the passage of the 13th amendment. 1495 01:23:58,327 --> 01:24:03,370 But he is not quite ready to pull the trigger on equality. 1496 01:24:04,166 --> 01:24:05,207 That he is not willing to do. 1497 01:24:06,376 --> 01:24:09,202 Because he knows that that, at a time when there's 1498 01:24:09,296 --> 01:24:13,048 been so much loss, to pull that trigger 1499 01:24:13,175 --> 01:24:15,467 may be too much, so he starts saying 1500 01:24:15,552 --> 01:24:18,470 let them up easy, is what he tells Grant. 1501 01:24:18,555 --> 01:24:21,723 And that becomes the mantra, let them up easy. 1502 01:24:22,851 --> 01:24:24,476 - We've already fought the war. 1503 01:24:24,561 --> 01:24:27,270 We've already determined that secession is not legal. 1504 01:24:27,356 --> 01:24:28,730 To continue to punish the south 1505 01:24:28,857 --> 01:24:30,607 is to continue to look back. 1506 01:24:30,691 --> 01:24:32,316 And not to look forward. 1507 01:24:32,402 --> 01:24:35,320 - But that letting them up easy translated 1508 01:24:35,405 --> 01:24:40,033 to no real accountability for these actions. 1509 01:24:42,830 --> 01:24:44,404 - On the 2nd of April, the Union Army drives 1510 01:24:44,498 --> 01:24:47,039 Confederate forces out of Richmond and Petersburg. 1511 01:24:48,377 --> 01:24:50,459 If ever there was a hope for the Confederacy to have 1512 01:24:50,546 --> 01:24:53,797 its independence, it couldn't give up its capital. 1513 01:24:53,882 --> 01:24:55,632 That was the ultimate signal in warfare 1514 01:24:55,717 --> 01:24:58,135 of that day that your country was lost. 1515 01:24:59,221 --> 01:25:00,086 - The Confederates are forced 1516 01:25:00,180 --> 01:25:03,807 to evacuate Richmond and flee westward. 1517 01:25:06,019 --> 01:25:09,688 Lincoln determines to walk the streets of Richmond. 1518 01:25:09,773 --> 01:25:11,565 And I'm gonna walk through these streets 1519 01:25:11,650 --> 01:25:13,566 because the President of the United States 1520 01:25:13,652 --> 01:25:16,436 can walk through the streets safely 1521 01:25:16,530 --> 01:25:18,822 of a city of the United States. 1522 01:25:19,867 --> 01:25:21,449 It's all one country again. 1523 01:25:22,953 --> 01:25:25,445 - But there are buildings on fire, 1524 01:25:25,539 --> 01:25:27,831 there's the sound of guns off in the distance. 1525 01:25:27,916 --> 01:25:30,000 It's extremely dangerous. 1526 01:25:30,084 --> 01:25:34,546 And people begin to figure out who he is 1527 01:25:34,631 --> 01:25:39,176 and it's a chilling moment because it is 1528 01:25:39,261 --> 01:25:41,343 a group of people he means a great deal to. 1529 01:25:41,430 --> 01:25:44,890 It is African Americans who have lived 1530 01:25:44,975 --> 01:25:49,769 their entire lives in Richmond as enslaved people. 1531 01:25:50,771 --> 01:25:54,149 And they are no longer enslaved. 1532 01:25:54,276 --> 01:25:56,610 And they gather around him, 1533 01:25:56,695 --> 01:26:00,989 thanking him with intense emotion. 1534 01:26:01,116 --> 01:26:04,743 And Lincoln said I'm so happy to see all of you. 1535 01:26:04,828 --> 01:26:07,537 You are as free as air. 1536 01:26:08,789 --> 01:26:11,291 Liberty is your birthright. 1537 01:26:12,628 --> 01:26:15,712 Now please use it and enjoy it. 1538 01:26:18,634 --> 01:26:21,167 - Now the Confederate forces are on the retreat. 1539 01:26:21,261 --> 01:26:22,177 The Union Army of the Potomac has been 1540 01:26:22,304 --> 01:26:25,003 in siege now for almost nine or 10 months. 1541 01:26:25,098 --> 01:26:26,223 And yet with the drop of a hat, 1542 01:26:26,307 --> 01:26:30,510 this now professional army, they go into the pursuit. 