1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:15,682 --> 00:00:18,117 (eerie music) 4 00:00:41,708 --> 00:00:46,678 - [Johnny Carson] Would you welcome, please, Dr. Carl Sagan. 5 00:00:47,982 --> 00:00:49,381 Well what's new in space, Carl? 6 00:00:49,383 --> 00:00:51,049 - [Carl Sagan] Think of a civilization 7 00:00:51,051 --> 00:00:53,185 on a different planet evolved under 8 00:00:53,187 --> 00:00:55,387 quite different circumstances than here. 9 00:00:55,389 --> 00:00:57,656 What is their art like, their music? 10 00:00:57,658 --> 00:01:02,327 Think of how we'd be able to view ourselves in a new way. 11 00:01:02,329 --> 00:01:04,062 There's another aspect to it, too, and that is 12 00:01:04,064 --> 00:01:07,399 we are at a very dangerous moment in human history. 13 00:01:07,401 --> 00:01:10,268 We're in the process of inadvertently altering our climate 14 00:01:10,270 --> 00:01:14,673 and exhaustion of fossil fuels, all kinds of problems 15 00:01:14,675 --> 00:01:16,541 which come with technology. 16 00:01:16,543 --> 00:01:19,544 - [Johnny Carson] Is it true that all television radio shows 17 00:01:19,546 --> 00:01:22,146 that are sent out travel forever through the void? 18 00:01:22,148 --> 00:01:25,750 - [Carl Sagan] Yep, they do, signals that are sent out, 19 00:01:25,752 --> 00:01:28,020 including this program. 20 00:01:46,573 --> 00:01:49,408 (overlapping voices) 21 00:01:51,778 --> 00:01:54,179 - [Meteorologist] Here's a look at our seven-day forecast 22 00:01:54,181 --> 00:01:57,515 for the beaches, the valleys, and the metro area. 23 00:01:57,517 --> 00:02:00,953 Take a look at that, 70s, 80s, and valleys next weekend... 24 00:02:03,189 --> 00:02:05,590 - [Martha] I would come to your home every single week, 25 00:02:05,592 --> 00:02:07,059 to teach you how to cook. 26 00:02:07,061 --> 00:02:08,593 - [Television Host] Ladies and gentlemen, 27 00:02:08,595 --> 00:02:11,263 please welcome our next bachelor, Peter! 28 00:02:11,265 --> 00:02:14,533 (car horns honking) 29 00:02:14,535 --> 00:02:17,069 - [Reporter] Argue that a lack of genetic diversity, 30 00:02:17,071 --> 00:02:19,604 naturally occurring pests and the rigors of 31 00:02:19,606 --> 00:02:21,005 being trucked from crop to crop 32 00:02:21,007 --> 00:02:24,476 could all be to blame for the death of bees. 33 00:02:24,478 --> 00:02:29,414 (music, helicopter whirring) 34 00:02:29,416 --> 00:02:30,815 - [Reporter 2] The Brazilian government decided that 35 00:02:30,817 --> 00:02:32,751 saving a rainforest should take a back seat 36 00:02:32,753 --> 00:02:34,086 to their economic development. 37 00:02:34,088 --> 00:02:36,088 - [Reporter 3] Marches occurred one week 38 00:02:36,090 --> 00:02:37,422 after the earth day marches for science, 39 00:02:37,424 --> 00:02:38,890 which has demanded respect for 40 00:02:38,892 --> 00:02:40,659 fact-based, scientific research. 41 00:02:42,229 --> 00:02:43,828 - [Chairman Smith] The Committee on Science, 42 00:02:43,830 --> 00:02:45,964 Space and Technology will come to order. 43 00:02:45,966 --> 00:02:48,100 Welcome to today's hearing titled 44 00:02:48,102 --> 00:02:50,034 "The Search for Biosignatures 45 00:02:50,036 --> 00:02:51,970 in our Solar System and beyond." 46 00:02:51,972 --> 00:02:53,705 (gavel) 47 00:02:53,707 --> 00:02:55,974 - Do you think there's life out there? 48 00:02:55,976 --> 00:02:57,776 (laughing) 49 00:02:57,778 --> 00:02:59,111 And are they studying us and 50 00:02:59,113 --> 00:03:00,779 what do they think about New York City? 51 00:03:00,781 --> 00:03:02,647 (laughing) 52 00:03:02,649 --> 00:03:05,049 - Well, let me just say that in our own Milky Way Galaxy 53 00:03:05,051 --> 00:03:07,919 there are a hundred billion stars and we now believe 54 00:03:07,921 --> 00:03:08,920 in our universe we have more than 55 00:03:08,922 --> 00:03:10,789 a hundred billion galaxies. 56 00:03:10,791 --> 00:03:12,925 So if you just do the math, the chance that there's a planet 57 00:03:12,927 --> 00:03:15,928 like earth out there with life on it is very high. 58 00:03:16,930 --> 00:03:18,597 - I just want you to speculate. 59 00:03:18,599 --> 00:03:21,600 Do you think, in what timeframe might we 60 00:03:21,602 --> 00:03:24,736 expect to find some evidence of, say, 61 00:03:24,738 --> 00:03:28,473 microbial life elsewhere in the universe? 62 00:03:28,475 --> 00:03:30,074 - I always like to start by saying 63 00:03:30,076 --> 00:03:31,543 scientists never like to speculate. 64 00:03:31,545 --> 00:03:32,677 (laughing) 65 00:03:32,679 --> 00:03:34,012 We always like facts. 66 00:03:34,014 --> 00:03:35,079 - [Chairman Smith] But they always do. 67 00:03:35,081 --> 00:03:37,015 But we always do, correct. 68 00:03:37,017 --> 00:03:39,951 So we now finally know that exoplanets exist and are common 69 00:03:39,953 --> 00:03:42,154 but on the other side lies the possibility 70 00:03:42,156 --> 00:03:45,023 to find the true earths with signs of life. 71 00:03:45,025 --> 00:03:46,891 The point I want to make is this is the first time 72 00:03:46,893 --> 00:03:49,961 in human history we have the technological reach 73 00:03:49,963 --> 00:03:51,429 to cross the great threshold 74 00:03:51,431 --> 00:03:53,031 with the James Webb Space Telescope. 75 00:03:53,033 --> 00:03:55,233 - Most optimistic, then, next 5 to 10 years? 76 00:03:55,235 --> 00:03:57,769 - Yes, the most optimistic is within a decade. 77 00:03:57,771 --> 00:03:58,770 - [Chairman Smith] Okay. 78 00:03:58,772 --> 00:04:00,806 (epic music) 79 00:04:11,185 --> 00:04:12,517 - [Technician] Slow down, slow down. 80 00:04:12,519 --> 00:04:13,785 - [Technician 2] Slow down, slow. 81 00:04:13,787 --> 00:04:15,920 - [Technician] Got it. 82 00:04:15,922 --> 00:04:16,755 Keep pushing. 83 00:04:18,792 --> 00:04:20,626 - [Technician 2] Good speed, guys, good speed. 84 00:04:22,262 --> 00:04:23,996 Someone telling us where to stop? 85 00:04:23,998 --> 00:04:25,664 - [Matt Mountain] This is the largest space telescope 86 00:04:25,666 --> 00:04:27,766 humanity has ever conceived of. 87 00:04:31,071 --> 00:04:34,640 We're never done anything this audacious in space before. 88 00:04:37,944 --> 00:04:41,980 We have a thousand people working on this project right now. 89 00:04:45,419 --> 00:04:48,220 If it works, it's going to see deeper into space 90 00:04:48,222 --> 00:04:50,255 than any other telescope in history. 91 00:04:53,026 --> 00:04:54,759 - This is the largest mission, 92 00:04:54,761 --> 00:04:56,828 non-human space flight that NASA has ever done. 93 00:04:58,699 --> 00:05:01,233 - It looks at areas that the Hubble could never see. 94 00:05:02,769 --> 00:05:04,502 - The James Webb Space Telescope certainly is 95 00:05:04,504 --> 00:05:07,038 the most complex telescope anyone's ever built. 96 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:08,773 - This is a chance to measure myself 97 00:05:08,775 --> 00:05:10,642 against one of the hardest problems 98 00:05:10,644 --> 00:05:15,313 man has set himself the goal to do. 99 00:05:15,315 --> 00:05:18,917 - This is the huge eye in the sky and it's going to capture 100 00:05:18,919 --> 00:05:20,819 the very first light of the universe. 101 00:05:22,322 --> 00:05:24,122 - [Matt Mountain] We're going to test it. 102 00:05:24,124 --> 00:05:26,591 We're going to pack it up in a rocket, shoot it out 103 00:05:26,593 --> 00:05:29,594 and we don't know what we're going to find. 104 00:05:29,596 --> 00:05:31,996 But the slightest thing that could go wrong 105 00:05:31,998 --> 00:05:34,132 could actually mean this mission could fail. 106 00:05:36,069 --> 00:05:38,770 (birds chirping) 107 00:06:11,972 --> 00:06:13,571 - [Nathaniel] So you've loved astronomy 108 00:06:13,573 --> 00:06:15,173 since you were a kid, right? 109 00:06:15,175 --> 00:06:17,575 - Yeah, I got into it as a child. 110 00:06:17,577 --> 00:06:19,745 My dad won a cottage in a crap game. 111 00:06:21,381 --> 00:06:22,847 The attraction of going down there 112 00:06:22,849 --> 00:06:24,649 and having these light pollution-free skies 113 00:06:24,651 --> 00:06:26,184 and seeing the summer Milky Way, 114 00:06:26,186 --> 00:06:28,320 you know, the odd satellite. 115 00:06:28,322 --> 00:06:30,388 And I was old enough to be around when 116 00:06:30,390 --> 00:06:33,057 Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon. 117 00:06:33,059 --> 00:06:34,659 - [Nathaniel] That made a big impression on you? 118 00:06:34,661 --> 00:06:36,861 - Yeah, that whole space race 119 00:06:36,863 --> 00:06:39,798 and the fact that we stepped on another planet. 120 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:41,666 That we left this earth and all that. 121 00:06:41,668 --> 00:06:43,368 Yeah, it left a huge impression on me. 122 00:06:45,271 --> 00:06:46,738 - [Nathaniel] How do you think the seeing will be tonight? 123 00:06:46,740 --> 00:06:48,573 - It's supposed to clear up later. 124 00:06:50,410 --> 00:06:52,411 I don't know if the transparency is going to get any better. 125 00:06:53,613 --> 00:06:54,780 Hopefully we can see something. 126 00:06:57,151 --> 00:06:59,351 You know, I think everyone is intrigued by astronomy 127 00:06:59,353 --> 00:07:02,086 because it's about the big questions. 128 00:07:02,088 --> 00:07:03,755 Where did we come from? 129 00:07:03,757 --> 00:07:06,024 How did the universe begin? 130 00:07:06,026 --> 00:07:06,925 Are we alone? 131 00:07:08,762 --> 00:07:10,362 An amazing thing right now is that we're on the verge 132 00:07:10,364 --> 00:07:11,630 of really being able to answer these questions. 133 00:07:12,899 --> 00:07:13,765 It's an exciting time. 134 00:07:20,240 --> 00:07:21,839 - [Johnny Carson] It's still mind boggling. 135 00:07:21,841 --> 00:07:23,508 You're involved now with looking for 136 00:07:23,510 --> 00:07:27,178 extraterrestrial intelligence, right? 137 00:07:27,180 --> 00:07:29,181 How do you go about looking? 138 00:07:29,183 --> 00:07:30,982 - [Sara Seager] Why do children learn how to walk? 139 00:07:32,519 --> 00:07:33,785 I don't know, I mean, they just do. 140 00:07:33,787 --> 00:07:35,453 They're driven somehow by 141 00:07:35,455 --> 00:07:37,289 a force inside of them that they can't identify. 142 00:07:39,259 --> 00:07:40,658 I don't know why I'm doing this. 143 00:07:40,660 --> 00:07:42,093 I just feel compelled to go forward. 144 00:07:44,264 --> 00:07:46,398 When I was a small child, 145 00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:47,932 I went with my dad on a camping trip. 146 00:07:47,934 --> 00:07:49,467 It was his first and last camping trip. 147 00:07:49,469 --> 00:07:52,270 But fortunately, you know, he made it happen. 148 00:07:52,272 --> 00:07:54,005 And I remember waking up in the middle of the night 149 00:07:54,007 --> 00:07:56,674 and stepping outside the tent and I looked up 150 00:07:56,676 --> 00:08:00,344 and it was my first ever view of a truly dark sky. 151 00:08:00,346 --> 00:08:03,081 And I saw so many stars. 152 00:08:03,083 --> 00:08:04,216 I went, "Wow." 153 00:08:05,752 --> 00:08:07,952 I had never imagined that was possible. 154 00:08:07,954 --> 00:08:09,487 I couldn't even count them. 155 00:08:09,489 --> 00:08:10,989 And they were so bright. 156 00:08:12,759 --> 00:08:15,327 And a little later my father took me to a star party 157 00:08:17,163 --> 00:08:19,363 and I remember looking at the moon through a telescope 158 00:08:19,365 --> 00:08:21,833 and I went, "Wow." 159 00:08:21,835 --> 00:08:23,968 I couldn't believe that the moon that I had seen 160 00:08:23,970 --> 00:08:27,305 so many times actually had craters on it. 161 00:08:27,307 --> 00:08:28,973 I saw an unbelievable amount of detail. 162 00:08:28,975 --> 00:08:30,242 I just didn't know it existed. 163 00:08:31,244 --> 00:08:33,245 And at some point I realized, 164 00:08:33,247 --> 00:08:35,179 I don't know how I had the foresight at a young age, 165 00:08:35,181 --> 00:08:37,115 but I thought, "You know I'm not going to study physics, 166 00:08:37,117 --> 00:08:39,050 I'm not going to be a doctor like my father wanted me to be. 167 00:08:39,052 --> 00:08:41,119 I'm going to apply for graduate school in astronomy." 168 00:08:41,121 --> 00:08:42,720 Great. - It's called Fernando. 169 00:08:42,722 --> 00:08:44,388 - Wow, I didn't even realize it was this portable. 170 00:08:44,390 --> 00:08:45,990 - We're going to move it into the dark room. 171 00:08:45,992 --> 00:08:47,659 - [Sara] I started out working on exoplanets. 172 00:08:47,661 --> 00:08:49,861 - [Nathaniel] You mean not Jupiter, Venus, Mars, et cetera? 173 00:08:49,863 --> 00:08:51,996 - Yes, planets orbiting a star other than our sun. 174 00:08:51,998 --> 00:08:54,132 What's so cool is you can build your own space satellite. 175 00:08:54,134 --> 00:08:55,333 At the time, people really didn't 176 00:08:55,335 --> 00:08:57,535 think that was a good idea. 177 00:08:57,537 --> 00:08:59,070 People would come up to me and say, 178 00:08:59,072 --> 00:09:00,404 "You can talk to my advisor. 179 00:09:00,406 --> 00:09:01,940 He thinks exoplanets are nothing. 180 00:09:01,942 --> 00:09:03,675 You shouldn't be doing this, he'll tell you." 181 00:09:03,677 --> 00:09:05,209 Professors would say, 182 00:09:05,211 --> 00:09:07,078 "Look, I see people are finding planets. 183 00:09:07,080 --> 00:09:09,280 I kind of believe them but we'll never 184 00:09:09,282 --> 00:09:11,483 be able to study their atmospheres." 185 00:09:11,485 --> 00:09:14,752 And when I was on the job market as a junior faculty 186 00:09:14,754 --> 00:09:17,088 there was one single transiting planet known. 187 00:09:17,090 --> 00:09:19,157 HD-209458B. 188 00:09:19,159 --> 00:09:22,226 And they'd say, "Look, Sarah, I get there's this one object. 189 00:09:22,228 --> 00:09:24,729 I think it's a one object, one method, success. 190 00:09:26,500 --> 00:09:28,567 I don't know if this field's going to go anywhere." 191 00:09:29,970 --> 00:09:30,902 - Hey! 192 00:09:30,904 --> 00:09:33,405 (epic music) 193 00:09:39,713 --> 00:09:41,579 - [Lee Feinberg] The Webb Telescope is a hundred times 194 00:09:41,581 --> 00:09:43,214 more powerful than Hubble. 195 00:09:44,784 --> 00:09:46,651 The telescopes keep getting bigger because 196 00:09:46,653 --> 00:09:48,386 the bigger the telescope the better the resolution. 197 00:09:48,388 --> 00:09:50,121 You know, we wouldn't have built a 198 00:09:50,123 --> 00:09:51,723 telescope this big unless we needed to. 199 00:09:51,725 --> 00:09:53,257 And you need to build a telescope this big 200 00:09:53,259 --> 00:09:54,726 if you want to look at the very dimmest, 201 00:09:54,728 --> 00:09:57,095 most earliest galaxies in the universe. 202 00:09:59,866 --> 00:10:01,199 - The James Webb Space Telescope 203 00:10:01,201 --> 00:10:02,867 is not just a machine built by engineers 204 00:10:02,869 --> 00:10:04,468 and scientists to look out to the universe. 205 00:10:04,470 --> 00:10:08,006 it's taking humanity on a journey. 206 00:10:08,008 --> 00:10:10,008 We're going to enter a completely new 207 00:10:10,010 --> 00:10:13,277 part of observational space where we've never trod before. 208 00:10:13,279 --> 00:10:15,279 And every time we've done this as a species 209 00:10:15,281 --> 00:10:16,715 we've discovered new things. 210 00:10:21,888 --> 00:10:24,956 - We have just received the 18 hexagons that 211 00:10:24,958 --> 00:10:27,091 make up the big mirror that collects 212 00:10:27,093 --> 00:10:29,160 the starlight and focuses it on the camera. 213 00:10:31,097 --> 00:10:32,496 - [Lee Feinberg] Gold has very unique properties 214 00:10:32,498 --> 00:10:34,098 in terms of reflecting infrared light. 215 00:10:34,100 --> 00:10:36,100 And this is an infrared telescope. 216 00:10:36,102 --> 00:10:37,268 So that's why we choose gold. 217 00:10:38,905 --> 00:10:40,372 - I think people want us to build this telescope 218 00:10:40,374 --> 00:10:42,373 because they want to know how we got here. 219 00:10:42,375 --> 00:10:44,175 I want to know how we got here. 220 00:10:45,712 --> 00:10:47,712 - You know, we started the James Webb Telescope 221 00:10:47,714 --> 00:10:50,782 to look at the cosmos and the early universe 222 00:10:50,784 --> 00:10:53,050 but we've discovered that it's so much more powerful. 223 00:10:53,052 --> 00:10:54,652 that it can do new things. 