1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:55,799 --> 00:00:57,840 At the end of the 16th century, 4 00:00:57,960 --> 00:01:01,240 China concentrates a quarter of the world’s population 5 00:01:01,439 --> 00:01:04,719 and represents 40% of the planet’s wealth. 6 00:01:05,359 --> 00:01:06,400 In the Ming Empire, 7 00:01:06,680 --> 00:01:09,159 taxes were collected in kind, 8 00:01:09,640 --> 00:01:11,079 an ineffective system 9 00:01:11,239 --> 00:01:13,439 for such a developed economy. 10 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:17,280 In 1580, 11 00:01:17,560 --> 00:01:20,599 the emperor's secretary, Zhang Juzheng, 12 00:01:20,959 --> 00:01:23,400 completely changed the tax system 13 00:01:23,760 --> 00:01:26,200 and the collection unit changed from rice 14 00:01:26,599 --> 00:01:27,359 to silver. 15 00:01:28,040 --> 00:01:29,000 But there was a problem: 16 00:01:29,599 --> 00:01:31,239 China had no silver. 17 00:01:32,519 --> 00:01:33,719 Only the Spaniards, 18 00:01:33,879 --> 00:01:35,359 already established in Manila, 19 00:01:35,680 --> 00:01:39,640 were in a position to meet this need in a stable manner 20 00:01:39,959 --> 00:01:41,760 and with quality guarantees, 21 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:44,840 thanks to silver from America. 22 00:01:47,959 --> 00:01:49,439 This confluence of interests 23 00:01:49,519 --> 00:01:52,760 connected the two most powerful world economies of the time: 24 00:01:53,200 --> 00:01:54,640 the Hispanic and the Chinese, 25 00:01:55,040 --> 00:01:56,879 the Habsburgs and the Ming. 26 00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:01,599 In a few decades, from East to West, 27 00:02:01,719 --> 00:02:04,000 the world becomes aware of its shape, 28 00:02:04,879 --> 00:02:06,480 and the Hispanic monarchy 29 00:02:06,680 --> 00:02:10,439 becomes the engine of an unprecedented globalization. 30 00:02:11,039 --> 00:02:15,039 The history of the Spanish Empire is unknown to most Spaniards; 31 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:16,800 it should be known. 32 00:02:17,240 --> 00:02:18,319 It is worth it. 33 00:02:18,639 --> 00:02:20,800 No other story can compare. 34 00:02:28,479 --> 00:02:31,919 There is an entire connection of cultural, 35 00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:33,719 scientific and artistic exchange 36 00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:35,639 between Europe and China. 37 00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:39,319 Matteo Ricci and Diego de Pantoja, 38 00:02:39,680 --> 00:02:42,039 a Jesuit missionary from Valdemoro 39 00:02:45,199 --> 00:02:46,520 arrive in Beijing, 40 00:02:46,719 --> 00:02:48,000 gain audience 41 00:02:48,199 --> 00:02:50,439 and present a series of gifts: 42 00:02:50,639 --> 00:02:51,719 two clocks 43 00:02:51,960 --> 00:02:53,199 and a clavichord. 44 00:02:53,360 --> 00:02:56,960 Diego de Pantoja is in charge of teaching how to play 45 00:02:57,080 --> 00:02:58,520 the first keyboard instrument 46 00:02:59,120 --> 00:03:00,360 to four eunuchs 47 00:03:00,560 --> 00:03:02,000 at the Chinese court. 48 00:03:03,719 --> 00:03:04,879 Right now, 49 00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:06,960 there is a translation project in China 50 00:03:07,280 --> 00:03:08,919 due to his great production in Chinese, 51 00:03:10,560 --> 00:03:13,199 publishing about religion or philosophy… 52 00:03:13,599 --> 00:03:14,599 but also about music. 53 00:03:16,039 --> 00:03:16,759 The emperor 54 00:03:17,159 --> 00:03:18,719 asked for Chinese themes to be played 55 00:03:19,080 --> 00:03:23,120 with Western instruments and vice versa, 56 00:03:23,520 --> 00:03:26,639 They were looking for that sonic encounter, 57 00:03:26,759 --> 00:03:28,479 that miscegenation that occurred at that time, 58 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:30,120 which is a fascinating phenomenon. 59 00:03:32,919 --> 00:03:37,520 The communication between the Ming Empire and the Habsburg Empire 60 00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:41,000 through the silver trade 61 00:03:41,319 --> 00:03:43,319 and through the Manila Galleon, 62 00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:45,199 which is also called Nao of China 63 00:03:45,479 --> 00:03:50,639 had transcendental importance for all humanity. 64 00:03:55,319 --> 00:04:00,280 A kind of metallic silver mono-standard was established, 65 00:04:00,520 --> 00:04:02,439 to such an extent that countries that did not have it, 66 00:04:02,599 --> 00:04:04,919 for example, Holland, France or England, 67 00:04:05,680 --> 00:04:07,599 first needed to get hold of Spanish silver 68 00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:11,319 if they came to trade with China. 69 00:04:13,319 --> 00:04:16,680 American silver was also used in India; 70 00:04:16,839 --> 00:04:19,199 it was used everywhere. 71 00:04:19,319 --> 00:04:23,160 Spanish silver was the immense international currency, 72 00:04:23,439 --> 00:04:26,720 that is why it is the foundation of the first globalization. 73 00:04:42,639 --> 00:04:44,839 Why is history so important? 74 00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:47,240 Sure, professor, history explains the past. 75 00:04:47,319 --> 00:04:49,639 No, I tell you, son, history does not explain the past; 76 00:04:49,759 --> 00:04:52,120 history actually explains the present, 77 00:04:52,199 --> 00:04:53,879 but much more important than that, 78 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:55,920 is that he who knows history, 79 00:04:56,079 --> 00:04:57,199 builds the future. 80 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:02,720 You cannot see history permanently from the present 81 00:05:02,920 --> 00:05:04,199 as it is being seen; 82 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:07,120 judge it from the present, analyze it from the present... 83 00:05:08,439 --> 00:05:11,399 Spain was a country that dominated half the world, 84 00:05:11,759 --> 00:05:13,800 it had a language that half the world spoke, 85 00:05:13,959 --> 00:05:16,639 its culture expanded enormously. 86 00:05:19,079 --> 00:05:21,680 Spain needs to recover its history. 87 00:05:23,399 --> 00:05:24,720 The Roman Empire existed 88 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:26,120 and changed the world. 89 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:27,680 The Spanish Empire existed 90 00:05:27,959 --> 00:05:29,160 and changed the world. 91 00:05:29,439 --> 00:05:33,399 It is a false link to think that the Spanish Empire is an issue of Spain. 92 00:05:33,519 --> 00:05:35,480 No, the Spanish Empire is an issue of the whole world, 93 00:05:35,639 --> 00:05:37,480 because it changed it, 94 00:05:37,879 --> 00:05:42,759 and left its blood, its institutions, its life and its way of existing 95 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:45,480 through various continents. 96 00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:46,879 All of those 97 00:05:47,079 --> 00:05:49,959 are descendants of the Spanish Empire as we are. 98 00:05:50,439 --> 00:05:54,160 Being ashamed of that past makes no sense, at all. 99 00:05:54,279 --> 00:05:57,959 That empire was an amazing moment in the history of humanity, 100 00:05:58,120 --> 00:05:59,439 and I don't think anyone 101 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:02,399 should be ashamed of it, unless half of humanity 102 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:04,279 is determined to be ashamed of itself. 103 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:06,040 That could happen, right? 104 00:06:08,399 --> 00:06:09,680 I studied in Galicia, 105 00:06:09,800 --> 00:06:12,240 and the Catholic Monarchs were the devil there. 106 00:06:12,439 --> 00:06:16,000 In any subject, Galician language, or history itself... 107 00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:19,959 the Catholic Monarchs immediately appeared like the demon at noon 108 00:06:20,199 --> 00:06:23,240 and the Black Legend 109 00:06:23,560 --> 00:06:25,879 was the official history from the point of view 110 00:06:26,079 --> 00:06:27,480 of education there. 111 00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:32,000 And yet, as soon as you explored a little, not too much, 112 00:06:32,279 --> 00:06:34,199 you began to see the contradictions 113 00:06:34,319 --> 00:06:36,240 and that something didn't fit. 114 00:06:36,399 --> 00:06:38,839 From there on, those contradictions become, I suppose... 115 00:06:38,959 --> 00:06:41,000 like the Platonic Cave, right? 116 00:06:41,079 --> 00:06:44,040 You start to see contradictions and you want to get out. 117 00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:04,959 Castile has a very convulsed 15th century, 118 00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:07,639 with a major civil war, 119 00:07:08,079 --> 00:07:11,800 with the presence of Islam in Granada but, to a large extent, 120 00:07:11,879 --> 00:07:15,879 it was almost an agreed presence for many years. 121 00:07:23,120 --> 00:07:24,920 Henry IV of Castile realized, 122 00:07:25,079 --> 00:07:28,759 after the Turks took Constantinople, 123 00:07:29,439 --> 00:07:32,399 that there was a medium-term danger 124 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:37,839 of Islamic expansion or Turkish support for Barbary Islam in North Africa. 125 00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:51,839 His sister and his successor, Isabel I, already conquered Granada 126 00:07:52,160 --> 00:07:54,240 between 1482 127 00:07:54,439 --> 00:07:56,160 and 1491. 128 00:08:00,319 --> 00:08:01,839 In 1516, 129 00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:03,800 the Turks were already in Algiers. 130 00:08:03,920 --> 00:08:07,759 Then it would probably have been impossible to conquer Granada. 131 00:08:09,120 --> 00:08:11,040 In Spain, 132 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:15,600 it is assumed that the Jews were expelled in 1492, 133 00:08:16,199 --> 00:08:17,079 without knowing 134 00:08:17,319 --> 00:08:19,680 that we are the last Europeans 135 00:08:20,279 --> 00:08:22,240 to expel the Jews 136 00:08:22,600 --> 00:08:26,720 and, of course, it was done against the Catholic Monarchs' desire 137 00:08:26,839 --> 00:08:27,839 and against 138 00:08:28,040 --> 00:08:30,879 all the elites of that time. 139 00:08:38,519 --> 00:08:39,919 In Spain, 140 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:42,039 the Jewish minority in the late Middle Ages 141 00:08:42,159 --> 00:08:45,919 was the most important of the entire European diaspora. 142 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:51,399 There were approximately 380,000 Jews, 143 00:08:51,519 --> 00:08:54,759 around 7 or 8 percent of the population, 144 00:08:55,039 --> 00:08:58,519 and around 70,000 or 80,000 people were expelled. 145 00:09:00,039 --> 00:09:01,600 Throughout the entire 15th century, 146 00:09:01,759 --> 00:09:04,120 all that converted world gradually assimilated 147 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:06,000 into Spanish society. 148 00:09:08,200 --> 00:09:11,960 There were several processes of attempts to transform 149 00:09:12,080 --> 00:09:15,399 that Jewish race into converts, 150 00:09:15,559 --> 00:09:19,240 and that is precisely what makes it not racist, 151 00:09:19,519 --> 00:09:22,279 because what they wanted is to incorporate them as converts. 152 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:26,159 In other words, to stop being a Jew, you had to get baptized, that's it. 153 00:09:26,399 --> 00:09:28,519 That does not make any racist sense: 154 00:09:29,240 --> 00:09:31,639 If you were Jew from a racist point of view, 155 00:09:31,799 --> 00:09:33,960 like in the 1937 Nuremberg Nazi Laws, 156 00:09:34,159 --> 00:09:37,679 as much as you were baptized, you would continue being a Jew; 157 00:09:37,799 --> 00:09:39,600 That transformation would be worthless then. 158 00:09:39,639 --> 00:09:43,279 And yet, here of course it was worth it, as the converts also rose socially, 159 00:09:43,399 --> 00:09:44,879 and tremendously so. 160 00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:50,879 Most of the Jewish minority converted 161 00:09:51,639 --> 00:09:54,360 more or less spontaneously. 162 00:09:57,120 --> 00:10:00,240 I can tell you specific cases of how the Jews were converted 163 00:10:00,399 --> 00:10:02,320 in Soria or Murcia, for example. 164 00:10:02,440 --> 00:10:03,039 What happened? 165 00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:05,919 Mixed marriages, permanently. 166 00:10:06,120 --> 00:10:08,120 The third generation was already consolidated. 167 00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:10,519 There the Holy Office did not intervene at all. 168 00:10:14,879 --> 00:10:19,960 From the end of the 14th century until the Expulsion of the Jews in 1492, 169 00:10:20,879 --> 00:10:24,879 three-quarters of that Jewish population were converted 170 00:10:26,480 --> 00:10:29,480 and that is a unique and singular phenomenon 171 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:34,360 in the entire history of the European Jew diaspora. 172 00:10:36,120 --> 00:10:39,600 You ask anyone from Gibraltar to the North Cape: 173 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:41,960 An expulsion of Jews in Western Europe? 174 00:10:42,080 --> 00:10:43,600 1492 in Spain. 175 00:10:43,840 --> 00:10:47,600 And why do you not know the dates of the expulsion of Jews 176 00:10:47,759 --> 00:10:51,480 in the territories of the Germanic Holy Roman Empire? 177 00:10:51,759 --> 00:10:53,440 Or those in France? 178 00:10:53,679 --> 00:10:55,440 Or those that have occurred in…? 179 00:10:55,639 --> 00:10:56,320 No, 180 00:10:56,519 --> 00:10:58,039 the others don’t matter. 181 00:10:58,159 --> 00:10:59,919 Only that one matters. 182 00:11:12,360 --> 00:11:16,440 In 1492, three events happened at the same time: 183 00:11:16,840 --> 00:11:21,960 the end of the Hispano-Muslim period in Spanish history; 184 00:11:23,159 --> 00:11:24,480 secondly, 185 00:11:25,159 --> 00:11:28,440 the expulsion of a section of Spanish Jews 186 00:11:28,639 --> 00:11:31,000 while the others convert or stay… 187 00:11:31,399 --> 00:11:34,799 and, evidently also, the Discovery of America. 188 00:11:38,240 --> 00:11:39,200 Actually, 189 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:43,000 the expansive possibility that Castile had with Portugal on one side, 190 00:11:43,120 --> 00:11:46,360 Aragon on the other, Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in the south, 191 00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:50,679 was practically a strip of the Andalusian Atlantic. 