>>> AMERICA IS AT A RECKONING. FOR MORE THAN 250 YEARS WE HAVE
BATTLED RACIAL INJUSTICE AND POLITICAL DIVISION.
IN TIMES OF CRISIS, WE LOOK TO THE PAST FOR EXAMPLES OF BOLD
LEADERSHIP. >> LINCOLN, OF COURSE, IS THE
MOST ADMIRED AMERICAN PRESIDENT. >> IF THERE IS ANYONE WHO LIVED,
BREATHED AND WALKED THE BASIC IDEAS AROUND WHICH AMERICA IS
BUILT, IT WAS ABRAHAM LINCOLN. >> POLITICIANS RECOGNIZED THE
POWER THAT HIS NAME STILL HAS AND USE IT.
>> AND THAT VISION OF LINCOLN’S OF A GENEROUS, INCLUSIVE AMERICA
HAS DRIVEN THIS COUNTRY FOR MORE THAN 200 YEARS.
>> PRESIDENT LINCOLN NOT ONLY UNDERSTOOD THE HEARTBREAK OF HIS
COUNTRY, HE ALSO UNDERSTOOD THE COST OF SACRIFICE.
>> ABRAHAM LINCOLN SIGNED THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
THE PRESIDENT SAID, AND I QUOTE, IF MY NAME EVER GOES DOWN INTO
HISTORY, IT WILL BE FOR THIS ACT, AND MY WHOLE SOUL IS IN IT.
MY WHOLE SOUL IS IN IT. >> GENERATIONS OF BLACK PEOPLE
NAMED THEIR CHILDREN LINCOLN, BECAUSE LINCOLN FREED THE
SLAVES. >> BUT IT’S A LOT MORE
COMPLICATED THAN THAT. >> A LOT OF PEOPLE THINK LINCOLN
WAS A FIERY OPPONENT OF SLAVERY FROM THE DAY HE WAS BORN, AND
THAT’S NOT QUITE TRUE. >> TURNS OUT THAT A GREAT WAY TO
PUT DOWN THE REBELLION IS TO YANK THE ENSLAVED AFRICANS OUT
FROM UNDER HIS ENEMIES. AND THE GUY REALLY WAS FREEING
THE SLAVES, HOPE THANKSGIVING WOULD GO BACK TO AFRICA.
THEY DON’T TELL YOU THAT IN SECOND GRADE.
>> THE SIN OF SLAVERY HAS LOOMED OVER AMERICA FOR CENTURIES, AND
IT WAS NOT ABSOLVED WITH EMANCIPATION.
>> LINCOLN DIED CLOSE TO EASTER, SO THIS MADE IT EASY FOR PEOPLE
TO IMAGINE THAT HE DIED FOR THE SINS OF THE NATION.
>> THE MARTYR NARRATIVE MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR US TO THINK OF
LINCOLN IN A SIMPLISTIC WAY. >> WE LIVE IN A CULTURE WHERE
EVERYBODY EITHER HAS TO BE A HERO OR A VILLAIN.
AND THE REALITY IS GREAT POLITICIANS ARE BOTH.
>> PART OF THE CHALLENGE IS TO RECAPTURE HIM FROM ALL THAT
BRONZE AND LIMESTONE INTO WHICH HE HAS BEEN CAST AND SEE HIM AS
A PERSON. >> LINCOLN HAD EXPERIENCES, AND
MOST PEOPLE EVOLVE AS THEY HAVE MORE EXPERIENCES, AND IT IS NOT
A CRITICISM OF LINCOLN TO SAY HE INVOLVED.
IT WOULD BE A CRITICISM TO SAY HE WAS MAN WHO NEVER CHANGED HIS
MIND, NEVER LEARNED ANYTHING. >> WE CAN BECOME BETTER VERSIONS
OF OURSELVES. WE CAN CHANGE OVER TIME.
LINCOLN WAS EVOLUTIONARY. AND IN BEING EVOLUTIONARY, HE
BECAME REVOLUTIONARY
. >> IN 1809, AMERICA IS A COUNTRY
IN ITS INFANCY. A NATION TOILS TO PAY OFF ITS
REVOLUTIONARY WAR DEBTS AND MAKE A NAME FOR ITSELF ON THE WORLD
STAGE. DESPITE THE LEGAL END TO THE
SLAVE TRADE IN 1808, THE MAN FOR AMERICAN‐MADE COTTON AND THE
ENSLAVED MEN AND WOMEN WHO FARM IT BLOOMS.
THE NEW COUNTRY’S GROWTH IS NOT ONLY INTERTWINED WITH SLAVE
LABOR, IT’S ENTIRELY DEPENDENT ON IT.
>> IT IS ABSOLUTELY CRUCIAL FOR UNDERSTANDING WHAT WENT ON IN
THE COUNTRY, THAT BEFORE THE 1860s, MOST OF THE FIRST
PRESIDENTS WERE OFF OF THE SOUTH.
THE SLAVE POWER CONTROLLED THE COUNTRY.
>> AT LINCOLN’S BIRTH, WE ARE STILL IN THE FINAL WEEKS OF THE
THOMAS JEFFERSON PRESIDENCY. SO WE ARE REALLY IN THE FOUNDING
ERA OF THE UNITED STATES. >> YOU HAD THIS IMMENSE
TERRITORY THAT THE UNITED STATES HAD GAINED WITH THE LOUISIANA
PURCHASE. AND SO THERE IS THIS WHOLE
QUESTION ABOUT THE EXPANSION OF THE NATION, HOW IT WAS GOING TO
EXPAND, WHERE SLAVERY WOULD EXIST, AND THIS IS THE MOMENT
WHEN ABRAHAM LINCOLN WAS BORN. >> ABRAHAM LINCOLN ARRIVES ON
FEBRUARY 12th, 1809 ON THE FAR EDGE OF THE WESTERN FRONTIER IN
ARGENTVILLE, KENTUCKY. >> AS MUCH AS STORY WRITERS AND
IMAGE MAKERS ROMANTICIZED LINCOLN’S BOYHOOD LIFE, HE NEVER
DID. >> EVERYBODY WAS POOR IN THE
FRONTIER. THE LINCOLNS WERE REALLY POOR.