224 00:10:54,654 --> 00:10:57,989 And we're seeing teams of people led by women 225 00:10:57,991 --> 00:11:00,358 taking that scientific direction somewhere else. 226 00:11:01,394 --> 00:11:03,061 Taking it to try and understand, 227 00:11:03,063 --> 00:11:05,230 could there possibly be life out there. 228 00:11:13,673 --> 00:11:15,739 - [Elinor Gates] Do you have any estimate for 229 00:11:15,741 --> 00:11:17,475 how many nights you spent up at the Crocker Dome? 230 00:11:17,477 --> 00:11:20,478 - [Natalie Batalha] Oh my gosh, between 2000 and 2003 231 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:23,481 we spent so many nights up here. 232 00:11:23,483 --> 00:11:25,216 And it's quite remote, right? 233 00:11:25,218 --> 00:11:26,618 - [Ellie] That's the thing, there's no bathroom. 234 00:11:26,620 --> 00:11:28,352 - Right - There's no internet. 235 00:11:28,354 --> 00:11:30,288 - [Natalie] There were so many creatures along this path. 236 00:11:30,290 --> 00:11:32,090 When I started in the late 1990s 237 00:11:32,092 --> 00:11:33,825 we were trying to find planets using 238 00:11:33,827 --> 00:11:36,227 this small telescope up at Lick Observatory. 239 00:11:37,497 --> 00:11:39,497 We were using this new technique. 240 00:11:39,499 --> 00:11:41,165 It had never been done before. 241 00:11:41,167 --> 00:11:43,034 And people were very skeptical. 242 00:11:43,036 --> 00:11:46,838 In fact, the whole thing was built on a shoestring budget. 243 00:11:46,840 --> 00:11:50,308 But it was so compelling to work on a project 244 00:11:50,310 --> 00:11:52,510 that had the possibility of detecting 245 00:11:52,512 --> 00:11:55,313 an Earth-like planet in the future. 246 00:11:55,315 --> 00:11:56,580 I do remember this padlock. 247 00:11:56,582 --> 00:11:57,581 - [Ellie] Yeah. 248 00:11:57,583 --> 00:11:59,517 - Is it possible to get in? 249 00:11:59,519 --> 00:12:00,918 - No, unfortunately I don't have the key right now. 250 00:12:00,920 --> 00:12:02,786 - Oh. - I wasn't prepared. 251 00:12:02,788 --> 00:12:03,921 - All of the instruments have been taken out, right? 252 00:12:03,923 --> 00:12:05,189 - Yeah, there's nothing in there 253 00:12:05,191 --> 00:12:06,991 It's just some empty shelves. 254 00:12:06,993 --> 00:12:10,862 This is not the astronomer's ideal weather conditions. 255 00:12:10,864 --> 00:12:12,263 - [Nathaniel] Isn't this a way to understand 256 00:12:12,265 --> 00:12:13,865 why we had to go to space? 257 00:12:13,867 --> 00:12:16,468 - You know, to find planets, you need to stare unblinkingly. 258 00:12:16,470 --> 00:12:19,737 So besides the fact that the sun gets in our way sometimes, 259 00:12:19,739 --> 00:12:22,874 we have day, the weather does too. 260 00:12:22,876 --> 00:12:25,276 So no observations are going to be done tonight. 261 00:12:26,880 --> 00:12:28,279 - [Nathaniel] You spent a lot of years 262 00:12:28,281 --> 00:12:29,413 up here at Lick looking for exoplanets. 263 00:12:29,415 --> 00:12:30,948 Did you find any? 264 00:12:30,950 --> 00:12:33,951 - We found hundreds of periodic dimmings of light, 265 00:12:33,953 --> 00:12:37,155 but none of them turned out to be bonafide planets. 266 00:12:37,157 --> 00:12:41,092 The analogy I'd like to use is to imagine a skyscraper 267 00:12:41,094 --> 00:12:43,227 80 stories high in New York City, 268 00:12:43,229 --> 00:12:45,629 and you've got all of these windows and it's nighttime. 269 00:12:45,631 --> 00:12:48,165 All the windows are illuminated. 270 00:12:48,167 --> 00:12:50,502 And one person goes to one window 271 00:12:50,504 --> 00:12:53,404 and lowers the blinds by about a centimeter. 272 00:12:55,108 --> 00:12:57,742 That's the change in brightness we had to be able to detect. 273 00:13:01,781 --> 00:13:05,182 - [Sara] In the beginning, it was a lonely field. 274 00:13:05,184 --> 00:13:06,484 Very few planets were known. 275 00:13:08,254 --> 00:13:11,455 Months would go by and not a new planet would be discovered. 276 00:13:11,457 --> 00:13:14,458 Nevertheless, I knew the field would explode and I'd say, 277 00:13:14,460 --> 00:13:15,593 "Look, I know there's going to be 278 00:13:15,595 --> 00:13:17,128 so many planets transiting we're 279 00:13:17,130 --> 00:13:18,796 not gonna be able to count them all. 280 00:13:18,798 --> 00:13:20,532 And they'd be, "No, I don't believe it." 281 00:13:20,534 --> 00:13:22,133 And so they didn't believe it, they didn't hire me. 282 00:13:22,135 --> 00:13:24,335 And then came Kepler. 283 00:13:24,337 --> 00:13:27,539 - [Launch Announcer] Three, two, one, zero. 284 00:13:27,541 --> 00:13:31,208 And liftoff of the Delta 2 Rocket with Kepler 285 00:13:31,210 --> 00:13:33,178 on a search for planets like our own. 286 00:13:36,950 --> 00:13:38,549 - [Sara] The Kepler Space Telescope 287 00:13:38,551 --> 00:13:40,385 monitored one small section of the sky 288 00:13:41,821 --> 00:13:43,521 and it found thousands of planets. 289 00:13:46,559 --> 00:13:48,393 Another Earth is undoubtedly out there. 290 00:13:50,029 --> 00:13:51,228 In our own Milky Way Galaxy we have 291 00:13:51,230 --> 00:13:52,830 hundreds of billions of stars. 292 00:13:52,832 --> 00:13:55,900 Our own universe has hundreds of billions of galaxies. 293 00:13:55,902 --> 00:13:58,169 To me personally, it is definitely there. 294 00:14:00,574 --> 00:14:02,373 (phone ringing) 295 00:14:02,375 --> 00:14:03,507 - [Natalia G.] Oh there you are. 296 00:14:03,509 --> 00:14:04,776 There you are. 297 00:14:04,778 --> 00:14:06,110 - Good morning everyone, sorry I'm late. 298 00:14:06,112 --> 00:14:07,578 - [Natalia G.] Hey, Natalie. 299 00:14:07,580 --> 00:14:08,712 We have a good group in the room today. 300 00:14:08,714 --> 00:14:10,381 - All right. 301 00:14:10,383 --> 00:14:12,383 Well, the last few meetings we've had 302 00:14:12,385 --> 00:14:14,452 one planet candidate in each batch. 303 00:14:14,454 --> 00:14:15,787 - [Leader] Yeah. 304 00:14:15,789 --> 00:14:16,720 - [Sara] We rely on a few core experts. 305 00:14:16,722 --> 00:14:18,656 Natalie's one of them. 306 00:14:18,658 --> 00:14:21,192 - Natalie was one of the leaders of the Kepler mission. 307 00:14:21,194 --> 00:14:23,194 - [Sara] Kepler was so pioneering. 308 00:14:23,196 --> 00:14:25,396 It opened our eyes for the first time. 309 00:14:25,398 --> 00:14:27,198 And TESS is now just finding objects 310 00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:30,001 around closer stars and smaller stars as well. 311 00:14:31,270 --> 00:14:31,803 - Okay. 312 00:14:31,805 --> 00:14:33,937 - [Leader] Okay. 313 00:14:33,939 --> 00:14:35,673 - [Nathaniel] How are you detecting these exoplanets? 314 00:14:35,675 --> 00:14:37,741 - Well, nowadays, the best way to find planets 315 00:14:37,743 --> 00:14:39,210 is by the transit technique. 316 00:14:39,212 --> 00:14:42,280 If this represents our star and this blue 317 00:14:42,282 --> 00:14:45,817 represents a planet, if you're lucky, 318 00:14:45,819 --> 00:14:47,685 the planet will orbit such that it 319 00:14:47,687 --> 00:14:50,888 passes in front of the star as seen from the telescope. 320 00:14:50,890 --> 00:14:53,024 Then the starlight drops by a tiny amount. 321 00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:56,694 Thousands of planets have been detected this way. 322 00:14:58,498 --> 00:15:01,699 They range from smaller than Earth size to Jupiter size. 323 00:15:01,701 --> 00:15:03,567 - So Aylin showed me this one yesterday. 324 00:15:03,569 --> 00:15:05,169 - [Sara] I like this one. 325 00:15:05,171 --> 00:15:06,704 Look how long the transit duration is, too. 326 00:15:06,706 --> 00:15:08,239 - This one also has century offset. 327 00:15:08,241 --> 00:15:10,174 - [Sara] We're hoping to find and identify 328 00:15:10,176 --> 00:15:11,642 the pool of transiting planets 329 00:15:11,644 --> 00:15:14,178 in the habitable zones of small stars. 330 00:15:14,180 --> 00:15:17,581 Not too hot, not too cold, but just right for life. 331 00:15:17,583 --> 00:15:19,250 The Goldilocks zone. 332 00:15:19,252 --> 00:15:20,518 - [Natalia G.] Onto the next one. 333 00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:21,986 - [Natalie] Next one looks great. 334 00:15:21,988 --> 00:15:24,188 One system that had two viable planet candidates 335 00:15:24,190 --> 00:15:26,190 that were very exciting, so it was super-- 336 00:15:26,192 --> 00:15:27,658 - [Nathaniel] So you want to study these candidates 337 00:15:27,660 --> 00:15:29,260 with the James Webb Space Telescope? 338 00:15:29,262 --> 00:15:30,528 - [Sara] Yeah. 339 00:15:30,530 --> 00:15:32,330 Actually the question often comes up. 340 00:15:32,332 --> 00:15:34,666 How much time are we going to get for exoplanets? 341 00:15:34,668 --> 00:15:38,402 You know, if we find a rocky planet with a thin atmosphere 342 00:15:38,404 --> 00:15:40,804 in the habitable zone of an M star, do you have any idea 343 00:15:40,806 --> 00:15:42,339 how much telescope time we're going to need 344 00:15:42,341 --> 00:15:43,807 to look at that planet's atmosphere? 345 00:15:43,809 --> 00:15:45,276 - [Leader] We have five more to go, or six. 346 00:15:45,278 --> 00:15:46,810 - [Natalie G.] Yeah, let's kill it. 347 00:15:46,812 --> 00:15:48,612 - [Clara] Given that our own atmosphere 348 00:15:48,614 --> 00:15:51,682 contains thousands of gases, we expect alien atmospheres 349 00:15:51,684 --> 00:15:53,951 to also contain thousands of gases. 350 00:15:53,953 --> 00:15:56,820 And my job is to figure out how each one of those gases 351 00:15:56,822 --> 00:16:01,292 interacts with light. And some molecules, like oxygen, 352 00:16:01,294 --> 00:16:05,629 we send out into space, life does, but other things do too. 353 00:16:05,631 --> 00:16:08,766 Some molecules, like phosphine, only life 354 00:16:08,768 --> 00:16:11,235 sends out into the atmosphere. 355 00:16:11,237 --> 00:16:14,171 And so this is one of the reasons I'm so fond of it 356 00:16:14,173 --> 00:16:17,608 because although it's rare, and actually quite poisonous, 357 00:16:18,711 --> 00:16:21,112 only life makes it on Earth. 358 00:16:21,114 --> 00:16:25,550 And so it's an unequivocal sign of life. 359 00:16:27,186 --> 00:16:28,719 - [Sara] My generation, we're betting on 360 00:16:28,721 --> 00:16:30,654 the fact that nature delivers. 361 00:16:30,656 --> 00:16:34,191 That life can originate and evolve anywhere given the chance 362 00:16:34,193 --> 00:16:35,659 and we're planning on finding it. 363 00:16:35,661 --> 00:16:36,928 There's no question. 364 00:16:38,531 --> 00:16:40,932 (epic music) 365 00:16:49,008 --> 00:16:50,541 - [Lee] At some point you build a telescope 366 00:16:50,543 --> 00:16:52,076 that's too big to fit in a rocket 367 00:16:52,078 --> 00:16:54,745 and James Webb would not fit in a rocket. 368 00:16:54,747 --> 00:16:55,947 So we had to make the primary mirror 369 00:16:55,949 --> 00:16:57,548 into individual segments. 370 00:16:57,550 --> 00:17:01,352 It's been done on the ground once or twice but 371 00:17:01,354 --> 00:17:03,621 doing it in space as a whole other set of challenges. 372 00:17:03,623 --> 00:17:05,423 - Is it going to hold, is it going to keep it strength? 373 00:17:05,425 --> 00:17:07,759 Is it going to keep its alignment, will it deploy? 374 00:17:11,831 --> 00:17:14,498 - This is a worldwide telescope. 375 00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:17,501 It's the collective investment from the US 376 00:17:17,503 --> 00:17:21,238 and the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency, 377 00:17:21,240 --> 00:17:24,175 that all these countries are willing to make, 378 00:17:24,177 --> 00:17:26,677 to reach the edge of the universe. 379 00:17:28,181 --> 00:17:29,747 - [Jon] Separating from the upper stage. 380 00:17:30,850 --> 00:17:31,783 Separating. 381 00:17:31,785 --> 00:17:34,051 We're going to L2. 382 00:17:34,053 --> 00:17:35,987 - The stakes are tremendous. 383 00:17:35,989 --> 00:17:39,190 If you think back to Mars Science Lab, Curiosity. 384 00:17:39,192 --> 00:17:41,124 That seven minutes of terror waiting for it 385 00:17:41,126 --> 00:17:43,995 to get to the surface, we were all holding our breath. 386 00:17:43,997 --> 00:17:45,262 I didn't hold it for seven minutes 387 00:17:45,264 --> 00:17:47,064 but I held it for a long time 388 00:17:47,066 --> 00:17:49,533 waiting for that signal back from the surface. 389 00:17:49,535 --> 00:17:51,602 In this case we're going to hold out breaths 390 00:17:51,604 --> 00:17:54,338 for a couple of weeks, because that's how long 391 00:17:54,340 --> 00:17:55,739 it's gonna take to get all those 392 00:17:55,741 --> 00:17:58,075 deployments out after launch. 393 00:17:58,077 --> 00:17:59,877 - Adding whatever Delta V we need. 394 00:17:59,879 --> 00:18:03,014 - [Matt] There are over 300 or 400 395 00:18:03,016 --> 00:18:05,749 different operations that have to occur in space 396 00:18:05,751 --> 00:18:09,020 to make this telescope actually come to life. 397 00:18:09,022 --> 00:18:11,422 A huge sunshade has to deploy, 398 00:18:11,424 --> 00:18:13,757 which is the size of a tennis court. 399 00:18:13,759 --> 00:18:15,493 At this point, things get pretty critical 400 00:18:15,495 --> 00:18:16,960 because now everything starts to cool quickly. 401 00:18:16,962 --> 00:18:18,962 - Follow the red for maximum power. 402 00:18:18,964 --> 00:18:20,832 - [Matt] So now we've got to get the telescope unfolded 403 00:18:20,834 --> 00:18:23,101 before it gets too cold and the joints freeze up. 404 00:18:24,637 --> 00:18:26,637 Then we got to get the instruments started. 405 00:18:26,639 --> 00:18:28,105 And each one of these things 406 00:18:28,107 --> 00:18:30,808 has to work perfectly first time. 407 00:18:35,715 --> 00:18:36,647 - [Jon] Hello? 408 00:18:36,649 --> 00:18:37,781 - Hi, how are you? 409 00:18:37,783 --> 00:18:39,250 - Good. 410 00:18:39,252 --> 00:18:40,584 - So about the James Webb, what's new? 411 00:18:40,586 --> 00:18:41,719 What's the latest going on? 412 00:18:41,721 --> 00:18:42,786 - [Jon] It's very exciting. 413 00:18:42,788 --> 00:18:44,521 Lots of things. 414 00:18:44,523 --> 00:18:46,990 The spacecraft structure is moving along like gangbusters. 415 00:18:46,992 --> 00:18:49,593 We're making the flight membranes. 416 00:18:49,595 --> 00:18:51,062 Pathfinder is delivered. 417 00:18:51,064 --> 00:18:53,530 So basically, it's almost all the balls 418 00:18:53,532 --> 00:18:54,732 are in the air at this point. 419 00:18:54,734 --> 00:18:56,533 - Sometimes we hear rumors 420 00:18:56,535 --> 00:18:58,402 of something that's not going so well. 421 00:18:58,404 --> 00:18:59,871 Is there anything like that that you're worried about, 422 00:18:59,873 --> 00:19:01,538 you personally, or is it all under control? 423 00:19:01,540 --> 00:19:03,874 - There are always little problems. 424 00:19:03,876 --> 00:19:04,876 Nothing insurmountable. 425 00:19:04,878 --> 00:19:06,544 - Yeah. 426 00:19:06,546 --> 00:19:08,145 - The thing that keeps me up at night 427 00:19:08,147 --> 00:19:10,281 and prevents my hair from growing back 428 00:19:10,283 --> 00:19:13,617 is the problem we haven't thought of. 429 00:19:13,619 --> 00:19:15,953 That failure of imagination. 430 00:19:15,955 --> 00:19:20,357 Right now we're on schedule and making flight hardware. 431 00:19:20,359 --> 00:19:21,959 - Well, it's so great to hear that 432 00:19:21,961 --> 00:19:23,427 because the entire science community, 433 00:19:23,429 --> 00:19:25,629 you know, in exoplanets, is ramping up here. 434 00:19:25,631 --> 00:19:27,364 Everybody's so excited about the James Webb. 435 00:19:27,366 --> 00:19:28,966 But I don't know if you realize 436 00:19:28,968 --> 00:19:30,834 how much they're counting on this. 437 00:19:30,836 --> 00:19:33,971 - I'm aware that my customers are very anxious 438 00:19:33,973 --> 00:19:35,839 for the Webb Telescope to get on orbit. 439 00:19:35,841 --> 00:19:37,775 - Yeah, it's pressure, but it's also gratefulness 440 00:19:37,777 --> 00:19:40,244 that all you and your team and people are working so hard 441 00:19:40,246 --> 00:19:42,179 to make sure every last thing works. 442 00:19:42,181 --> 00:19:43,514 Okay. - Okay, bye. 443 00:19:43,516 --> 00:19:44,815 - [Jon] Bye bye. 444 00:19:45,785 --> 00:19:47,050 - Good, huh? 445 00:19:47,052 --> 00:19:47,919 That's a great conversation. 446 00:19:49,655 --> 00:19:51,589 He's like basically the brains behind the whole thing. 