1543 01:26:30,604 --> 01:26:33,271 - This is a relentless campaign. 1544 01:26:33,357 --> 01:26:34,773 There's very little sleep. 1545 01:26:34,858 --> 01:26:36,274 A lot of night marches. 1546 01:26:36,360 --> 01:26:39,527 They are not getting rations on either side. 1547 01:26:39,655 --> 01:26:42,614 And the day after the battle of Sailor's Creek 1548 01:26:42,699 --> 01:26:46,075 Lee's army has been badly destroyed. 1549 01:26:46,161 --> 01:26:49,079 Several of his generals, including one of his sons, 1550 01:26:49,164 --> 01:26:51,197 has been taken prisoner of war. 1551 01:26:51,291 --> 01:26:53,625 - That was kinda the end of Lee's army 1552 01:26:53,709 --> 01:26:56,670 in terms of its fighting capacity and fighting force. 1553 01:27:01,718 --> 01:27:03,426 - We don't have exact records of how often 1554 01:27:03,512 --> 01:27:05,211 Lincoln visits hospitals, but there was 1555 01:27:05,305 --> 01:27:07,097 no shortage of hospitals to visit. 1556 01:27:08,725 --> 01:27:11,101 We live with the Civil War's wounds 1557 01:27:11,186 --> 01:27:13,895 and the wounds it inflicts on its people. 1558 01:27:14,021 --> 01:27:17,274 Decades upon decades afterwards. 1559 01:27:17,359 --> 01:27:20,110 What a price we paid. 1560 01:27:22,698 --> 01:27:24,364 And all of the weight of that. 1561 01:27:26,200 --> 01:27:27,867 Is daily the accompaniment 1562 01:27:27,953 --> 01:27:31,037 that walks beside Abraham Lincoln. 1563 01:27:33,750 --> 01:27:35,125 - Be of good cheer, boys. 1564 01:27:36,253 --> 01:27:38,211 We're at the beginning of the end at last. 1565 01:27:40,465 --> 01:27:41,381 How do you do? 1566 01:27:44,136 --> 01:27:45,051 God bless you. 1567 01:27:48,473 --> 01:27:49,389 How do you do? 1568 01:27:53,687 --> 01:27:56,479 Oh, surgeon told me about you. 1569 01:27:57,607 --> 01:27:59,482 Said you were quite brave on that field. 1570 01:28:00,861 --> 01:28:02,235 I appreciate you very much. 1571 01:28:09,995 --> 01:28:12,445 - He was making that connection with the soldiers, 1572 01:28:12,539 --> 01:28:16,282 and somehow then they felt that he felt their pain. 1573 01:28:16,376 --> 01:28:18,168 He understood what they were going through. 1574 01:28:18,253 --> 01:28:20,295 And he believed in them. 1575 01:28:20,422 --> 01:28:22,297 And his belief in them then confirmed 1576 01:28:22,423 --> 01:28:23,798 their belief in themselves. 1577 01:28:29,431 --> 01:28:31,348 - May I read with you? 1578 01:28:32,309 --> 01:28:33,516 God bless you. 1579 01:28:36,063 --> 01:28:37,479 - How are you feeling today? 1580 01:28:39,733 --> 01:28:40,857 - I fought for Virginia. 1581 01:28:44,654 --> 01:28:45,528 - Oh that's fine. 1582 01:28:48,116 --> 01:28:50,367 You uh, you a farmer? 1583 01:28:55,624 --> 01:28:56,581 That's how I grew up. 1584 01:28:58,126 --> 01:29:01,336 I often wonder how we got to this place. 1585 01:29:04,883 --> 01:29:08,718 If I had it my way, this war would've never commenced. 1586 01:29:12,849 --> 01:29:13,723 God bless you. 1587 01:29:18,521 --> 01:29:20,313 - This thing's gonna be over soon. 1588 01:29:21,149 --> 01:29:23,066 And I'd liked to be able to say 1589 01:29:23,151 --> 01:29:26,319 I shook your hand when I had the chance. 1590 01:29:26,405 --> 01:29:27,904 - Well of course. 1591 01:29:30,492 --> 01:29:32,659 The pleasure is all mine. 1592 01:29:34,495 --> 01:29:35,703 God bless you. 1593 01:29:38,542 --> 01:29:39,289 - Mr. President? 1594 01:29:39,376 --> 01:29:40,583 - Yes. 1595 01:29:40,669 --> 01:29:41,709 - It's Secretary Seward. 1596 01:29:41,837 --> 01:29:43,211 - He's been in an accident. 