>> HE SPENDS HIS FIRST FEW YEARS IN A CABIN THAT HAS A DIRT
FLOOR. THERE ARE WILD ANIMALS, ROOFS
THAT LEAK. JUST THINK OF WHAT THE NIGHTS
WERE LIKE. >> IN 1816, WHEN LINCOLN IS 7
YEARS OLD, HIS FATHER THOMAS RUNS INTO TROUBLE WITH HIS LAND
TITLE AND LOSES HIS FARM AND MOVES HIS FAMILY TO THE FREE
TERRITORY OF INDIANA. >> THERE WERE NOT A LOT OF
PEOPLE IN SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA WHEN THE LINCOLNS FIRST ARRIVED
THERE. THEY REALLY HAD TO CARVE THEIR
EXISTENCE, THEIR LIVELIHOOD OUT OF THE WILDERNESS WITH THEIR OWN
TWO HANDS. AND SO YOUNG LINCOLN AND HIS
SISTER SARAH WOULD HAVE HAD A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF
RESPONSIBILITY. CHOP WOOD, FARM.
IT WAS VERY ROUGH. LINCOLN AND HIS SISTER HAVE TO
RELY ON EACH OTHER FOR SO MUCH AT SUCH AN EARLY AGE.
>> HIS MOTHER, NANCY HANKS LINCOLN WAS A VERY BEAUTIFUL
WOMAN. >> LINCOLN BELIEVES THAT HIS
MOTHER IS HIS ANGEL. >> BUT JUST AS THE FAMILY BEGINS
TO SETTLE INTO THEIR NEW HOME, TRAGEDY STRIKES.
>> IN A PERIOD OF DROUGHT ON THE FRONTIER, CATTLE WOULD EAT
SOMETHING CALLED SNAKEROOT, AND THAT’S A POISON.
SO THAT GETS INTO THE MILK. >> LINCOLN’S MOTHER DRINKS MILK
THAT’S DISEASED. >> AND SHE GETS SICK.
>> AND SHE DIES.
>> YOUNG ABRAHAM HELPS HIS FATHER NAIL HIS MOTHER INTO THE
COFFIN THAT WILL TAKE HER AWAY FROM HIM FOR THE REST OF HIS
LIFE. >> FROM MODERN PSYCHOLOGICAL
STUDIES, WE KNOW IF THE SURVIVING PARENT IS EMOTIONALLY
AVAILABLE AND SUPPORTIVE AND NURTURING, THAT THE DAMAGE DONE
BY THE OTHER PARENT’S DEATH IS LARGELY OFFSET.
BUT THOMAS LINCOLN DOES NOT FIT THAT DESCRIPTION.
>> THERE IS LITTLE TIME TO GRIEVE ON THE FRONTIER.
9‐YEAR‐OLD ABRAHAM AND HIS 11‐YEAR‐OLD SISTER SARAH ARE TOO
YOUNG TO TAKE ON ALL OF THEIR MOTHER’S RESPONSIBILITIES, AND
WINTER IS JUST AROUND THE CORNER.
>> THOMAS LINCOLN NEEDS A WOMAN AROUND THE HOUSE.
YOU CAN’T DO COMPUTER DATING IN THIS PERIOD, AND HE HAS TO GO
COURTING. HE PICKS UP AND HEADS TO
CIVILIZATION WHERE THERE ARE WOMEN FOLK AND LEAVES THESE TWO
CHILDREN TO FEND FOR THEMSELVES. IT WAS A RISK THAT THOMAS HAD TO
UNDER TAKE AND WAS NOT THE FIRST TO UNDER TAKE.
>> THEY WERE PRACTICALLY REDUCED TO ANIMAL EXISTENCE.
>> THEIR HAIR WAS NOT CUT. THEY WERE UNWASHED.
THEIR CLOTHES WERE PEELING AWAY. YOU’RE IN PERIL EVERY SECOND
LIVING IN THIS ENVIRONMENT. IT’S SOMETHING THAT WOULD MERIT
A PROSECUTION AND JAIL TIME TODAY.
IT’S A REMARKABLE SURVIVAL STORY.
>> LINCOLN HAD TO FIND A WAY TO BE SELF‐RELIANT.
HE HAD TO FIND A SENSE OF COURAGE AND CONFIDENCE IN WHO HE
WAS BECAUSE IT’S LIFE AND DEATH.
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>>> AFTER MONTHS FENDING FOR THEMSELVES IN THE BRUTAL
WILDERNESS, IN SPRING, HOPE ARRIVES.
THOMAS LINCOLN RETURNS TO HIS FAMILY WITH A NEW WIFE, SARAH
BUSH JOHNSTON. >> WITH THE ARRIVAL OF HIS
STEPMOTHER, EVERYTHING CHANGES. SHE BROUGHT POTS AND PANS, THE
FURNITURE, AND SHE BROUGHT BOOKS WITH HER.
A BIBLE, AESOP’S FABLES. >> THOSE BOOKS CHANGED HIS LIFE.
>> HIS STEPMOTHER SAW SOMETHING IN HIM THAT HIS FATHER PREFERRED
TO IGNORE. >> HIS FATHER CRITICIZED HIM AND
SAID THAT HE SHOULD BE WORKING. HE SHOULD BE OUT ON THE FARM.
HE SHOULD BE LEARNING USEFUL SKILLS.