447 00:19:51,591 --> 00:19:53,257 And you know, sometimes, I didn't ask him this time, 448 00:19:53,259 --> 00:19:54,658 but almost every time I ask him like, 449 00:19:54,660 --> 00:19:56,393 "Well, what if something bad happens to you 450 00:19:56,395 --> 00:19:58,061 and you get hit by a bus, who's the next guy?" 451 00:19:58,063 --> 00:20:00,731 (engine revving) 452 00:20:11,144 --> 00:20:13,344 - [Amy] There's a couple of race series that 453 00:20:13,346 --> 00:20:16,013 got started in the last five years or so. 454 00:20:20,085 --> 00:20:22,753 My husband and I, we go on Craigslist, 455 00:20:22,755 --> 00:20:24,555 look for a really cheap car and then 456 00:20:24,557 --> 00:20:26,757 drag it home and fix it up, race it. 457 00:20:29,228 --> 00:20:32,029 Being a system engineer for the Webb Telescope 458 00:20:32,031 --> 00:20:34,431 I don't really get to touch a lot of this hardware. 459 00:20:34,433 --> 00:20:36,967 So working on cars is pretty satisfying 460 00:20:36,969 --> 00:20:38,101 because it lets you actually 461 00:20:38,103 --> 00:20:39,203 put your hands on something. 462 00:20:41,374 --> 00:20:42,573 I'm not strong enough. 463 00:20:42,575 --> 00:20:44,675 (laughing) 464 00:20:46,712 --> 00:20:48,846 - [Amy's husband] Those races are 14 or 15 hours long. 465 00:20:48,848 --> 00:20:52,916 And usually we break down before we get to 14 or 15 hours. 466 00:20:52,918 --> 00:20:55,519 And the James Webb, it's a very different problem. 467 00:20:55,521 --> 00:20:58,589 You know, I mean, James Webb has to work first time. 468 00:20:58,591 --> 00:21:00,424 It is too far away from the Earth. 469 00:21:01,994 --> 00:21:03,861 Where we're putting the Webb Telescope 470 00:21:03,863 --> 00:21:07,665 is a place called L2 and if you think of 471 00:21:07,667 --> 00:21:12,703 here's the Earth, here's the sun, L2 is on the other side, 472 00:21:14,674 --> 00:21:17,741 a million miles away from the Earth. 473 00:21:17,743 --> 00:21:20,645 The full moon is between us and L2. 474 00:21:22,081 --> 00:21:23,714 That's where James Webb will be. 475 00:21:25,218 --> 00:21:27,118 It's four times the distance to the moon. 476 00:21:29,755 --> 00:21:32,390 (soft piano music) 477 00:21:36,695 --> 00:21:38,629 - [Astronaut] Oh my God, look at that picture over there. 478 00:21:38,631 --> 00:21:40,631 - [Astronaut 2] Hand me a roll of color quick, will you? 479 00:21:40,633 --> 00:21:41,632 - [Astronaut] Oh, man. 480 00:21:41,634 --> 00:21:43,166 - [Astronaut 2] Quick. 481 00:21:43,168 --> 00:21:44,635 - [Astronaut] I'm looking for one. 482 00:21:44,637 --> 00:21:46,036 - [Astronaut 2] That went from here. 483 00:21:46,038 --> 00:21:47,037 - [Astronaut] Hey, I've got it right here. 484 00:21:47,039 --> 00:21:48,171 - [Astronaut 2] I got it right. 485 00:21:48,173 --> 00:21:49,172 Oh, I got a beautiful shot. 486 00:21:49,174 --> 00:21:50,774 You got it? 487 00:21:50,776 --> 00:21:52,309 - [Nathaniel] 50 years ago, they say, we went 488 00:21:52,311 --> 00:21:53,577 looking for the moon and we found the Earth. 489 00:21:53,579 --> 00:21:55,178 - [Maggie] Yeah, that's true. 490 00:21:55,180 --> 00:21:58,115 That picture of the Earth. 491 00:21:58,117 --> 00:21:59,583 That was really the beginning of 492 00:21:59,585 --> 00:22:01,819 the modern environmental movement right there. 493 00:22:03,256 --> 00:22:05,890 (water running) 494 00:22:09,662 --> 00:22:12,263 This is one of my favorite little lakes. 495 00:22:14,533 --> 00:22:18,169 There's an eagle circling around in front of us. 496 00:22:19,338 --> 00:22:21,204 (birds singing) 497 00:22:21,206 --> 00:22:24,608 In grad school I asked the question, 498 00:22:24,610 --> 00:22:26,677 "What does the Earth look like 499 00:22:26,679 --> 00:22:29,546 from very far away when you can't 500 00:22:29,548 --> 00:22:31,615 see the continents and the oceans? 501 00:22:31,617 --> 00:22:33,951 And can you actually tell that 502 00:22:33,953 --> 00:22:35,720 there is life on that planet?" 503 00:22:37,490 --> 00:22:41,024 So we looked at the moon not too many days after new moon 504 00:22:41,026 --> 00:22:42,626 when you can just first start to see 505 00:22:42,628 --> 00:22:45,629 that thinnest crescent right at sunset. 506 00:22:45,631 --> 00:22:49,100 You'll notice that the dark part of the moon 507 00:22:49,102 --> 00:22:52,703 is also visible because the Earth is shining 508 00:22:52,705 --> 00:22:55,772 on that part of the lunar surface. 509 00:22:55,774 --> 00:22:59,176 So if you take a telescope and you look at that light, 510 00:22:59,178 --> 00:23:01,578 it's Earth light, all jumbled up together. 511 00:23:01,580 --> 00:23:06,049 It's the land, it's the ocean, it's the clouds, the air. 512 00:23:06,051 --> 00:23:08,519 And when you spread that light out and look at it 513 00:23:08,521 --> 00:23:11,855 you can plainly see the squiggly line, that 514 00:23:11,857 --> 00:23:16,794 this is a planet that has a definite clear oxygen line. 515 00:23:16,796 --> 00:23:20,331 And there's definitely carbon dioxide and there's methane. 516 00:23:20,333 --> 00:23:24,201 Those signals were all tangled up together 517 00:23:24,203 --> 00:23:27,871 in the colors of the Earth. 518 00:23:27,873 --> 00:23:29,406 And that was what we called 519 00:23:29,408 --> 00:23:32,009 the spectrum of a habitable planet. 520 00:23:32,011 --> 00:23:35,212 (soft guitar music) 521 00:23:35,214 --> 00:23:39,149 When I first heard of the search for 522 00:23:39,151 --> 00:23:41,618 extraterrestrial intelligence, 523 00:23:41,620 --> 00:23:44,221 I thought that this was by far 524 00:23:44,223 --> 00:23:47,358 the most interesting thing to study in all of astronomy. 525 00:23:48,894 --> 00:23:50,761 Finding out that there are other civilizations 526 00:23:50,763 --> 00:23:54,097 in the observable universe would be pretty much 527 00:23:54,099 --> 00:23:56,534 right there at the top of things you could find out. 528 00:23:58,037 --> 00:23:59,503 - [Nathaniel] You're working with 529 00:23:59,505 --> 00:24:01,238 Jill Tarter and the SETI Institute? 530 00:24:01,240 --> 00:24:04,375 - [Maggie] Yeah, absolutely, Jill was the SETI pioneer. 531 00:24:04,377 --> 00:24:07,244 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. 532 00:24:07,246 --> 00:24:10,581 I met her shortly after the movie "Contact" came out 533 00:24:10,583 --> 00:24:12,315 and I had never heard of Jill before. 534 00:24:12,317 --> 00:24:13,784 I didn't know there was a connection 535 00:24:13,786 --> 00:24:15,652 between that movie and her. 536 00:24:15,654 --> 00:24:16,853 - [Nathaniel] Yeah, the Jodie Foster 537 00:24:16,855 --> 00:24:18,655 character is modeled on her. 538 00:24:18,657 --> 00:24:21,826 - [Maggie] Yeah, Jill is one of my longest mentors. 539 00:24:27,466 --> 00:24:32,002 - When we started, SETI was considered pretty fringy. 540 00:24:32,004 --> 00:24:33,537 We didn't even know if there were 541 00:24:33,539 --> 00:24:35,005 any planets beyond our solar system. 542 00:24:36,809 --> 00:24:40,277 And we spent a lot of time building up credibility. 543 00:24:40,279 --> 00:24:43,414 Making a distinction between ourselves 544 00:24:43,416 --> 00:24:45,348 and the folks who report seeing 545 00:24:45,350 --> 00:24:48,118 little green men in spaceships and being abducted. 546 00:24:49,688 --> 00:24:51,822 I mean, people would be writing books about 547 00:24:51,824 --> 00:24:53,824 the SETI pioneers and it would be, 548 00:24:53,826 --> 00:24:56,159 "What's a nice girl like you doing in a place like this," 549 00:24:56,161 --> 00:24:57,360 sort of questions. 550 00:24:57,362 --> 00:24:59,296 It was really hard. 551 00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:02,766 - [Nathaniel] Do you think there is life out there? 552 00:25:02,768 --> 00:25:05,168 - You know, Nathaniel, whatever I think 553 00:25:05,170 --> 00:25:08,639 about life beyond Earth doesn't matter a bit. 554 00:25:08,641 --> 00:25:11,909 For millennia, we asked the priests, the philosophers, 555 00:25:11,911 --> 00:25:15,245 whoever we thought was wise, what we should believe. 556 00:25:15,247 --> 00:25:17,380 Well, we can now change that verb 557 00:25:17,382 --> 00:25:19,916 into the verb "to explore." 558 00:25:19,918 --> 00:25:22,385 Anything else is religion and we're not doing religion here. 559 00:25:22,387 --> 00:25:23,521 We're doing science. 560 00:25:25,258 --> 00:25:27,257 - [Nathaniel] What's going on with this one? 561 00:25:27,259 --> 00:25:29,860 - The birds love to nest here 562 00:25:29,862 --> 00:25:31,261 and they will chew on this 563 00:25:31,263 --> 00:25:33,163 and they will chew through it. 564 00:25:35,468 --> 00:25:38,535 These dishes pick up radio frequencies 565 00:25:38,537 --> 00:25:42,272 and we're listening for broadcast signals 566 00:25:42,274 --> 00:25:44,708 from a distant civilization. 567 00:25:46,479 --> 00:25:48,612 We're looking for signals that are engineered. 568 00:25:48,614 --> 00:25:52,082 Things that mother nature can't do, but we can. 569 00:25:52,084 --> 00:25:53,651 And presumably they can. 570 00:25:55,154 --> 00:25:56,753 - [Nathaniel] But we have looked a bit. 571 00:25:56,755 --> 00:25:59,490 And so far we haven't found anything. 572 00:25:59,492 --> 00:26:01,558 - [Jill] We just haven't looked far enough. 573 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:03,760 That volume of search space, 574 00:26:03,762 --> 00:26:07,364 set it equal to the volume of all the Earth's oceans. 575 00:26:07,366 --> 00:26:09,566 And then ask yourself how much of 576 00:26:09,568 --> 00:26:12,235 the Earth's oceans have we searched? 577 00:26:12,237 --> 00:26:15,973 And the answer is one eight ounce glass. 578 00:26:15,975 --> 00:26:18,108 Now, if your question was not, 579 00:26:18,110 --> 00:26:19,510 "Are there extra terrestrials," 580 00:26:19,512 --> 00:26:21,311 but "are there fish in the ocean?" 581 00:26:21,313 --> 00:26:23,313 And you did that experiment and you 582 00:26:23,315 --> 00:26:25,448 dipped your glass in and you looked at it and, 583 00:26:25,450 --> 00:26:27,450 "Well, no fish in there." 584 00:26:27,452 --> 00:26:28,919 I mean that experiment could have worked 585 00:26:28,921 --> 00:26:30,587 but there aren't any fish in there. 586 00:26:30,589 --> 00:26:33,323 I don't think that you're going to conclude 587 00:26:33,325 --> 00:26:35,392 there are no fish in the ocean. 588 00:26:35,394 --> 00:26:37,460 You're going to say, "I got to fish a whole lot more." 589 00:26:37,462 --> 00:26:39,129 And that's where we are. 590 00:26:39,131 --> 00:26:40,598 We have a lot more searching to do. 591 00:26:50,809 --> 00:26:53,544 - [Matt] Ultimately science is about observation. 592 00:26:54,547 --> 00:26:56,479 Because it's only observation 593 00:26:56,481 --> 00:26:58,349 which actually gives you the truth. 594 00:27:00,619 --> 00:27:02,352 As the ancients looked up at the sky, 595 00:27:02,354 --> 00:27:05,488 it was obvious that everything went around us. 596 00:27:05,490 --> 00:27:08,691 We were the center of that universe. 597 00:27:08,693 --> 00:27:11,629 And then Galileo lifted his telescope to the stars. 598 00:27:12,765 --> 00:27:13,731 He looks at the moon. 599 00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:17,434 The moon was supposed to be this perfect orb. 600 00:27:19,238 --> 00:27:21,638 And he sees for the first time, the moon is not perfect. 601 00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:23,207 It has mountains, it has craters. 602 00:27:26,445 --> 00:27:28,178 But the most important observation, 603 00:27:28,180 --> 00:27:30,648 the one that was truly revolutionary, 604 00:27:32,651 --> 00:27:37,655 he looked at Jupiter and he saw four pinpricks of light. 605 00:27:38,857 --> 00:27:41,258 And he assumed they were stars. 606 00:27:41,260 --> 00:27:45,462 And then he realized they were moons going around Jupiter. 607 00:27:47,332 --> 00:27:50,200 Everything was supposed to be going around the Earth. 608 00:27:50,202 --> 00:27:52,603 And here was proof it wasn't. 609 00:27:54,273 --> 00:27:56,473 And he realizes that the ancients were wrong, 610 00:27:56,475 --> 00:28:01,111 the church was wrong, and we're going around the sun. 611 00:28:04,016 --> 00:28:06,517 (bells tolling) 612 00:28:11,156 --> 00:28:15,225 Observation overthrew ancient wisdom. 613 00:28:21,634 --> 00:28:25,703 This was the very first time anybody took 614 00:28:27,172 --> 00:28:29,840 two lenses and lifted them to the sky. 615 00:28:29,842 --> 00:28:33,176 And it revealed a universe that nobody had ever seen before. 616 00:28:33,178 --> 00:28:34,845 Once he'd done this, and he wrote it down, 617 00:28:34,847 --> 00:28:37,047 you can see from his book here, he wrote down what he saw. 618 00:28:37,049 --> 00:28:38,915 Other people could build their own telescope. 619 00:28:38,917 --> 00:28:42,052 And suddenly these ideas could actually flood out. 620 00:28:42,054 --> 00:28:43,787 Galileo was locked away for 10 years 621 00:28:43,789 --> 00:28:48,258 because the church claimed that this wasn't true. 622 00:28:48,260 --> 00:28:49,993 400 years ago, it started there. 623 00:28:49,995 --> 00:28:53,396 400 years later, we're actually taking a mirror 624 00:28:53,398 --> 00:28:57,200 which is 250 times, roughly, bigger than this, 625 00:28:57,202 --> 00:29:00,003 And we're going to fold it up and launch it into space 626 00:29:00,005 --> 00:29:02,005 to give it even more sensitivity 627 00:29:02,007 --> 00:29:05,808 to actually see to the edge of the known universe. 628 00:29:05,810 --> 00:29:08,746 (car horns honking) 629 00:29:14,152 --> 00:29:16,086 - Wow, traffic is crappy. 630 00:29:16,088 --> 00:29:17,487 I think everybody can agree 631 00:29:17,489 --> 00:29:19,690 we're wasting a lot of energy and effort here. 632 00:29:19,692 --> 00:29:24,027 There's a lot of people around and we're not being 633 00:29:24,029 --> 00:29:26,497 as responsible as we can with everything that we have. 634 00:29:28,033 --> 00:29:30,767 Actually, I grew up in Taiwan, in Taipei. 635 00:29:30,769 --> 00:29:33,103 It has some of the worst pollution. 636 00:29:33,105 --> 00:29:35,105 Oh, it was hard to see the stars. 637 00:29:35,107 --> 00:29:37,174 - [Nathaniel] with all our problems on the Earth, 638 00:29:37,176 --> 00:29:39,309 should we really be spending so much money on a telescope? 639 00:29:39,311 --> 00:29:41,444 - Our almost reason for being, you know, 640 00:29:41,446 --> 00:29:44,447 one of our reasons for being is so that we can do these 641 00:29:44,449 --> 00:29:46,516 good and interesting things that 642 00:29:46,518 --> 00:29:49,319 move us forward as a species. 643 00:29:49,321 --> 00:29:52,322 I think everybody wants to do something, 644 00:29:52,324 --> 00:29:56,059 be a part of something greater than just 645 00:29:56,061 --> 00:29:57,361 what they can do alone. 646 00:29:59,131 --> 00:30:01,531 Building something like the Webb Telescope is that. 647 00:30:01,533 --> 00:30:03,800 So you know, I mean I don't know 648 00:30:03,802 --> 00:30:06,170 what else would you want to do with your life? 649 00:30:07,472 --> 00:30:10,440 (upbeat string music) 650 00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:16,613 - [Man] Hey Jon. 651 00:30:16,615 --> 00:30:18,281 - Kevin! - Good to see you again. 652 00:30:18,283 --> 00:30:19,950 - Hi, Amy Lo. 653 00:30:19,952 --> 00:30:21,084 - Amy, nice to meet you. 654 00:30:21,086 --> 00:30:22,619 We've never met before. 655 00:30:22,621 --> 00:30:24,487 I'm sorry, I didn't mean to ignore you. 656 00:30:24,489 --> 00:30:26,022 Jon and I have known each other for a long time. 657 00:30:26,024 --> 00:30:27,624 - [Amy] Jon's got a big presence. 658 00:30:27,626 --> 00:30:29,092 So he grabbed my attention when I saw him. 659 00:30:29,094 --> 00:30:30,627 - [Jon] We've come a long way. 660 00:30:30,629 --> 00:30:31,628 - [Kevin] And your timing's perfect. 661 00:30:31,630 --> 00:30:33,630 We're just about to run a test. 662 00:30:33,632 --> 00:30:36,200 This has got to work like all the other major elements. 663 00:30:39,304 --> 00:30:41,571 We have enough sensitivity with our telescope 664 00:30:41,573 --> 00:30:44,174 and our instruments to detect 665 00:30:44,176 --> 00:30:47,778 a child's nightlight located on the moon. 666 00:30:50,248 --> 00:30:53,850 I know that if you were to certainly take your radiant heat, 667 00:30:53,852 --> 00:30:56,853 which for a human is about 80 to 100 Watts 668 00:30:56,855 --> 00:30:58,655 and stick it on the moon, we would easily 669 00:30:58,657 --> 00:30:59,823 be able to detect that. 670 00:31:03,996 --> 00:31:05,595 - When people think about the telescope, 671 00:31:05,597 --> 00:31:07,798 they think of the huge mirror, right? 