192 00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:53,799 Castile will go out to the great expansion 193 00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:56,519 and will collide with the interests of Portugal. 194 00:11:59,320 --> 00:12:02,320 Columbus is a man that the Portuguese discarded. 195 00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:04,679 They are not interested in a bluff move, 196 00:12:04,799 --> 00:12:07,320 which is to hire this very strange man 197 00:12:07,440 --> 00:12:09,519 who says that there is a route to the west 198 00:12:09,639 --> 00:12:12,840 and he is going to try to reach Asia by the Western Route. 199 00:12:16,399 --> 00:12:17,399 Portugal 200 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:19,799 already had the Cape Route 201 00:12:19,919 --> 00:12:21,200 towards the Indian Ocean, 202 00:12:21,320 --> 00:12:23,279 which was the one that was known 203 00:12:23,440 --> 00:12:27,440 and the one that led safely to India and the spice Islands. 204 00:12:28,879 --> 00:12:30,200 For Castile, 205 00:12:30,559 --> 00:12:34,120 it meant the possibility of finding a route to the Indies 206 00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:36,399 without entering Portuguese territory. 207 00:12:36,759 --> 00:12:41,000 This is probably what made Isabel and Fernando think 208 00:12:41,320 --> 00:12:43,480 they could try it at a very low cost, 209 00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:46,559 just over a million maravedis. 210 00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:51,360 Castile could not give up on a business like that of spices. 211 00:12:51,559 --> 00:12:53,399 It is truly boxed in 212 00:12:53,679 --> 00:12:55,200 and Aragon has the Mediterranean 213 00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:58,759 and a whole organized and incredible commercial tradition. 214 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:02,000 Therefore, you have to venture into unknown spaces, 215 00:13:02,200 --> 00:13:03,840 and that’s how it was. 216 00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:08,320 Isabel the Catholic now becomes, 217 00:13:08,519 --> 00:13:09,879 without opponents, 218 00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:11,799 the great Queen of Spain. 219 00:13:11,960 --> 00:13:15,320 She is going to undertake a universal adventure, 220 00:13:15,480 --> 00:13:17,879 first through the suppression of Islam, 221 00:13:17,960 --> 00:13:21,559 and secondly through the great opening to America. 222 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:24,320 Spain’s action 223 00:13:24,559 --> 00:13:29,039 is one of the most important in the history of humanity. 224 00:14:20,919 --> 00:14:25,279 Discovery is a legal, political, economic, scientific 225 00:14:25,399 --> 00:14:28,399 and technological fact in Western tradition, 226 00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:30,399 which means that I arrive at a place, 227 00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:33,759 I proclaim to the other Europeans that I have arrived there, 228 00:14:34,159 --> 00:14:35,879 I return home and tell about it 229 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:41,279 and then I also manage to return to the place that I was able to discover. 230 00:14:43,919 --> 00:14:47,240 When Christopher Columbus returns from that unsuccessful spice attempt, 231 00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:48,639 he nevertheless brings 232 00:14:48,759 --> 00:14:50,840 six or seven Taino men and women 233 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:53,399 and small pieces of Guanin gold… 234 00:14:53,559 --> 00:14:57,200 which means he has reached somewhere interesting. 235 00:14:57,320 --> 00:14:59,200 The kings have appointed him Viceroy, 236 00:14:59,279 --> 00:15:02,000 Admiral, Governor of that place 237 00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:04,960 and realize that this is a contradiction 238 00:15:05,120 --> 00:15:07,840 to the modern political project they want to carry out. 239 00:15:07,960 --> 00:15:09,840 Therefore, they look for someone 240 00:15:10,120 --> 00:15:13,120 with prestige to be able to neutralize 241 00:15:13,279 --> 00:15:15,519 the personalisms of Columbus 242 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:20,559 and use him for the hegemonic project the king and queen have. 243 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,240 Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca is going to become 244 00:15:25,399 --> 00:15:28,039 the man of action 245 00:15:28,279 --> 00:15:30,960 for American projects. 246 00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:34,600 Every time they have to organize an expedition, 247 00:15:34,679 --> 00:15:36,080 he starts from scratch. 248 00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:39,559 You have to look for money, crew, ships 249 00:15:39,679 --> 00:15:42,320 and all this is consolidated and coordinated by Fonseca 250 00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:45,000 until he dies in 1524. 251 00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:48,799 Then, there is the Council of the Indies 252 00:15:49,120 --> 00:15:54,120 which is basically created to replace everything Fonseca did. 253 00:15:58,240 --> 00:16:00,120 Between America and Castile, 254 00:16:00,320 --> 00:16:03,559 the navigation flow is increasing 255 00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:05,480 and that must be controlled. 256 00:16:05,799 --> 00:16:06,399 How? 257 00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:09,720 In 1503, the Casa de la Contratación is created in Seville. 258 00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:12,240 It will control not only commerce 259 00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:13,840 and laws 260 00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:16,919 but also science and technology. 261 00:16:19,039 --> 00:16:20,159 Pedro Medina’s book 262 00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:21,600 is the manual 263 00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:24,279 from which all the others in Europe will be inspired. 264 00:16:24,399 --> 00:16:27,200 He is the one who is going to teach Europeans cosmography; 265 00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:28,279 Pedro de Medina, 266 00:16:28,639 --> 00:16:31,480 unknown to practically everyone. 267 00:16:33,399 --> 00:16:34,679 As Pedro Medina said, 268 00:16:34,840 --> 00:16:37,639 a current sailor is wiser than Aristotle; 269 00:16:38,519 --> 00:16:40,360 he knows the world more than Aristotle. 270 00:17:32,279 --> 00:17:35,279 Spain does not merely rise up 271 00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:36,240 and that’s it, 272 00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:37,599 as if Finland arose. 273 00:17:37,720 --> 00:17:39,559 No, Spain rises up 274 00:17:39,640 --> 00:17:41,519 and the ancient world collapses, 275 00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:43,240 which is not just anything. 276 00:17:43,559 --> 00:17:45,359 The ancient world collapses, 277 00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:47,640 a fourth continent appears and, therefore, 278 00:17:47,799 --> 00:17:49,039 the entire world appears. 279 00:17:51,319 --> 00:17:53,960 It is the beginning of the Scientific Revolution. 280 00:18:00,279 --> 00:18:03,319 This document is one of the key elements 281 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:06,160 in the history of Globalization 282 00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:08,759 as it proposes 283 00:18:09,079 --> 00:18:15,319 what the Salamanca Academy establishes for the calendar’s reform. 284 00:18:16,759 --> 00:18:21,119 The calendar, which until then had served Western humanity, 285 00:18:21,319 --> 00:18:23,279 had been the Julian Calendar, 286 00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:25,839 established and signed by Julius Caesar 287 00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,920 in 46 BC. 288 00:18:30,039 --> 00:18:32,200 The Julian Calendar’s reform 289 00:18:32,279 --> 00:18:34,839 begins precisely at the University of Salamanca. 290 00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:38,680 There, a series of calculations are made to close a gap that existed. 291 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:42,880 The mathematical problem was that there was no way to match 292 00:18:42,960 --> 00:18:46,240 the Sun's rhythm with the rhythm of the Moon, 293 00:18:46,359 --> 00:18:48,079 as seen from the Earth. 294 00:18:53,519 --> 00:18:56,440 The struggle for the search for a perfect calendar 295 00:18:56,599 --> 00:19:00,400 led to the mobilization of all the important mathematicians: 296 00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:01,200 Catholics, 297 00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:02,079 Jews, 298 00:19:02,160 --> 00:19:03,079 Arabs... 299 00:19:04,920 --> 00:19:07,559 On February 24, 1582, 300 00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:10,319 the papal bull that starts the calendar’s reform 301 00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:13,279 is issued by Gregory XIII. 302 00:19:19,920 --> 00:19:22,960 This implied eliminating ten days 303 00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:27,000 in the territories of the Spanish crown or in the papal territories. 304 00:19:27,319 --> 00:19:33,440 October 4, 1582, becomes October 15, 1582. 305 00:19:36,480 --> 00:19:37,880 That reform implied two things: 306 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:39,039 on the one hand, 307 00:19:39,160 --> 00:19:43,119 that the salaries of those ten days be deducted for the royal officials, 308 00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:44,839 today’s civil servants. 309 00:19:44,920 --> 00:19:47,759 On the other hand, that debts were not computed. 310 00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:50,079 It seems appropriate to the Council of the Indies 311 00:19:50,359 --> 00:19:53,079 to send that reform to the new world. 312 00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:57,680 The same thing happens in Mexico, but in 1583, 313 00:19:57,799 --> 00:20:00,400 and it is replicated once more in Peru 314 00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:03,079 and throughout its viceroyalty in 1584. 315 00:20:05,079 --> 00:20:07,559 We find that, by 1586, 316 00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:10,039 it is starting up even in the Philippines. 317 00:20:10,519 --> 00:20:14,400 That implies, in turn, a global synchrony. 318 00:20:28,599 --> 00:20:33,000 There is a constant use of the past 319 00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:40,880 to say that the Spanish past is a disaster, 320 00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:44,599 a horror, a colonial state… 321 00:20:44,839 --> 00:20:49,880 and also, another aspect, the Inquisition, 322 00:20:49,960 --> 00:20:52,519 and together with this one, more aspects are added… 323 00:20:52,839 --> 00:20:56,400 This is the idea that Christians are the bad guys. 324 00:20:56,720 --> 00:20:59,519 This fantasy paradise existed 325 00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:03,680 and then the Christians came to establish their Inquisition. 326 00:21:03,759 --> 00:21:06,079 More or less, this is the Black Legend. 327 00:21:07,839 --> 00:21:11,359 The Inquisition operated before in Europe, 328 00:21:11,519 --> 00:21:13,440 more precisely, in France. 329 00:21:14,359 --> 00:21:18,519 In England, the executioner took the accused to his house 330 00:21:18,599 --> 00:21:20,519 and did what he wanted, 331 00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:25,240 while in Spain there were certain laws. 332 00:21:26,160 --> 00:21:28,160 The Inquisition was born, precisely, 333 00:21:28,240 --> 00:21:30,960 so that the crime of religious intolerance 334 00:21:31,039 --> 00:21:35,440 is subject to a structured legal process. 335 00:21:37,559 --> 00:21:41,359 It took the territories that did not have it 336 00:21:41,440 --> 00:21:47,160 a long time to be able to tame the crime of religious dissent of any kind. 337 00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:52,680 Between 1540 and 1700 in Spain, 338 00:21:52,799 --> 00:21:58,559 those rendered to the civil authorities to execute punishment at the stake, 339 00:21:58,680 --> 00:22:02,240 were approximately 1,500 people, 340 00:22:02,359 --> 00:22:05,799 of which, approximately half, 341 00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:07,319 were in effigies, 342 00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:09,599 that is, people who had died or were absent. 343 00:22:09,759 --> 00:22:12,119 In 17th and 18th centuries, 344 00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:16,480 witches were burned in France, England or in the United States... 345 00:22:16,559 --> 00:22:18,759 and that is not talked about at all. 346 00:22:22,039 --> 00:22:27,000 Between 1540 and 1700, approximately, 347 00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:33,480 the witches prosecuted would be around 150 or 200. 348 00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:36,279 And from 1604 onwards, 349 00:22:36,559 --> 00:22:39,279 in the Inquisitorial Courts of Spain, 350 00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:45,680 Italy and the dependencies in the Courts in the Indies in America, 351 00:22:46,039 --> 00:22:48,359 the three courts that existed in the Indies, 352 00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:50,799 there were no more witch procedures, 353 00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:52,079 at all, 354 00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:55,920 unlike what happened in other parts of Europe. 355 00:22:56,440 --> 00:23:00,960 In the Germanic territories, this figure reached 25,000 356 00:23:01,039 --> 00:23:05,160 and it is possible that it reached 100,000 in the whole of Western Europe. 357 00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:12,640 A cosmic confusion occurs when it is understood that, 358 00:23:12,839 --> 00:23:16,119 since there is no Inquisition in those countries, 359 00:23:16,359 --> 00:23:19,319 the crime of religious dissent is not prosecuted. 360 00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:20,359 That is false. 