1597 01:29:45,966 --> 01:29:46,923 - How does he fare? 1598 01:29:48,385 --> 01:29:49,801 - Secretary Stanton requests your presence 1599 01:29:49,886 --> 01:29:52,011 in Washington right away. 1600 01:29:53,014 --> 01:29:54,380 - Of course. 1601 01:29:54,474 --> 01:29:55,265 Thank you. 1602 01:29:59,896 --> 01:30:00,770 Mother. 1603 01:30:01,523 --> 01:30:02,439 We must go. 1604 01:30:14,119 --> 01:30:15,075 Thank you boys. 1605 01:30:16,788 --> 01:30:17,537 God bless you. 1606 01:30:19,416 --> 01:30:20,707 We will never forget you. 1607 01:30:26,506 --> 01:30:27,338 - Father. 1608 01:30:29,551 --> 01:30:30,592 Mr. Lincoln's here. 1609 01:30:33,387 --> 01:30:34,345 - Thank you, Fred. 1610 01:30:40,979 --> 01:30:43,104 You're back from Stedman. 1611 01:30:44,483 --> 01:30:45,899 - Grant is close. 1612 01:30:45,984 --> 01:30:47,275 He's close to the finish. 1613 01:30:50,489 --> 01:30:51,488 - I hope I live to see it. 1614 01:30:53,575 --> 01:30:57,368 - Doctor says he expects a full recovery. 1615 01:31:00,373 --> 01:31:02,749 - Then why'd you come so quickly? 1616 01:31:02,834 --> 01:31:05,168 - You've been so concerned about my safety. 1617 01:31:05,253 --> 01:31:07,462 You should've been concerned about your own. 1618 01:31:09,883 --> 01:31:12,759 - Who could've predicted that my carriage 1619 01:31:12,843 --> 01:31:14,968 would be more dangerous than your enemies? 1620 01:31:20,560 --> 01:31:21,643 - From General Grant. 1621 01:31:44,959 --> 01:31:46,668 - "General Lee surrendered the army 1622 01:31:46,795 --> 01:31:49,337 "of Northern Virginia this afternoon." 1623 01:31:50,465 --> 01:31:52,090 - [Edwin] It's over. 1624 01:31:53,718 --> 01:31:57,136 (dramatic music swells) 1625 01:32:24,332 --> 01:32:28,543 - Now, finally, we save the Union. 1626 01:32:30,005 --> 01:32:30,962 Surrender's come. 1627 01:32:31,047 --> 01:32:35,133 Been a lot of blood, toil, sweat and tears. 1628 01:32:36,343 --> 01:32:38,093 He was relieved. 1629 01:32:38,179 --> 01:32:39,887 Greatly relieved. 1630 01:32:42,434 --> 01:32:45,893 - On the morning of April 9th Lee's army 1631 01:32:46,021 --> 01:32:47,895 was just west of a small village 1632 01:32:48,023 --> 01:32:50,064 called Appomattox Court House. 1633 01:32:50,191 --> 01:32:51,557 And Lee thought that he only had 1634 01:32:51,651 --> 01:32:53,225 Union cavalry in front of him. 1635 01:32:53,320 --> 01:32:54,569 And they actually launched a battle 1636 01:32:54,696 --> 01:32:56,236 on the morning of April 9th, 1637 01:32:56,364 --> 01:33:00,033 and the Confederates are essentially surrounded. 1638 01:33:00,118 --> 01:33:03,578 And so Lee will send a note to Grant acknowledging 1639 01:33:03,705 --> 01:33:06,405 that the time has come to surrender his army. 1640 01:33:06,499 --> 01:33:08,916 - When he asks Grant what would be your terms 1641 01:33:09,044 --> 01:33:11,544 of surrender, Grant has an answer. 1642 01:33:11,630 --> 01:33:12,753 Because Grant and Lincoln, 1643 01:33:12,881 --> 01:33:14,881 they've already talked it through. 1644 01:33:14,966 --> 01:33:16,749 Officers can keep their sidearms. 1645 01:33:16,843 --> 01:33:18,250 And because Confederates brought their own 1646 01:33:18,345 --> 01:33:19,636 horses to service and they would have 1647 01:33:19,721 --> 01:33:21,637 to go back and start their farms, 1648 01:33:21,723 --> 01:33:23,806 they were allowed to keep their animals. 1649 01:33:23,892 --> 01:33:25,642 These were lenient surrender terms. 1650 01:33:25,727 --> 01:33:28,352 This was the beginning of the winning of the peace. 