672 00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:10,133 That's the iconic part of the telescope 673 00:31:10,135 --> 00:31:12,202 but this is what the astronomers care about. 674 00:31:12,204 --> 00:31:14,037 This is where the data comes from. 675 00:31:16,541 --> 00:31:18,074 - Our telescope is so sensitive that it could 676 00:31:18,076 --> 00:31:20,143 pick up the heat of a bumblebee 677 00:31:20,145 --> 00:31:23,079 if the bumblebee were as far away as the moon. 678 00:31:23,081 --> 00:31:25,148 That is completely astonishing to me, 679 00:31:25,150 --> 00:31:26,549 even knowing that that's our telescope 680 00:31:26,551 --> 00:31:28,685 and we built it that way. 681 00:31:28,687 --> 00:31:30,420 - Yes, I've heard that. 682 00:31:30,422 --> 00:31:31,822 In fact, I was asked about it. 683 00:31:33,692 --> 00:31:36,693 I'd have to sit down and do the math very, very carefully. 684 00:31:36,695 --> 00:31:40,697 I've learned one does not argue with Nobel Prize winners. 685 00:31:40,699 --> 00:31:42,432 I heard about this calculation. 686 00:31:42,434 --> 00:31:43,433 I checked it myself. 687 00:31:43,435 --> 00:31:44,635 I believe it's correct. 688 00:31:44,637 --> 00:31:46,569 Yeah. 689 00:31:46,571 --> 00:31:50,440 - If we had the moon here and the Earth 250,000 miles... 690 00:31:52,110 --> 00:31:53,776 What you'd do first is calculate the area of the sphere. 691 00:31:53,778 --> 00:31:55,245 Frequency times Planck's constant. 692 00:31:55,247 --> 00:31:58,548 (continues indistinctly) 693 00:32:02,521 --> 00:32:04,587 - [Nathaniel] A bumblebee gives off how much energy? 694 00:32:04,589 --> 00:32:09,426 - Well, it gives off about 50 milliwatts of power. 695 00:32:13,265 --> 00:32:15,198 - It does seem reasonable that we could 696 00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:18,335 see a bumblebee on the moon with our telescope. 697 00:32:18,337 --> 00:32:20,537 That's a bumblebee as opposed to a yellow jacket 698 00:32:20,539 --> 00:32:23,540 as opposed to a hornet but we could collect the light. 699 00:32:23,542 --> 00:32:26,944 Should know better than to argue with our chief scientist. 700 00:32:35,688 --> 00:32:39,222 - [Maggie] These are all worker bees, which are female. 701 00:32:39,224 --> 00:32:42,559 There will typically be some drones in here too, 702 00:32:42,561 --> 00:32:44,294 bigger males. 703 00:32:44,296 --> 00:32:47,230 They aren't essential to the survival of the hives. 704 00:32:47,232 --> 00:32:48,765 - [Nathaniel] Hm, the males are not essential? 705 00:32:48,767 --> 00:32:51,101 - [Maggie] No, in the fall 706 00:32:51,103 --> 00:32:52,969 all the drones are going to get kicked out. 707 00:32:52,971 --> 00:32:55,572 They're going to be begging to stay 708 00:32:55,574 --> 00:32:57,173 and the workers are gonna be like, 709 00:32:57,175 --> 00:33:00,710 "Sorry, we do not have resources to feed you all winter." 710 00:33:00,712 --> 00:33:01,844 They're going to kick them out 711 00:33:01,846 --> 00:33:03,780 and they will go freeze and die. 712 00:33:03,782 --> 00:33:07,918 And these girls will stay together all winter long 713 00:33:07,920 --> 00:33:10,721 beating their wings and making enough heat. 714 00:33:12,457 --> 00:33:17,060 I'm living in Wisconsin because I really wanted to be 715 00:33:17,062 --> 00:33:20,931 closer to the natural world in my daily life 716 00:33:20,933 --> 00:33:25,435 in a way that an office couldn't do for me personally. 717 00:33:27,405 --> 00:33:28,939 - [Nathaniel] It reminds me of the shape of the mirrors 718 00:33:28,941 --> 00:33:30,406 on the James Webb Space Telescope. 719 00:33:30,408 --> 00:33:31,874 - [Maggie] It does, yeah. 720 00:33:31,876 --> 00:33:33,610 The hexagons are just a really efficient way 721 00:33:33,612 --> 00:33:35,746 of packing together a bunch of cells in one place. 722 00:33:35,748 --> 00:33:39,816 So that is a shape you will find in nature. 723 00:33:39,818 --> 00:33:41,985 And in mechanical engineering. 724 00:33:43,555 --> 00:33:44,955 I already know which of these hives 725 00:33:44,957 --> 00:33:46,757 isn't going to make it through the winter. 726 00:33:46,759 --> 00:33:48,558 It's hard on them. 727 00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:50,026 There is colony collapse because of 728 00:33:50,028 --> 00:33:52,629 chemicals that's going on fields. 729 00:33:52,631 --> 00:33:54,297 There's a farm field right there 730 00:33:54,299 --> 00:33:56,499 that's obviously not being sprayed. 731 00:33:56,501 --> 00:33:59,169 The bees probably love that 732 00:33:59,171 --> 00:34:01,471 and they need diversity of resources. 733 00:34:03,175 --> 00:34:06,776 It's fascinating to see how that social structure operates. 734 00:34:06,778 --> 00:34:09,512 And one does kind of wonder, 735 00:34:09,514 --> 00:34:12,783 is there another civilization of that type 736 00:34:12,785 --> 00:34:16,887 out there that is more collectively minded than we are? 737 00:34:19,124 --> 00:34:21,391 If there are other civilizations that could be 738 00:34:21,393 --> 00:34:24,060 really useful information because we're 739 00:34:24,062 --> 00:34:25,996 at this point where we don't know 740 00:34:25,998 --> 00:34:28,632 if we can survive the emergence of technology. 741 00:34:37,075 --> 00:34:38,941 - [Johnny Carson] If you think it would happen, 742 00:34:38,943 --> 00:34:40,276 when would it happen? 743 00:34:40,278 --> 00:34:42,745 Within a period of 10 years, 20, 50 years? 744 00:34:42,747 --> 00:34:45,682 - [Carl Sagan] Depends on how much of an effort we make. 745 00:34:45,684 --> 00:34:47,617 If we make no effort the possibility of 746 00:34:47,619 --> 00:34:50,087 detecting such signals is small. 747 00:34:52,290 --> 00:34:55,758 - We are one step closer to answering the age old question, 748 00:34:55,760 --> 00:34:57,427 "Are we alone in the universe?" 749 00:34:57,429 --> 00:35:00,163 NASA announced the discovery of seven Earth-sized planets 750 00:35:00,165 --> 00:35:03,299 around a star about 40 light years away from Earth. 751 00:35:03,301 --> 00:35:06,102 - This is the latest revelation in a wave of discoveries 752 00:35:06,104 --> 00:35:08,238 over the past 25 years of new worlds 753 00:35:08,240 --> 00:35:11,307 that exist in solar systems beyond our own. 754 00:35:11,309 --> 00:35:15,045 - Astronomers call the discovery the Trappist-1 system. 755 00:35:15,047 --> 00:35:18,381 Sarah Seager of MIT is one of the researchers. 756 00:35:18,383 --> 00:35:20,650 - We've made a giant accelerated leap forward 757 00:35:20,652 --> 00:35:22,652 in the search for habitable worlds. 758 00:35:22,654 --> 00:35:24,854 - These planets are among the best 759 00:35:24,856 --> 00:35:26,723 of all the planets we know to follow up 760 00:35:26,725 --> 00:35:29,592 with the James Webb Space Telescope. 761 00:35:29,594 --> 00:35:33,863 The discovery gives us a hint that finding a second Earth 762 00:35:33,865 --> 00:35:36,766 is not just a matter of if, but when. 763 00:35:41,540 --> 00:35:43,874 - [Natalie] Wow, Trappist-1 is all over the news. 764 00:35:43,876 --> 00:35:45,408 I mean, look at it. 765 00:35:45,410 --> 00:35:46,276 Nothing else comes close. 766 00:35:46,278 --> 00:35:47,877 - [Natasha] Yeah. 767 00:35:47,879 --> 00:35:48,945 - And look at the TESS predictions. 768 00:35:48,947 --> 00:35:50,747 I mean, even the simulated sample 769 00:35:50,749 --> 00:35:52,682 from TESS doesn't reach down there. 770 00:35:52,684 --> 00:35:55,017 I mean, Trappist, I think unless we get 771 00:35:55,019 --> 00:35:58,955 extraordinarily lucky, Trappist is going to remain this 772 00:35:58,957 --> 00:36:02,759 singular system, completely unique. 773 00:36:02,761 --> 00:36:04,627 - Trappist is just so cool. 774 00:36:04,629 --> 00:36:06,696 Especially if some of those planets 775 00:36:06,698 --> 00:36:08,631 could have water features. 776 00:36:08,633 --> 00:36:09,966 - All right, we'll pick this up later. 777 00:36:09,968 --> 00:36:10,833 - Okay. 778 00:36:10,835 --> 00:36:12,702 - You can leave that. 779 00:36:12,704 --> 00:36:14,704 It's nice that my daughter is actually involved with this. 780 00:36:14,706 --> 00:36:16,873 So I do feel like I'm passing something on. 781 00:36:19,912 --> 00:36:22,512 - [Natasha] I am designing the observing program 782 00:36:22,514 --> 00:36:25,315 that we're going to use with the James Webb Space Telescope 783 00:36:25,317 --> 00:36:27,717 to observe Trappist-1E. 784 00:36:27,719 --> 00:36:28,851 - [Nathaniel] And 1E is what? 785 00:36:28,853 --> 00:36:30,320 That's one of the planets? 786 00:36:30,322 --> 00:36:33,055 - Yes, the Trappist star is much redder 787 00:36:33,057 --> 00:36:36,126 and only about half the temperature of our own sun. 788 00:36:37,596 --> 00:36:41,063 B and C are probably far too hot 789 00:36:41,065 --> 00:36:45,267 to be able to sustain surface liquid water. 790 00:36:45,269 --> 00:36:47,003 The habitable zone, 791 00:36:47,005 --> 00:36:48,805 which is also sometimes called the Goldilocks zone, 792 00:36:48,807 --> 00:36:51,207 is right about here. 793 00:36:51,209 --> 00:36:56,012 And E really sits right in this region 794 00:36:56,014 --> 00:37:00,016 where surface liquid water could potentially exist, 795 00:37:00,018 --> 00:37:02,485 which is what we think we need for life. 796 00:37:02,487 --> 00:37:05,355 And I can actually show you this on a travel poster. 797 00:37:07,159 --> 00:37:11,027 And so here you can actually see what you would be seeing 798 00:37:11,029 --> 00:37:13,563 if you were sitting on the surface of Trappist-1E. 799 00:37:13,565 --> 00:37:15,765 - [Nathaniel] How do you mean a travel poster? 800 00:37:15,767 --> 00:37:16,566 What does it come from? 801 00:37:16,568 --> 00:37:18,568 What is this? 802 00:37:18,570 --> 00:37:21,704 - So this is an artist's rendering of Trappist-1E. 803 00:37:21,706 --> 00:37:24,574 It says, "Voted best hab zone vacation 804 00:37:24,576 --> 00:37:27,377 within 12 parsecs of Earth." 805 00:37:27,379 --> 00:37:29,712 - [Nathaniel] And below it, does it describe it at all? 806 00:37:29,714 --> 00:37:31,848 - It says, "Some 40 light years from Earth 807 00:37:31,850 --> 00:37:35,985 a planet called Trappist-1E offers heart-stopping view. 808 00:37:35,987 --> 00:37:38,521 Brilliant objects in a red sky looming like 809 00:37:38,523 --> 00:37:42,124 larger and smaller versions of our own moon." 810 00:37:42,126 --> 00:37:43,659 - [Nathaniel] You're part of a team, 811 00:37:43,661 --> 00:37:44,727 right, that's doing this? 812 00:37:44,729 --> 00:37:45,795 - Right, right, right. 813 00:37:45,797 --> 00:37:47,530 So when James Webb is launching 814 00:37:47,532 --> 00:37:50,800 we will be able to measure the atmosphere composition 815 00:37:50,802 --> 00:37:52,068 of some of these planets. 816 00:37:52,070 --> 00:37:53,403 - [Nathaniel] So tell me, 817 00:37:53,405 --> 00:37:54,937 how did you come to study exoplanets, then? 818 00:37:54,939 --> 00:37:56,472 - When I was really little, 819 00:37:56,474 --> 00:37:58,741 probably eight or nine, my mom had 820 00:37:58,743 --> 00:38:03,346 me and all my siblings draw pictures of astronauts. 821 00:38:03,348 --> 00:38:05,481 And I was so proud to show her and she looks at it 822 00:38:05,483 --> 00:38:07,683 and she goes, "Oh yeah, you know, that's awesome. 823 00:38:07,685 --> 00:38:09,586 Why did you draw a white man?" 824 00:38:11,223 --> 00:38:12,822 You know, my mom is a female scientist. 825 00:38:12,824 --> 00:38:14,090 My dad is a Latin scientist 826 00:38:14,092 --> 00:38:16,893 and I had drawn this white man. 827 00:38:16,895 --> 00:38:21,097 And I was so shocked and I think moving forward 828 00:38:21,099 --> 00:38:23,499 I was always conscious about that. 829 00:38:23,501 --> 00:38:26,403 And instead of being some, you know, 830 00:38:27,839 --> 00:38:29,372 being something that kind of discouraged me, 831 00:38:29,374 --> 00:38:31,141 I think that that kind of empowered me. 832 00:38:32,644 --> 00:38:34,310 (man speaking indistinctly over radio) 833 00:38:34,312 --> 00:38:36,312 - We all have the same desires and wants and 834 00:38:36,314 --> 00:38:38,648 and generally science and NASA missions 835 00:38:38,650 --> 00:38:40,917 brings those things to the table. 836 00:38:40,919 --> 00:38:43,920 Unfortunately, in the space science community 837 00:38:43,922 --> 00:38:46,522 it hasn't been as diverse as it should be. 838 00:38:46,524 --> 00:38:49,693 And one of the things with exoplanets, it's newer. 839 00:38:51,529 --> 00:38:55,665 Generally the newer sciences attract more diverse teams. 840 00:38:55,667 --> 00:38:58,134 So yes, that really excites me and 841 00:38:58,136 --> 00:39:00,202 we're scientists and engineers, right? 842 00:39:00,204 --> 00:39:03,273 So certainly we follow the data. 843 00:39:03,275 --> 00:39:06,208 All of the data supports that, that teams are 844 00:39:06,210 --> 00:39:10,346 far more successful and better when they're more diverse. 845 00:39:10,348 --> 00:39:12,815 So I always say, "Now's the time." 846 00:39:12,817 --> 00:39:14,050 And I think now's the time. 847 00:39:18,089 --> 00:39:19,088 - [Technician] Nothing? 848 00:39:19,090 --> 00:39:20,156 Okay, let's get started. 849 00:39:20,158 --> 00:39:21,324 Any questions guys? 850 00:39:23,828 --> 00:39:24,694 - Only four more to go. 851 00:39:24,696 --> 00:39:26,496 (laughing) 852 00:39:26,498 --> 00:39:28,831 - We don't want the telescope portion 853 00:39:28,833 --> 00:39:31,634 of the Webb Telescope to see any of the sun 854 00:39:31,636 --> 00:39:33,937 because we're trying to keep it very, very cold. 855 00:39:35,840 --> 00:39:38,574 In order to detect heat signature, infrared signature, 856 00:39:38,576 --> 00:39:40,176 it obviously needs to be very cold 857 00:39:40,178 --> 00:39:42,979 or all it's going to measure is just itself. 858 00:39:42,981 --> 00:39:46,549 - Minus J mid, MTS full deployment, layer one. 859 00:39:48,386 --> 00:39:50,186 - In space, really the only thing that will heat you up 860 00:39:50,188 --> 00:39:52,188 is the electronics that you've got 861 00:39:52,190 --> 00:39:54,390 and a really bright source, which is the sun. 862 00:39:54,392 --> 00:39:55,925 And that's the purpose of the sunshield. 863 00:39:55,927 --> 00:39:57,660 The sunshield keeps the telescope 864 00:39:57,662 --> 00:39:59,261 from getting all that sunlight. 865 00:39:59,263 --> 00:40:00,497 So it stays cold. 866 00:40:02,334 --> 00:40:05,267 - [Technician] Nice and slow, guys, nice and slow. 867 00:40:05,269 --> 00:40:07,670 - What's particularly challenging is the fact that 868 00:40:07,672 --> 00:40:12,041 we have to fold it up and deploy it once we get on orbit. 869 00:40:18,149 --> 00:40:19,281 - [Technician] Oh, stop. 870 00:40:19,283 --> 00:40:19,949 - [Technician 2] Hold that. 871 00:40:19,951 --> 00:40:20,917 What happened? 872 00:40:22,420 --> 00:40:24,220 - [Technician] We just lost the cable. 873 00:40:24,222 --> 00:40:25,888 - [Jim Flynn] If you could talk to Jon about that? 874 00:40:25,890 --> 00:40:27,289 - Yeah, you know, I'm gonna go get him 875 00:40:27,291 --> 00:40:28,158 while we're doing layer four. 876 00:40:28,160 --> 00:40:29,826 - [Technician] Okay. 877 00:40:29,828 --> 00:40:31,961 - [Amy] We'll come back and do layer five. 878 00:40:31,963 --> 00:40:32,962 Brian, are you ready? 879 00:40:32,964 --> 00:40:33,963 - [Brian] Ready. 880 00:40:33,965 --> 00:40:35,097 - [Technician] You ready? 881 00:40:35,099 --> 00:40:36,766 - [Brian] Yeah. 882 00:40:36,768 --> 00:40:38,768 - [Technician] Going up. 883 00:40:38,770 --> 00:40:41,571 - Layer one's running about 212 degrees Fahrenheit 884 00:40:41,573 --> 00:40:43,973 and layer five on the cold side is running 885 00:40:43,975 --> 00:40:45,775 about minus 400 degrees Fahrenheit. 886 00:40:45,777 --> 00:40:47,610 So it's approximately a million SPF. 887 00:40:52,316 --> 00:40:53,716 - [Jon] I'll tell you what, 888 00:40:53,718 --> 00:40:55,385 you go and you kind of pooch that up, 889 00:40:55,387 --> 00:40:56,919 you're not going to come anywhere close. 890 00:40:56,921 --> 00:40:58,388 - [Technician] I can take a look at it. 891 00:40:58,390 --> 00:41:00,256 - [Jon] That's what I need somebody 892 00:41:00,258 --> 00:41:02,625 to explain to me, how that's going to be okay on flight. 