361 00:23:20,559 --> 00:23:22,400 In the Protestant territories, 362 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:26,960 religious crimes became crimes against the State, 363 00:23:27,119 --> 00:23:31,640 that is, there was a fusion between the Church and the State. 364 00:23:33,519 --> 00:23:36,240 The queen is still the head, 365 00:23:36,519 --> 00:23:39,119 she is the Pope of the Anglican Church 366 00:23:39,279 --> 00:23:43,839 in the same way the Princes of Saxony were the Popes, of their churches. 367 00:23:46,799 --> 00:23:50,880 Luther was a good servant at the service of those German princes, 368 00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:54,960 who are the great antagonists of the European project of Charles V, 369 00:23:55,240 --> 00:23:58,920 produces a creature that is going to have a very long life, 370 00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:01,759 and is going to condition the history of the entire West: 371 00:24:01,880 --> 00:24:03,599 propaganda. 372 00:24:04,079 --> 00:24:08,480 What the Protestants, especially the Dutch and the English did 373 00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:12,160 was to take advantage of the printing press 374 00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:16,359 to publish books or pamphlets 375 00:24:16,759 --> 00:24:20,920 in up to fifteen different languages 376 00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:24,279 to discredit the Spanish Empire. 377 00:24:25,519 --> 00:24:28,599 It works like a cartoon, but literary. 378 00:24:29,759 --> 00:24:32,799 Exaggerate features that can harm us, 379 00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:33,960 as a nation, 380 00:24:34,359 --> 00:24:38,559 underline those acts that at certain times are seen as reprehensible 381 00:24:38,720 --> 00:24:43,240 and omit those features that can favor us in the international arena. 382 00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:16,599 All anti-Catholic propaganda is, 383 00:25:16,839 --> 00:25:19,440 by definition, anti-Spanish. 384 00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:26,960 It was born to be a way of eroding the Catholic hegemonic power 385 00:25:27,079 --> 00:25:28,480 which was from Spain. 386 00:25:47,519 --> 00:25:51,759 The Germanic lords have the right to impose their religious option 387 00:25:51,880 --> 00:25:54,599 on the population of the territory they govern. 388 00:25:54,759 --> 00:25:57,400 This is called religious freedom. 389 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:03,920 With Luther’s and Calvin’s idea, 390 00:26:04,039 --> 00:26:05,839 in the face of salvation, works are worth nothing, 391 00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:08,200 because otherwise God would be a wimp in the hands of man. 392 00:26:08,319 --> 00:26:10,640 Otherwise freedom would work in the face of salvation, 393 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:11,880 and it cannot work. 394 00:26:18,079 --> 00:26:20,400 The total attributes of God, 395 00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:23,559 omniscient, omnipotent, allknowing, omnipresent… 396 00:26:23,759 --> 00:26:24,759 would fall apart. 397 00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:26,319 So, if God is all that, 398 00:26:26,640 --> 00:26:27,759 man cannot be free. 399 00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:29,000 This is Luther. 400 00:26:29,680 --> 00:26:31,160 This is Luther, Servo Arbitrio, 401 00:26:31,359 --> 00:26:33,119 Luther, who triggered all this controversy. 402 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:39,480 Lutheranism is a manifestation of Germanic nationalism 403 00:26:39,559 --> 00:26:43,640 and was deeply marked by that Germanic seal. 404 00:26:43,839 --> 00:26:47,160 The Dutch needed their own heresy 405 00:26:47,359 --> 00:26:49,720 and Calvinism comes to offer them 406 00:26:49,960 --> 00:26:55,279 that ideological ammunition that William of Orange totally needs. 407 00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:26,400 Calvinism in Geneva 408 00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:31,759 caused about 500 deaths 409 00:27:32,119 --> 00:27:34,880 in the roughly 20 years that John Calvin 410 00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:36,799 controlled and ruled that city, 411 00:27:37,319 --> 00:27:39,279 a city of about 10,000 inhabitants. 412 00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:42,000 John Calvin has today, 413 00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:43,720 in the Park of the Bastions of Geneva, 414 00:27:43,799 --> 00:27:46,039 a monument several meters high, 415 00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:50,160 placed by the city of Geneva to honor its reformer. 416 00:27:50,559 --> 00:27:58,119 If we were to make a monument to Torquemada, for example, 417 00:27:58,440 --> 00:28:00,960 who caused many fewer deaths, incomparable really, 418 00:28:01,079 --> 00:28:02,640 we would have to leave the country. 419 00:28:02,839 --> 00:28:06,079 It is inconceivable that something like this would happen in Spain, 420 00:28:06,240 --> 00:28:10,160 but it is perfectly conceivable that it happens in Geneva. 421 00:28:12,319 --> 00:28:15,319 How many people did Torquemada really process? 422 00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:16,880 In 160 years, 423 00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:21,640 1,500 people had been prosecuted at the stake 424 00:28:21,799 --> 00:28:29,720 and that eliminates that simple, manipulable and grotesque idea 425 00:28:29,880 --> 00:28:33,440 that the Tribunal was so bloody. 426 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:38,839 What we call torture today torture in the Inquisition was meticulously arranged 427 00:28:39,359 --> 00:28:40,400 and was very limited, 428 00:28:40,480 --> 00:28:42,599 much more than that the civil courts of the time. 429 00:28:42,680 --> 00:28:46,319 Of course, the civil courts were much crueler and with less guarantee. 430 00:28:46,599 --> 00:28:49,559 The popularity of the inquisitorial issue reaches such extremes 431 00:28:49,640 --> 00:28:51,119 that it has become a real business. 432 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:52,640 A lot of money is earned by 433 00:28:52,720 --> 00:28:56,480 exhibiting instruments of torture artificially manufactured, 434 00:28:56,559 --> 00:28:59,759 based on images found in different parts of Europe 435 00:28:59,839 --> 00:29:03,960 that are not Spanish and have never had anything to do with the Inquisition, 436 00:29:04,039 --> 00:29:05,519 and that are shown 437 00:29:05,599 --> 00:29:08,119 as if at some point they had been used by the Inquisition. 438 00:29:10,759 --> 00:29:12,640 This has not stopped growing, 439 00:29:13,079 --> 00:29:17,519 it manifests itself in textbooks, comics and movies 440 00:29:17,720 --> 00:29:22,920 and in this kind of very crude and even vulgar falsification. 441 00:29:24,559 --> 00:29:27,680 It is one more development, of the absurd Black Legend 442 00:29:27,759 --> 00:29:30,359 and of the enormous profitability this argument has had 443 00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:31,720 and continues having. 444 00:29:33,119 --> 00:29:35,839 Whoever, without much information, sees this 445 00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:38,799 is convinced that these atrocities were a normal practice 446 00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:40,400 in the Spanish Inquisition. 447 00:29:40,519 --> 00:29:43,880 And then, that affects Spain, in terms of the image that the country has. 448 00:29:43,960 --> 00:29:47,039 But, everyone is content, you see? And nothing happens. 449 00:29:50,160 --> 00:29:53,759 The Protestants used the Spanish Inquisition 450 00:29:53,880 --> 00:29:57,400 to build the myth of the Black Legend. 451 00:29:58,559 --> 00:30:04,079 The English and the Dutch assemble History's first propaganda campaign 452 00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:06,279 to weaken Spain, 453 00:30:06,559 --> 00:30:12,759 to attack it and to mobilize other dynasties against it, 454 00:30:13,039 --> 00:30:15,640 because in purely military terms, 455 00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:16,680 they can't do it. 456 00:30:20,880 --> 00:30:22,839 I have studied La Invencible. 457 00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:27,119 I have studied it in my textbooks. 458 00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:29,359 Instead of studying the war or who won it, 459 00:30:29,480 --> 00:30:31,279 I have studied La Invencible. 460 00:30:32,559 --> 00:30:34,559 La Invencible wasn’t relevant, 461 00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:36,839 not even in the context of that war 462 00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:41,920 which finally ended with an honorable defeat on England’s part. 463 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:46,000 England is quite a minor country at the moment. 464 00:30:46,279 --> 00:30:51,680 We see a bit of the history of England as the great imperial power, 465 00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:54,880 when at this moment it is not. 466 00:30:59,839 --> 00:31:01,680 It was honestly not an invasion attempt. 467 00:31:01,759 --> 00:31:08,400 A large part of the English population supported a change of dynasty, 468 00:31:08,559 --> 00:31:10,680 which was really what it was intended to do. 469 00:31:10,960 --> 00:31:15,839 Isabel I is absolutely dependent on a religious schism to be queen. 470 00:31:16,160 --> 00:31:20,400 She cannot reign if this religious schism is not consolidated 471 00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:22,319 as she is illegitimate. 472 00:31:25,599 --> 00:31:29,680 She take the opportunity to contradict something very clear: 473 00:31:29,839 --> 00:31:33,279 "We are people with less force and less power 474 00:31:33,519 --> 00:31:39,000 but God has sent his winds against the emperor's ships, 475 00:31:39,519 --> 00:31:40,640 against Philip II 476 00:31:40,759 --> 00:31:42,920 and God is with us." 477 00:31:46,680 --> 00:31:52,920 In its day, it was an act of affirmation of the dynasty of Isabel I, 478 00:31:53,079 --> 00:31:55,559 but then, in the 17th century, 479 00:31:55,680 --> 00:32:02,359 that act of affirmation becomes one of the myths of English, 480 00:32:02,480 --> 00:32:04,440 and later British, nationalism. 481 00:32:06,319 --> 00:32:08,400 It makes sense that English children study it. 482 00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:11,640 But that the Spanish children study it, in the same key… 483 00:32:11,799 --> 00:32:17,640 I don't know if what we have is a suicidal tendency, let's say. 484 00:32:17,720 --> 00:32:19,720 I don't know, something is wrong there. 485 00:32:25,240 --> 00:32:28,799 Textbooks do not adequately reflect the history of Spain, 486 00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:29,920 they reflect it very badly. 487 00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:33,720 History, in general, went one way and the history of America, another. 488 00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:37,599 The proof is in the high school textbooks where, 489 00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:41,839 when speaking about America, only Columbus and Cortés are mentioned, a bit. 490 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:43,359 But history is never explained. 491 00:32:43,480 --> 00:32:44,559 It never was. 492 00:32:58,599 --> 00:33:00,759 The conquerors never stopped. 493 00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:06,599 Cortés is a man who succeeds young, 494 00:33:06,839 --> 00:33:12,079 he goes to La Española, to Santo Domingo at the age of 19, 495 00:33:13,559 --> 00:33:16,400 and he is rich in just ten years, 496 00:33:16,640 --> 00:33:18,839 he has responsibilities and herds... 497 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:22,319 In a manner of speaking, he had no need to get into more trouble. 498 00:33:22,559 --> 00:33:27,319 There is an urge that leads him to continue later to Cuba, 499 00:33:27,559 --> 00:33:29,839 to listen to the rumors of the Western Empire 500 00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:32,359 and to become the conqueror of New Spain. 501 00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:46,759 He was a man well aware that he was opening new horizons for his own time. 502 00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:50,319 Besides, he couldn't sit still, I think he was a hyperactive man. 503 00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:00,839 There is a fascinating moment 504 00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:07,640 when Cortés sends Carlos I his first letter 505 00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:11,000 with a list including the famous feathers that are in Vienna 506 00:34:11,079 --> 00:34:12,199 the Aztec plume 507 00:34:12,639 --> 00:34:14,280 and a series of riches, 508 00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:16,079 gold, silver, jade... 509 00:34:16,199 --> 00:34:20,119 The offerings from the Aztecs to scare him so that Cortés would not advance. 510 00:34:20,239 --> 00:34:22,760 The effect is the opposite as Cortés has more desire to go there. 511 00:34:22,920 --> 00:34:27,440 Of course, those incredible riches stimulate his ambition. 512 00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:33,840 Cortés can exercise violence 513 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,440 when he has to exercise it as captain of his army, 514 00:34:37,519 --> 00:34:41,599 but he is also capable of being surprised and marvel at the American reality, 515 00:34:41,719 --> 00:34:45,840 and not only to marvel but to describe it with enormous detail. 516 00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:56,960 Cortés is Mexico’s inventor 517 00:34:57,280 --> 00:34:59,239 He builds the foundations of a nation. 518 00:34:59,679 --> 00:35:02,760 What more portentous legend than that? 519 00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:07,079 A statesman who creates a new state is a unique case. 520 00:35:07,760 --> 00:35:11,559 He even lays the foundations of the economic structure of Mexico. 521 00:35:11,719 --> 00:35:12,800 It is awesome. 522 00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:19,719 Hernán Cortés is a character off the charts, 523 00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:21,000 he is magnificent. 