1651 01:33:29,731 --> 01:33:32,732 - Even though Lee's was only one of the Confederate armies, 1652 01:33:32,816 --> 01:33:35,109 it was the single biggest and most dangerous 1653 01:33:35,236 --> 01:33:38,154 of those armies, and when Lee surrenders that army 1654 01:33:38,239 --> 01:33:40,573 everyone knows it's over. 1655 01:33:40,659 --> 01:33:43,075 Peace is finally within our grasp. 1656 01:33:43,161 --> 01:33:44,994 And that's the headlines of the newspapers. 1657 01:33:45,080 --> 01:33:45,995 Peace. 1658 01:33:46,081 --> 01:33:48,114 Peace at last. 1659 01:33:48,208 --> 01:33:49,164 (church bells ringing) 1660 01:33:49,250 --> 01:33:51,793 - [Doris] April 9th, 1865. 1661 01:33:51,920 --> 01:33:54,962 Finally the Civil War comes to an end. 1662 01:33:56,591 --> 01:33:59,175 Cannons are firing, church bells are ringing, 1663 01:33:59,260 --> 01:34:01,511 people are celebrating in the streets. 1664 01:34:01,596 --> 01:34:04,847 - Absolute jubilation pervades through the north. 1665 01:34:04,932 --> 01:34:08,017 You can imagine the opposite reaction in the south. 1666 01:34:08,102 --> 01:34:11,646 But Lincoln himself is absolutely giddy. 1667 01:34:11,773 --> 01:34:13,940 Mary Todd will talk about how he 1668 01:34:14,025 --> 01:34:16,642 just seems so free all of a sudden. 1669 01:34:16,736 --> 01:34:18,986 How this burden has been lifted. 1670 01:34:20,115 --> 01:34:21,480 - He's really looking forward to the hope 1671 01:34:21,574 --> 01:34:23,032 that the Union can be restored 1672 01:34:23,118 --> 01:34:25,868 on a new basis, a different basis. 1673 01:34:25,954 --> 01:34:27,319 Slavery will be gone. 1674 01:34:27,414 --> 01:34:28,538 We're gonna have to rethink things, 1675 01:34:28,623 --> 01:34:29,997 we're gonna have to think anew, 1676 01:34:30,125 --> 01:34:31,708 but not to look back with revenge, 1677 01:34:31,793 --> 01:34:33,159 not to look back with resentment, 1678 01:34:33,253 --> 01:34:35,161 not to punish the people, but rather 1679 01:34:35,255 --> 01:34:37,130 to bring them along to a new Union. 1680 01:34:38,883 --> 01:34:41,333 - While slavery, yes, was abolished 1681 01:34:41,428 --> 01:34:44,336 and that's a wonderful thing, it did not deal 1682 01:34:44,431 --> 01:34:47,640 with the parent issue of slavery which is racism. 1683 01:34:47,726 --> 01:34:50,518 And we're still dealing with racism in America today. 1684 01:34:52,271 --> 01:34:54,896 - He has not fully begun to contemplate 1685 01:34:54,983 --> 01:34:57,682 what all of this looks like when it's done, 1686 01:34:57,777 --> 01:34:59,852 but he's beginning to draw the voices 1687 01:34:59,946 --> 01:35:02,989 that he needs to help him figure out what that is. 1688 01:35:04,450 --> 01:35:05,825 - You could be putting this government 1689 01:35:05,910 --> 01:35:07,193 in the hands of the enemy. 1690 01:35:07,287 --> 01:35:08,244 - I agree. 1691 01:35:08,329 --> 01:35:11,080 Who's to say they won't conspire against us? 1692 01:35:11,166 --> 01:35:12,414 - All rebel organizations 1693 01:35:12,500 --> 01:35:14,333 should be treated as null and void. 1694 01:35:15,628 --> 01:35:17,703 The only way their government should be restored 1695 01:35:17,797 --> 01:35:20,631 is under federal authority, military authority. 1696 01:35:22,635 --> 01:35:24,709 - Well if we treat them like insurgents 1697 01:35:24,804 --> 01:35:26,712 they will act like insurgents. 1698 01:35:26,806 --> 01:35:27,430 - Exactly. 1699 01:35:27,515 --> 01:35:29,381 - What about their leaders? 1700 01:35:29,476 --> 01:35:30,516 - You let them go. 1701 01:35:31,477 --> 01:35:33,352 You frighten them out of the country. 1702 01:35:34,481 --> 01:35:37,723 You open the gates, let down the bars. 1703 01:35:37,816 --> 01:35:39,358 - What if they don't go? 1704 01:35:39,444 --> 01:35:42,236 The fate of emancipation would be left in their hands. 