>> BUT ABRAHAM HATES FARM WORK. >> HE WANTS TO READ.
HIS FATHER HITS HIM WHEN HE READS.
>> HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS FATHER WAS VERY, VERY
COMPLICATED. HE RESENTED HIS FATHER WHO WAS
NOT LITERATE AND HIS FATHER RESENTED LINCOLN’S OWN DESIRE TO
EMBRACE EDUCATION, TO MOVE BEYOND HIS FATHER’S LIFE.
>> AS LINCOLN GETS OLDER, HIS FATHER GROWS MORE INTOLERANT OF
HIS QUEST FOR EDUCATION. >> LINCOLN’S FATHER NEEDED
MONEY. SO WHAT DID HE DO?
HE RENTED HIS SON OUT TO NEIGHBORS.
IN THOSE DAYS, YOUR LABOR WAS THE PROPERTY OF YOUR FATHER
UNTIL YOU WERE 21. ANY MONEY YOU MADE HAD TO GO TO
THE FATHER. AND THAT WAS THE LAW OF THE LAND
AND CUSTOM. >> HE WAS IN HIS OWN MIND A
SLAVE TO HIS FATHER. >> SO UNCONSCIOUSLY I THINK
LINCOLN IDENTIFIED WITH THE SLAVES, IDENTIFIED HIS FATHER
WITH THE SLAVE HOLDERS, AND THAT LED HIM TO EARLY ON HATE AND
LOATHE AND DESPISE SLAVERY. >> LISTEN, I’M SURE HE WAS
PISSED OFF AT HIS DAD, BUT IT DIDN’T DRIVE HIS POLITICS.
THERE ARE A LOT OF SITUATIONS IN WHICH WHITE AMERICANS WHEN THEY
FEEL LIKE THEY’RE BEING OPPRESSED AS WORKERS, THEY
COMPARE THEMSELVES TO ENSLAVED PEOPLE.
AND THEY WERE JUST FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH THIS.
THESE PEOPLE ARE NOT BEING COMPELLED TO WORK IN THE SAME
WAY THAT ENSLAVED PEOPLE ARE. THEIR STATUS IS NOT INHERITABLE.
♪ >> AT 19 YEARS OLD, LINCOLN
ACCEPTS A JOB TRANSPORTING GOODS TO NEW ORLEANS, WHERE HE GETS
HIS FIRST LIFE OF BEYOND THE PRAIRIE.
>> IT IS ENCHANTED, MYSTERIOUS, DAUNTING FOR A YOUNG MAN WHO HAS
NEVER SEEN THE CITY. >> WE ARE TOLD THAT THE THING
THAT INFLUENCED HIM MOST WAS THE SLAVE AUCTIONS.
>> HE SAW AUCTIONEERS OUT THERE SELLING SLAVES AND SHOWING THEM
OFF AS IF THEY WERE HORSES, PEOPLE CRYING AS THEY WERE TAKEN
AWAY, FAMILIES SEPARATED, AND MONEY CHANGING HANDS FOR HUMAN
BODIES. >> WHETHER HE TOOK A LIFE’S VOW
TO END SLAVERY, AT THAT MOMENT WE REALLY CAN’T IMAGINE, BUT HE
IS SEEING SLAVERY IN A DIFFERENT WAY THAN HE SAW IN INDIANA,
WHICH IS SLAVES BEING MARCHED ACROSS THE CUMBERLAND TRAIL.
HE IS SEEING THE SALE OF SLAVES FOR THE FIRST TIME.
>> LINCOLN RETURNS HOME, DETERMINED TO MAKE A BETTER LIFE
FOR HIMSELF. BUT HIS PLANS ARE THWARTED.
HIS BELOVED SISTER SARAH DIES IN CHILDBIRTH.
THIS TRAGEDY SOLIDIFIES THE SOMBER ASSOCIATIONS THAT LINCOLN
WILL HAVE WITH HIS CHILDHOOD FOR THE REST OF HIS LIFE.
>> WE CANNOT EXAGGERATE THE SENSE OF LONELINESS AND FEAR
THAT MARKED HIS BOYHOOD. >> HE MOVES AWAY FROM HIS FAMILY
AND DOESN’T REALLY LOOK BACK.
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♪ >>> IN 1831, 22‐YEAR‐OLD ABRAHAM
LINCOLN ARRIVES IN NEW SALEM, ILLINOIS, WITH LITTLE MORE THAN
A BAG OF TATTERED CLOTHING. >> NEW SALEM.
IT’S A THRIVING RIVER TOWN OUTSIDE OF SPRINGFIELD.
>> IT’S A PLACE WHEREITH A CENTR ROAD, CABIN, TAVERN, A STORE AND
A MILL. IT’S A PLACE WITH AN ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITY. >> LINCOLN IN HIS EARLY 20s IS
ESTABLISHING HIMSELF, TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHO HE IS.
>> THE EARLY NEW SALEM LINCOLN IS, TO COIN A CLICHE, A
JACK‐OF‐ALL‐TRADES. HE TRIES HIS HANDS AT MANY
DIFFERENT THINGS. >> LINCOLN INVESTS IN A LOCAL
GROCERY, WHICH FAILS AND LEAVES HIM SADDLED WITH DEBT.
HE WORKS ODD JOBS IN ORDER TO PAY IT OFF AND EVENTUALLY
BECOMES POSTMASTER. >> GUESS WHAT CAME THROUGH THE
MAIL? NEWSPAPERS.
AFTER A WHILE, ALL OF THE SUBSCRIBERS BEGAN NOTICING THAT
THEY WERE RECEIVING THEIR NEWSPAPERS REFOLDED AND CLEARLY
READ PREVIOUSLY. WHAT THEY SOON LEARNED IS THAT
THEIR VILLAGE POSTMASTER WAS SO HUNGRY FOR NEWS THAT HE WAS
READING THE PAPERS BEFORE THEY CALLED FOR THEM.