524 00:35:24,679 --> 00:35:28,199 Cortés, poor him, and a couple of other crazy people; 525 00:35:28,280 --> 00:35:31,239 no dogs, nor horses, arquebuses or anything else. 526 00:35:31,480 --> 00:35:35,199 They could never conquer an empire of a million soldiers 527 00:35:35,280 --> 00:35:38,320 if it was not for the fact that the entire people, 528 00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:42,039 subjugated by the Aztecs, threw themselves into the arms of Cortés 529 00:35:42,199 --> 00:35:48,039 to free themselves from the blood sacrifice the Aztecs demanded of them. 530 00:35:49,960 --> 00:35:52,159 The famous genocide did not exist. 531 00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:55,760 The conquest of Mexico was not made by Hernán Cortés, 532 00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:57,280 but rather by the Indians themselves. 533 00:35:57,400 --> 00:35:59,199 Cortés had no idea where he got to, 534 00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:01,519 or how many people inhabited the land, 535 00:36:01,639 --> 00:36:03,679 or who were friends or enemies. 536 00:36:04,639 --> 00:36:06,360 Marina, an Indian nobleman’s daughter, 537 00:36:06,480 --> 00:36:09,239 knew perfectly well who she could ally with, 538 00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:15,559 and she was guiding Cortés to build those alliances. 539 00:36:16,880 --> 00:36:22,400 The true architect of the conquest of what is now called Mexico 540 00:36:22,480 --> 00:36:25,800 has been a woman, who is Doña Marina herself. 541 00:36:27,320 --> 00:36:29,519 I ask in class: Who conquered Mexico? 542 00:36:29,639 --> 00:36:32,719 And people look at me as if to say "this has to be a trap." 543 00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:34,719 And someone already says, Hernán Cortés. 544 00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:35,920 No. 545 00:36:37,079 --> 00:36:39,199 It was an alliance, an allied army. 546 00:36:41,960 --> 00:36:45,639 Aztecs were one of many peoples. 547 00:36:45,719 --> 00:36:49,440 Each of these people had their own peculiarity. 548 00:36:49,519 --> 00:36:56,599 Therefore, they offered multiple responses of fear, alliance or combat 549 00:36:56,840 --> 00:36:59,639 to the Hispanic presence. 550 00:36:59,920 --> 00:37:04,760 This happens when something unknown comes into our reality. 551 00:38:02,599 --> 00:38:06,440 The military conquest is not necessarily carried out by the Spaniards 552 00:38:06,599 --> 00:38:10,039 but by the indigenous Mesoamerican in the name of the king, 553 00:38:10,119 --> 00:38:14,079 who conquer the barbarian, semi-nomadic tribes of the North. 554 00:38:14,400 --> 00:38:16,119 That is fascinating, 555 00:38:16,320 --> 00:38:20,960 because they are indeed king’s soldiers and are part of the Spanish army 556 00:38:21,159 --> 00:38:24,559 There is an image of a chief from Tetzcoco 557 00:38:24,719 --> 00:38:27,559 who was in charge of conquering the entire part of Querétaro 558 00:38:27,639 --> 00:38:28,960 in the north part of Mexico 559 00:38:29,159 --> 00:38:32,559 He appears represented with his General flare 560 00:38:32,679 --> 00:38:35,599 and his cross of Santiago as Captain of the Spanish army. 561 00:38:35,719 --> 00:38:37,239 He could have been in Flanders, 562 00:38:37,360 --> 00:38:38,480 directly. 563 00:38:46,719 --> 00:38:50,039 He wanted to reach China as he always wanted to go further. 564 00:38:50,119 --> 00:38:53,280 That is a frontier and innovative spirit. 565 00:38:53,360 --> 00:38:56,360 Conquerors are frontier heroes 566 00:38:56,519 --> 00:39:00,400 and I believe that this impulse is that of 16th century Spain. 567 00:39:04,880 --> 00:39:07,800 In 1500, Juan de la Cosa’s map can already be drawn, 568 00:39:07,880 --> 00:39:09,280 which is a spectacular advance. 569 00:39:09,880 --> 00:39:16,719 In 1505 onwards, there are meetings of pilots in all directions. 570 00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:18,559 The entire land of Mexico is traversed. 571 00:39:18,960 --> 00:39:22,800 For an obvious reason, a passage does not appear as it does not exist. 572 00:39:22,920 --> 00:39:24,440 There is a decisive point: 573 00:39:25,639 --> 00:39:27,639 Vasco Núñez de Balboa. 574 00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:32,719 On September 29, 1513, he bumps into the Pacific Ocean. 575 00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:37,159 We have reached the other sea through the isthmus of Panama, 576 00:39:37,840 --> 00:39:41,119 but we do not know how they connect by sea. 577 00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:50,880 On their return of every trip to America, 578 00:39:51,039 --> 00:39:52,960 pilots brought new information about the coast 579 00:39:53,039 --> 00:39:58,320 that is then incorporated into a model, which was made in La Casa de la Contratación. 580 00:39:58,480 --> 00:39:59,960 named Padrón Real. 581 00:40:00,079 --> 00:40:01,280 In 1508, 582 00:40:01,519 --> 00:40:03,519 the figure of the Piloto Mayor (Head Pilot) 583 00:40:03,599 --> 00:40:05,599 and this Padrón Real (Royal Register) were created. 584 00:40:07,719 --> 00:40:12,960 Burgos and Seville are the two great cosmopolitan cities of the crown. 585 00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:18,320 What is special about Burgos is that, 586 00:40:18,440 --> 00:40:21,119 since mid 15th century, 587 00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:26,119 high-level merchants there handle a vast amount of money 588 00:40:26,360 --> 00:40:31,719 and have branches in different points especially important for European trade, 589 00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:35,039 such as Amberes, London, Lisbon... 590 00:40:36,199 --> 00:40:38,719 The Haros are one of those families. 591 00:40:39,039 --> 00:40:41,440 They are a converted lineage family originally from La Rioja 592 00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:48,199 who usually trade through the fairs of Medina del Campo. 593 00:40:52,280 --> 00:40:57,199 Cristobal de Haro is responsible for managing the Lisbon branch 594 00:40:57,639 --> 00:41:02,639 and he reaches out where there is something to profit. 595 00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:12,480 In 1515, 596 00:41:13,280 --> 00:41:15,280 Juan Díaz de Solís enters the Río de la Plata 597 00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:18,880 He did not know that Cristobal de Haro had already sent an expedition 598 00:41:19,039 --> 00:41:21,320 with the Portuguese to explore the area. 599 00:41:26,559 --> 00:41:30,039 Next step is going further south. 600 00:41:34,519 --> 00:41:40,800 Haro met Fernão Magalhães, Fernando de Magallanes, in Lisbon. 601 00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:48,719 They were both angry with the king of Portugal, 602 00:41:48,920 --> 00:41:53,800 and somehow, they understand that their best chance is going to be in Castile. 603 00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:02,360 Haro's role will be fundamentally financial. 604 00:42:02,519 --> 00:42:05,480 He was, together with Juan de Fonseca, the shipowner. 605 00:42:09,199 --> 00:42:14,519 Magallanes, who was a naturalized Spaniard. 606 00:42:14,880 --> 00:42:17,639 carried all the weight of the expedition. 607 00:42:19,920 --> 00:42:21,320 He manages to take the step 608 00:42:23,760 --> 00:42:24,960 from the North Sea 609 00:42:26,760 --> 00:42:27,880 to the South Sea. 610 00:42:29,960 --> 00:42:33,960 The dimension of the Pacific is established here. 611 00:42:34,039 --> 00:42:36,400 There was a sea between Asia and America, 612 00:42:36,719 --> 00:42:38,920 which is the largest body of water on the planet. 613 00:42:39,199 --> 00:42:41,199 Until that moment this was not known. 614 00:42:50,840 --> 00:42:52,880 And with this, an ordeal begins. 615 00:42:52,960 --> 00:42:56,320 Day by day, the Pacific is killing people. 616 00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:07,000 When he got to the Philippines, 617 00:43:07,280 --> 00:43:08,159 to Cebu, 618 00:43:08,480 --> 00:43:09,840 Magallanes is almost a missionary. 619 00:43:09,920 --> 00:43:12,320 He starts preaching and so on. 620 00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:14,440 - Bring me the gifts for King Humabón. 621 00:43:14,559 --> 00:43:15,280 - Yes, my captain. 622 00:43:17,039 --> 00:43:20,400 - These are gifts that I offer you, and you, madam 623 00:43:21,079 --> 00:43:22,599 They are fabrics from Spain. 624 00:43:22,920 --> 00:43:28,320 In Cebu, King Humabón and his wife are baptized. 625 00:43:28,519 --> 00:43:32,440 King Humabón is named after Emperor Carlos, 626 00:43:32,719 --> 00:43:34,960 and his wife, is named after Carlos’ mother 627 00:43:35,039 --> 00:43:36,440 who was Queen Juana, 628 00:43:36,519 --> 00:43:38,920 the so-called Juana la Loca. 629 00:43:40,440 --> 00:43:44,719 But the queen is craving that statue of baby Jesus. 630 00:43:44,960 --> 00:43:45,719 Therefore, 631 00:43:45,880 --> 00:43:46,800 Magallanes, 632 00:43:47,199 --> 00:43:50,480 as a sign of friendship and goodwill, 633 00:43:50,760 --> 00:43:55,119 donates that statue of the Cebu child 634 00:43:55,280 --> 00:43:57,280 to Queen Juana. 635 00:44:01,800 --> 00:44:05,320 Magallanes gets into a war that was not his with Lapu Lapu, 636 00:44:05,480 --> 00:44:09,280 who has a tremendous bronze sculpture in the Philippines. 637 00:44:13,119 --> 00:44:16,719 The soldier Lapu Lapu kills Magallanes. 638 00:44:17,519 --> 00:44:21,320 The Spaniards walk away and flee. 639 00:44:21,880 --> 00:44:26,440 The child Jesus is left abandoned in Cebu, 640 00:44:26,800 --> 00:44:29,039 and what do the indigenous people do with that child? 641 00:44:29,119 --> 00:44:30,119 They worshipped him. 642 00:44:30,199 --> 00:44:31,280 When it wasn't raining, 643 00:44:31,360 --> 00:44:34,400 they took that statue of the child from Cebu 644 00:44:34,559 --> 00:44:36,159 and carried it to the sea. 645 00:44:36,400 --> 00:44:38,360 They soaked it in the sea 646 00:44:38,480 --> 00:44:41,320 and they did not remove it from there until it rained. 647 00:44:41,960 --> 00:44:44,639 For forty-four years, 648 00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:51,039 this baby Jesus became the God of Water for the Filipinos, 649 00:44:51,239 --> 00:44:55,679 the God who attracted rain in times of drought. 650 00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:03,079 There is confusion among those who succeed him. 651 00:45:03,159 --> 00:45:05,400 They lose ten months in Asia, 652 00:45:05,880 --> 00:45:10,320 and when Elcano and Gómez-Espinosa finally take charge 653 00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:11,960 of the two remaining ships, 654 00:45:12,159 --> 00:45:13,280 they go to the Moluccas. 655 00:45:13,360 --> 00:45:17,360 That is to say, they fulfill the objective for what had been organized, 656 00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:19,519 which is to get to the spices, 657 00:45:19,599 --> 00:45:22,280 the richest commodity there was at that time. 658 00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:26,360 The value was incalculable, 659 00:45:26,719 --> 00:45:28,320 more than gold, in weight 660 00:45:28,920 --> 00:45:35,559 and, at that time, it was considered a valid element against Black Death. 661 00:45:36,320 --> 00:45:40,880 When it reached Europe, 662 00:45:41,079 --> 00:45:46,599 its yields were 10,000% at its highest. 663 00:45:47,000 --> 00:45:49,840 Above all, clove and nutmeg, 664 00:45:49,960 --> 00:45:52,760 which are unique spices, rare in the world, 665 00:45:52,840 --> 00:45:55,679 that appeared naturally in those islands. 666 00:46:00,840 --> 00:46:04,800 Above all, spices bring sophistication, right? 667 00:46:05,039 --> 00:46:06,960 If there were spices, 668 00:46:07,360 --> 00:46:09,800 the dishes were much tastier. 669 00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:14,159 It was like today’s caviar or truffle. 670 00:46:17,840 --> 00:46:21,599 Elcano trades there with clove, the most valuable spice. 671 00:46:23,760 --> 00:46:28,559 He loads the Nao Victoria with it, and says, now I'm leaving, but which way? 672 00:46:28,639 --> 00:46:29,679 There were two ships, 673 00:46:29,800 --> 00:46:31,639 his and the Trinidad, 674 00:46:32,079 --> 00:46:34,159 led by Gómez de Espinosa, another great man. 675 00:46:34,280 --> 00:46:35,519 Gómez Espinosa says: 676 00:46:35,639 --> 00:46:39,599 the shortest way is to go towards America, 677 00:46:39,679 --> 00:46:42,280 but we are trying a new way back. 678 00:46:42,559 --> 00:46:43,760 He doesn't make it. 679 00:46:45,280 --> 00:46:49,119 Actually, the decision to go around the world was Elcano's in the Moluccas. 680 00:46:52,880 --> 00:46:55,159 Elcano devised a more ingenious solution, 681 00:46:55,239 --> 00:46:58,239 which was to try to use the Portuguese route, 682 00:46:58,320 --> 00:47:00,480 trying not to run into the Portuguese. 683 00:47:00,639 --> 00:47:01,920 That was his success. 684 00:47:02,880 --> 00:47:06,239 Elcano's action has an impressive intrepidity. 685 00:47:06,360 --> 00:47:11,840 The journey from Timor to Cape Verde is impressive. 686 00:47:11,960 --> 00:47:13,039 An ocean liner doesn't do that. 687 00:47:13,159 --> 00:47:15,679 Nao Victoria, which was the most modern ship, 688 00:47:15,760 --> 00:47:17,320 consisted of floating wooden planks. 689 00:47:17,440 --> 00:47:19,079 It was the one with the best caulking, 690 00:47:19,159 --> 00:47:21,280 and that was probably what allowed it to hold. 691 00:47:21,440 --> 00:47:24,760 Because the return from Cape Verde to Sanlúcar de Barrameda is terrible. 692 00:47:31,119 --> 00:47:33,480 Those who have to sail a ship that involves fifty people 693 00:47:33,559 --> 00:47:35,159 are indeed eighteen. 694 00:47:35,360 --> 00:47:37,280 They are baling water, they are defeated. 695 00:47:37,400 --> 00:47:40,880 It was very hard because they were going with very few troops. 696 00:47:44,079 --> 00:47:47,320 There are no continents dividing the seas; 697 00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:51,199 the entire planet can be crossed by sea. 698 00:48:00,000 --> 00:48:02,159 A comparison is made with the arrival to the Moon… 699 00:48:02,280 --> 00:48:07,760 I believe the trip around the world was much more important than that event. 700 00:48:09,639 --> 00:48:13,199 When they arrive to Cape Verde Islands they are one day late. 701 00:48:13,280 --> 00:48:15,199 The Portuguese say that it is Thursday, 702 00:48:15,320 --> 00:48:17,840 but their charts say that it is Wednesday. 703 00:48:18,159 --> 00:48:20,840 That means that the Earth is spinning on its own axis, 704 00:48:21,360 --> 00:48:23,519 that is, it is a spinning globe. 