1705 01:35:43,280 --> 01:35:44,405 It's too risky. 1706 01:35:44,532 --> 01:35:48,075 - The states should follow the example of Louisiana. 1707 01:35:48,953 --> 01:35:50,736 Abolish slavery. 1708 01:35:50,830 --> 01:35:52,580 Establish schools. 1709 01:35:54,000 --> 01:35:56,408 We were never fighting to exterminate half this country. 1710 01:35:56,503 --> 01:35:58,377 We were fighting to keep it together. 1711 01:35:59,464 --> 01:36:01,672 To prove that we can live together. 1712 01:36:05,720 --> 01:36:07,845 Why should that be any different now? 1713 01:36:12,018 --> 01:36:15,645 - He's trying to create a pathway for peace. 1714 01:36:15,730 --> 01:36:18,773 He's trying to create a pathway that that will mean 1715 01:36:18,900 --> 01:36:22,610 ending a war that doesn't devolve into guerrilla warfare. 1716 01:36:22,736 --> 01:36:24,611 - You recognize the need for healing. 1717 01:36:24,739 --> 01:36:27,106 And so his plan for reconstruction 1718 01:36:27,200 --> 01:36:29,608 was a fairly lenient plan. 1719 01:36:29,702 --> 01:36:31,452 - He envisions a nation of where it was easy 1720 01:36:31,579 --> 01:36:33,329 for the Confederacy to come back, 1721 01:36:33,414 --> 01:36:36,282 and that the retribution would not be great. 1722 01:36:36,376 --> 01:36:38,626 Basically say you reject succession, 1723 01:36:38,753 --> 01:36:40,336 you're back into the nation. 1724 01:36:41,673 --> 01:36:45,457 - Secretary Stanton had drawn up some new preliminary plans 1725 01:36:45,552 --> 01:36:48,177 looking towards the reconstruction process, 1726 01:36:48,262 --> 01:36:49,220 and it would be handled through 1727 01:36:49,305 --> 01:36:51,764 the military rather than through Congress. 1728 01:36:51,850 --> 01:36:53,474 It would be an executive function 1729 01:36:53,601 --> 01:36:55,434 rather than a legislative function 1730 01:36:55,520 --> 01:36:57,970 so that the full control of the peace process 1731 01:36:58,064 --> 01:37:01,440 would remain in the president's hands. 1732 01:37:01,526 --> 01:37:04,476 - He envisioned the President of the United States 1733 01:37:04,571 --> 01:37:06,696 appointing some governors who would figure out 1734 01:37:06,780 --> 01:37:10,482 some way to test who was loyal. 1735 01:37:10,577 --> 01:37:12,325 Then they would ask Congress 1736 01:37:12,453 --> 01:37:15,370 to readmit them to the Union. 1737 01:37:15,456 --> 01:37:17,990 - The white southerners were so devoted 1738 01:37:18,084 --> 01:37:20,325 to the racial hierarchy that they pushed back 1739 01:37:20,420 --> 01:37:23,162 against reconstruction from the very beginning. 1740 01:37:23,256 --> 01:37:25,882 - People like Stanton and others were outraged 1741 01:37:25,967 --> 01:37:28,718 that there would be no real accountability 1742 01:37:28,803 --> 01:37:32,512 for the carnage wrought by the south. 1743 01:37:32,640 --> 01:37:34,473 Aside from them losing their slaves 1744 01:37:34,559 --> 01:37:36,893 and he didn't feel like that was enough. 1745 01:37:36,977 --> 01:37:39,678 - But remember that Lincoln also said, 1746 01:37:39,771 --> 01:37:42,189 in what turned out to be his final speech, 1747 01:37:42,316 --> 01:37:44,516 that the time had come to extend 1748 01:37:44,611 --> 01:37:47,236 the right to vote to African Americans. 1749 01:37:47,322 --> 01:37:49,688 Particularly, he said, the educated 1750 01:37:49,782 --> 01:37:51,407 and those who had fought in the army. 1751 01:37:51,492 --> 01:37:53,859 It was the first time that an American president 1752 01:37:53,953 --> 01:37:55,661 had ever called for black suffrage. 