893 00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:12,769 I've always set my sights on big goals. 894 00:41:14,206 --> 00:41:16,172 I'm a very competitive person by nature. 895 00:41:17,141 --> 00:41:18,808 I don't like to lose. 896 00:41:18,810 --> 00:41:22,212 I like to prove myself equal to any challenge. 897 00:41:22,214 --> 00:41:23,479 - [Archival Newscaster] America's first attempt 898 00:41:23,481 --> 00:41:24,880 to launch a satellite. 899 00:41:24,882 --> 00:41:26,148 - [Jon] When I was a little boy. 900 00:41:26,150 --> 00:41:28,051 My father told stories. 901 00:41:29,287 --> 00:41:31,621 - [Jon] He worked on Vanguard 902 00:41:31,623 --> 00:41:33,823 and it blew up on national television. 903 00:41:33,825 --> 00:41:36,326 Just blew up, twice. 904 00:41:40,031 --> 00:41:41,897 - [Trainer] Give me one more, there you go. 905 00:41:41,899 --> 00:41:43,032 Done, done, done, done, done 906 00:41:45,770 --> 00:41:47,369 - [Jon] By the time I'm done 907 00:41:47,371 --> 00:41:49,239 I will have been on the program 12 and a half years 908 00:41:49,241 --> 00:41:52,975 and it will all come down to that very short period of time 909 00:41:52,977 --> 00:41:57,013 between launch and when we complete deployment about here. 910 00:42:00,318 --> 00:42:03,052 It's not unlike training for a meet. 911 00:42:03,054 --> 00:42:04,320 I would train for months. 912 00:42:04,322 --> 00:42:06,188 - [Trainer] Yeah, nice. 913 00:42:06,190 --> 00:42:08,224 - For what literally was a few seconds of activity. 914 00:42:12,264 --> 00:42:15,197 We're all very well aware that we have to 915 00:42:15,199 --> 00:42:18,801 get this right the first time, the only time, 916 00:42:18,803 --> 00:42:22,404 because out at L2, repairman doesn't make a house call. 917 00:42:22,406 --> 00:42:24,674 We don't get that second chance. 918 00:42:24,676 --> 00:42:27,176 It's a "one strike and you're out" business. 919 00:42:28,680 --> 00:42:31,681 (upbeat synth music) 920 00:42:36,821 --> 00:42:39,155 - Sometimes I put music on, like 80s music typically, 921 00:42:39,157 --> 00:42:41,925 and just let my mind wander to like what's out there. 922 00:42:44,963 --> 00:42:46,762 - [Nathaniel] That's your favorite music? 923 00:42:46,764 --> 00:42:48,298 - [Sara] I just kind of like the 80s, what about you? 924 00:42:48,300 --> 00:42:50,366 - [Nathaniel] Oh yeah, well that's my era too. 925 00:42:50,368 --> 00:42:52,168 - The 80s is big now, you know? 926 00:42:52,170 --> 00:42:54,370 Even my kids know all the 80s songs, lots of kids do. 927 00:42:54,372 --> 00:42:56,038 - [Nathaniel] Really? 928 00:42:56,040 --> 00:42:57,306 - Apparently, yeah, apparently the 80s, 929 00:42:57,308 --> 00:42:58,741 the beat is still very popular. 930 00:43:01,313 --> 00:43:03,112 Interesting, right? 931 00:43:03,114 --> 00:43:05,782 - [Nathaniel] Yeah, that's interesting. 932 00:43:08,386 --> 00:43:11,854 Where does the drive come from? 933 00:43:11,856 --> 00:43:13,990 - I mean, the drive is really the end goal, 934 00:43:13,992 --> 00:43:16,325 which is finding another Earth, a true Earth. 935 00:43:16,327 --> 00:43:19,328 But, that's the drive, right, 936 00:43:19,330 --> 00:43:20,897 but the joy is in the every day. 937 00:43:24,268 --> 00:43:26,869 - [Nathaniel] And if we could find another Earth 938 00:43:26,871 --> 00:43:28,805 what do you think that would mean for us? 939 00:43:30,274 --> 00:43:31,174 - It's a tough one. 940 00:43:32,476 --> 00:43:33,876 What do I think it'd mean? 941 00:43:33,878 --> 00:43:35,411 Well, I don't know, I feel like I have to ask 942 00:43:35,413 --> 00:43:36,345 you and everyone else what it would mean. 943 00:43:36,347 --> 00:43:38,013 - [Nathaniel] Yeah. 944 00:43:38,015 --> 00:43:39,882 - It would mean that we're not alone. 945 00:43:39,884 --> 00:43:43,619 It would mean that we're not the center of the universe 946 00:43:43,621 --> 00:43:45,755 and it would really expand our horizons 947 00:43:47,559 --> 00:43:49,625 as to what's out there and who might be out there 948 00:43:49,627 --> 00:43:51,127 as well as who we are. 949 00:43:52,363 --> 00:43:54,564 - [Nathaniel] Who we are, yeah. 950 00:43:54,566 --> 00:43:56,832 - [Loudspeaker] The time is now 7:35pm 951 00:43:56,834 --> 00:43:59,635 and the reservation is now closed. 952 00:43:59,637 --> 00:44:01,303 Please kindly gather your belongings 953 00:44:01,305 --> 00:44:04,640 and return to your vehicles at the main exit gate. 954 00:44:04,642 --> 00:44:06,642 Again, thank you for visiting Walden Pond 955 00:44:06,644 --> 00:44:07,844 and have a great evening. 956 00:44:09,447 --> 00:44:11,180 - [Nathaniel] What's that? 957 00:44:11,182 --> 00:44:12,514 - [Charles] So this axis here has to 958 00:44:12,516 --> 00:44:14,516 point to Polaris, basically and-- 959 00:44:14,518 --> 00:44:15,451 - [Nathaniel] Polaris is the North Star? 960 00:44:15,453 --> 00:44:17,186 - Yeah, North Star. 961 00:44:17,188 --> 00:44:19,255 Now the cameras. 962 00:44:19,257 --> 00:44:21,057 So this is a one-shot color. 963 00:44:21,059 --> 00:44:22,324 - [Nathaniel] What do you think about, 964 00:44:22,326 --> 00:44:24,126 you know, finding another Earth? 965 00:44:24,128 --> 00:44:26,796 - Yeah, I understand the drive, 966 00:44:26,798 --> 00:44:31,067 I understand the curiosity and the journey of discovery 967 00:44:31,069 --> 00:44:32,802 and the importance of discovery. 968 00:44:32,804 --> 00:44:35,471 And that will change things if we do find 969 00:44:35,473 --> 00:44:37,539 another world that has biosignatures 970 00:44:37,541 --> 00:44:39,541 or evidence of life on it. 971 00:44:39,543 --> 00:44:41,944 But we have life here. 972 00:44:41,946 --> 00:44:44,546 And we have love here and everything that matters to us, 973 00:44:44,548 --> 00:44:46,081 really, and is important to us, 974 00:44:46,083 --> 00:44:47,250 is right here on this earth. 975 00:44:51,155 --> 00:44:54,824 And, you know, that's what's important, you know, to me. 976 00:44:57,161 --> 00:44:58,560 - [Nathaniel] You actually found 977 00:44:58,562 --> 00:45:00,229 the love of your life through astronomy. 978 00:45:00,231 --> 00:45:01,831 At an astronomy meeting. 979 00:45:01,833 --> 00:45:06,568 - Our eyes met at the wine and cheese reception before 980 00:45:06,570 --> 00:45:09,371 her talk and I was just wondering who this person was. 981 00:45:09,373 --> 00:45:11,307 And I didn't know she was the keynote speaker. 982 00:45:11,309 --> 00:45:13,843 And then the next day she gave another talk 983 00:45:13,845 --> 00:45:16,378 just before lunch and after that, I decided, 984 00:45:16,380 --> 00:45:18,047 which was probably the most important decision 985 00:45:18,049 --> 00:45:19,715 I made in my life was to be healthy. 986 00:45:19,717 --> 00:45:21,717 And I decided to get a soup and a salad. 987 00:45:21,719 --> 00:45:24,720 And I walked into the line, 988 00:45:24,722 --> 00:45:26,588 there was a bit of a line and she turned around 989 00:45:26,590 --> 00:45:29,058 and I asked her, "Would you like to join me for lunch?" 990 00:45:29,060 --> 00:45:33,462 And she said yes and we got a table 991 00:45:33,464 --> 00:45:36,265 off to the side by ourselves and, you know, 992 00:45:36,267 --> 00:45:37,599 five minutes into that conversation 993 00:45:37,601 --> 00:45:40,269 I knew my life was going to change. 994 00:45:40,271 --> 00:45:42,538 I knew something was going to happen. 995 00:45:46,010 --> 00:45:47,543 - [Nathaniel] Don't let me interrupt you 996 00:45:47,545 --> 00:45:49,144 from continuing with the telescope. 997 00:45:49,146 --> 00:45:50,346 - Okay, let's get back at this thing 998 00:45:50,348 --> 00:45:51,948 and we'll see what we can... 999 00:46:03,161 --> 00:46:05,961 - I don't really know why anyone wants to know 1000 00:46:05,963 --> 00:46:07,497 why there's life out there. 1001 00:46:10,301 --> 00:46:12,468 I guess cause we're kind of a lonely species. 1002 00:46:15,506 --> 00:46:18,207 I think loneliness is a human condition 1003 00:46:19,977 --> 00:46:22,177 and everyone's sort of trapped in their own head. 1004 00:46:22,179 --> 00:46:26,482 And we try with our lives in various ways to be not lonely. 1005 00:46:28,386 --> 00:46:31,320 We find friends, partners, mates, family, you have children. 1006 00:46:32,857 --> 00:46:35,191 We're trying to find life elsewhere 1007 00:46:35,193 --> 00:46:38,728 because we have a need and a desire to communicate 1008 00:46:38,730 --> 00:46:41,898 and then to connect in any way possible. 1009 00:46:45,469 --> 00:46:46,468 - [Technician] Ready? 1010 00:46:46,470 --> 00:46:48,203 Okay, Brain, ready. 1011 00:46:48,205 --> 00:46:49,739 - [Jon] Okay, we'll try this again. 1012 00:46:49,741 --> 00:46:53,976 - Layer five on three, two, one. 1013 00:46:58,616 --> 00:46:59,949 10 inches of travel. 1014 00:47:02,420 --> 00:47:03,152 20 inches of travel. 1015 00:47:06,624 --> 00:47:07,824 30 inches of travel. 1016 00:47:11,295 --> 00:47:12,328 65 inches of travel. 1017 00:47:14,632 --> 00:47:16,032 80 inches of travel. 1018 00:47:18,636 --> 00:47:20,369 190 inches of travel. 1019 00:47:21,573 --> 00:47:23,439 197. 1020 00:47:23,441 --> 00:47:24,540 198. 1021 00:47:25,709 --> 00:47:26,809 Fully deployed. 1022 00:47:33,585 --> 00:47:36,786 (cheering) 1023 00:47:36,788 --> 00:47:39,855 - [Jon] This is hundreds of man years of work. 1024 00:47:39,857 --> 00:47:41,523 I don't think it's possible to overstate 1025 00:47:41,525 --> 00:47:43,659 how exciting this is. 1026 00:47:45,463 --> 00:47:47,396 It's another step, just like completing the back plane 1027 00:47:47,398 --> 00:47:48,497 and completing the mirrors. 1028 00:47:50,534 --> 00:47:52,201 I'm going to have a hard time concentrating 1029 00:47:52,203 --> 00:47:54,170 when I take Mom to dinner tonight. 1030 00:47:57,274 --> 00:47:58,307 - [Technician] Yowza, wow. 1031 00:47:59,877 --> 00:48:01,410 - [Technician 2] Wow, it looks good. 1032 00:48:01,412 --> 00:48:03,412 - [Technician] It looks fantastic. 1033 00:48:03,414 --> 00:48:05,414 - All right, imagine you are the Telescope 1034 00:48:09,153 --> 00:48:12,622 looking out on the universe, looking out on the stars. 1035 00:48:18,830 --> 00:48:22,431 It's going to be dark and cold out there where this is. 1036 00:48:22,433 --> 00:48:24,366 Imagine yourself frozen. 1037 00:48:24,368 --> 00:48:25,968 - [Technician 2] It has no company out there, 1038 00:48:25,970 --> 00:48:27,870 out there in orbit, it's all by itself. 1039 00:48:29,440 --> 00:48:31,173 If we see life on another planet, 1040 00:48:31,175 --> 00:48:33,509 I mean, we have to motivate to go say hello. 1041 00:48:33,511 --> 00:48:34,710 That's it. 1042 00:48:34,712 --> 00:48:36,078 They're there, we're here. 1043 00:49:08,612 --> 00:49:09,745 - [Nick] Just animals. 1044 00:49:12,283 --> 00:49:16,151 Everything in this whole museum is basically animals. 1045 00:49:16,153 --> 00:49:18,554 Even the tiny ones, but this is just 1046 00:49:18,556 --> 00:49:20,289 a tiny fraction of biodiversity. 1047 00:49:23,227 --> 00:49:25,761 This kind of complexity doesn't happen easily. 1048 00:49:27,631 --> 00:49:28,630 - [Nathaniel] How did it happen? 1049 00:49:28,632 --> 00:49:30,566 Did it happen here? 1050 00:49:30,568 --> 00:49:32,702 - [Nick] Some people think life started on the land. 1051 00:49:32,704 --> 00:49:35,237 I think it started down at the bottom of the ocean 1052 00:49:35,239 --> 00:49:38,307 in hydrothermal vents down across the sea floor. 1053 00:49:38,309 --> 00:49:40,042 The one that most people know about 1054 00:49:40,044 --> 00:49:42,578 is a really dynamic system called black smokers. 1055 00:49:42,580 --> 00:49:44,646 They were amazing because nobody 1056 00:49:44,648 --> 00:49:47,316 expected to see so much life down there. 1057 00:49:47,318 --> 00:49:49,184 Weird forms of life. 1058 00:49:49,186 --> 00:49:50,920 Giant tube worms that don't have a mouth or an anus 1059 00:49:50,922 --> 00:49:53,122 and enormous clams the size of dinner plates and-- 1060 00:49:53,124 --> 00:49:55,524 - [Nathaniel] A worm that has neither mouth nor anus? 1061 00:49:55,526 --> 00:49:56,725 - Yeah. 1062 00:49:56,727 --> 00:49:57,859 - [Nathaniel] How does it eat? 1063 00:49:57,861 --> 00:49:59,395 - It doesn't eat. 1064 00:49:59,397 --> 00:50:01,663 I mean, it basically uses the bacteria 1065 00:50:01,665 --> 00:50:05,867 that grow inside it to provide it with organic molecules. 1066 00:50:05,869 --> 00:50:07,603 Well, there's another kind of vent, 1067 00:50:07,605 --> 00:50:09,538 which I personally think is the answer. 1068 00:50:09,540 --> 00:50:12,274 I like to think of them as Gothic cathedrals. 1069 00:50:12,276 --> 00:50:14,810 Beautiful architecture in the rock. 1070 00:50:14,812 --> 00:50:18,480 They're actually formed by a much more gentle process. 1071 00:50:18,482 --> 00:50:20,682 Water will percolate down beneath the ocean floor 1072 00:50:20,684 --> 00:50:23,619 and there's a particular type of mineral. 1073 00:50:23,621 --> 00:50:25,487 It's called olivine. 1074 00:50:25,489 --> 00:50:27,556 You find it as dust throughout interstellar space. 1075 00:50:27,558 --> 00:50:29,358 This is a really common mineral. 1076 00:50:29,360 --> 00:50:31,426 And the thing is it will react with water 1077 00:50:31,428 --> 00:50:33,629 bubbling hydrogen gas out. 1078 00:50:33,631 --> 00:50:35,297 And that's basically an environment 1079 00:50:35,299 --> 00:50:36,665 that's giving rise to life. 1080 00:50:37,969 --> 00:50:39,368 - [Nathaniel] Do you think that 1081 00:50:39,370 --> 00:50:41,370 there's life out there beyond the Earth? 1082 00:50:41,372 --> 00:50:43,973 - I think we hope that there's going to be 1083 00:50:43,975 --> 00:50:47,176 lots of amazing complex life out there, 1084 00:50:47,178 --> 00:50:50,912 kind of semi human in the way that it interacts with us. 1085 00:50:50,914 --> 00:50:51,780 And I think we're likely to be 1086 00:50:51,782 --> 00:50:53,715 quite disappointed about that. 1087 00:50:53,717 --> 00:50:55,584 You know, maybe we should be interacting with 1088 00:50:55,586 --> 00:50:57,353 life on our own planet in a more meaningful way. 1089 00:51:04,461 --> 00:51:05,794 - How far can you push a planet 1090 00:51:05,796 --> 00:51:07,329 in one direction or the other and 1091 00:51:07,331 --> 00:51:09,265 still have it capable of sustaining life? 1092 00:51:11,335 --> 00:51:13,202 During graduate school I would walk from 1093 00:51:13,204 --> 00:51:16,605 the astronomy department down to family-student housing. 1094 00:51:16,607 --> 00:51:19,008 We were studying comparative planetology 1095 00:51:19,010 --> 00:51:22,011 and my head was full of these images of 1096 00:51:22,013 --> 00:51:26,615 Mercury, Mars, Venus, even the moon, 1097 00:51:26,617 --> 00:51:28,283 all of these lifeless worlds. 1098 00:51:28,285 --> 00:51:31,486 And so walking from the department, you come up a knoll 1099 00:51:31,488 --> 00:51:34,089 and you all of a sudden emerge from the redwood forests 1100 00:51:34,091 --> 00:51:37,893 open up onto this big meadow, but you're up high. 1101 00:51:37,895 --> 00:51:40,696 So you see it as this very thin veneer 1102 00:51:40,698 --> 00:51:42,598 of life stretched out before you. 1103 00:51:44,501 --> 00:51:46,435 It looked like I could just reach out and wipe it away 1104 00:51:46,437 --> 00:51:49,905 with a sponge, you know, like cleaning the kitchen counter. 1105 00:51:49,907 --> 00:51:52,307 And I just had that feeling that 1106 00:51:52,309 --> 00:51:54,910 the difference between a living world 1107 00:51:54,912 --> 00:51:59,248 and a lifeless world was a small, 1108 00:51:59,250 --> 00:52:01,917 tiny difference, like an accident, you know. 1109 00:52:01,919 --> 00:52:04,120 (thunder) 1110 00:52:15,599 --> 00:52:17,866 - It's been a rough spring start but we had 1111 00:52:17,868 --> 00:52:19,134 a lot of heavy snow in February. 1112 00:52:19,136 --> 00:52:20,469 I mean a lot. 1113 00:52:20,471 --> 00:52:21,870 It was like every other day. 1114 00:52:21,872 --> 00:52:23,472 It would snow about 10 to 12 inches. 1115 00:52:23,474 --> 00:52:24,740 And the disasters are getting worse 1116 00:52:24,742 --> 00:52:26,141 and they're getting stronger. 1117 00:52:26,143 --> 00:52:27,609 There's so many people who don't... 1118 00:52:27,611 --> 00:52:29,144 they're like, "This is how it is." 1119 00:52:29,146 --> 00:52:30,412 - [Nathaniel] You mean climate change deniers? 