705 00:48:23,639 --> 00:48:26,480 For the first time ever, this is verified. 706 00:48:27,079 --> 00:48:30,920 The same year that Magallanes' expedition begins, 707 00:48:31,199 --> 00:48:35,519 the city of Veracruz and Panama City are founded, 708 00:48:36,199 --> 00:48:40,840 and Carlos I is elected, not crowned, as emperor. 709 00:48:46,199 --> 00:48:48,760 King Carlos I, who was young but no stupid 710 00:48:48,880 --> 00:48:54,360 understands that he has to have a real investment to ensure some benefits. 711 00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:59,719 Haro tried to make the trip a private initiative so the crown could not enter. 712 00:48:59,920 --> 00:49:02,679 In the end, it is going to be a joint venture. 713 00:49:06,599 --> 00:49:10,719 In this Armada Haro invested almost 2,000,000 maravedis 714 00:49:10,880 --> 00:49:14,239 and the Crown around 6,500,000. 715 00:49:17,920 --> 00:49:19,719 There were enormous benefits, 716 00:49:19,840 --> 00:49:23,000 if we put aside the number of lives it cost. 717 00:49:25,920 --> 00:49:29,119 The coverage of the entire investment is made 718 00:49:29,639 --> 00:49:33,519 with just one of the five ships. 719 00:49:35,480 --> 00:49:38,800 What they carry is so valuable… 720 00:49:39,039 --> 00:49:41,960 Expenses were covered and money was earned. 721 00:49:46,000 --> 00:49:47,760 A few months after Elcano’s return, 722 00:49:47,840 --> 00:49:50,199 we already have a map on the table. 723 00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:51,400 The following year, 724 00:49:51,639 --> 00:49:53,159 in 1523, 725 00:49:53,719 --> 00:49:56,840 Nuño García de Toreno made the first map 726 00:49:57,079 --> 00:50:00,760 in which the American continent and the Pacific Ocean were already included. 727 00:50:00,960 --> 00:50:05,719 That is, a world map as we find them today. 728 00:50:07,320 --> 00:50:10,159 At the same time that a cartography is being made 729 00:50:10,840 --> 00:50:13,719 for precisely that conquest of space, 730 00:50:14,039 --> 00:50:19,079 the conquest of time is taking place in a synchronic and coordinated way. 731 00:50:19,239 --> 00:50:24,440 The network we would call longitude and latitude today 732 00:50:24,519 --> 00:50:27,159 is being formed through that circumnavigation 733 00:50:27,239 --> 00:50:29,000 and Iberian expansion in the world. 734 00:50:31,480 --> 00:50:34,440 All the continents and oceans begin to be placed as they should. 735 00:50:34,519 --> 00:50:36,760 Not only America, but Europe and Asia are also discovered, 736 00:50:36,840 --> 00:50:37,840 everything is discovered... 737 00:50:37,920 --> 00:50:42,239 For the first time, the globe and the orb are discovered. 738 00:50:42,360 --> 00:50:44,360 Continents, seas and oceans begin to be distributed 739 00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:48,559 in conditions that adjust to the one and only geographical reality. 740 00:51:47,960 --> 00:51:50,599 What bothered many people the most 741 00:51:50,920 --> 00:51:58,480 was precisely that Spain built the first overseas world empire, 742 00:51:58,639 --> 00:52:01,320 because there are two oceans in between 743 00:52:01,400 --> 00:52:03,079 the Atlantic and the Pacific. 744 00:52:03,679 --> 00:52:07,400 Even the Black Legend is still manifesting itself, 745 00:52:07,519 --> 00:52:08,960 and it has continued to function. 746 00:52:09,039 --> 00:52:10,920 There is no doubt that the Black Legend 747 00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:13,039 is the most perfect work of political marketing. 748 00:52:13,119 --> 00:52:18,000 Never in the history of humanity has there been a lie turned into truth 749 00:52:18,159 --> 00:52:19,480 that lasted so long. 750 00:52:19,639 --> 00:52:24,280 All the countries that have had power at some point in their lives 751 00:52:24,400 --> 00:52:27,400 have always had people who have denigrated them. 752 00:52:27,559 --> 00:52:31,960 We can call it Black Legend, propaganda or a denigration of the contrary. 753 00:52:33,159 --> 00:52:34,880 Our case is a special one. 754 00:52:35,119 --> 00:52:36,239 How is it different? 755 00:52:36,320 --> 00:52:39,800 In the fact that we assume it from the first moment, 756 00:52:40,320 --> 00:52:43,800 and we rejoice in that external denigration. 757 00:52:47,159 --> 00:52:51,280 The hatred of Spain leads to admitting the Black Legend in a complete way, 758 00:52:51,599 --> 00:52:53,840 which does not mean that there were errors, because there were. 759 00:52:54,079 --> 00:52:56,039 There were acts of violence 760 00:52:56,119 --> 00:52:58,480 because the company was a company of men, not angels. 761 00:52:58,760 --> 00:53:01,199 It would be stupid to think that it was a company of angels, 762 00:53:01,280 --> 00:53:02,639 it was a company of men. 763 00:53:02,960 --> 00:53:05,559 And men are like that, sometimes violent, sometimes they love, 764 00:53:05,639 --> 00:53:07,400 sometimes they fight, sometimes they hate, 765 00:53:07,559 --> 00:53:08,639 sometimes they detest... 766 00:53:08,760 --> 00:53:10,960 they have sublime acts and horrible acts, 767 00:53:11,480 --> 00:53:16,519 Using only one part of that, as when you believe the Black Legend 768 00:53:16,719 --> 00:53:19,519 the legend the enemy invented about them, 769 00:53:19,679 --> 00:53:22,199 they begin to have a hatred for themselves 770 00:53:22,400 --> 00:53:24,039 a contempt for themselves. 771 00:53:24,280 --> 00:53:27,360 In reality, a lower value, 772 00:53:27,599 --> 00:53:29,920 that is, to consider themselves less than they were. 773 00:53:31,159 --> 00:53:33,360 All good things have been forgotten. 774 00:53:33,519 --> 00:53:40,920 You still hear nonsense about the Conquest of America 775 00:53:41,199 --> 00:53:45,679 and children and generations have not been educated 776 00:53:45,920 --> 00:53:48,400 in the objectivity of history. 777 00:53:49,639 --> 00:53:52,760 Spain not only discovered that new continent, 778 00:53:52,840 --> 00:53:56,280 but also brought Western, European cultures there. 779 00:53:56,719 --> 00:53:59,039 It opened printing presses, universities, 780 00:53:59,079 --> 00:54:01,239 the magnificent urbanism that it developed 781 00:54:01,360 --> 00:54:05,920 and, above all, a Laws of the Indies by which the Indians 782 00:54:06,000 --> 00:54:08,320 were equal subjects of the kings of Spain, 783 00:54:08,400 --> 00:54:12,880 as non-Indians of European Spain were. 784 00:54:13,719 --> 00:54:15,360 The subjects of Felipe IV… 785 00:54:15,760 --> 00:54:17,760 All are subjects of Felipe IV, 786 00:54:17,840 --> 00:54:21,000 the Indians, the non-Indians, the mestizos, the non-mestizos, 787 00:54:21,159 --> 00:54:24,119 who are born in Europe or are born in America. 788 00:54:25,199 --> 00:54:27,239 Colonialism is something else entirely. 789 00:54:27,360 --> 00:54:31,000 It is a model of expansion based on the difference between the metropolis 790 00:54:31,079 --> 00:54:32,199 and its colonies. 791 00:54:33,840 --> 00:54:36,480 England did not generate other Englands. 792 00:54:36,760 --> 00:54:39,039 Spain did generate other Spains. 793 00:54:42,199 --> 00:54:43,719 It was incorporating territories 794 00:54:43,880 --> 00:54:46,320 and to all of them it brought their ways of life, 795 00:54:46,400 --> 00:54:49,320 their rights, their aqueducts, their societies, 796 00:54:49,480 --> 00:54:51,039 their organizational systems... 797 00:54:51,119 --> 00:54:55,920 Spain is going to completely sow all of Spanish America with universities... 798 00:54:56,079 --> 00:54:58,440 And there is a rosary of universities. 799 00:54:58,599 --> 00:55:00,800 Lima’s University, 800 00:55:00,920 --> 00:55:03,119 the University of San Marcos de Lima, 801 00:55:03,199 --> 00:55:05,280 was founded almost seventy years earlier than 802 00:55:05,480 --> 00:55:09,599 what we could consider the first North American university, which is Harvard. 803 00:55:10,880 --> 00:55:13,079 When the English founded Harvard, 804 00:55:13,519 --> 00:55:16,239 Spain had already founded ten universities. 805 00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:19,480 It is always said that Spain had sent criminals, 806 00:55:19,679 --> 00:55:23,239 swineherds, pig farmers like Pizarro, right? 807 00:55:25,800 --> 00:55:30,440 The Spanish Empire did not export something worse than themselves, 808 00:55:30,519 --> 00:55:32,920 but the best of themselves. 809 00:55:33,079 --> 00:55:36,360 The best teachers in Spain come to America. 810 00:55:36,800 --> 00:55:38,400 They go to Mexico and to Peru. 811 00:55:39,239 --> 00:55:41,960 And one looks at those universities 812 00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:44,079 and they had the same privileges 813 00:55:44,159 --> 00:55:46,800 and the same conditions as the University of Salamanca. 814 00:55:50,639 --> 00:55:52,239 It had always been said 815 00:55:52,320 --> 00:55:57,719 that Spain had not participated in what had been the scientific revolution. 816 00:55:57,800 --> 00:55:58,719 However, 817 00:55:58,840 --> 00:56:02,519 at the University of Salamanca, there are great discoveries of physics, 818 00:56:02,639 --> 00:56:03,719 of the Earth. 819 00:56:03,840 --> 00:56:06,960 In 1555, Domingo de Soto 820 00:56:07,039 --> 00:56:11,480 formulates in a book the law of free fall, 821 00:56:11,599 --> 00:56:14,679 but in the books that we have read as children, 822 00:56:14,800 --> 00:56:17,920 it is written that it had only been discovered by Galileo Galilei, 823 00:56:18,000 --> 00:56:19,840 sixty three years later. 824 00:56:20,239 --> 00:56:22,559 Or, for example, in 1529, 825 00:56:22,719 --> 00:56:26,559 there was a rector of the University of Salamanca named Pérez de Oliva. 826 00:56:26,719 --> 00:56:29,679 who was explaining some new things, 827 00:56:29,800 --> 00:56:31,679 among them magnetism. 828 00:56:31,840 --> 00:56:33,400 According to science books, 829 00:56:33,480 --> 00:56:38,559 magnetism is something invented by or that appears in Gilbert's first book 830 00:56:38,679 --> 00:56:40,440 from 1600. 831 00:56:40,760 --> 00:56:42,239 The same happens in medicine. 832 00:56:42,320 --> 00:56:45,440 The solutions to the subject of syphilis by Doctor Villalobos, 833 00:56:45,559 --> 00:56:50,960 or the discovery of the ear bones and the skull's structure 834 00:56:51,079 --> 00:56:55,760 by Doctor Cosme de Medina or his student, Doctor Collado. 835 00:56:58,480 --> 00:57:03,039 In 1516, Pedro Ciruelo published for the first time in Salamanca, 836 00:57:03,119 --> 00:57:05,199 a complete Treatise on Mathematics. 837 00:57:07,760 --> 00:57:08,519 Here, 838 00:57:08,599 --> 00:57:14,239 Acosta's book on the Natural History of the Indies was written and published, 839 00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:18,119 in which two very important elements appear: 840 00:57:18,559 --> 00:57:21,119 Darwin's evolutionary theory 841 00:57:21,239 --> 00:57:24,320 two hundred fifty years before Darwin 842 00:57:25,840 --> 00:57:29,559 and the Humboldt Current Theory, 843 00:57:29,679 --> 00:57:32,840 which in this case was discovered by Humboldt in the 19th century. 844 00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:37,119 It appears in Acosta's work published here. 845 00:57:37,239 --> 00:57:38,039 That is to say, 846 00:57:38,119 --> 00:57:42,039 Salamanca was a leader in knowledge 847 00:57:42,239 --> 00:57:46,079 and still today, we continue to enjoy its results. 848 00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:53,400 There were a lot of positions in Spain, 849 00:57:53,920 --> 00:57:56,800 from Father Las Casas to Fonseca. 850 00:57:56,920 --> 00:57:58,719 There are many very diverse approaches, 851 00:57:58,800 --> 00:58:01,800 it is not possible to give a single and monolithic answer. 852 00:58:04,519 --> 00:58:08,119 Perhaps, the man who has gone the furthest in his vision 853 00:58:08,239 --> 00:58:10,000 was Father Vitoria. 854 00:58:12,239 --> 00:58:19,360 Do we legitimately have the possibility of having sovereignty over America? 855 00:58:20,960 --> 00:58:24,800 There should be a people's law above all, 856 00:58:24,880 --> 00:58:26,079 and to which all, 857 00:58:26,280 --> 00:58:31,239 winners and losers, had to be accountable. 858 00:58:34,760 --> 00:58:38,639 From there, the Salamanca School was born, 859 00:58:38,800 --> 00:58:42,360 but it does not stop revealing a philosophical 860 00:58:42,440 --> 00:58:44,360 and legal valuation of persons. 861 00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:50,079 Castile, or Spain, has arrived, 862 00:58:50,199 --> 00:58:53,559 and has imposed its law because it is the victor. 863 00:58:53,920 --> 00:58:57,039 But what he proposes is that it is possible to evangelize 864 00:58:57,159 --> 00:58:59,159 without conquering. 865 00:59:03,079 --> 00:59:06,599 Basically, from there on, an extremely interesting development 866 00:59:06,760 --> 00:59:09,119 will take place in the Salamanca School, 867 00:59:09,239 --> 00:59:11,760 which is, somehow, one of the great legacies 868 00:59:11,880 --> 00:59:13,800 of our story. 869 00:59:18,880 --> 00:59:20,599 If one crosses the Atlantic, 870 00:59:20,719 --> 00:59:23,440 goes through the baquía, baquía is the tropical fever, 871 00:59:23,519 --> 00:59:25,119 the drowsiness, the adaptation… 872 00:59:25,320 --> 00:59:26,440 You survive 873 00:59:26,599 --> 00:59:29,599 and become a veteran of the Antillean frontier. 874 00:59:30,000 --> 00:59:33,000 It is a very risky enterprise, 875 00:59:33,159 --> 00:59:35,239 comparable to the first circumnavigation. 876 00:59:36,400 --> 00:59:38,840 nineteen out of two hundred forty-five arrive. 877 00:59:39,239 --> 00:59:41,719 One would hire life insurance for that trip… 878 00:59:44,039 --> 00:59:48,360 All the sailors who embarked made a will before leaving. 879 01:00:08,320 --> 01:00:11,199 There is neither a course nor a road or route 880 01:00:11,360 --> 01:00:15,239 that leads from Far East Asia to America, 881 01:00:15,360 --> 01:00:19,320 which is the way back so as not to run into the Portuguese way. 882 01:00:19,519 --> 01:00:22,199 That must be discovered so a first attempt is made, 883 01:00:22,280 --> 01:00:24,280 followed by a second, a third, a fourth, a fifth... 884 01:00:24,360 --> 01:00:25,320 All failed. 885 01:00:28,639 --> 01:00:34,440 In 1559, Felipe II wrote a letter addressed to Fray Andrés de Urdaneta. 886 01:00:34,880 --> 01:00:36,679 What does a king say to a friar? 887 01:00:36,840 --> 01:00:44,960 Felipe II notes that Urdaneta says that he is able to bring the ships back, 888 01:00:45,079 --> 01:00:46,960 from the Philippines to Mexico. 