1753 01:37:55,747 --> 01:37:59,248 It was so radical a concept at that moment 1754 01:37:59,334 --> 01:38:02,752 that someone in the audience, John Wilkes Booth, 1755 01:38:02,837 --> 01:38:06,205 turn to one of his Confederates and said that means 1756 01:38:06,298 --> 01:38:09,216 negro equality and he didn't use the word negro. 1757 01:38:09,343 --> 01:38:11,343 That's the last speech he'll ever make. 1758 01:38:15,807 --> 01:38:19,226 - April 14th, Lincoln woke up in a great mood. 1759 01:38:19,354 --> 01:38:20,718 Feeling probably more cheerful 1760 01:38:20,813 --> 01:38:22,563 than he'd felt ever in his life. 1761 01:38:23,983 --> 01:38:26,609 He went on a carriage ride with Mary. 1762 01:38:26,694 --> 01:38:27,902 And then they get back to the White House 1763 01:38:28,029 --> 01:38:28,894 and there's a group of his friends 1764 01:38:28,988 --> 01:38:30,154 who are there and they're just leaving, 1765 01:38:30,239 --> 01:38:32,907 but he says no stay, I want to talk to you. 1766 01:38:33,034 --> 01:38:34,066 And they kept talking and they were 1767 01:38:34,160 --> 01:38:36,535 telling stories and he's reading funny things. 1768 01:38:36,620 --> 01:38:39,738 He no longer needs to escape to go to the theater, 1769 01:38:39,832 --> 01:38:41,082 but at 8 o'clock that night 1770 01:38:41,209 --> 01:38:42,875 they tell him you have to go. 1771 01:38:43,962 --> 01:38:45,419 It has been in the newspaper that morning 1772 01:38:45,546 --> 01:38:47,745 that he would be at the theater that night. 1773 01:38:47,840 --> 01:38:48,798 And now he had to keep his word 1774 01:38:48,883 --> 01:38:51,417 to the people who might come to the theater 1775 01:38:51,511 --> 01:38:53,761 thinking that he would be there. 1776 01:38:55,807 --> 01:38:57,348 - It's been a perfect day. 1777 01:39:00,395 --> 01:39:02,520 Do you ever think about where we started? 1778 01:39:04,023 --> 01:39:05,731 We've been so miserable. 1779 01:39:07,986 --> 01:39:11,195 - Well we both deserve to be more cheerful. 1780 01:39:15,868 --> 01:39:17,243 - I'd like to travel. 1781 01:39:18,495 --> 01:39:20,279 Europe perhaps. 1782 01:39:20,373 --> 01:39:22,081 Or even California. 1783 01:39:22,166 --> 01:39:24,291 - I've always wanted to see the holy land. 1784 01:39:25,253 --> 01:39:26,752 The great cities of Europe. 1785 01:39:27,755 --> 01:39:29,788 - Let's stay here tonight. 1786 01:39:29,882 --> 01:39:31,966 We don't have to go to the theater do we? 1787 01:39:33,593 --> 01:39:34,968 - I'd much rather stay. 1788 01:39:36,222 --> 01:39:36,971 But we'd better go. 1789 01:39:38,099 --> 01:39:40,132 Word's out I'll be there. 1790 01:39:40,226 --> 01:39:42,935 I won't be the one to disappoint the people. 1791 01:39:43,021 --> 01:39:45,771 (dramatic music) 1792 01:40:02,123 --> 01:40:04,823 - [Delivery Man] I got medicine for Secretary Seward. 1793 01:40:04,917 --> 01:40:06,542 - [Frederick] My father's not seeing any visitors. 1794 01:40:06,627 --> 01:40:07,752 He's resting. 1795 01:40:08,755 --> 01:40:11,130 (violent struggle) 1796 01:40:11,215 --> 01:40:13,923 (ominous music) 1797 01:40:36,449 --> 01:40:38,240 - Little do they know, John Wilkes Booth 1798 01:40:38,325 --> 01:40:41,193 had planned a triple conspiracy to lop off 1799 01:40:41,287 --> 01:40:44,245 the entire head of the government. 1800 01:40:44,332 --> 01:40:45,873 The only thing that saved Seward's life 1801 01:40:46,000 --> 01:40:48,534 was that his jaw was wired from the carriage 1802 01:40:48,628 --> 01:40:50,377 accident so it didn't cut the artery. 1803 01:40:58,012 --> 01:40:59,711 Now some gals and mothers would go away 1804 01:40:59,806 --> 01:41:01,097 from a fella when they found that out, 1805 01:41:01,182 --> 01:41:03,382 but you done found a fortune, Miss Gussy. 