1120 00:52:30,414 --> 00:52:32,013 - Well, like there's more fires. 1121 00:52:32,015 --> 00:52:33,482 There's more earthquakes. 1122 00:52:33,484 --> 00:52:34,616 They're happening more frequently. 1123 00:52:34,618 --> 00:52:36,351 There's more tornadoes. 1124 00:52:36,353 --> 00:52:37,819 - It's like, a couple blocks away 1125 00:52:37,821 --> 00:52:40,289 there's big trees that are down, roots up. 1126 00:52:40,291 --> 00:52:42,291 - And there's another cell coming 1127 00:52:42,293 --> 00:52:44,159 that looks just as bad as last night's. 1128 00:52:44,161 --> 00:52:45,561 - It's bad. 1129 00:52:45,563 --> 00:52:47,028 - And there it is. 1130 00:52:47,030 --> 00:52:47,963 - Yeah, there's another storm coming, yeah. 1131 00:52:47,965 --> 00:52:49,631 - [Maggie] Yeah, another one. 1132 00:52:49,633 --> 00:52:51,367 We're battening up the hatches. 1133 00:52:53,036 --> 00:52:56,171 Hi, I'm just leaving the farmer's market. 1134 00:52:56,173 --> 00:52:58,373 Could you look at the radar 1135 00:52:58,375 --> 00:53:01,042 and plan what to do with the bees? 1136 00:53:01,044 --> 00:53:04,513 - We're on the blue dot and it's moving in our direction. 1137 00:53:04,515 --> 00:53:06,448 It looks pretty bad. 1138 00:53:06,450 --> 00:53:07,582 - [Alex Jones Radio Announcer] The latest climate data 1139 00:53:07,584 --> 00:53:09,384 that broke last week proved that 1140 00:53:09,386 --> 00:53:12,021 the whole environmental movement is a power grab. 1141 00:53:13,056 --> 00:53:15,457 The global warmists are a cult. 1142 00:53:15,459 --> 00:53:17,993 - Thanks for being open. - Yeah. 1143 00:53:17,995 --> 00:53:20,529 - Amidst the storms here. 1144 00:53:20,531 --> 00:53:21,930 So this is beautiful. 1145 00:53:21,932 --> 00:53:23,665 - [Salesperson] We can put it together for you. 1146 00:53:23,667 --> 00:53:25,066 - [Maggie] It's been a while since I've 1147 00:53:25,068 --> 00:53:27,002 been shooting and I really miss it. 1148 00:53:27,004 --> 00:53:28,470 - Yeah, you used to shoot a lot. 1149 00:53:28,472 --> 00:53:29,538 - [Maggie] I need to do it again. 1150 00:53:29,540 --> 00:53:30,940 - Before, didn't you? 1151 00:53:30,942 --> 00:53:32,808 - [Maggie] Yeah, I've been writing proposals 1152 00:53:32,810 --> 00:53:34,810 to the federal government to fund my teams to fly 1153 00:53:34,812 --> 00:53:38,013 space missions and look for life on other planets and-- 1154 00:53:38,015 --> 00:53:39,615 - [Salesperson] Yeah, have you found it yet? 1155 00:53:39,617 --> 00:53:44,285 - No, but we're getting ever closer. 1156 00:53:44,287 --> 00:53:45,754 - [Salesperson] Do you believe there's life out there? 1157 00:53:45,756 --> 00:53:47,422 - I feel like, how can there not be? 1158 00:53:47,424 --> 00:53:49,158 This one planet is so full of it. 1159 00:53:49,160 --> 00:53:54,095 It's hard to imagine how that could happen here, 1160 00:53:54,097 --> 00:53:56,765 so richly, and then everywhere else 1161 00:53:56,767 --> 00:53:59,434 in the whole universe is just a sterile rock. 1162 00:53:59,436 --> 00:54:03,772 Surely life arises when the conditions are right. 1163 00:54:03,774 --> 00:54:05,841 - Hmm, it's interesting topic. 1164 00:54:05,843 --> 00:54:07,309 - [Maggie] Yeah. 1165 00:54:07,311 --> 00:54:09,845 - Yeah, I started listening to some podcasts. 1166 00:54:09,847 --> 00:54:11,180 I know he's very controversial, 1167 00:54:11,182 --> 00:54:13,114 but I was listening to one with Alex Jones 1168 00:54:13,116 --> 00:54:15,250 and some of the stuff he talks about 1169 00:54:15,252 --> 00:54:17,986 was like really, really interesting. 1170 00:54:17,988 --> 00:54:19,988 If there is other life forms, 1171 00:54:19,990 --> 00:54:22,191 not just humans or aliens or 1172 00:54:22,193 --> 00:54:24,393 it could be plants or anything, you know, 1173 00:54:24,395 --> 00:54:28,664 just something else out there besides our Earth. 1174 00:54:28,666 --> 00:54:31,667 - [Alex Jones] San Francisco is the main project site. 1175 00:54:31,669 --> 00:54:34,870 Literally have an alien base and they are 1176 00:54:34,872 --> 00:54:37,005 literally communicating and they've got like 1177 00:54:37,007 --> 00:54:39,875 astronaut level people taking super hardcore 1178 00:54:39,877 --> 00:54:42,544 levels of drugs and going into meetings with these things 1179 00:54:42,546 --> 00:54:44,446 and making intergalactic deals. 1180 00:54:47,751 --> 00:54:50,085 - [Alien] You didn't actually think you were 1181 00:54:50,087 --> 00:54:51,687 the only inhabited planet in the universe? 1182 00:54:51,689 --> 00:54:53,122 - Shh, listen. 1183 00:54:55,026 --> 00:54:57,226 - Uh, I'm from SETI, 1184 00:54:57,228 --> 00:54:59,662 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. 1185 00:55:05,502 --> 00:55:07,036 (Jill laughing) 1186 00:55:07,038 --> 00:55:08,169 - [Nathaniel] So if the aliens get here, 1187 00:55:08,171 --> 00:55:09,971 are they going to wipe us out? 1188 00:55:09,973 --> 00:55:12,908 - Well, I think that if they can get here, 1189 00:55:12,910 --> 00:55:14,443 that means that their technology 1190 00:55:14,445 --> 00:55:16,177 is significantly in advance of ours. 1191 00:55:16,179 --> 00:55:18,513 So they're older than we are. 1192 00:55:18,515 --> 00:55:21,050 And how did they get to be old? 1193 00:55:21,052 --> 00:55:25,520 Because they outgrew all of the aggression 1194 00:55:25,522 --> 00:55:28,457 that was probably part of their evolution 1195 00:55:28,459 --> 00:55:30,259 to become intelligent. 1196 00:55:30,261 --> 00:55:34,329 We show many different indications that we won't make it. 1197 00:55:34,331 --> 00:55:37,733 That we will in fact do ourselves in before 1198 00:55:37,735 --> 00:55:41,070 we become an old technological civilization. 1199 00:55:41,072 --> 00:55:44,806 So if they can get here, I'm more inclined to 1200 00:55:44,808 --> 00:55:46,942 talk with them rather than worry about 1201 00:55:46,944 --> 00:55:48,177 them eating me for breakfast. 1202 00:55:50,147 --> 00:55:53,949 I was sent last night, a link to an old Johnny Carson show, 1203 00:55:53,951 --> 00:55:55,951 from the late 70s, with Carl Sagan. 1204 00:55:55,953 --> 00:55:57,486 - I mean, here he is, a professor of 1205 00:55:57,488 --> 00:55:59,888 astronomy and space sciences at Cornell. 1206 00:55:59,890 --> 00:56:01,823 Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Study. 1207 00:56:01,825 --> 00:56:03,726 Would you welcome please Dr. Carl Sagan. 1208 00:56:05,763 --> 00:56:07,529 - [Jill] This is just about reaching the Trappist system. 1209 00:56:09,300 --> 00:56:10,699 - [Johnny Carson] You're looking for 1210 00:56:10,701 --> 00:56:12,167 extraterrestrial intelligence, right? 1211 00:56:12,169 --> 00:56:13,902 How do you go about looking? 1212 00:56:13,904 --> 00:56:15,771 - It's little like this. If you're an 1213 00:56:15,773 --> 00:56:18,173 advanced civilization and you wish to communicate 1214 00:56:18,175 --> 00:56:22,644 to a backward civilization, you talk slow and simple. 1215 00:56:22,646 --> 00:56:24,980 - [Johnny Carson] And obviously we would be 1216 00:56:24,982 --> 00:56:26,114 the backward civilization because 1217 00:56:26,116 --> 00:56:27,983 we do not have that capability. 1218 00:56:27,985 --> 00:56:30,051 (audience laughs) 1219 00:56:30,053 --> 00:56:31,987 People are going to ask you, "What is the value?" 1220 00:56:31,989 --> 00:56:35,124 - We are at a very dangerous moment in human history. 1221 00:56:35,126 --> 00:56:39,795 We are in the process of inadvertently altering our climate 1222 00:56:39,797 --> 00:56:43,332 and all kinds of problems, which come with technology. 1223 00:56:43,334 --> 00:56:45,667 We are not certain that we will be able to survive 1224 00:56:45,669 --> 00:56:48,670 this period that I like to call technological adolescence. 1225 00:56:48,672 --> 00:56:52,073 But were we to receive a message from somewhere else, 1226 00:56:52,075 --> 00:56:54,075 it would show that it's possible 1227 00:56:54,077 --> 00:56:55,677 to survive this kind of period. 1228 00:56:55,679 --> 00:56:57,278 - [Johnny Carson] Now wouldn't that be something. 1229 00:56:57,280 --> 00:56:59,014 In other words somebody has solved 1230 00:56:59,016 --> 00:57:01,016 a particular problem we are still wrestling with. 1231 00:57:01,018 --> 00:57:03,151 - [Carl Sagan] It's good to know the problem can be solved. 1232 00:57:03,153 --> 00:57:04,553 I think it would be very useful. 1233 00:57:07,424 --> 00:57:09,224 - [Nathaniel] We going to find them in your lifetime? 1234 00:57:11,028 --> 00:57:13,294 - [Jill] I don't know how long I'm going to live. 1235 00:57:13,296 --> 00:57:15,230 I know we're going to try and look. 1236 00:57:15,232 --> 00:57:16,565 - [Nathaniel] We keep trying. 1237 00:57:16,567 --> 00:57:17,232 - [Jill] We do keep trying trying. 1238 00:57:20,904 --> 00:57:22,971 (epic music) 1239 00:57:38,855 --> 00:57:41,523 - [Jon] The James Webb Telescope will achieve its mission, 1240 00:57:41,525 --> 00:57:43,324 but we have to go through all of the engineering 1241 00:57:43,326 --> 00:57:44,793 and all the checkouts to make sure 1242 00:57:44,795 --> 00:57:46,829 that that is indeed a fact. 1243 00:57:49,066 --> 00:57:51,266 Eventually we'll go all the way through the Panama Canal 1244 00:57:51,268 --> 00:57:54,335 to French Guiana where the Europeans have their launch site. 1245 00:57:54,337 --> 00:57:56,204 And they're providing the rocket and the Telescope 1246 00:57:56,206 --> 00:57:58,139 will go up from there a million miles 1247 00:57:58,141 --> 00:57:59,842 out into space and get ready to work. 1248 00:58:04,481 --> 00:58:06,815 - [Jon] This is where we're going to test the telescope 1249 00:58:06,817 --> 00:58:09,318 and its detectors in a space-like environment. 1250 00:58:11,088 --> 00:58:14,223 Chamber A was originally built for the Apollo program 1251 00:58:16,093 --> 00:58:18,861 to test the command module with the astronauts in it. 1252 00:58:20,431 --> 00:58:22,297 We're here building on the legacy that 1253 00:58:22,299 --> 00:58:24,032 the country built in the 60s. 1254 00:58:24,034 --> 00:58:25,967 - Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Webb, 1255 00:58:25,969 --> 00:58:28,169 the director of the space program. 1256 00:58:28,171 --> 00:58:30,239 - Ladies and gentlemen-- 1257 00:58:30,241 --> 00:58:33,775 - James Webb was the administrator early on in NASA's life, 1258 00:58:33,777 --> 00:58:36,044 during the early stages of the Apollo program, 1259 00:58:36,046 --> 00:58:38,313 working with Kennedy to establish that program 1260 00:58:38,315 --> 00:58:40,449 to get us up to landing on the moon. 1261 00:58:40,451 --> 00:58:43,051 It was that commitment to science that he had. 1262 00:58:46,790 --> 00:58:48,790 Now, we still have a bunch of 1263 00:58:48,792 --> 00:58:50,725 environmental testings that we have to do, 1264 00:58:50,727 --> 00:58:53,662 vibration testing and acoustics testing, 1265 00:58:53,664 --> 00:58:55,196 because what we want to do is make sure 1266 00:58:55,198 --> 00:58:56,931 now it survives the rocket launch, 1267 00:58:56,933 --> 00:58:58,700 which is still the most violent environment that we see. 1268 00:59:03,474 --> 00:59:05,206 - [Scott] We bring it in here, 1269 00:59:05,208 --> 00:59:08,610 the sunshield in its stowed cocoon state. 1270 00:59:08,612 --> 00:59:12,681 We subject this to the sound noise of the rocket. 1271 00:59:14,351 --> 00:59:18,153 Because when the rocket launches it doesn't just vibrate, 1272 00:59:18,155 --> 00:59:19,922 it also hits you with sound waves. 1273 00:59:23,360 --> 00:59:25,360 And it pushes on you with pressure. 1274 00:59:25,362 --> 00:59:27,963 And we need to prove that our vehicle will survive that. 1275 00:59:27,965 --> 00:59:30,365 So we hit this thing with what's called 1276 00:59:30,367 --> 00:59:33,168 protoflight acoustic test levels 1277 00:59:33,170 --> 00:59:36,237 and we run it across a frequency spectrum. 1278 00:59:36,239 --> 00:59:39,207 (oscillating sound) 1279 00:59:40,310 --> 00:59:42,945 (alarm blaring) 1280 00:59:48,318 --> 00:59:50,852 - We found a screw and a nut. 1281 00:59:50,854 --> 00:59:54,656 We had a few dozen that actually separated in this test 1282 00:59:54,658 --> 00:59:57,159 because there's a thousand of these little screws. 1283 00:59:59,730 --> 01:00:01,462 You know, there's probably a lot of people on 1284 01:00:01,464 --> 01:00:03,198 high floors of buildings waiting to hear 1285 01:00:03,200 --> 01:00:04,399 that Webb has made it today. 1286 01:00:05,936 --> 01:00:07,468 We're kind of in, say, one of the 1287 01:00:07,470 --> 01:00:08,937 more humbling points on a career, 1288 01:00:08,939 --> 01:00:11,339 when you know you have to go tell people 1289 01:00:11,341 --> 01:00:13,108 that test wasn't successful. 1290 01:00:18,949 --> 01:00:20,983 (gavel banging) 1291 01:00:22,886 --> 01:00:24,920 - The Subcommittee on Space will now come to order. 1292 01:00:26,690 --> 01:00:28,557 Today's hearing we'll focus on the serious issues 1293 01:00:28,559 --> 01:00:32,093 associated with the James Webb Space Telescope. 1294 01:00:32,095 --> 01:00:36,097 - When we integrated the spacecraft element and did testing, 1295 01:00:36,099 --> 01:00:38,567 we made all kinds of discoveries that were unfortunate 1296 01:00:38,569 --> 01:00:40,902 and not just unfortunate, problematic. 1297 01:00:40,904 --> 01:00:44,172 - Although I've heard testimony how important it is. 1298 01:00:44,174 --> 01:00:45,707 I understand that. 1299 01:00:45,709 --> 01:00:49,044 It's very frustrating to me and other taxpayers 1300 01:00:49,046 --> 01:00:51,780 that this is so much of a cost overrun. 1301 01:00:51,782 --> 01:00:54,983 - Every screw has to have its quality tested. 1302 01:00:54,985 --> 01:00:57,252 I can tell you, this is about the 1303 01:00:57,254 --> 01:00:59,520 biggest screw job I've ever seen. 1304 01:00:59,522 --> 01:01:02,724 And it's the taxpayers who are getting screwed here. 1305 01:01:02,726 --> 01:01:06,127 - We want to make these mistakes here on Earth 1306 01:01:06,129 --> 01:01:08,663 because that mistake, if it was in space, 1307 01:01:08,665 --> 01:01:10,198 it would be too late. 1308 01:01:10,200 --> 01:01:11,299 It can't be fixed. 1309 01:01:12,469 --> 01:01:14,970 (soft music) 1310 01:01:27,350 --> 01:01:28,416 - Once we install it, it's there 1311 01:01:28,418 --> 01:01:29,851 for the rest of the mission. 1312 01:01:32,489 --> 01:01:34,489 So we've got to get it right the first time. 1313 01:01:34,491 --> 01:01:36,958 - And then it gets ready to go? 1314 01:01:36,960 --> 01:01:38,226 - [Jon] It's still got a lot more testing. 1315 01:01:38,228 --> 01:01:40,028 - Oh. 1316 01:01:40,030 --> 01:01:42,030 - And assembly to withstand launch. 1317 01:01:42,032 --> 01:01:45,500 - [Jon's Mom] Now all I have to do is live to see it go. 1318 01:01:45,502 --> 01:01:47,235 - [Jon] No, you got to make it till your 1319 01:01:47,237 --> 01:01:49,037 grandchildren get out of college. 1320 01:01:49,039 --> 01:01:51,306 And that will happen after we launch. 1321 01:01:51,308 --> 01:01:52,074 - That's true. 1322 01:02:13,930 --> 01:02:15,730 - [Nathaniel] What do you think about when you 1323 01:02:15,732 --> 01:02:18,066 contemplate our cousins and our ancestors? 1324 01:02:18,068 --> 01:02:19,434 - Mortality. 1325 01:02:20,871 --> 01:02:22,437 - [Nathaniel] Well, as a species? 1326 01:02:23,940 --> 01:02:28,176 - Well, I mean it's more and more clear that 1327 01:02:29,746 --> 01:02:31,480 you know, looking at these skulls, 1328 01:02:31,482 --> 01:02:36,417 that there have been numerous human species 1329 01:02:36,419 --> 01:02:38,353 and they've all gone extinct apart from us, 1330 01:02:38,355 --> 01:02:42,557 usually because of us, usually after interbreeding with us. 1331 01:02:42,559 --> 01:02:45,426 Do you feel some guilt when you look into those ice sockets? 1332 01:02:45,428 --> 01:02:46,128 I do. 1333 01:02:47,698 --> 01:02:49,297 Why? 1334 01:02:49,299 --> 01:02:51,032 Because we know about this history. 1335 01:02:51,034 --> 01:02:53,434 There's some guilt in human history in the way 1336 01:02:53,436 --> 01:02:57,572 that we've dealt with other human species. 1337 01:02:57,574 --> 01:03:02,243 Our own history dealing, different racial history and so on. 1338 01:03:02,245 --> 01:03:04,045 We need to learn. 