889 01:00:47,159 --> 01:00:50,599 Urdaneta was ordained a priest, 890 01:00:50,679 --> 01:00:52,159 became an Augustinian, 891 01:00:52,360 --> 01:00:54,840 and was a professor at the seminary in Mexico. 892 01:00:55,000 --> 01:01:00,519 Already sixty-five years old he began, with a renewed spirit, 893 01:01:00,800 --> 01:01:02,639 to plan that expedition. 894 01:01:02,760 --> 01:01:07,639 Urdaneta is the one who chooses Legazpi as head of the expedition. 895 01:01:07,760 --> 01:01:11,360 Legazpi and Friar Urdaneta, 896 01:01:11,960 --> 01:01:13,559 the cosmographer, 897 01:01:13,719 --> 01:01:16,400 the adventurer, a character too… 898 01:01:16,719 --> 01:01:18,760 Both of them are incredible characters. 899 01:01:20,440 --> 01:01:23,079 They set sail from Mexico, from Puerto de Navidad, 900 01:01:23,840 --> 01:01:26,800 with a practically secret destination. 901 01:01:26,920 --> 01:01:30,679 In fact, it is read when they are already at sea, 902 01:01:31,000 --> 01:01:35,159 and Miguel López de Legazpi reads the orders to the crew. 903 01:01:35,400 --> 01:01:38,400 They don't go to the spices, they go to the Philippine Islands. 904 01:01:42,320 --> 01:01:44,440 There are seven expeditions one after another, 905 01:01:45,079 --> 01:01:48,800 spending money, blood, time and what there was not... 906 01:01:48,920 --> 01:01:50,960 Until the genius Urdaneta arrives, 907 01:01:51,119 --> 01:01:53,400 and says no, I am going and I am coming back. 908 01:01:54,960 --> 01:01:59,280 He knew that he had to navigate to a northern parallel, 909 01:01:59,400 --> 01:02:02,400 the closer to the 40th parallel the better, 910 01:02:02,519 --> 01:02:06,119 so the winds and currents 911 01:02:06,199 --> 01:02:10,280 were conducive to finally reach the West Coast of the United States, 912 01:02:10,440 --> 01:02:14,960 around California, and then go down to what is now Acapulco. 913 01:02:16,440 --> 01:02:20,840 Urdaneta himself is the one who insists on Acapulco to be the port of departure 914 01:02:20,920 --> 01:02:23,079 and entry for those galleons. 915 01:02:24,480 --> 01:02:27,159 Very shortly after, in 1571, 916 01:02:27,320 --> 01:02:30,639 Miguel López de Legazpi founded the city of Manila, 917 01:02:30,719 --> 01:02:32,480 and from that bay 918 01:02:32,760 --> 01:02:38,000 it was finally possible to maintain commercial relations across the Pacific. 919 01:02:40,519 --> 01:02:43,119 From that moment on, that astral conjunction is produced: 920 01:02:43,199 --> 01:02:45,880 Urdaneta's return trip 921 01:02:46,000 --> 01:02:49,000 and the crown of Portugal to Felipe II. 922 01:02:49,119 --> 01:02:52,000 Then, my dear friend, the total panic attack. 923 01:02:53,239 --> 01:02:54,760 From 1580 onwards, 924 01:02:54,840 --> 01:02:56,960 the entire Asian market 925 01:02:57,079 --> 01:02:59,159 is in the hands of the Hispanic Monarchy. 926 01:03:00,519 --> 01:03:04,119 They achieved what they had been looking for 927 01:03:04,239 --> 01:03:06,199 since the end of the 15th century. 928 01:03:10,280 --> 01:03:14,519 This explains the paroxysm in the rebellions 929 01:03:14,599 --> 01:03:16,599 that take place in the Netherlands. 930 01:03:16,719 --> 01:03:20,679 There is a commercial aspect that is normally ignored. 931 01:03:20,880 --> 01:03:24,119 You just have to see how the dates coincide, 932 01:03:24,400 --> 01:03:26,519 and that helps to understand a lot of things. 933 01:03:49,199 --> 01:03:52,840 In the first meeting between China and the West, 934 01:03:53,239 --> 01:03:55,280 the Hispanic link is key. 935 01:03:57,079 --> 01:04:05,239 It is the Spanish who become catalysts for this economic and cultural exchange 936 01:04:05,320 --> 01:04:07,480 between China and the West. 937 01:04:10,440 --> 01:04:13,639 I think there is no real awareness of the importance 938 01:04:13,719 --> 01:04:18,639 the connection that existed between the Habsburg Empire and the Ming Empire had. 939 01:04:20,440 --> 01:04:23,480 Butter and sugar began to appear, 940 01:04:23,559 --> 01:04:27,199 which were things that did not exist in the Chinese Empire. 941 01:04:29,920 --> 01:04:33,079 It is providential when the Spanish arrive. 942 01:04:33,239 --> 01:04:35,320 They arrive at the right time. 943 01:04:48,280 --> 01:04:50,599 China is increasingly demanding 944 01:04:50,719 --> 01:04:53,719 that the payment to the public treasury should be made in silver, 945 01:04:53,800 --> 01:04:58,000 and that only metallic payments in silver and nothing else would be accepted. 946 01:04:59,960 --> 01:05:04,880 But China had very few original sources of silver. 947 01:05:04,960 --> 01:05:09,239 The sources, the silver remittances, were also huge, 948 01:05:09,320 --> 01:05:13,159 those that come from the American mines, mainly from the Zacatecas in New Spain, 949 01:05:13,239 --> 01:05:16,480 and from Potosí in the Viceroyalty of Peru. 950 01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:21,920 Through Manila, 951 01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:25,840 which is the place of exchange with the Chinese 952 01:05:26,039 --> 01:05:28,000 who come from the shores of Fujian, 953 01:05:28,400 --> 01:05:33,480 an economy generates that will transform the world’s finance. 954 01:05:34,840 --> 01:05:37,719 With China being the most populous country on Earth, 955 01:05:38,079 --> 01:05:41,280 the conversion of its economy 956 01:05:41,480 --> 01:05:43,280 around the silver standard 957 01:05:43,400 --> 01:05:46,119 will have effects around the globe. 958 01:05:47,920 --> 01:05:48,920 For the first time, 959 01:05:49,039 --> 01:05:51,880 there is a standard, silver, 960 01:05:52,400 --> 01:05:53,920 as a medium of exchange, 961 01:05:54,119 --> 01:05:55,639 as a monetary unit. 962 01:05:57,880 --> 01:06:00,320 The Real-de-a-Ocho is a Spanish coin 963 01:06:01,280 --> 01:06:06,480 whose launch and above all, its later development, 964 01:06:06,800 --> 01:06:08,719 coincides with the Conquest and the Empire. 965 01:06:10,239 --> 01:06:15,159 After it is minted with new methods that make counterfeiting more difficult, 966 01:06:15,320 --> 01:06:19,039 and maintains value, weight and measure, 967 01:06:19,159 --> 01:06:21,800 the Real-de-a-Ocho becomes international currency. 968 01:06:24,840 --> 01:06:25,920 In the United States, 969 01:06:26,480 --> 01:06:30,639 the Spanish Milled Dollar, the Spanish minted dollar 970 01:06:30,760 --> 01:06:32,599 is the monetary standard for the dollar. 971 01:06:34,199 --> 01:06:38,000 Even the symbol is created with the two columns of Plus Ultra 972 01:06:38,280 --> 01:06:40,960 and the tie that joins the columns. 973 01:06:41,159 --> 01:06:42,800 That is the symbol's origin. 974 01:06:46,679 --> 01:06:50,679 Many think that much of America's silver ended up in Spain, and it did not. 975 01:06:50,760 --> 01:06:55,159 A third of the American Spanish silver ended up in China. 976 01:06:55,280 --> 01:06:57,880 They added engravings to those coins to give them circulation. 977 01:06:57,920 --> 01:07:01,199 They came out with some engravings, which they called Chops. 978 01:07:01,719 --> 01:07:05,039 They were Chinese characters, sometimes conventional characters, 979 01:07:05,159 --> 01:07:07,239 or sometimes the merchant's signature, 980 01:07:07,440 --> 01:07:09,400 Chong, Cheng, Li... 981 01:07:11,360 --> 01:07:14,199 Keep in mind that the Philippines was the bazaar of the East. 982 01:07:15,800 --> 01:07:19,280 The Chinese say: The Spanish are interested in this. 983 01:07:19,519 --> 01:07:23,159 Well, we are going to bring porcelain to them. 984 01:07:23,280 --> 01:07:24,920 Are they interested in silk? We bring silk. 985 01:07:25,000 --> 01:07:27,000 Are they interested in ivory? We bring ivory. 986 01:07:59,280 --> 01:08:02,280 One of the characteristics of Buddhist art 987 01:08:02,400 --> 01:08:05,000 is that they usually have enlarged lobes. 988 01:08:05,119 --> 01:08:10,880 Therefore, it is striking that these virgins sometimes have very large ears 989 01:08:11,039 --> 01:08:13,960 reminiscent of Chinese iconography. 990 01:08:18,760 --> 01:08:25,720 Also, there are folds in the neck that sometimes appear a bit chubby. 991 01:08:31,840 --> 01:08:35,159 The Chinese who are going to Manila every year, 992 01:08:35,279 --> 01:08:37,000 understand what the Spanish wanted 993 01:08:37,079 --> 01:08:41,600 and end up making religious images that make no sense to them, 994 01:08:41,800 --> 01:08:44,199 or much later, Manila shawls 995 01:08:44,319 --> 01:08:46,720 that can also have an affectionate meaning in Spain 996 01:08:46,880 --> 01:08:48,319 but none for them. 997 01:08:48,399 --> 01:08:53,079 - Where do you go with a Manila shawl? 998 01:08:53,399 --> 01:08:58,199 Where do you go with a chiné dress? 999 01:08:58,279 --> 01:09:03,199 - To show off and see the Verbena, 1000 01:09:03,359 --> 01:09:08,119 and to get into bed afterwards. 1001 01:09:08,319 --> 01:09:12,439 The famous Manila shawl had not been woven in the Philippines. 1002 01:09:13,000 --> 01:09:15,039 It had been woven in China, 1003 01:09:15,199 --> 01:09:18,520 but the Philippines traded it in America. 1004 01:09:21,000 --> 01:09:25,640 Then Spain created its own silk road, the Manila Galleon sea route. 1005 01:09:25,760 --> 01:09:29,760 Manila-Acapulco, Acapulco-Veracruz, Veracruz-Cádiz-Seville. 1006 01:09:30,640 --> 01:09:35,119 We call Manila the epicenter of the first Globalization, 1007 01:09:35,279 --> 01:09:38,159 because it is the place where Asia meets America, 1008 01:09:38,239 --> 01:09:41,880 and the place, above all, where silver arrives. 1009 01:09:42,000 --> 01:09:45,439 That is why Manila has essential importance 1010 01:09:45,560 --> 01:09:47,359 from the 16th to the 18th centuries. 1011 01:09:47,439 --> 01:09:49,880 Chinese goods were very cheap. 1012 01:09:50,039 --> 01:09:52,399 Because of that, the Galleon was an impressive business. 1013 01:09:52,479 --> 01:09:54,000 Manila Galleon's capacity, 1014 01:09:54,079 --> 01:09:57,319 one of the largest wooden ships of its time, 1015 01:09:57,399 --> 01:10:02,319 was more than 1,500 tons, even reaching 2,000 tons. 1016 01:10:03,920 --> 01:10:06,880 The importance of this trade route 1017 01:10:06,960 --> 01:10:11,680 has made humanity, the entire world, connect. 1018 01:10:12,000 --> 01:10:17,600 Consequently, it also arouses interest in exchange 1019 01:10:17,720 --> 01:10:20,479 between western and eastern worlds 1020 01:10:20,560 --> 01:10:24,600 because the products arouse curiosity about China 1021 01:10:24,720 --> 01:10:25,720 and vice versa. 1022 01:10:29,159 --> 01:10:32,159 It will be the longest-lived intercontinental route 1023 01:10:32,279 --> 01:10:33,680 that has ever existed. 1024 01:10:36,960 --> 01:10:40,920 It will end in 1815, with the arrival of the Magellan Galleon, 1025 01:10:41,159 --> 01:10:43,479 returning from Acapulco to Manila. 1026 01:10:44,640 --> 01:10:47,000 Almost 250 years of trade. 1027 01:10:48,840 --> 01:10:53,439 This explains the importance of all this exchange of products, 1028 01:10:53,640 --> 01:10:54,760 tools and techniques 1029 01:10:54,840 --> 01:11:00,840 that come from America to Europe, from Asia to America, directly. 1030 01:11:00,960 --> 01:11:05,520 They arrive for any type of cuisine and they open huge new possibilities. 1031 01:11:07,119 --> 01:11:10,680 There really was a connection through the fleet 1032 01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:13,720 and the entire administrative organization, 1033 01:11:14,439 --> 01:11:17,680 which made possible something that, even today, 1034 01:11:17,800 --> 01:11:20,800 with all the means we have, would have been difficult. 1035 01:11:23,079 --> 01:11:26,800 A widow from a town in Córdoba goes to Mexico. 1036 01:11:26,960 --> 01:11:28,680 In her will, she says 1037 01:11:28,800 --> 01:11:32,279 she was able to endow all of her daughters with her work, 1038 01:11:32,960 --> 01:11:34,399 and I believe there were four. 1039 01:11:35,520 --> 01:11:36,399 Finally, 1040 01:11:36,920 --> 01:11:43,800 at sixty years old, which is a lot for the end of the 16th century, 1041 01:11:44,600 --> 01:11:47,119 she continued working 1042 01:11:47,239 --> 01:11:50,560 and did business with an other daughter residing in Zacatecas 1043 01:11:50,640 --> 01:11:51,920 that would send her carrots 1044 01:11:52,000 --> 01:11:55,199 bought from farms on the outskirts of Mexico. 1045 01:11:55,520 --> 01:11:57,039 Preserved carrots. 1046 01:11:57,159 --> 01:11:59,960 She even managed silver resources, 1047 01:12:00,079 --> 01:12:02,279 to invest in the Manila Galleon. 1048 01:12:03,439 --> 01:12:04,840 Hers and others. 1049 01:12:06,279 --> 01:12:09,560 Reading those who were there and lived during that time, 1050 01:12:09,880 --> 01:12:13,880 you notice the existence of a link with the crown. 1051 01:12:13,960 --> 01:12:17,640 Maybe not so much with the rest of the regions or kingdoms, 1052 01:12:17,960 --> 01:12:20,600 but with the figure of the crown, absolutely, 1053 01:12:20,760 --> 01:12:23,960 "We are subjects of the Hispanic Monarchy" 1054 01:12:24,079 --> 01:12:26,279 and that is an identity card. 1055 01:12:29,319 --> 01:12:33,000 Two important elements of the action of Spain in America remain: 1056 01:12:33,159 --> 01:12:34,560 Catholicism 1057 01:12:34,640 --> 01:12:36,039 and Spanish. 1058 01:12:36,319 --> 01:12:38,319 In Asia, only Catholicism, 1059 01:12:38,600 --> 01:12:39,720 indeed in the Philippines. 1060 01:12:41,880 --> 01:12:45,880 Without Spain, Catholicism would possibly now be an entelechy 1061 01:12:46,119 --> 01:12:50,079 The vast majority of Catholics are in areas 1062 01:12:50,279 --> 01:12:54,039 colonized by the Spanish and the Portuguese. 1063 01:12:54,159 --> 01:12:56,319 In Greek, Catholic means he that looks at everything. 1064 01:12:56,439 --> 01:12:57,960 We Spaniards looked at everything. 1065 01:12:58,079 --> 01:13:00,560 We Spaniards aspired to everything, 1066 01:13:01,159 --> 01:13:02,439 and we have also travelled it. 1067 01:13:04,079 --> 01:13:05,600 You talk about the Spanish Empire 1068 01:13:05,680 --> 01:13:07,199 or you talk about the history of Spain, 1069 01:13:07,479 --> 01:13:09,680 and you automatically judge. 1070 01:13:10,439 --> 01:13:11,880 Immediately. 1071 01:13:12,680 --> 01:13:15,079 It is a moral history. 1072 01:13:15,680 --> 01:13:18,960 All the other histories of the western countries 1073 01:13:19,039 --> 01:13:20,520 are the history of that country, 1074 01:13:20,600 --> 01:13:21,720 but the history of Spain is not. 1075 01:13:21,920 --> 01:13:27,600 You immediately put a moral judgment ahead the Spanish history. 1076 01:14:19,880 --> 01:14:21,880 What happened in the Netherlands was not a war 1077 01:14:22,039 --> 01:14:23,399 between Spain and the Netherlands. 