>> AS POSTMASTER, LINCOLN IS A PUBLIC FIGURE.
HE BECOMES QUITE POPULAR AND KNOWN AROUND NEW SALEM FOR HIS
GOOD HUMOR AND COLORFUL STORIES. >> HE USED WIT AND COMEDY AT HIS
OWN EXPENSE TO CONNECT WITH PEOPLE.
HE HAD A LOT OF FUN WITH THE FACT THAT HE WAS NOT A
GOOD‐LOOKING GUY. I LIKE STORIES WHERE HE’S MAKING
FUN OF HIMSELF. THERE IS THAT FAMOUS ONE WHERE
HE WAS RIDING ALONG AND A WOMAN IS RIDING THE OTHER WAY AND
STOPS HIM. >> SHE AIMED A RIFLE AT HIM, AND
HE SAID HE SAID MADAM, WHY ARE YOU POINTING THAT GUN AT ME?
>> AND YOU CAN SEE LINCOLN LIKE BUSTER KEATON, JUST STARING.
>> AND SHE SAID BECAUSE I ALWAYS RESOLVED THAT IF I EVER MET A
MAN THAT WAS UGLIER THAN I AM, I WOULD SHOOT HIM.
AND HE LOOKED AT HER AND SAID MADAM, IF I AM REALLY UGLIER
THAN YOU, THEN FIRE AWAY. THIS IS A GUY WHO HAD SEETHING
AMBITION ALWAYS. HE REALIZES MEN LIKE HIM.
MEN VOTE. AND SO HE RUNS FOR OFFICE.
>> IN 1834, THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM IS DOMINATED BY
TWO MAJOR PARTIES. THE DEMOCRATS SUPPORT STATES’
RIGHTS, AND THE WHIGS BELIEVE IN A STRONG FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
AT 25 YEARS OLD, LINCOLN WINS A SEAT ON THE ILLINOIS STATE
LEGISLATURE AS A WHIG. >> JOINING THE WHIG PARTY WHEN
HE DOES REALLY REFLECTS AN INVESTMENT IN THE CAPACITY OF
GOVERNMENT TO IMPROVE PEOPLE’S LIVES.
THE WHIG PLATFORM IS ALL ABOUT IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION AND
PUBLIC EDUCATION. >> THIS IS WHY HE WAS A WHIG
EARLY ON. HE SAW THE UTILITY OF THINGS
LIKE ROADS AND RAILROADS IMPROVING THE ECONOMY OF THE
SMALL TOWNS IN THE WEST. >> IN THE ILLINOIS STATE
LEGISLATURE, LINCOLN FACES WHAT IS QUICKLY BECOMING THE BIGGEST
ISSUE OF THE DAY, SLAVERY. THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820
DICTATED THAT MAINE WOULD BE ADMITTED AS A FREE STATE AND
MISSOURI AS A SLAVE STATE. AFTER THAT, SLAVERY WOULD BE
PROHIBITED IN ALL OTHER STATES NORTH OF THE 36‐30 PARALLEL.
THE CONTROVERSIAL RULING SET OFF A BITTER NATIONAL DEBATE OVER
WHICH STATES SLAVERY RHODE ISLAND SHOULD BE LIMITED,
STANDARD, ACCEPTED OR ABOLISHED. >> IN 1837, THE STATE OF
ILLINOIS LEGISLATURE WAS ASKED TO CONDEMN THE ABOLITIONIST
MOVEMENT. IT PASSES BY AN OVERWHELMING
MAJORITY, 77‐6. ONE OF THOSE SIX WAS LINCOLN.
THAT WAS FAIRLY COURAGEOUS. MOST OF HIS CONSTITUENTS WERE
PEOPLE FROM KENTUCKY WHO HATED ABOLITIONISTS.
PEOPLE THOUGHT RADICALS, THE ABOLITIONISTS, THEY’RE FANATICS,
THEY’RE IRRESPONSIBLE, THEY DON’T REALLY KNOW THOU GET
THINGS DONE. >> BUT YOU COULD BE ANTI‐SLAVERY
AND NOT BE AN ABOLITIONIST. LINCOLN WAS NO ABOLITIONIST.
>> LINCOLN WAS A MODERN ANTI‐SLAVERY ADVOCATE.
AND WHAT THAT MEANS ESSENTIALLY IS THAT HE WAS A PERSON WHO SAID
THAT SLAVERY WAS WRONG BUT DIDN’T BELIEVE THAT IT WAS
REALLY IMPORTANT TO ACTIVELY END SLAVERY IMMEDIATELY.
>> THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY IS FOUNDED ON BOTH INJUSTICE AND
BAD POLICY, BUT THAT THE PROMLE GAGS OF ABOLITIONIST DOCTRINES
TENDS TO INCREASE RATHER THAN ABATE.
>> HIS EVOLVING ANTI‐SLAVERY POSITION WAS THAT SLAVERY IS
FINE WHERE IT IS IN THE SOUTH, BUT IT SHOULD NOT BE EXPANDED
INTO THE WEST. >> HE BELIEVED THAT THE FOUNDING
FATHERS HAD INTENDED FOR SLAVERY TO DIE A NATURAL DEATH, AND THAT
IF THEY AREN’T ALLOWED TO EXPAND, THEN THE INSTITUTION IS
GOING TO DIE A NATURAL DEATH AND THAT THAT’S WHY YOU DON’T SEE
THE WORD "SLAVE" OR "SLAVERY" IN THE CONSTITUTION.