1339 01:03:04,047 --> 01:03:05,947 How do we bring the best side out in our own societies? 1340 01:03:09,452 --> 01:03:11,452 You know, we're within touching distance of 1341 01:03:11,454 --> 01:03:14,188 at least finding out. 1342 01:03:14,190 --> 01:03:17,926 And the idea that we might find life is an exciting one. 1343 01:03:17,928 --> 01:03:20,461 Though, what do we expect to see out there? 1344 01:03:20,463 --> 01:03:22,263 If it's not nothing, 1345 01:03:22,265 --> 01:03:24,465 the overwhelming likelihood is it's bacteria. 1346 01:03:24,467 --> 01:03:27,668 And if we see somehow that we've got way beyond bacteria 1347 01:03:27,670 --> 01:03:31,205 to large complex life, that means this. 1348 01:03:31,207 --> 01:03:33,341 It means microscopic life. 1349 01:03:33,343 --> 01:03:34,810 It means tiny animals. 1350 01:03:35,746 --> 01:03:37,546 It's a wealth of life. 1351 01:03:37,548 --> 01:03:39,614 And yet, somehow I think most people will be disappointed 1352 01:03:39,616 --> 01:03:43,151 if all they found was microscopic sludge. 1353 01:03:43,153 --> 01:03:44,685 - [Nathaniel] Would you be disappointed? 1354 01:03:44,687 --> 01:03:48,623 - No, I think I would be astonished to find that. 1355 01:03:48,625 --> 01:03:51,660 To find anything more than bacteria, I would be astonished. 1356 01:03:54,565 --> 01:03:57,632 Perhaps part of the point of looking out there for life 1357 01:03:57,634 --> 01:03:59,500 is to realize just how valuable 1358 01:03:59,502 --> 01:04:00,802 the life is that we have here. 1359 01:04:03,640 --> 01:04:06,341 (haunting music) 1360 01:04:12,715 --> 01:04:16,050 - Physically, evolution made us, biology made us 1361 01:04:16,052 --> 01:04:19,320 but the things of biology were created in stars. 1362 01:04:19,322 --> 01:04:22,723 The water, the carbon, the nitrogen, the oxygen. 1363 01:04:22,725 --> 01:04:24,559 All of that was created in stars. 1364 01:04:26,930 --> 01:04:28,596 People will say, "Well, if there are 1365 01:04:28,598 --> 01:04:30,799 10 to the 22 stars out there, 1366 01:04:30,801 --> 01:04:32,834 there must be more life than just us." 1367 01:04:34,737 --> 01:04:36,805 However, it turns out the number of coincidences 1368 01:04:36,807 --> 01:04:38,739 that have to occur for life to emerge 1369 01:04:38,741 --> 01:04:40,442 is also a very large number. 1370 01:04:42,078 --> 01:04:44,545 We have to have a star like our sun 1371 01:04:44,547 --> 01:04:47,148 that lives at least 10 billion years old. 1372 01:04:47,150 --> 01:04:48,683 It has to be in exactly the right 1373 01:04:48,685 --> 01:04:50,618 part of the galaxy to start with. 1374 01:04:50,620 --> 01:04:52,287 We might need to have a moon. 1375 01:04:52,289 --> 01:04:54,222 We might need to have geothermal, 1376 01:04:54,224 --> 01:04:56,491 cause we need a magnetic field to protect us. 1377 01:04:56,493 --> 01:04:59,160 And then evolution had to happen. 1378 01:04:59,162 --> 01:05:00,829 And then you keep on going and, well, 1379 01:05:00,831 --> 01:05:02,563 you know, the dinosaurs evolved and they were around for, 1380 01:05:02,565 --> 01:05:04,432 I don't know, 100, 200 million years. 1381 01:05:04,434 --> 01:05:06,100 Nothing happened. 1382 01:05:06,102 --> 01:05:07,635 They didn't evolve into anything. 1383 01:05:07,637 --> 01:05:09,170 They got bigger and bigger and bigger. 1384 01:05:09,172 --> 01:05:10,905 And then the meteor came and wiped them all out. 1385 01:05:10,907 --> 01:05:14,575 And then these small warm blooded animals evolved to us. 1386 01:05:14,577 --> 01:05:16,310 But that was an accident. 1387 01:05:16,312 --> 01:05:17,512 How many accidents need to happen 1388 01:05:17,514 --> 01:05:19,380 for intelligent life to form? 1389 01:05:19,382 --> 01:05:21,917 We just don't know because we only have us, the one example. 1390 01:05:23,786 --> 01:05:27,188 It might only be one part in 10 to the 22 that life emerged. 1391 01:05:27,190 --> 01:05:28,456 So we could actually be alone. 1392 01:05:37,000 --> 01:05:39,067 - And you know, I had all these accomplishments 1393 01:05:39,069 --> 01:05:42,403 I became a professor and then I got married. 1394 01:05:42,405 --> 01:05:43,872 I had like the perfect husband, 1395 01:05:43,874 --> 01:05:46,006 perfect kids and the perfect house. 1396 01:05:46,008 --> 01:05:47,408 I had everything. 1397 01:05:47,410 --> 01:05:48,877 And I had such a great life. 1398 01:05:48,879 --> 01:05:50,745 And then my husband got sick and he died. 1399 01:05:53,283 --> 01:05:54,883 And so after that, what do you do? 1400 01:05:56,286 --> 01:05:57,818 What do you do next? 1401 01:05:57,820 --> 01:05:59,687 Like you can't return to your everyday existence 1402 01:05:59,689 --> 01:06:01,155 and just like cook dinner. 1403 01:06:01,157 --> 01:06:02,891 Which I never did and I still don't. 1404 01:06:02,893 --> 01:06:05,760 But it's just the sort of thing that you can relate to. 1405 01:06:05,762 --> 01:06:07,428 You know, I just can't explain it 1406 01:06:07,430 --> 01:06:08,829 but the everyday normal things you do, 1407 01:06:08,831 --> 01:06:10,332 they're just meaningless. 1408 01:06:13,436 --> 01:06:14,769 I went to my book club and the women were 1409 01:06:14,771 --> 01:06:16,637 complaining about their husbands. 1410 01:06:16,639 --> 01:06:17,772 Like, "Who's gonna pick up the kid?" 1411 01:06:17,774 --> 01:06:19,974 And I'm like, "Give me a break." 1412 01:06:19,976 --> 01:06:23,511 You know, I just couldn't live with normal people anymore. 1413 01:06:23,513 --> 01:06:25,513 I realized that whatever I was going to do next 1414 01:06:25,515 --> 01:06:26,647 would be impactful. 1415 01:06:26,649 --> 01:06:27,415 Why waste time? 1416 01:06:34,791 --> 01:06:36,925 Out of all my accomplishments in life, 1417 01:06:36,927 --> 01:06:38,593 helping my husband have a death, 1418 01:06:38,595 --> 01:06:40,729 like a perfect death, was probably my biggest one. 1419 01:06:43,333 --> 01:06:45,533 It was really sad when I, when he, 1420 01:06:47,270 --> 01:06:49,069 it's sort of funny but sad, but I told him 1421 01:06:49,071 --> 01:06:50,805 before he died his death would have meaning and that, 1422 01:06:50,807 --> 01:06:55,377 you know, I'm trying to describe it in a way that 1423 01:06:56,947 --> 01:06:57,112 will be funny, but it's too hard. 1424 01:07:02,953 --> 01:07:04,352 Well, just give me a second cause I 1425 01:07:04,354 --> 01:07:06,287 really want to tell you, it's really funny. 1426 01:07:06,289 --> 01:07:08,022 It was like, "Mike, you know your death has meaning. 1427 01:07:08,024 --> 01:07:10,091 I'm going to do big things because I've realized 1428 01:07:10,093 --> 01:07:12,394 it's, you know, things that matter." 1429 01:07:14,431 --> 01:07:16,564 And he just like, it was funny cause he could barely talk. 1430 01:07:16,566 --> 01:07:17,832 Like if you know anyone who's dying, 1431 01:07:17,834 --> 01:07:19,634 they're not able to communicate. 1432 01:07:19,636 --> 01:07:21,102 And he just looks at me and goes, 1433 01:07:21,104 --> 01:07:22,404 "Sarah, you would have done it anyway." 1434 01:07:23,974 --> 01:07:26,007 And that was one of our last conversations. 1435 01:07:34,517 --> 01:07:35,916 It's not that I have to 1436 01:07:35,918 --> 01:07:37,385 find the Earth and name it after him. 1437 01:07:37,387 --> 01:07:39,053 It's more of the search for meaning 1438 01:07:39,055 --> 01:07:40,855 and how to live a meaningful life 1439 01:07:40,857 --> 01:07:43,724 and how to do something that actually makes a difference. 1440 01:07:43,726 --> 01:07:44,626 That's his legacy. 1441 01:07:47,063 --> 01:07:48,663 I have to have meaning. 1442 01:07:48,665 --> 01:07:50,531 I have to do something that has some importance 1443 01:07:50,533 --> 01:07:52,434 as seen by myself because otherwise I have nothing. 1444 01:07:53,736 --> 01:07:54,869 Does that make sense? 1445 01:08:16,226 --> 01:08:18,693 - So, can I just be really blunt with you? 1446 01:08:18,695 --> 01:08:20,761 - [Nathaniel] Sure. 1447 01:08:20,763 --> 01:08:24,732 - While I understand there's a longer story arc to this, 1448 01:08:26,503 --> 01:08:28,836 this very complicated and very expensive mission 1449 01:08:28,838 --> 01:08:30,905 that has been delayed yet again. 1450 01:08:33,043 --> 01:08:35,243 I can shoot bull's eyes all day and then 1451 01:08:35,245 --> 01:08:36,844 as soon as somebody comes along and says, 1452 01:08:36,846 --> 01:08:39,580 "Oh, you're doing really well," it's over. 1453 01:08:39,582 --> 01:08:40,849 No, I won't hit a thing. 1454 01:08:44,054 --> 01:08:47,455 At some point, the only thing that can save you 1455 01:08:47,457 --> 01:08:49,457 would be somebody high level in the administration 1456 01:08:49,459 --> 01:08:52,593 who just says, "We're devoting the resources." 1457 01:08:52,595 --> 01:08:54,662 And Congress would have to back that up. 1458 01:08:56,799 --> 01:08:59,267 If you're going to do something, just do it right. 1459 01:08:59,269 --> 01:09:00,935 - [Visitor] Now, see there's, that's good, that's good. 1460 01:09:00,937 --> 01:09:04,939 - Yeah, so that's more accurate and precise. 1461 01:09:06,676 --> 01:09:09,810 We only have, not only just one precious planet, 1462 01:09:09,812 --> 01:09:14,882 it's this time, the specific time of now, 1463 01:09:14,884 --> 01:09:17,017 where we have to live. 1464 01:09:17,019 --> 01:09:18,619 What are you tasting? 1465 01:09:18,621 --> 01:09:19,754 What are you tasting? 1466 01:09:19,756 --> 01:09:21,422 Tasting something? 1467 01:09:21,424 --> 01:09:23,858 It's taking the salt off my fingers right now. 1468 01:09:26,229 --> 01:09:28,963 I hope, you know, for the sake of all of us, 1469 01:09:28,965 --> 01:09:32,366 I hope that JW just gets off the ground, flies, 1470 01:09:32,368 --> 01:09:35,035 and does well at everything that it does 1471 01:09:35,037 --> 01:09:37,105 and performs all of its objectives. 1472 01:09:41,711 --> 01:09:43,912 (bird chirping) 1473 01:09:43,914 --> 01:09:46,246 (phone ringing) 1474 01:09:46,248 --> 01:09:47,247 - [Natasha] Hey. 1475 01:09:47,249 --> 01:09:48,849 - [Hannah] Hello. 1476 01:09:48,851 --> 01:09:50,585 - So it sounds like we should stick with 1477 01:09:50,587 --> 01:09:52,520 Trappist-1E and then look at this plan in detail 1478 01:09:52,522 --> 01:09:54,455 and make sure that we have it finalized. 1479 01:09:54,457 --> 01:09:56,857 - This is our observation plan, you mean? 1480 01:09:56,859 --> 01:09:58,659 - Yeah. - Yeah. 1481 01:09:58,661 --> 01:10:00,728 It's going to be a really good test of the telescope itself. 1482 01:10:00,730 --> 01:10:03,664 - I'd be really interested to understand, you know, 1483 01:10:03,666 --> 01:10:06,601 if they are tidally locked, like the moon. 1484 01:10:06,603 --> 01:10:08,202 Like, what that means for having 1485 01:10:08,204 --> 01:10:10,538 a permanent day and a permanent night side. 1486 01:10:10,540 --> 01:10:13,141 - There would be some people who would constantly be 1487 01:10:13,143 --> 01:10:14,875 living in daylight and then other people 1488 01:10:14,877 --> 01:10:17,278 who would be constantly living in darkness? 1489 01:10:17,280 --> 01:10:20,348 - Right and the best place to be on these planets 1490 01:10:20,350 --> 01:10:23,484 would probably be perpetual twilight, right? 1491 01:10:23,486 --> 01:10:25,686 Or right around the-- - Right, right at the rim. 1492 01:10:25,688 --> 01:10:27,622 - [Nikole] And what that would be like, 1493 01:10:27,624 --> 01:10:30,290 because living in the arctic and you living through 1494 01:10:30,292 --> 01:10:33,828 perpetual twilight, it's a very strange experience. 1495 01:10:33,830 --> 01:10:35,163 - [Natasha] Do we know what 1496 01:10:35,165 --> 01:10:36,764 the temperature differences would be? 1497 01:10:36,766 --> 01:10:37,898 - [Nikole] As long as there's air. 1498 01:10:37,900 --> 01:10:39,167 Air is very good. 1499 01:10:39,169 --> 01:10:40,401 They have substantial atmospheres. 1500 01:10:41,904 --> 01:10:43,638 - [Hannah] My favorite thing about Trappist 1501 01:10:43,640 --> 01:10:45,439 is that if you're on the surface of one of the planets 1502 01:10:45,441 --> 01:10:48,643 you can see the other planets resolved in the sky. 1503 01:10:48,645 --> 01:10:50,778 - [Natasha] Yeah, bigger than the moon, right? 1504 01:10:50,780 --> 01:10:52,647 - So it would never have been a question of, 1505 01:10:52,649 --> 01:10:54,816 you know, is the Earth, the center of the universe? 1506 01:10:56,052 --> 01:10:57,785 I mean, it's crazy to think that 1507 01:10:57,787 --> 01:10:59,720 Trappist being 39 light years away 1508 01:10:59,722 --> 01:11:02,790 means that they can hear what we were doing 1509 01:11:02,792 --> 01:11:05,093 on radio and television 39 years ago. 1510 01:11:06,729 --> 01:11:09,197 The first years of Reagan, Madonna. 1511 01:11:09,199 --> 01:11:10,798 What do you think they think about us? 1512 01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:12,266 Do you think that they would think 1513 01:11:12,268 --> 01:11:14,468 that we're going in the right direction? 1514 01:11:14,470 --> 01:11:17,205 - [Hannah] Interesting question, I like that one. 1515 01:11:17,207 --> 01:11:19,340 - Well, so if they're monitoring our culture, 1516 01:11:19,342 --> 01:11:21,141 they're also monitoring like any sort of 1517 01:11:21,143 --> 01:11:24,278 atmospheric signals as well, right? 1518 01:11:24,280 --> 01:11:25,813 - [Nikole] Yeah. 1519 01:11:25,815 --> 01:11:27,615 - So they're probably watching, you know, 1520 01:11:27,617 --> 01:11:29,149 our carbon dioxide emissions and all of this 1521 01:11:29,151 --> 01:11:30,818 and probably thinking-- 1522 01:11:30,820 --> 01:11:33,954 - "What are they doing down there?" 1523 01:11:33,956 --> 01:11:37,292 (indistinct radio chatter) 1524 01:11:45,768 --> 01:11:48,503 (haunting music) 1525 01:12:07,523 --> 01:12:11,125 - [WHO Director General] We cannot say this loudly enough 1526 01:12:11,127 --> 01:12:14,194 or clearly enough or often enough. 1527 01:12:14,196 --> 01:12:18,466 All countries can still change the course of this pandemic. 1528 01:12:20,202 --> 01:12:22,870 (haunting music) 1529 01:12:30,947 --> 01:12:33,848 (protesters chanting) 1530 01:12:37,687 --> 01:12:39,219 - [Protesters] There is no planet B! 1531 01:12:39,221 --> 01:12:42,089 There is no planet B, there is no planet B! 1532 01:12:42,091 --> 01:12:43,824 - If we destroy this planet, 1533 01:12:43,826 --> 01:12:45,025 there is no other planet to go to. 1534 01:12:45,027 --> 01:12:46,894 We only have one planet. 1535 01:12:46,896 --> 01:12:48,629 - I want to be able to have kids. 1536 01:12:48,631 --> 01:12:49,964 I want my kids to be able to swim in the ocean, 1537 01:12:49,966 --> 01:12:51,499 climb mountains, be in nature. 1538 01:12:51,501 --> 01:12:54,168 - Even if there was an inhabitable planet, 1539 01:12:54,170 --> 01:12:57,638 we're just gonna ruin it like we're ruining this one. 1540 01:12:57,640 --> 01:13:01,108 (protestors chanting) 1541 01:13:01,110 --> 01:13:02,710 - This is an emergency. 1542 01:13:02,712 --> 01:13:05,445 Our house is on fire. 1543 01:13:05,447 --> 01:13:08,649 (crowd cheering) 1544 01:13:08,651 --> 01:13:13,388 We deserve a safe future and we demand a safe future. 1545 01:13:14,657 --> 01:13:17,124 Is that really too much to ask? 1546 01:13:17,126 --> 01:13:18,192 - [Crowd] No! 1547 01:13:33,809 --> 01:13:35,943 - [Matt] Hello, nice to meet you. 1548 01:13:35,945 --> 01:13:37,611 - [Director Fausto] Nice to meet you. 1549 01:13:37,613 --> 01:13:38,812 It's a pleasure to have you here. 1550 01:13:38,814 --> 01:13:39,414 - [Matt] Thank you so much. 1551 01:13:56,432 --> 01:13:58,366 - [Nathaniel] But this was the place that he was under-- 1552 01:13:58,368 --> 01:14:00,100 - [Matt] He was under house arrest for 1553 01:14:00,102 --> 01:14:02,370 starting a revolution that people didn't want started. 1554 01:14:03,973 --> 01:14:05,373 - [Nathaniel] They were afraid of it. 1555 01:14:05,375 --> 01:14:06,974 - [Matt] They were afraid of what he saw. 1556 01:14:06,976 --> 01:14:08,576 They were afraid of the fact that he 1557 01:14:08,578 --> 01:14:12,547 used observation to upturn ancient wisdoms. 1558 01:14:19,321 --> 01:14:21,522 It isn't just that we're trying 1559 01:14:21,524 --> 01:14:23,391 to do amazing things with telescopes, 1560 01:14:23,393 --> 01:14:25,125 look for other planets, 1561 01:14:25,127 --> 01:14:28,195 I mean, our generation, my children are facing 1562 01:14:28,197 --> 01:14:31,098 real challenges on this planet. 