1078 01:14:23,479 --> 01:14:26,279 It was a civil war in the interior of the Netherlands, 1079 01:14:26,560 --> 01:14:29,960 between some Dutch who supported unity 1080 01:14:30,039 --> 01:14:33,000 and the great project that was the Catholic Monarchy, 1081 01:14:33,119 --> 01:14:36,640 and others who decided that the best option 1082 01:14:36,720 --> 01:14:39,960 in order to control that territory on their own, 1083 01:14:40,039 --> 01:14:41,720 was Secession. 1084 01:16:35,079 --> 01:16:35,960 - You see? 1085 01:16:36,119 --> 01:16:38,319 I think we are unfair with the Spaniards. 1086 01:16:38,680 --> 01:16:40,880 - What do you want? It is politics. 1087 01:16:41,479 --> 01:16:44,199 When you start to study different episodes, 1088 01:16:44,279 --> 01:16:48,640 you realize there are more Dutch with the Duke of Alba 1089 01:16:48,760 --> 01:16:50,319 than there are Dutch 1090 01:16:50,880 --> 01:16:52,520 on the Orange side. 1091 01:16:52,640 --> 01:16:55,800 It has been told as a David and Goliath story: 1092 01:16:55,920 --> 01:16:59,800 Heroic, young and wonderful David, always a lover of freedom... 1093 01:16:59,960 --> 01:17:01,640 That is, something wonderful, 1094 01:17:01,720 --> 01:17:03,760 in opposition to the horrible Spanish Empire, 1095 01:17:03,840 --> 01:17:05,439 obscurantist and Catholic, 1096 01:17:05,520 --> 01:17:08,760 which has taken freedom from that happy people, 1097 01:17:09,079 --> 01:17:13,720 that was the Netherlands' territory until the Spanish arrived and happiness ended. 1098 01:17:19,319 --> 01:17:25,560 The Habsburgs led a whole policy of support for Catholicism 1099 01:17:25,640 --> 01:17:29,000 which was persecuted by Calvinism and Lutheranism, et cetera. 1100 01:17:29,279 --> 01:17:35,159 All these circumstances make the history of Spain highly ideological. 1101 01:17:35,279 --> 01:17:37,119 Let's say you are a historian of modern France, right? 1102 01:17:37,239 --> 01:17:38,720 And you study modern France. 1103 01:17:38,920 --> 01:17:42,920 You are not saying all day long if Louis XIV is good or bad. 1104 01:17:43,359 --> 01:17:50,399 With Felipe II it's different as he must be immediately condemned. 1105 01:17:50,520 --> 01:17:52,079 You first proceed to condemn, 1106 01:17:52,319 --> 01:17:55,840 and once you have done it, in order to show that you are one of the good guys, 1107 01:17:55,920 --> 01:17:57,479 you can then say something. 1108 01:17:57,560 --> 01:17:59,159 But first, you have to condemn, 1109 01:17:59,239 --> 01:18:01,520 because if you do not condemn that story, 1110 01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:04,199 it means you are contaminated with the same evil. 1111 01:18:13,560 --> 01:18:14,720 It has always been said, right? 1112 01:18:14,800 --> 01:18:17,079 The decadence, Carlos II... 1113 01:18:17,159 --> 01:18:21,920 The Black Legend of an inquisitorial Spain, 1114 01:18:22,000 --> 01:18:24,439 a dark Spain, 1115 01:18:24,520 --> 01:18:29,640 a Spain that does not keep pace with the evolution of European culture 1116 01:18:29,720 --> 01:18:30,720 and so on. 1117 01:18:30,960 --> 01:18:37,399 What Carlos II had was an heir who came from abroad, 1118 01:18:37,520 --> 01:18:41,840 who found himself in need of prestige. 1119 01:18:43,800 --> 01:18:48,199 Obviously, the way of saying that this change has been favorable and positive 1120 01:18:48,520 --> 01:18:51,199 is a condemnation of the entire previous era. 1121 01:18:56,800 --> 01:18:57,800 Not at all. 1122 01:18:57,920 --> 01:19:01,000 Carlos II was not stupid. 1123 01:19:01,079 --> 01:19:05,239 Carlos II is not mentally weak but physically. 1124 01:19:05,479 --> 01:19:07,079 I think he is a mentally normal person. 1125 01:19:09,560 --> 01:19:11,720 Of course, the word "bewitched" is very beautiful, 1126 01:19:11,800 --> 01:19:13,720 there is no one to uproot it. 1127 01:19:14,039 --> 01:19:17,079 Not even if it were shown that he was a phenomenon, a great King… 1128 01:19:20,319 --> 01:19:24,560 First of all, Felipe V was the grandson of Louis XIV, 1129 01:19:25,039 --> 01:19:27,159 and the French shadow 1130 01:19:27,840 --> 01:19:30,279 permanently floated over Spain. 1131 01:19:31,239 --> 01:19:34,199 When Felipe V is named King, 1132 01:19:34,399 --> 01:19:39,039 Louis XIV begins to take over Spanish trade with America, 1133 01:19:39,119 --> 01:19:40,399 and to try to have even more of it... 1134 01:19:40,479 --> 01:19:42,199 It was a great business. 1135 01:19:45,880 --> 01:19:49,920 One of the elements was the rights of the slave trade in America, 1136 01:19:50,000 --> 01:19:52,640 and the commercial rights with Spanish America 1137 01:19:52,720 --> 01:19:55,760 sought by France, as well as by England 1138 01:19:55,880 --> 01:19:59,840 and Holland and later on, of course, the immense American market. 1139 01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:05,479 Deep down what is being dealt with is the desire of many to participate 1140 01:20:05,560 --> 01:20:11,399 in all the possessions and commercial possibilities of the Spanish Empire. 1141 01:20:14,279 --> 01:20:17,359 The Spain of Carlos III is a world power. 1142 01:20:17,720 --> 01:20:20,079 Where is that decadence then? 1143 01:20:23,000 --> 01:20:30,039 The Bourbon triumph meant that Spain became France's doorman, 1144 01:20:30,119 --> 01:20:35,880 and that has greatly conditioned us on the specific themes of the Black Legend. 1145 01:20:37,760 --> 01:20:42,640 In the 18th century, Spain still had the entire American Empire 1146 01:20:42,720 --> 01:20:44,640 with important reforms, 1147 01:20:44,760 --> 01:20:48,920 but that image passed through that French filter, 1148 01:20:49,159 --> 01:20:52,439 which says that the neighbors were the worst. 1149 01:20:53,840 --> 01:20:57,119 From 1808, the disaster breaks out. 1150 01:20:57,279 --> 01:20:59,159 This is the greatest moment of the disaster. 1151 01:21:07,960 --> 01:21:13,359 So far, the historical event that I think we can consider the most serious 1152 01:21:13,439 --> 01:21:15,359 is the Napoleonic Invasion. 1153 01:21:19,560 --> 01:21:24,239 The war of 1808 should not be called the War of Independence, 1154 01:21:24,439 --> 01:21:26,840 because we didn't achieve independence from anything. 1155 01:21:26,920 --> 01:21:30,119 Spain was absolutely independent, 1156 01:21:30,199 --> 01:21:36,119 and had been more powerful than France, throughout the modern age. 1157 01:21:38,520 --> 01:21:43,720 The Napoleonic Invasion absolutely destroyed everything 1158 01:21:43,840 --> 01:21:50,720 that had been done throughout the 18th century and previously in the 17th. 1159 01:21:50,840 --> 01:21:55,600 The invading army, the French, razed everything it could. 1160 01:21:55,760 --> 01:21:59,840 The English allied army was even worse, 1161 01:22:00,079 --> 01:22:05,720 because they burned all the factories that competed with England... 1162 01:22:05,840 --> 01:22:13,119 For six years, we had the longest Napoleonic War in Europe, 1163 01:22:13,359 --> 01:22:17,359 and then bad luck that Fernando VII came. 1164 01:22:20,479 --> 01:22:26,119 Long Live Spain. 1165 01:22:26,359 --> 01:22:31,039 Long Live Spain 1166 01:22:31,600 --> 01:22:40,640 and Death to France 1167 01:22:40,800 --> 01:22:51,239 who burned the papal bull. 1168 01:22:51,319 --> 01:22:56,479 From 1808 to 1810, there was a war between the Spanish Empire and Napoleon, 1169 01:22:56,560 --> 01:22:58,319 in America and in Europe. 1170 01:23:00,600 --> 01:23:05,119 Despite the dire circumstances and the continuous wars until 1810, 1171 01:23:05,199 --> 01:23:08,239 there is no rupture of the empire. 1172 01:23:12,800 --> 01:23:20,920 And deny faith 1173 01:23:23,119 --> 01:23:25,680 Long Live Spain 1174 01:23:28,680 --> 01:23:31,079 Long Live Spain 1175 01:23:33,840 --> 01:23:36,640 England had always looked at Spanish America 1176 01:23:36,880 --> 01:23:39,119 like the cat looks at the canary, 1177 01:23:39,439 --> 01:23:41,119 but it had not been able to eat it. 1178 01:23:42,159 --> 01:23:44,199 First, what it wants is free trade 1179 01:23:44,560 --> 01:23:47,199 as it allows them to sell their goods. 1180 01:23:47,439 --> 01:23:48,680 Secondly, 1181 01:23:48,960 --> 01:23:52,319 if this is going to produce a breakup with Spain, 1182 01:23:52,399 --> 01:23:53,359 from whatever arises, 1183 01:23:53,439 --> 01:23:56,600 many states have to emerge. 1184 01:23:56,680 --> 01:23:59,000 It wants territorial fragmentation. 1185 01:23:59,399 --> 01:24:00,479 Balkanization. 1186 01:24:03,880 --> 01:24:05,560 The Spanish Empire collapses, 1187 01:24:05,720 --> 01:24:08,079 and not even the viceroyalties survive. 1188 01:24:08,239 --> 01:24:13,399 There were the viceroyalties of Mexico, New Spain, Granada, Río de la Plata... 1189 01:24:17,039 --> 01:24:19,880 Great Britain preaches Campanario's nationalism, 1190 01:24:19,960 --> 01:24:22,359 so each one of the republics that are going to be created, 1191 01:24:22,439 --> 01:24:24,279 is created differently from one another 1192 01:24:24,560 --> 01:24:26,520 as if they had been enemies. 1193 01:24:26,960 --> 01:24:28,399 It also preaches Hispanophobia. 1194 01:24:31,000 --> 01:24:32,239 Civilizations. 1195 01:24:32,560 --> 01:24:33,680 It is the English language. 1196 01:24:33,920 --> 01:24:35,119 Spanish is barbaric. 1197 01:24:38,199 --> 01:24:39,880 Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 1198 01:24:40,039 --> 01:24:44,000 despite being the greatest prose writer in Castillian, 1199 01:24:44,159 --> 01:24:47,199 that he handled admirably, he did not like it. 1200 01:24:47,600 --> 01:24:49,439 What is civilization? 1201 01:24:49,520 --> 01:24:52,960 The Protestant says catholicism is awful. 1202 01:24:53,359 --> 01:24:54,520 Everything is an atrocity. 1203 01:24:54,960 --> 01:24:57,039 What is civilization? It is the city of Buenos Aires. 1204 01:24:57,119 --> 01:24:58,840 What is barbarism? It is the barbaric inland 1205 01:24:58,960 --> 01:25:00,079 and its chieftains. 1206 01:25:00,319 --> 01:25:01,439 It must be razed. 1207 01:25:01,720 --> 01:25:04,199 That is why during the Argentinian Civil War 1208 01:25:04,399 --> 01:25:07,479 he tells a general not to spare gaucho blood 1209 01:25:07,560 --> 01:25:09,279 as it is the only human attribute they have... 1210 01:25:09,319 --> 01:25:10,399 Kill them. 1211 01:25:12,079 --> 01:25:18,479 When you study the 19th century and how the Argentine nation loses strength, 1212 01:25:18,720 --> 01:25:22,560 you find that the concept of extermination appears in the Law. 1213 01:25:23,279 --> 01:25:26,760 That is a very dramatic breakdown. 1214 01:25:35,560 --> 01:25:37,760 When you study the 16th century, 1215 01:25:37,920 --> 01:25:42,880 you find that all legislation is in favor of indigenous subjects. 1216 01:25:46,960 --> 01:25:51,319 The so-called “Pueblos Originarios” were the most faithful to Spain 1217 01:25:51,760 --> 01:25:54,880 because the indigenous masses in Peru, in Ecuador, 1218 01:25:55,000 --> 01:25:57,800 were against Independence, and that is how it was. 1219 01:25:59,279 --> 01:26:05,399 The War of Independence was not the end of a 300-year struggle. 1220 01:26:05,479 --> 01:26:08,359 No. For 300 years they lived in peace in America. 1221 01:26:10,800 --> 01:26:14,279 It would be desirable for the whole population 1222 01:26:14,359 --> 01:26:17,079 to stop using history as a weapon, 1223 01:26:17,319 --> 01:26:19,319 to stop using history to win votes, 1224 01:26:20,840 --> 01:26:24,079 to cut off Fray Junipero’s head, because this comes in handy... 1225 01:26:26,720 --> 01:26:28,880 We must leave history there, where it is. 1226 01:26:29,000 --> 01:26:29,800 Period. 1227 01:26:32,439 --> 01:26:36,439 Many American cities have been founded by Fray Junipero. 1228 01:26:36,680 --> 01:26:41,039 The first mass and the city’s name has been given by Fray Junipero. 1229 01:26:43,359 --> 01:26:47,560 San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Santa Clara, San Bernardino, 1230 01:26:47,640 --> 01:26:48,680 Sacramento… 1231 01:26:48,920 --> 01:26:50,159 Are all Christian names. 1232 01:26:50,439 --> 01:26:54,680 If they wanted to say in the past that Junipero's work did not exist or 1233 01:26:54,840 --> 01:26:58,600 Junipero's work was something bad for this place, 1234 01:26:58,800 --> 01:27:01,199 they would simply have changed the names. 1235 01:27:04,600 --> 01:27:07,520 At the time of the Franciscans, 1236 01:27:07,600 --> 01:27:10,960 the indigenous populations of California increased, 1237 01:27:11,159 --> 01:27:13,439 not decreased. 1238 01:27:13,920 --> 01:27:18,920 They disappeared later, during the Gold Rush when, 1239 01:27:19,079 --> 01:27:24,079 by the way, Stanford was California’s Governor 1240 01:27:24,479 --> 01:27:26,840 and the disappearance of all these population 1241 01:27:26,960 --> 01:27:29,880 occured in just twenty or thirty years. 1242 01:27:30,079 --> 01:27:33,000 The indigenous people called him Padre Viejo. 1243 01:27:33,520 --> 01:27:36,159 When he was already on his deathbed, 1244 01:27:36,239 --> 01:27:38,720 they removed pieces of his clothing, 1245 01:27:38,840 --> 01:27:41,000 they wanted to cut his hair 1246 01:27:41,079 --> 01:27:45,079 and they gave him a great funeral and great masses. 1247 01:27:45,359 --> 01:27:48,640 The natives wept a lot for him. 1248 01:27:49,239 --> 01:27:50,439 He is buried there. 1249 01:27:55,800 --> 01:27:57,960 Many of those Indians spoke Spanish. 1250 01:28:00,920 --> 01:28:04,399 Geronimo is called like that because he is from Arizpe. 1251 01:28:04,600 --> 01:28:09,079 Arizpe is a town founded by a Jesuit whose name was Geronimo de la Canal. 1252 01:28:11,079 --> 01:28:13,479 Two generations had been sedentary there. 1253 01:28:15,760 --> 01:28:20,239 From 1848, when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, 1254 01:28:20,600 --> 01:28:23,319 and Mexico loses a little more than half of its territory, 1255 01:28:23,520 --> 01:28:26,479 the Apaches have to stay on the other side of the border, 1256 01:28:26,560 --> 01:28:29,319 as they absolutely refuse to abandon the lands 1257 01:28:29,399 --> 01:28:33,279 in which they had been reasonably well-off. 1258 01:28:35,359 --> 01:28:37,319 Most of the tribes 1259 01:28:37,880 --> 01:28:40,359 and populations in California disappeared 1260 01:28:40,479 --> 01:28:42,479 when the Spanish Empire disappeared. 1261 01:28:48,680 --> 01:28:53,439 It's the job of North American cinema to tells us how the Anglo-Saxons 1262 01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:58,039 advance against these evil natives, 1263 01:28:58,279 --> 01:29:01,800 who want to scalp and destroy them, 1264 01:29:01,920 --> 01:29:04,399 and they come up against these wild people. 