1806 01:41:03,476 --> 01:41:06,102 - [Actress] My love, you had better go! 1807 01:41:06,187 --> 01:41:08,387 - [Actor] You crave affection, you do. 1808 01:41:08,481 --> 01:41:09,887 Now I'm no fortune, 1809 01:41:09,982 --> 01:41:11,857 but I'm filling over with affections. 1810 01:41:11,943 --> 01:41:14,276 Which I'm ready to pour out all over you 1811 01:41:14,361 --> 01:41:16,278 like apple sauce over roast pork. 1812 01:41:16,364 --> 01:41:19,198 - [Older Actress] Mr. Trenchard, you will please 1813 01:41:19,283 --> 01:41:22,075 recollect you are addressing my daughter. 1814 01:41:22,203 --> 01:41:24,036 And in my presence! 1815 01:41:24,122 --> 01:41:25,913 - [Actor] Yes, I'm offering her my heart 1816 01:41:26,039 --> 01:41:28,073 and hand just as she wants them. 1817 01:41:28,167 --> 01:41:29,041 With nothing in them. 1818 01:41:29,127 --> 01:41:31,584 - [Older Actress] Augusta, do you agree? 1819 01:41:32,547 --> 01:41:34,245 - [Actress] Yes, ma. 1820 01:41:34,340 --> 01:41:36,081 What a nasty beast! 1821 01:41:36,175 --> 01:41:38,092 - [Older Actress] I am aware, Mr. Trenchard, 1822 01:41:38,218 --> 01:41:41,762 you are not used to the manners of good society. 1823 01:41:41,889 --> 01:41:45,090 And that alone will excuse the impertinence 1824 01:41:45,184 --> 01:41:47,393 of which you have been found guilty. 1825 01:41:47,477 --> 01:41:50,396 - [Actor] Don't know the manners of good society, eh? 1826 01:41:50,481 --> 01:41:51,262 Well I guess I know enough 1827 01:41:51,357 --> 01:41:54,099 to turn you inside out, old gal. 1828 01:41:54,193 --> 01:41:58,654 (audience laughing and applauding) 1829 01:41:58,739 --> 01:42:01,365 (loud gunshot) 1830 01:42:07,414 --> 01:42:09,114 - Just think of it. 1831 01:42:09,208 --> 01:42:11,500 For Lincoln, finally this punishing war 1832 01:42:11,586 --> 01:42:13,452 has come to an end. 1833 01:42:13,546 --> 01:42:16,455 And he's able to feel a sense of the country 1834 01:42:16,548 --> 01:42:19,341 is gonna go forward, I've done my part 1835 01:42:19,427 --> 01:42:22,794 as a leader, and he only has five days 1836 01:42:22,889 --> 01:42:24,805 to appreciate that before he's killed. 1837 01:42:24,932 --> 01:42:26,140 It drives me crazy. 1838 01:42:27,852 --> 01:42:31,803 - No American president had been killed in office. 1839 01:42:31,898 --> 01:42:35,441 And the shock of the assassination was profound. 1840 01:42:35,526 --> 01:42:38,235 It just unleashed a tremendous outpouring of grief. 1841 01:42:40,780 --> 01:42:45,484 His coffin was carried by a new railroad car 1842 01:42:45,578 --> 01:42:48,120 that had just been built for his use 1843 01:42:48,206 --> 01:42:50,831 and was called The United States. 1844 01:42:52,919 --> 01:42:56,086 (train horn blowing) 1845 01:42:58,090 --> 01:43:00,999 If there was a chance to see the funeral train 1846 01:43:01,093 --> 01:43:03,510 on the way back to Springfield, 1847 01:43:03,637 --> 01:43:05,679 everybody wanted to be there. 1848 01:43:12,313 --> 01:43:14,846 And city after city there were crowds 1849 01:43:14,941 --> 01:43:17,274 like Americans had never seen before. 1850 01:43:23,491 --> 01:43:25,324 - People connected to him. 1851 01:43:25,409 --> 01:43:28,911 They know where he came from, how hard that fight was. 1852 01:43:28,995 --> 01:43:31,863 They saw a man who was a good man 1853 01:43:31,958 --> 01:43:33,457 who became a great president. 1854 01:43:36,837 --> 01:43:40,839 - Lincoln's biography is a tale of America. 