>> HE TALKED A LOT ABOUT THE FACT THAT SLAVERY SHOULDN’T BE
ALLOWED TO EXPAND BECAUSE THERE WERE CONSTITUTIONAL PROHIBITIONS
ON THAT. HE TALKED A LOT ABOUT THE IDEA
THAT SLAVERY WAS HARMFUL TO FREE WHITE NORTHERNERS.
>> HE BELIEVED THAT FREE WHITE FOLKS WHO WERE WORKERS COULD NOT
COMPETE WITH SLAVE LABOR. HE JUST THOUGHT IT WAS BAD
ECONOMICS. >> IT’S NOT ABOUT RECOGNIZING
THE HUMANITY OF ENSLAVED PEOPLE. RATHER IT’S WANTING TO SECURE
TERRITORY WHERE WHITE MEN WHO WERE NOT SLAVE HOLDERS WOULD NOT
HAVE TO COMPETE AGAINST SLAVE HOLDERS.
>> HE WAS WILLING FOR THERE TO BE GRADUAL EMANCIPATION.
MOSTLY, HE BELIEVED THAT THOSE PERSONS FREE SHOD BE COLONIZED
OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES. >> IT DOESN’T QUITE FIT WITH THE
IMAGE OF THE GREAT EMANCIPATOR WE HAVE.
PICK UP A LOT OF BOOKS ON LINCOLN, AND YOU’RE NOT GOING
FIND THE FACT THAT HE AVIDLY PROMOTED COLONIZATION.
HE WAS A MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE ILLINOIS
COLONIZATION SOCIETY. THIS WASN’T JUST A PASSING
THING. WHY?
WELL, BECAUSE THE WHITE POPULATION DOESN’T WANT A NEW
LARGE POPULATION OF FREE BLACKS. THERE IS NO PLACE FOR THEM IN
AMERICA. NOW THE FACT IS BY THIS TIME
MOST BLACK PEOPLE WERE BORN IN THE UNITED STATES.
THE SLAVES WERE AFRICAN AMERICANS.
>> AT THAT POINT UP INTO HIS PRESIDENCY, INTO THE CIVIL WAR,
HE HAS SOME DEEP‐SEATED BELIEFS THAT BLACK PEOPLE SHOULD NOT BE
CITIZENS. LINCOLN BELIEVES THAT BLACKS AND
WHITES CANNOT CO‐EXIST IN THE SAME NATION.
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♪ >>> THE EARLY 1830s, LINCOLN
MAKES A NAME HIMSELF AS A POLITICIAN, BUT STALLS IN HIS
SOCIAL LIFE. STILL WOUNDED BY THE LOSS OF THE
WOMEN HE’S LOVED, HE STRUGGLES IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS.
>> HIS PROMINENT AND NOTED ROMANCE WAS WITH ANNE RUTLEDGE.
>> THIS RELATIONSHIP HAS REMAINED A MATTER OF CONTROVERSY
AMONG HISTORIANS FOR YEARS. >> HE WAS ALWAYS SHY.
AND IT WAS SAID THAT HE WAS QUITE AWKWARD WITH WOMEN.
>> SO ANNE RUTLEDGE WHO IS ENGAGED TO A GUY WHO HAS LEFT
TOWN AND SAID I WILL SEND FOR YOU.
SO SHE IS A SAFE BET FOR HIM TO MAYBE FLIRT A LITTLE BIT WITH,
BUT HE IS NOT EXPECTED TO COMMIT.
>> BUT SHE FELL FOR HIM AND HE FOR HER.
>> THERE IS A THEORY THAT SHE WAS HIS GREAT LOVE.
BUT SHE GETS SICK IN AN EPIDEMIC OF FEVER AND SHE DIES.
>> AFTER THE TRAGIC DEATHS OF LINCOLN’S MOTHER AND SISTER,
LOSING ANNE IS A DEVASTATING BLOW.
LINCOLN’S FEARS SURROUNDING MORTALITY AND ABANDONMENT
WORSEN. AND HE EXHIBITS THE FIRST SIGNS
OF WHAT WILL BE A LIFE‐LONG BATTLE WITH DEPRESSION.
>> THERE WERE REPORTS THAT RAZORS HAD TO BE TAKEN FROM HIM,
THAT HE HAD TO BE WATCHED AFTER ANNE DIED.
HE STAYED AT HER GRAVE SITE IN INCLEMENT WEATHER.
>> PEOPLE WORRIED THAT HE WAS LOSING HIS MIND.
>> TO HIS CREDIT, HE THROWS HIMSELF BACK INTO HIS
PROFESSIONS. AND SINCE HE’S DETERMINED TO
BECOME A LAWMAKER, IT’S A GOOD IDEA TO LEARN THE LAW.
>> LINCOLN BORROWS LAW BOOKS AND READS THEM, MASTERS THEM.
>> HE HAD VIRTUALLY NO FORMAL SCHOOLING.
SO THIS IS SOMEBODY WHO IS AN AUTODIDACT, SELF‐TAUGHT.
AND IT’S AMAZING THAT HE IS ABLE TO READ LAW BOOKS AND MAKE
HIMSELF INTO A LAWYER. >> HE WAS ABLE TO TRANSFORM
HIMSELF. HE WAS GETTING AS FAR AWAY FROM
THE WORLD OF HIS FATHER AS HE COULD.
>> LINCOLN ACCEPTS A JOB AT A LAW FIRM IN SPRINGFIELD,
ILLINOIS AND MOVES FROM THE SMALL RIVER TOWN OF NEW SALEM TO
THE BUSTLING STATE CAPITOL. >> HE ARRIVES THERE ON APRIL
15th, 1837. HE’S 28 YEARS OLD AND HE HAS 28
YEARS LEFT TO LIVE TO THE DAY. HE ESTABLISHES HIS LIFE IN THIS
NEW ENVIRONMENT THAT’S GOING TO CHANGE HIM AND WHICH HE IS GOING
CHANGE. >> LINCOLN WAS A LAWYER.