1265 01:29:04,640 --> 01:29:07,079 This is simply trying not to see reality. 1266 01:29:07,279 --> 01:29:09,000 All the villages of the West, 1267 01:29:09,199 --> 01:29:11,119 which were already founded and evangelized, 1268 01:29:11,279 --> 01:29:12,840 disappear from history. 1269 01:29:15,439 --> 01:29:19,319 Someone is going to be to blamed for the disappearance of those populations, 1270 01:29:19,439 --> 01:29:21,960 and it is not going to be a white Protestant. 1271 01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:27,680 This distortion of history with a poorly told story 1272 01:29:28,039 --> 01:29:30,159 generates all that we have now. 1273 01:29:44,279 --> 01:29:46,760 There is one thing that is absolutely ignored: 1274 01:29:47,720 --> 01:29:51,199 The “Pueblos Originarios”, the natives, were never anti-Hispanic, 1275 01:29:51,600 --> 01:29:54,199 they always remained faithful to the Hispanic idea. 1276 01:29:57,520 --> 01:30:01,760 For this reason, the saying goes: Sir, the Conquest was made by the Indians 1277 01:30:01,960 --> 01:30:04,319 and the Independence was made by the Spanish. 1278 01:30:06,640 --> 01:30:09,640 - There is a lot of injustice, we can no longer bear it. 1279 01:30:09,960 --> 01:30:13,560 That is why, from the first of January, 1280 01:30:14,279 --> 01:30:17,800 we had no choice but to take up arms. 1281 01:30:21,560 --> 01:30:24,119 The Zapatista movement developed 1282 01:30:24,239 --> 01:30:25,880 as a response 1283 01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:28,680 to the state's lack of attention 1284 01:30:28,800 --> 01:30:30,960 to these indigenous populations. 1285 01:30:37,800 --> 01:30:39,760 Once the hostilities ended, 1286 01:30:40,000 --> 01:30:45,520 negotiations were conducted that resulted in the San Andrés Accords. 1287 01:30:45,880 --> 01:30:47,000 What did they consist of? 1288 01:30:47,079 --> 01:30:53,000 In that the Mexican state undertook to respect the uses and customs 1289 01:30:53,079 --> 01:30:57,760 of the Government and Administration of those indigenous populations. 1290 01:31:00,479 --> 01:31:05,239 What the indigenous groups understood as "traditional uses and customs" 1291 01:31:05,439 --> 01:31:09,920 were nothing other than the ones they had in the 16th and 17th centuries, 1292 01:31:10,000 --> 01:31:12,239 consolidated by the Hispanic Monarchy. 1293 01:31:15,600 --> 01:31:20,399 So, they claimed as autochthonous what had been created 1294 01:31:20,479 --> 01:31:22,960 during the viceregal system. 1295 01:31:24,239 --> 01:31:24,960 For the moment, 1296 01:31:25,039 --> 01:31:27,960 the laws that govern the interior of these communities are the laws 1297 01:31:28,279 --> 01:31:31,800 of the 16th and 17th centuries. 1298 01:31:32,479 --> 01:31:34,479 But, of course, they do not know it. 1299 01:31:34,920 --> 01:31:36,359 I have already sent a letter 1300 01:31:36,479 --> 01:31:37,520 to the King of Spain 1301 01:31:38,319 --> 01:31:40,279 and another letter to the Pope, 1302 01:31:41,399 --> 01:31:43,680 so that an account of grievances is made 1303 01:31:44,960 --> 01:31:52,319 and the native people are asked for forgiveness. 1304 01:31:55,560 --> 01:31:58,560 In historical processes there are neither good nor bad, 1305 01:31:58,640 --> 01:31:59,880 neither heroes nor villains; 1306 01:32:00,079 --> 01:32:03,439 There are actors who, depending on their own ideas 1307 01:32:03,520 --> 01:32:06,520 act in one sense or another. 1308 01:32:06,680 --> 01:32:12,600 It seems to me that it is a historiographical exercise to erase 1309 01:32:13,159 --> 01:32:17,680 the imprints of the Spanish-Iberian culture on the territory. 1310 01:32:18,000 --> 01:32:21,079 Artificially, as it happens, as day after day, 1311 01:32:21,399 --> 01:32:25,359 one encounters reality and with it that Hispanic heritage. 1312 01:32:25,479 --> 01:32:28,319 It is almost an act of psychoanalytic denial, right? 1313 01:32:28,399 --> 01:32:30,760 To deny our own past, 1314 01:32:31,239 --> 01:32:33,359 because otherwise it could not be explained that way 1315 01:32:33,479 --> 01:32:35,239 as three hundread years go a long way. 1316 01:33:08,279 --> 01:33:11,960 By 1500, this clear perspective has already been taken. 1317 01:33:12,039 --> 01:33:15,960 Native Americans are persons and they should be treated as such. 1318 01:33:16,039 --> 01:33:18,119 Therefore, they cannot be sold. 1319 01:33:19,760 --> 01:33:24,640 King Fernando is going to summon to Burgos the best theologians 1320 01:33:24,720 --> 01:33:29,800 and jurists in the kingdom to stipulate what to do. 1321 01:33:32,840 --> 01:33:36,279 They draft in the convent of San Francisco de Burgos 1322 01:33:36,359 --> 01:33:38,880 the so-called Thirty-Five Laws of Burgos. 1323 01:33:40,199 --> 01:33:42,279 They are a wonder of humanity. 1324 01:33:42,760 --> 01:33:44,960 There is one thing about Indian women, 1325 01:33:45,319 --> 01:33:48,039 how they cannot be forced into marriage, 1326 01:33:48,119 --> 01:33:50,439 how they can appeal… 1327 01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:55,199 It is a wonderful thing. 1328 01:33:57,800 --> 01:34:02,079 At this time, when slavery was absolutely normal, 1329 01:34:02,479 --> 01:34:06,479 it is very important that they stopped to think about something like that: 1330 01:34:08,359 --> 01:34:11,159 That they could have private property, their family home, 1331 01:34:11,319 --> 01:34:13,399 that their wives would be kept from other men… 1332 01:34:13,479 --> 01:34:15,079 It is not only authorized, 1333 01:34:15,159 --> 01:34:19,880 but Spaniards are asked to marry the natives. 1334 01:34:20,039 --> 01:34:21,960 And we found this from the very beginning. 1335 01:34:22,399 --> 01:34:24,279 From the second voyage of Columbus onwards, 1336 01:34:24,359 --> 01:34:27,000 Castilian families started to go there. 1337 01:34:29,439 --> 01:34:31,600 When institutions can advance, 1338 01:34:31,720 --> 01:34:36,720 women begin to go, often in groups of single women, 1339 01:34:36,840 --> 01:34:40,159 who have not been able or didn’t have an easy time getting married in Castilla. 1340 01:34:40,239 --> 01:34:43,760 They go to America because, in the early years, 1341 01:34:43,840 --> 01:34:45,560 there are mainly men there. 1342 01:34:46,880 --> 01:34:47,520 For example, 1343 01:34:47,600 --> 01:34:52,359 in Cortés' company there are women who do not want her husband to go alone 1344 01:34:52,439 --> 01:34:54,319 to such an adventure so they go with them. 1345 01:34:54,479 --> 01:34:58,159 There are nurses, cooks, prostitutes, obviously, 1346 01:34:58,239 --> 01:35:01,239 but there are also women who embark out of necessity, 1347 01:35:02,600 --> 01:35:03,600 out of love 1348 01:35:04,359 --> 01:35:05,439 or adventure. 1349 01:35:07,319 --> 01:35:10,439 In the new world, at least in the mindset of that moment, 1350 01:35:11,399 --> 01:35:12,600 creation is possible. 1351 01:35:25,119 --> 01:35:29,000 Colonialist countries do not export themselves, 1352 01:35:29,079 --> 01:35:30,920 nor do they provoke integration phenomena. 1353 01:35:31,159 --> 01:35:32,960 It is an absolutely commercial enterprise, 1354 01:35:33,159 --> 01:35:35,319 not one of territorial integration. 1355 01:35:35,960 --> 01:35:38,760 You see Christopher Columbus arrive in America, 1356 01:35:39,199 --> 01:35:41,119 and what is in America a hundred years later? 1357 01:35:41,279 --> 01:35:42,439 Something else. 1358 01:35:43,479 --> 01:35:46,960 To begin with, we have a phenomenon of extraordinary longevity: 1359 01:35:47,560 --> 01:35:49,520 It lasts for a very long time. 1360 01:35:52,840 --> 01:35:59,159 The painting of Martín de Loiola marrying the Inca Princess 1361 01:35:59,319 --> 01:36:03,840 is a gigantic statement of inclusion. 1362 01:36:06,720 --> 01:36:11,199 Spanish nobility did not deny indigenous nobility, 1363 01:36:11,680 --> 01:36:16,039 it accepted it as such. 1364 01:36:16,680 --> 01:36:17,720 They married them. 1365 01:36:18,720 --> 01:36:23,159 Those children that were sired continued to be noble. 1366 01:36:24,119 --> 01:36:29,359 They did not stop being noble because their mother or father was an Indian. 1367 01:36:38,079 --> 01:36:42,760 Until the 20th century, the British Raj had forbidden mixed marriages 1368 01:36:44,159 --> 01:36:45,159 in India. 1369 01:36:46,359 --> 01:36:49,920 They were forbidden in such a way... That they were excluded 1370 01:36:50,720 --> 01:36:53,720 from social and official life. 1371 01:36:54,520 --> 01:36:57,800 Maharaja of Kapurthala had to marry an Indian woman, 1372 01:36:58,880 --> 01:37:00,720 but as he married a white woman, 1373 01:37:01,560 --> 01:37:03,600 that marriage could not be recognized 1374 01:37:04,279 --> 01:37:07,840 and Anita Delgado couldn't be invited anywhere. 1375 01:37:09,479 --> 01:37:10,680 She had broken the rule. 1376 01:37:11,119 --> 01:37:12,319 She married an Indian man. 1377 01:37:17,399 --> 01:37:19,800 Something that absolutely characterizes 1378 01:37:19,880 --> 01:37:23,079 and defines Spanish colonization is miscegenation. 1379 01:37:24,239 --> 01:37:26,119 There was also reverse miscegenation, 1380 01:37:26,760 --> 01:37:30,600 indigenous men who married Spanish women, but to a lesser extent. 1381 01:37:31,319 --> 01:37:33,760 Approaching that world is very interesting 1382 01:37:33,840 --> 01:37:37,039 because you see figures that come from a culture 1383 01:37:37,640 --> 01:37:40,600 and are able to take root in a totally different environment, 1384 01:37:41,039 --> 01:37:42,960 and humanize it. 1385 01:37:43,119 --> 01:37:44,159 In a way, 1386 01:37:44,960 --> 01:37:48,439 they make that impressive cultural fusion 1387 01:37:48,680 --> 01:37:51,479 that I think is another great legacy: 1388 01:37:51,560 --> 01:37:54,880 human miscegenation, cultural blending, etcetera. 1389 01:37:58,520 --> 01:38:01,680 That is what defeats, let's say, the Black Legend, 1390 01:38:02,079 --> 01:38:04,720 which speaks of the Spanish being genocidal. 1391 01:38:05,119 --> 01:38:06,479 If you see us, 1392 01:38:06,840 --> 01:38:08,319 the Mexicans or Latin Americans, 1393 01:38:08,520 --> 01:38:13,520 we are a mixture between the Spanish who came from the peninsula, 1394 01:38:13,760 --> 01:38:16,800 or those Spaniards' children who were born right there in Mexico: 1395 01:38:16,880 --> 01:38:17,880 the Creoles, 1396 01:38:18,000 --> 01:38:19,880 the indigenous people, the mulattos, 1397 01:38:19,960 --> 01:38:23,119 and all those who lived in the kingdom’s territories. 1398 01:38:23,319 --> 01:38:24,319 On the other hand, 1399 01:38:24,399 --> 01:38:26,039 there is no mixture in the United States 1400 01:38:26,119 --> 01:38:28,960 or let's say, the Anglo-Saxon settlers. 1401 01:38:30,520 --> 01:38:32,560 The English Empire is colonization, 1402 01:38:33,199 --> 01:38:34,720 or the French Empire and, 1403 01:38:34,960 --> 01:38:37,039 of course, the Dutch above all. 1404 01:38:37,640 --> 01:38:41,560 The Spanish conquest in America should never be called colonization, 1405 01:38:41,640 --> 01:38:43,680 because they did not create a colony. 1406 01:38:43,920 --> 01:38:46,800 The American Empire did not create colonies. 1407 01:38:47,000 --> 01:38:51,039 It transferred the way of life of the Spanish and Spaniards moved there, 1408 01:38:51,119 --> 01:38:55,239 and they first creating viceroyalties, and then, during the 19th century, 1409 01:38:55,319 --> 01:38:57,000 our overseas province. 1410 01:38:57,079 --> 01:39:00,119 There were no colonies. They never were colonies. 1411 01:39:04,680 --> 01:39:10,800 There was a time when Mexicans clearly knew they were the world's capital. 1412 01:39:13,920 --> 01:39:19,640 The true capital of the Spanish Empire was not Madrid but Mexico. 1413 01:39:28,359 --> 01:39:31,119 The Philippines were called the colony of the colony, 1414 01:39:31,359 --> 01:39:34,439 because it was a Mexican colony more than a Spanish one. 1415 01:39:36,800 --> 01:39:41,479 Spain’s viceroyalty is with the Philippine governance. 1416 01:39:42,000 --> 01:39:44,840 It is like a coexistence, not only administrative, 1417 01:39:44,920 --> 01:39:47,520 but also a very rich cultural one. 1418 01:39:52,640 --> 01:39:56,119 In the 16th and 17th centuries in Nueva España, 1419 01:39:56,239 --> 01:39:59,159 the same was happening in Lima as in Seville, 1420 01:39:59,640 --> 01:40:05,279 including mores, reading habits, ambience. 1421 01:40:19,279 --> 01:40:23,680 They are equidistant from China and Spain. 1422 01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:27,359 The capital Mexico is worth more than Madrid in everything. 1423 01:40:30,640 --> 01:40:35,319 Mexico should recover the awareness of having been the articulating axis 1424 01:40:35,399 --> 01:40:37,520 of the economy of the world, 1425 01:40:37,840 --> 01:40:41,399 and of the importance that Mexican's silver had 1426 01:40:41,520 --> 01:40:45,760 in the consolidation of those international markets. 1427 01:40:48,079 --> 01:40:52,520 I think this could help us to deconstruct 1428 01:40:52,680 --> 01:40:56,279 the victimizing discourse of the conquered, 1429 01:40:56,359 --> 01:40:59,399 poor us, who were massacred. 1430 01:41:00,560 --> 01:41:01,600 No, just the opposite. 1431 01:41:05,640 --> 01:41:07,800 We lack a global version. 1432 01:41:08,039 --> 01:41:11,640 We lack a global history of the Spanish-speaking world, 1433 01:41:11,720 --> 01:41:13,840 of Spain and Hispanic America. 1434 01:41:15,119 --> 01:41:18,399 We hold the answers to many questions about Globalization 1435 01:41:18,520 --> 01:41:20,359 from the perspective of other cultures. 1436 01:41:20,680 --> 01:41:26,079 We are at a good time, on both sides of the Atlantic, 1437 01:41:26,279 --> 01:41:29,479 to rethink how we have constructed the historical discourse, 1438 01:41:29,760 --> 01:41:33,079 and adhere more to that reality 1439 01:41:33,159 --> 01:41:37,000 and less to the founding myths and the Black Legends. 1440 01:41:43,119 --> 01:41:47,479 World history cannot be explained without Spanish history. 1441 01:41:48,159 --> 01:41:53,800 There are stories that can be told independently, 1442 01:41:53,880 --> 01:41:56,079 but nothing of the current world is understood 1443 01:41:56,479 --> 01:42:02,000 without telling the history of the Hispanic countries and monarchy. 1444 01:42:11,159 --> 01:42:13,800 If it has always been true, 1445 01:42:14,439 --> 01:42:15,479 now more than ever, 1446 01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:19,560 the fight for the past is definitely the fight for the future. 1447 01:46:39,479 --> 01:46:47,479 In memory of our ancestors, for our sons.