1855 01:43:40,925 --> 01:43:44,385 At a time when it is not yet fully made. 1856 01:43:44,512 --> 01:43:48,880 The roughness and the self-made aspects of it. 1857 01:43:48,975 --> 01:43:51,557 The ambition and the hunger. 1858 01:43:52,645 --> 01:43:55,053 He's the living proof that Americans 1859 01:43:55,146 --> 01:43:57,690 can rise from poverty to triumph. 1860 01:43:58,818 --> 01:44:00,359 The promise of the American dream. 1861 01:44:00,444 --> 01:44:01,393 Which is that all men should have 1862 01:44:01,486 --> 01:44:03,729 an equal chance in the race of life. 1863 01:44:03,823 --> 01:44:07,232 - He reminded Americans of something they were forgetting. 1864 01:44:07,325 --> 01:44:08,900 That the Declaration of Independence 1865 01:44:08,995 --> 01:44:11,036 is a special piece of paper. 1866 01:44:11,122 --> 01:44:13,956 It obligates us to respect the human rights 1867 01:44:14,041 --> 01:44:16,917 of all Americans and of all people. 1868 01:44:18,337 --> 01:44:19,420 - That's the journey that he takes 1869 01:44:19,547 --> 01:44:24,249 by the time he is assassinated at Ford's Theater. 1870 01:44:24,343 --> 01:44:28,971 He has moved to a much higher calling, understanding, 1871 01:44:29,056 --> 01:44:32,090 and belief in terms of what the nation 1872 01:44:32,184 --> 01:44:36,061 could and should be despite his own 1873 01:44:36,146 --> 01:44:39,315 prejudices and concerns when he starts. 1874 01:44:39,400 --> 01:44:42,151 - From a contemporary lens, I think it's entirely 1875 01:44:42,236 --> 01:44:45,437 right and fair to look at some of Lincoln's writings 1876 01:44:45,530 --> 01:44:48,774 and say he was limited and constrained 1877 01:44:48,868 --> 01:44:51,410 by his times in ways that are disappointing. 1878 01:44:52,830 --> 01:44:56,248 And then I can also say yeah, but look what he did. 1879 01:44:56,334 --> 01:44:57,791 That was really important. 1880 01:44:57,918 --> 01:45:01,420 And took courage and took skill. 1881 01:45:01,505 --> 01:45:05,257 He was not just ahead of his time in terms of vision, 1882 01:45:05,343 --> 01:45:08,886 but helped to drag the country in a new direction. 1883 01:45:10,431 --> 01:45:14,641 - He dared to change the rationale for the Civil War 1884 01:45:14,769 --> 01:45:17,269 from preserving the Union to removing 1885 01:45:17,355 --> 01:45:20,105 the greatest stain of American democracy. 1886 01:45:20,191 --> 01:45:21,065 Slavery. 1887 01:45:24,945 --> 01:45:27,863 - Lincoln's legacy was to show us that democracies 1888 01:45:27,948 --> 01:45:31,450 can survive severe contests within. 1889 01:45:31,535 --> 01:45:34,244 And they shall not perish from the earth. 1890 01:45:35,414 --> 01:45:37,155 Lincoln had hoped that he could 1891 01:45:37,249 --> 01:45:38,990 accomplish something worthy so that 1892 01:45:39,084 --> 01:45:41,493 he would be remembered after he died. 1893 01:45:41,587 --> 01:45:43,628 It was that hope that had powered him 1894 01:45:43,714 --> 01:45:46,131 through his dismal childhood, his string 1895 01:45:46,217 --> 01:45:48,634 of political failures, and the darkest days 1896 01:45:48,718 --> 01:45:52,137 of the war that his story would be told. 1897 01:45:52,223 --> 01:45:54,848 It will be told for generations to come. 1898 01:45:56,644 --> 01:46:01,438 - America has to live up to the work that Lincoln started. 1899 01:46:02,775 --> 01:46:04,358 - [Lincoln] In giving freedom to the slave, 1900 01:46:04,485 --> 01:46:06,902 we assure freedom to the free. 1901 01:46:06,986 --> 01:46:10,030 Honorable alike in what we give and what we preserve. 1902 01:46:11,117 --> 01:46:14,359 We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, 1903 01:46:14,453 --> 01:46:16,829 the last best hope of earth.