HE GOT TO BE A PRETTY PROMINENT ONE.
>> HE HAD SOME PRETTY BIG CORPORATE CLIENTS, INCLUDING THE
RAILROADS. >> BUT EVEN THOUGH LINCOLN
PRACTICED LAW, HIS HEART WAS REALLY IN POLITICS.
>> THIS IS WHEN HE STARTS SERVING AS A STUMP SPEAKER ALL
OVER THE REGION IN SUPPORT OF WHIG CANDIDATES, IN SUPPORT OF A
STRONGER FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, CONTROL OVER THE ECONOMY.
AND ABRAHAM LINCOLN DOES BECOME ONE OF THE RISING STARS OF THE
WHIG PARTY, BUT HE WRITES TO AN OLD FRIEND IN NEW SALEM THAT
THERE IS QUITE A LOT OF BUSTLING ABOUT IN CARRIAGES HERE, BUT I’M
QUITE AS LONELY AS I HAVE BEEN ANY PLACE ELSE IN MY LIFE.
>> HIS COLLEAGUES URGE HIM TO ATTEND SOCIETY EVENTS AND MINGLE
WITH SPRINGFIELD’S ELITE. >> SPRINGFIELD, BECAUSE IT’S THE
SATE CAPITAL, LOTS OF YOUNG WOMEN ARE SENT THERE TO MEET
PROMISING LEGISLATORS. >> IT WAS SAID THAT HE WAS NEVER
MORE COMFORTABLE THAN ON THE STUMP, AND NEVER MORE
UNCOMFORTABLE THAN IN A PARLOR. >> UNTIL A PARTY IN 1840 WHEN
THE SHY LAWYER CHARMS ONE PARTICULAR SOCIALITE.
>> MARY TODD WAS THE DAUGHTER OF A KENTUCKY BANKER WHO WAS A
SLAVE HOLDER. AND SO SHE’S PRIVILEGED.
>> MARY IS BY ALL ACCOUNTS QUITE BEAUTIFUL AND CHARMING.
>> SHE WAS SAID TO BE VIVACIOUS AND HER AMPLE DISPLAY OF HER
BOSOM WAS SOMETHING THAT WAS QUITE ATTRACTIVE.
>> MARY COULD CHARM A BISHOP OUT OF HIS VOWS.
>> HER 12 YEARS OF EDUCATION WAS QUITE UNUSUAL AT THE TIME, AND
SHE FELL INTO LIVELY CONVERSATIONS.
AND THAT WAS WHERE SHE MET MR. LINCOLN.
>> THE ATTRACTION IS IMMEDIATE. AND IF IT’S TRUE THAT OPPOSITES
ATTRACT, THEN IT’S MANIFESTED IN THIS MEETING.
>> SHE WAS PETITE, 5 FEET, LINCOLN BEING 6’4".
>> TRADITIONAL SOUTHERN BELL, AND IN FACT A WOMAN WHO HAS
GROWN UP BEING TAKEN CARE OF BY ENSLAVED PEOPLE.
>> LINCOLN IS UNEDUCATED AS A MEMBER OF THE FRONTIER
PROLATERIAT. >> BUT LIKE LINCOLN, SHE LOSES
HER MOTHER AT A VERY EARLY AGE. HER FATHER REMARRIES INCREDIBLY
QUICKLY. SHE HAS A DIFFICULT RELATIONSHIP
WITH HER STEPMOTHER. >> SHE WORSHIPS HER FATHER, BUT
HE’S DISTANT. HE’S OFTEN AWAY.
THAT EXACERBATES HER DESIRE FOR ACCEPTANCE AND LOVE AND HER OWN
FAMILY. >> MARY SAW THAT SHE COULD
DISTINGUISH HERSELF, SECURE HER FATHER’S AFFECTION BY BEING ABLE
TO READ THE PAPERS, TO TALK TO MEN IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE.
NOT ALL MEN APPRECIATED THAT, BUT SHE WAS WILLING TO FIND ONE
WHO DID APPRECIATE IT. >> LINCOLN AND MARY CONNECT
DEEPLY OVER THE SHARED LOSS OF THEIR MOTHERS AS WELL AS THEIR
LOVE OF POETRY, LITERATURE, AND MOST OF ALL POLITICS.
>> SHE HAD STRONG POLITICAL FEELINGS.
SHE WAS DESCRIBED AS A VIOLENT LITTLE WHIG.
MARY SEES THE POTENTIAL WITH LINCOLN, WHAT SEES IT FIRST.
>> AND SHE FELL IN LOVE IN THE WIN IT OVER 1840, AND THEY WERE
ENGAGED. >> EXCEPT THAT LINCOLN STILL HAS
WHAT WE WOULD NOW CALL A COMMITMENT PROBLEM.
AND I DON’T THINK LINCOLN IS QUITE READY.
SO ON WHAT IS CALLED THE FATAL 1st OF JANUARY OF 1841, ABRAHAM
LINCOLN LEAVES MARY AT THE ALTAR.
HE SENDS A MESSAGE THAT HE IS NOT WORTHY AND MARY WOULD BE
MISERABLE. >> SHE WENT AWAY BROKEN HEARTED,
PLUNGESED ED PLUNGED INTO DESPAIR.
>> I THINK HE WAS PETRIFIED OF MATRIMONY, HE WAS PETRIFIED OF
SEX. HE WAS PETRIFIED OF ALL OF THOSE
INTIMACIES AND ALL OF THOSE THINGS, AND HE WAS A LITTLE
OVERWHELMED THE MOST DAZZLING BELLE IN SPRINGFIELD WAS ON HIS
HEELS, CHASING HIM AROUND TOWN. >> THE DEATH OF BEN RUTLEDGE,
AND HIS SISTER AND MOTHER, THE LESSON HE SEEMED TO LEARN
UNCONSCIOUSLY IS YOU CAN’T TRUST WOMEN.
THEY’LL ABANDON YOU. >> AND SO THEY AVOIDED ONE
ANOTHER FOR WELL OVER A YEAR. >> HOWEVER, IN THE FALL OF 1842,
THEY FIND THEIR WAY BACK TO EACH OTHER AND BEGIN TO COURT AGAIN.
>> I THINK THEY BOTH FOUND THAT THEY WERE MISSING ONE ANOTHER.
THE NEWSPAPER EDITOR GAVE UP HIS PARLOR SO THEY MIGHT MEET
WITHOUT PRYING EYES. >> THEY GET BACK TOGETHER, AND
THEN THEY DO GET MARRIED, BUT THIS WEDDING TAKES PLACE ON ONE
DAY’S NOTICE, WHICH WAS HIGHLY UNUSUAL FOR SOMEBODY LIKE A
MEMBER OF THE TODD FAMILY. >> THEIR RAPID RECONCILIATION
HAS TONGUES WAGGING AROUND SPRINGFIELD.
>> WITHIN NINE MONTHS, EIGHT MONTHS AND THREE WEEKS ACTUALLY,
ROBERT TODD LINCOLN IS BORN. >> PEOPLE ASCRIBE TO IT SOMEHOW
THAT HE WAS BEING SHOTGUNNED TO THE ALTAR.
I DON’T FIND EVIDENCE OF THAT, AND CERTAINLY THEIR MARITAL
HAPPINESS, PARTICULARLY IN THOSE FIRST FEW YEARS IS QUITE
PROFOUND. >> AS THE LINCOLN FAMILY GROWS,
SO DO THEIR POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS.
MARY KNOWS LINCOLN IS DESTINED FOR STARDOM ON THE NATIONAL
STAGE, SO SHE GETS TO WORK GROOMING HIM FOR CONGRESS.
>>
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>>> IN 1846, MARY GIVES BIRTH TO THE LINCOLNS’ SECOND SON, EDDIE.
SHE CARES FOR THE TWO YOUNG BOYS WHILE LINCOLN TRAVELS THE
JUDICIAL CIRCUIT AND BUILDS HIS POLITICAL CONTACTS.
>> EVEN THOUGH IT KEPT HIM AWAY FROM HIS HOME, WHEN HE GOES OUT
TO PRACTICE LAW ON THE CIRCUIT, HE STAYS THE WEEKEND TO BEFRIEND
PEOPLE. HE VISITS NEWSPAPER OFFICES IN
SURROUNDING TOWNS. >> WHILE LINCOLN’S AMBITIOUS,
MARY IS EVEN MORE AMBITIOUS. AND HER AMBITION IS FOR HIM.
>> MARY LINCOLN RECOGNIZED THAT LINCOLN WAS A DIAMOND, BUT HE
WAS A DIAMOND IN THE ROUGH, AND SHE SAID THAT IT WOULD BE BOTH
BEAUTIFUL AND BRILLIANT TO BE DAILY ENGAGED IN POLISHING.
BUT MARY FOUND IT HARD THAT IN HER VERY FIRST BEAUTIFUL PARLOR
THAT SHE BUILT, SHE WOULD COME IN AND FIND HIM ON THE FLOOR
WITH HIS JACKET OFF. AND WHEN SOMEONE WOULD RING THE
BELL, HE WOULD GO AND GET IT WITHOUT PUTTING ON HIS JACKET,
WITHOUT WAITING FOR A SERVANT. HE TRIED TO LISTEN TO MARY’S
ENTREATIES ABOUT FORM, ABOUT IT GET,
ETIQUETTE, BUT HE FOUND IT SOMETHING HE COULD LAUGH AT.
BUT MARY, AGAIN, WAS VERY ASTUTE AND SHE KEPT PUSHING AND
PUSHING. >> IN 1846, MARY PUSHED HIM TO
RUN FOR CONGRESS, AND HE WON. >> WHEN LINCOLN WAS ELECTED TO
CONGRESS, MARY DIDN’T SIT AT HOME WITH HER FAMILY, WHICH WAS
THE CUSTOM. MARY SAID WE’RE GOING TO
WASHINGTON. >> IN DECEMBER 1847, WITH HIS
WIFE AND TWO CHILDREN IN TOW, 38‐YEAR‐OLD ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ARRIVES IN THE NATION’S CAPITOL FOR THE FIRST TIME.
THEY MOVE INTO A WHIG BOARDING HOUSE.
>> IT WAS NOT AS LUXURIOUS AND COMMODIOUS AS IT IS TODAY FOR
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. THE LINCOLNS LIVED FOUR PEOPLE
IN A ROOM. IT WAS PRETTY CROWDED AND PRETTY
CRAMPED. MARY DID NOT GET ALONG WITH
EVERYBODY ELSE IN THE BOARDING HOUSE.
>> YOU HAD TO BE AT THE TABLE AT A PARTICULAR TIME.
MARY WAS NOT SO GOOD AT THAT. HER SOCIAL CIRCUIT WAS LIMITED.
HER TIME WITH HER HUSBAND WAS LESS THAN SHE HAD HOPED.
AND THE BOARDING HOUSE WAS NOT THE LIFE FOR TWO YOUNG CHILDREN,
AND SHE GOT QUITE EXHAUSTED AND ACTUALLY LEFT, WENT BACK TO
LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY, HER HOMETOWN, WHERE HER FATHER
LIVED. >> AND THEN OF COURSE LINCOLN IS
LONELY. HE WAS UNHAPPY WHEN SHE WAS
THERE, AND HE WAS UNHAPPY WHEN SHE WAS GONE.
AND MAYBE THAT’S THE STORY OF THEIR MARRIAGE.
THEY NEVER QUITE FIGURED OUT A WAY TO BALANCE.
>> WITH MARY AND THE BOYS GONE, LINCOLN IS COMPLETELY CONSUMED
BY HIS POLITICAL CAREER. >> LINCOLN GOES TO WASHINGTON IN
THE CONTEXT OF THE MEXICAN‐AMERICAN WAR, WHICH
BRINGS INTO THE UNION THIS REALLY RATHER LARGE CHUNK OF THE
SOUTHWEST. AND THE QUESTION WAS WHERE
SLAVERY WAS GOING TO BE, WHERE IT WOULD NOT BE AND HOW COULD IT
EXPAND OR NOT EXPAND. >> LINCOLN HAD BEEN STAUNCHLY
AGAINST THE EXPANSION OF SLAVERY.
BUT WHILE IN CONGRESS, HE MAKES HIS FIRST ATTEMPT TO ERADICATE
IT RIGHT ON HIS DOORSTEP. >> WASHINGTON WAS VERY MUCH A
SLAVE CITY. SLAVERY WAS NOT ONLY LEGAL, IT
WAS THRIVING. IF YOU LOOKED OUTSIDE THE
WINDOWS ON THE UPPER FLOORS OF THE HOUSE CHAMBER, YOU COULD SEE
A SLAVE PEN BELOW WHERE HUMAN BEINGS WERE KEPT IN CAGES.
>> LINCOLN COMES OFF WITH A PLAN FOR THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN
WASHINGTON, D.C. KIND OF MODERATE PLAN.
SLAVE HOLD WORRIES BE PAID FAIR MARKET VALUE FOR THEIR SLAVES.
SLAVES WHO WERE ALREADY ENSLAVED WITH STAY ENSLAVED, BUT THE
YOUNGSTERS WHO WERE BORN WOULD BECOME FREE.
>> IRONICALLY HE’S STOPPED BY
FELLOW WHIGS, A CONGRESSMAN INTRODUCED HIS OWN LET’S GET RID
OF SLAVERY IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA BILL, AND HE MOCKED
LINCOLN’S BILL ON THE FLOOR. HE SAID THAT THE PROVISION IN
LINCOLN’S BILL, WHICH WOULD REQUIRE THE SLAVE HOLDERS IN
WASHINGTON TO APPROVE THE EMANCIPATION OF THEIR SLAVES WAS
RIDICULOUS, AND IT WAS KIND OF RIDICULOUS.
BOTH BILLS FAILED. >> LINCOLN CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD
THAT SLAVERY WAS WRONG, YOU KNOW, BUT AT THAT TIME HISTORY
CALLED FOR ACTION, RISKS AND THE HISTORICAL RECORD DOESN’T REALLY
SHOW LINCOLN AS SOMEBODY WHO WAS REALLY TAKING TOO MANY RISKS.
>> AS HIS UNEVENTFUL TERM IN CONGRESS COMES TO AN END,
ABRAHAM LINCOLN SCRAMBLES FOR HIS NEXT POLITICAL PLAY.
>> BY PREVIOUS POLITICAL CONTRACT, THE AGREEMENT WAS
LINCOLN WOULD SERVE ONE TERM AND ANOTHER WHIG WOULD BE NOMINATED
AT HOME IN 1848 TO SUCCEED HIM, AND SO HE SPENDS TIME
CAMPAIGNING FOR ZACHARY TAYLOR FOR PRESIDENT.
>> HE WAS A WAR HERO WHO HAD NO POLITICAL BACKGROUND, NO
POLITICAL INTEREST, NO POLITICAL STANCE.
HE WAS A SLAVE HOLDER FROM LOUISIANA, BUT HE WAS REGARDED
AS A WHIG CANDIDATE WHO COULD WIN.
>> LINCOLN ABANDONED HIS PRINCIPLES TO SUPPORT TAYLOR FOR
THE NOMINATION. >> HE SAID, WELL, HE’S NOT AN
IDEAL ANTI‐SLAVERY CANDIDATE, BUT HE’S A LOT BETTER THAN THE
DEMOCRATS. >> AND ON ELECTION DAY, ZACHARY
TAYLOR WINS AND ABRAHAM LINCOLN SAYS I WANT TO BE COMMISSIONER
OF THE LAND OFFICE. I WILL BE SUPERVISING FEDERAL
LAND, AND HE THOUGHT TAYLOR OWED IT TO HIM BECAUSE HE HAD
SUPPORTED TAYLOR, AND HE HAD CAMPAIGNED FOR TAYLOR.
>> UPON HIS WINNING, HE WAS WAITING FOR THE BIG APPOINTMENT,
BUT ZACHARY TAYLOR HAD TO INFORM HIM THAT THEY WERE VERY SORRY,
THEY COULDN’T SECURE HIM THE LUCRATIVE POST HE HOPED TO GET.
>> TAYLOR NOMINATES A GUY WHO WAS TECHNICALLY A WHIG BUT HAD
NEVER DONE ANY WORK TO GET TAYLOR ELECTED.
LINCOLN IS TOTALLY HUMILIATED. >> SO IN 1849 AFTER A SHORT AND
UNDISTINGUISHED TERM IN CONGRESS, LINCOLN HEADS BACK TO
SPRINGFIELD. HE BELIEVES HIS POLITICAL CAREER
IS OVER. >> THIS CNN ORIGINAL SERIES
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Three Derm‐ingredients in one cream?
Don’t settle for less. Revitalift Triple Power.
With Pro‐Retinol,
plus Hyaluronic Acid, and Vitamin C.
It visibly reduces wrinkles, firms, and brightens.
Revitalift Triple Power Moisturizer from L’Oréal.
Now the #1 serum brand in America.