1563 01:14:32,602 --> 01:14:35,269 How do we tackle these global problems 1564 01:14:35,271 --> 01:14:38,840 which actually will affect our own survival as a species? 1565 01:14:40,410 --> 01:14:43,277 It's going to take a collective endeavor 1566 01:14:43,279 --> 01:14:44,612 with the type of groups we're 1567 01:14:44,614 --> 01:14:46,280 putting together around the James Webb. 1568 01:14:46,282 --> 01:14:47,681 These are collaborative groups. 1569 01:14:47,683 --> 01:14:49,483 These are people who want to work together. 1570 01:14:49,485 --> 01:14:51,885 It gives me hope that we can change 1571 01:14:51,887 --> 01:14:53,754 the way we operate in the world. 1572 01:14:53,756 --> 01:14:56,890 Change the way we do science, using data to say, 1573 01:14:56,892 --> 01:14:59,493 "Look what is happening," and not just 1574 01:14:59,495 --> 01:15:01,228 going back and saying, "I don't want to hear," 1575 01:15:01,230 --> 01:15:02,930 or "I don't want to see." 1576 01:15:04,500 --> 01:15:06,033 Well, you know, they said to Galileo, 1577 01:15:06,035 --> 01:15:08,302 "I don't want to hear, I don't want to see." 1578 01:15:08,304 --> 01:15:10,237 And yes, they sequestered him here 1579 01:15:10,239 --> 01:15:12,172 for the last 10 years of his life, 1580 01:15:12,174 --> 01:15:14,075 but here we are 400 years later 1581 01:15:15,311 --> 01:15:17,177 and we all know about Galileo 1582 01:15:17,179 --> 01:15:19,379 and we have to look up in our history books to remember 1583 01:15:19,381 --> 01:15:22,582 who the Pope was that actually put him away. 1584 01:15:22,584 --> 01:15:24,318 We remember Galileo. 1585 01:15:26,722 --> 01:15:28,523 I mean, Carl Sagan said it best. 1586 01:15:30,126 --> 01:15:31,391 It's going to take us centuries to get 1587 01:15:31,393 --> 01:15:33,528 to the stars as a species. 1588 01:15:35,265 --> 01:15:38,532 And it's going to have to be a better version of ourselves 1589 01:15:38,534 --> 01:15:41,269 to actually get that far on this planet. 1590 01:15:48,478 --> 01:15:50,144 - Good morning, and welcome to 1591 01:15:50,146 --> 01:15:52,212 the second day of the hearing entitled 1592 01:15:52,214 --> 01:15:54,815 "James Webb Space Telescope Program 1593 01:15:54,817 --> 01:15:56,817 Breach and its Implications." 1594 01:15:56,819 --> 01:15:59,287 - We've had a lot of discussion about cost 1595 01:15:59,289 --> 01:16:03,023 and the cost matters, but I will tell you taxpayers 1596 01:16:03,025 --> 01:16:04,492 and all of us are way more concerned about 1597 01:16:04,494 --> 01:16:06,360 value than cost at the end of the day. 1598 01:16:06,362 --> 01:16:08,496 - James Webb should continue based on its 1599 01:16:08,498 --> 01:16:10,430 extraordinary scientific potential 1600 01:16:10,432 --> 01:16:12,300 and critical role in maintaining 1601 01:16:12,302 --> 01:16:15,369 US leadership in astronomy and astrophysics. 1602 01:16:15,371 --> 01:16:18,172 Let's finish this incredibly important project. 1603 01:16:18,174 --> 01:16:21,241 - Inspiring and challenging projects such as the 1604 01:16:21,243 --> 01:16:26,046 James Webb Space Telescope are an investment in our future. 1605 01:16:26,048 --> 01:16:29,317 We must not lose sight of the importance 1606 01:16:29,319 --> 01:16:32,586 of bringing the James Webb Space Telescope 1607 01:16:32,588 --> 01:16:34,589 to a successful outcome. 1608 01:16:48,204 --> 01:16:49,469 - All right, see you. 1609 01:16:49,471 --> 01:16:51,071 - See you, have a good day. 1610 01:16:51,073 --> 01:16:51,806 - I will. 1611 01:16:54,276 --> 01:16:55,676 - [Nathaniel] So this is like 1612 01:16:55,678 --> 01:16:56,944 the biggest day of your career in a way. 1613 01:16:56,946 --> 01:16:58,145 (Amy laughs) 1614 01:16:58,147 --> 01:16:59,180 - [Amy] It's pretty big. 1615 01:17:00,750 --> 01:17:02,750 Been working seven years towards this day. 1616 01:17:02,752 --> 01:17:06,486 So yeah, yeah, this is going to be now 1617 01:17:06,488 --> 01:17:09,423 the James Webb Observatory. 1618 01:17:09,425 --> 01:17:11,892 Before, you know, it was like this piece or that piece, 1619 01:17:11,894 --> 01:17:15,062 where now it's actually all together one piece. 1620 01:17:18,034 --> 01:17:20,500 You can see the way it's going to look when it's operating. 1621 01:17:20,502 --> 01:17:22,570 So yeah, it's kind of a big deal. 1622 01:17:22,572 --> 01:17:24,504 Everyone's really excited. 1623 01:17:24,506 --> 01:17:27,575 The entire team's kind of vibrating a little. 1624 01:17:32,982 --> 01:17:34,715 Ready. 1625 01:17:34,717 --> 01:17:36,316 - [Nathaniel] I'm not allowed to follow you. 1626 01:17:36,318 --> 01:17:37,384 So this is goodbye, I guess. 1627 01:17:37,386 --> 01:17:38,318 Good luck. 1628 01:17:38,320 --> 01:17:39,253 - See you in a bit. 1629 01:17:39,255 --> 01:17:39,820 Ah, come on. 1630 01:17:43,192 --> 01:17:44,392 Dennis, I can't get in. 1631 01:17:51,333 --> 01:17:52,833 Thank you, see y'all. 1632 01:18:00,542 --> 01:18:02,075 - You know, Amy has worked with me 1633 01:18:02,077 --> 01:18:03,611 since she joined the company 1634 01:18:03,613 --> 01:18:06,080 and I wanted her taking over alignments 1635 01:18:06,082 --> 01:18:09,083 because it requires attention to detail and people skills 1636 01:18:09,085 --> 01:18:13,020 and innate genius that's necessary to do it. 1637 01:18:13,022 --> 01:18:14,888 And today is the culmination as we 1638 01:18:14,890 --> 01:18:16,690 see the system go together but 1639 01:18:16,692 --> 01:18:18,426 it's going to go together precisely 1640 01:18:18,428 --> 01:18:21,629 and it's got to end up where it's supposed to be. 1641 01:18:21,631 --> 01:18:23,897 And that's the job to which she 1642 01:18:23,899 --> 01:18:26,067 has been devoted for these last seven years. 1643 01:18:28,438 --> 01:18:32,640 Every piece of hardware, 500 odd pieces of ground support, 1644 01:18:32,642 --> 01:18:34,875 have a story, have a team that's been devoted. 1645 01:18:36,578 --> 01:18:39,280 When I mean an act of collective genius, I mean it. 1646 01:18:45,655 --> 01:18:47,721 - Many people have spent a big chunk of their careers 1647 01:18:47,723 --> 01:18:50,257 developing this system, done a tremendous job, 1648 01:18:50,259 --> 01:18:53,460 and they're ready to go and I'm ready to go. 1649 01:18:53,462 --> 01:18:56,330 It's just in our DNA to explore. 1650 01:18:56,332 --> 01:18:58,732 So as far as we send satellites out, 1651 01:18:58,734 --> 01:19:01,468 I think we should be willing to send humans out 1652 01:19:01,470 --> 01:19:03,070 but we have to learn how to do it. 1653 01:19:04,674 --> 01:19:07,341 It takes putting our minds and heads together 1654 01:19:07,343 --> 01:19:09,910 around a common goal, and I think we can do anything. 1655 01:19:11,747 --> 01:19:13,247 And human space flight is always pretty special. 1656 01:19:16,018 --> 01:19:18,552 And Webb is certainly in the same category 1657 01:19:18,554 --> 01:19:21,555 as human space flight in my mind. 1658 01:19:21,557 --> 01:19:23,423 So this is my capstone. 1659 01:19:23,425 --> 01:19:24,592 The Webb is my capstone. 1660 01:19:30,232 --> 01:19:31,765 - [Natalie] You know, I'm moving. 1661 01:19:31,767 --> 01:19:34,101 So cleaning out my garage I found this 1662 01:19:34,103 --> 01:19:36,704 old binder paper that's from high school 1663 01:19:36,706 --> 01:19:39,607 and the theme was the American frontier. 1664 01:19:41,110 --> 01:19:42,910 You have to remember this was the 80s 1665 01:19:42,912 --> 01:19:45,513 so the backdrop of this was the space shuttle program. 1666 01:19:45,515 --> 01:19:48,949 And so I titled this speech, "Would You Go?" 1667 01:19:50,252 --> 01:19:53,587 "The year is 2010. 1668 01:19:53,589 --> 01:19:57,591 America has just begun the settlement of a new state. 1669 01:19:57,593 --> 01:19:59,527 But where is this state? 1670 01:19:59,529 --> 01:20:04,532 On a distant planet where only a few have ventured before." 1671 01:20:04,534 --> 01:20:05,665 - [Nathaniel] And it's called "Would you Go?" 1672 01:20:05,667 --> 01:20:07,401 - It's called "Would You Go?" 1673 01:20:07,403 --> 01:20:08,402 With a question mark and everything. 1674 01:20:08,404 --> 01:20:09,269 Yes. 1675 01:20:09,271 --> 01:20:10,604 (laughing) 1676 01:20:10,606 --> 01:20:11,805 - [Natasha] So would you? 1677 01:20:11,807 --> 01:20:13,473 - Well, here's the thing. 1678 01:20:13,475 --> 01:20:16,110 My current adult thinking is that 1679 01:20:17,413 --> 01:20:20,147 as important as exploration is, 1680 01:20:22,351 --> 01:20:25,553 love is probably even more so. 1681 01:20:25,555 --> 01:20:27,621 - [Nathaniel] What about you, Natasha, would you go? 1682 01:20:27,623 --> 01:20:29,156 - I don't know. 1683 01:20:29,158 --> 01:20:30,758 I think I'd have to take my posse, 1684 01:20:30,760 --> 01:20:32,225 all the people that I love with me. 1685 01:20:32,227 --> 01:20:33,427 I wouldn't be able, it wouldn't be 1686 01:20:33,429 --> 01:20:34,494 a thing that I would do alone. 1687 01:20:34,496 --> 01:20:35,829 I would have to take a, 1688 01:20:35,831 --> 01:20:38,165 I would have to take my crew, you know? 1689 01:20:38,167 --> 01:20:41,435 - [Nathaniel] What about you, Ellie, would you go? 1690 01:20:41,437 --> 01:20:42,569 - You know, it's a good question. 1691 01:20:42,571 --> 01:20:44,571 I waffle on it all the time. 1692 01:20:44,573 --> 01:20:47,174 Going to Mars, you know? 1693 01:20:47,176 --> 01:20:48,175 It's tempting. 1694 01:20:49,645 --> 01:20:51,378 But still, I'd miss nature 1695 01:20:51,380 --> 01:20:52,980 in the way we have it here on Earth. 1696 01:21:02,792 --> 01:21:04,391 - [Sara] For whatever reason there's this thing. 1697 01:21:04,393 --> 01:21:05,592 I don't know if this is true or not, 1698 01:21:05,594 --> 01:21:06,994 but you know if you meet someone 1699 01:21:06,996 --> 01:21:08,596 within two years of when your husband died, 1700 01:21:08,598 --> 01:21:10,464 like two years is some kind of magic number, 1701 01:21:10,466 --> 01:21:11,031 I don't know why. 1702 01:21:12,868 --> 01:21:14,401 And I was thinking, "My two years is basically up. 1703 01:21:14,403 --> 01:21:15,202 So I guess it didn't work for me." 1704 01:21:15,204 --> 01:21:16,670 Right? 1705 01:21:16,672 --> 01:21:18,405 So just before my two year anniversary, 1706 01:21:18,407 --> 01:21:20,340 I was going to Canada. 1707 01:21:20,342 --> 01:21:22,742 I'd been invited to give a keynote talk. 1708 01:21:22,744 --> 01:21:25,012 So I go to the opening reception, 1709 01:21:25,014 --> 01:21:26,814 I see this guy across the room and I'm like, 1710 01:21:26,816 --> 01:21:29,016 "Wow, who's that guy? 1711 01:21:29,018 --> 01:21:30,884 I have to meet him." 1712 01:21:30,886 --> 01:21:33,620 And after my talk, I go to the cafeteria a little bit late 1713 01:21:33,622 --> 01:21:35,422 and there he is in the cafeteria 1714 01:21:35,424 --> 01:21:36,890 and he's with only one other person. 1715 01:21:36,892 --> 01:21:38,558 And he's like, "Oh, do you want to have lunch?" 1716 01:21:38,560 --> 01:21:40,027 I'm like, "Sure." 1717 01:21:40,029 --> 01:21:41,895 So we go and sit down for lunch and I'm thinking to myself, 1718 01:21:41,897 --> 01:21:45,833 "Wow, I can't believe I finally get to talk to this guy." 1719 01:21:45,835 --> 01:21:48,068 I left to go home and then we skyped. 1720 01:21:49,905 --> 01:21:51,705 In the very beginning it was like, 1721 01:21:51,707 --> 01:21:53,707 "I don't know what to do with this cause it's far away." 1722 01:21:53,709 --> 01:21:56,643 And then I'm thinking, "You know, this is good for me. 1723 01:21:56,645 --> 01:21:57,577 I can crush on a guy. 1724 01:21:57,579 --> 01:21:59,312 I can just shut the computer 1725 01:21:59,314 --> 01:22:00,580 if I don't feel like talking to him, 1726 01:22:00,582 --> 01:22:01,081 if it gets too personal." 1727 01:22:03,052 --> 01:22:05,519 In January, he was going to London for work. 1728 01:22:05,521 --> 01:22:07,387 And he's like, "Sarah, I'm going a few days early. 1729 01:22:07,389 --> 01:22:10,590 I hope you'll join me, I want to invite you." 1730 01:22:10,592 --> 01:22:12,125 And I wasn't sure what to do, but okay. 1731 01:22:12,127 --> 01:22:13,326 Of course I'm going to go, right? 1732 01:22:13,328 --> 01:22:15,128 So I go to London and I'm like, 1733 01:22:15,130 --> 01:22:16,596 "Wow, I don't know, are we boyfriend, girlfriend?" 1734 01:22:16,598 --> 01:22:17,865 I'm not really sure. 1735 01:22:17,867 --> 01:22:19,867 I'm just like, "Oh my God, like, 1736 01:22:19,869 --> 01:22:21,335 when am I going to get my first kiss?" 1737 01:22:21,337 --> 01:22:22,802 You know, here I'm like a grownup here. 1738 01:22:22,804 --> 01:22:24,505 This is ridiculous, right? 1739 01:22:26,208 --> 01:22:27,741 After dinner one night he takes me on a walk. 1740 01:22:27,743 --> 01:22:29,142 It's like raining cause you know 1741 01:22:29,144 --> 01:22:30,878 in London it's always miserable. 1742 01:22:30,880 --> 01:22:31,811 And there we are in front of Buckingham Palace 1743 01:22:31,813 --> 01:22:33,547 and I got my first kiss. 1744 01:22:33,549 --> 01:22:35,415 And after that, it really was, 1745 01:22:35,417 --> 01:22:37,484 it felt like the romance of the millennium. 1746 01:22:48,764 --> 01:22:50,564 - Time is a very funny thing. 1747 01:22:50,566 --> 01:22:54,968 And particularly the disconnect between human time, 1748 01:22:54,970 --> 01:22:59,306 geological time and cosmic time, right? 1749 01:22:59,308 --> 01:23:03,310 We don't interface very well with those longer timescales. 1750 01:23:05,247 --> 01:23:10,117 And thinking about the far future is really difficult. 1751 01:23:14,256 --> 01:23:17,390 But if we're going to have a long future, 1752 01:23:17,392 --> 01:23:19,927 we've got to outgrow all the kind of 1753 01:23:19,929 --> 01:23:22,396 aggressive tendencies and think about 1754 01:23:22,398 --> 01:23:25,465 what kind of place that would be, 1755 01:23:25,467 --> 01:23:27,568 where people actually valued 1756 01:23:29,405 --> 01:23:33,107 all life and took care of themselves, one another. 1757 01:23:35,677 --> 01:23:38,012 (intense music) 1758 01:23:44,086 --> 01:23:45,819 - The hardest place is when you have to 1759 01:23:45,821 --> 01:23:48,421 just watch it all come to fruition. 1760 01:23:48,423 --> 01:23:49,957 It's like when you're kid finally gets 1761 01:23:49,959 --> 01:23:51,759 on the field and is swinging the bat. 1762 01:23:51,761 --> 01:23:54,228 I mean, you've got to sit there and be a good parent. 1763 01:23:56,698 --> 01:23:58,665 I'm sure Amy will be a good parent out there. 1764 01:24:02,171 --> 01:24:04,771 - I wonder if Amy had them go check something 1765 01:24:04,773 --> 01:24:06,373 because she's staring up at something. 1766 01:24:06,375 --> 01:24:07,907 - Yeah. 1767 01:24:07,909 --> 01:24:09,243 - [Amy] That one. 1768 01:24:23,392 --> 01:24:25,125 - [Technician] Now let's just start 1769 01:24:25,127 --> 01:24:26,793 getting everything in position and we'll see... 1770 01:24:26,795 --> 01:24:28,195 - [Amy] Then we should come down. 1771 01:24:29,731 --> 01:24:31,698 - [Technician] Going down. 1772 01:24:32,734 --> 01:24:36,236 (upbeat orchestral music) 1773 01:25:35,731 --> 01:25:37,797 (indistinct chatter) 1774 01:25:37,799 --> 01:25:40,100 - It's just magic, it's magic. 1775 01:25:46,007 --> 01:25:48,675 - [Amy] It'd be awfully, awfully interesting 1776 01:25:48,677 --> 01:25:51,211 to look at another place and say, 1777 01:25:51,213 --> 01:25:53,881 "Oh, there's signatures of life there." 1778 01:25:55,417 --> 01:25:57,150 It may not be conclusive evidence, 1779 01:25:57,152 --> 01:25:59,953 but it sure would get people very, very excited. 1780 01:26:01,757 --> 01:26:03,290 - [Nathaniel] Do you think there's life out there? 1781 01:26:03,292 --> 01:26:05,692 - Yeah, I think there's life out there. 1782 01:26:05,694 --> 01:26:07,494 Can we find them? 1783 01:26:07,496 --> 01:26:08,095 I think we will. 1784 01:26:08,097 --> 01:26:09,028 In my lifetime? 1785 01:26:09,030 --> 01:26:09,796 God, I hope so. 1786 01:26:11,900 --> 01:26:14,468 Because, I want to know. You know? 1787 01:26:20,909 --> 01:26:23,610 (ducks quacking) 1788 01:26:36,725 --> 01:26:37,991 - [Sara] Charles. 1789 01:26:37,993 --> 01:26:38,992 - [Charles] Oh, hi Sara. 1790 01:26:38,994 --> 01:26:40,594 - [Sara] How'd it go? 1791 01:26:40,596 --> 01:26:42,462 - Well, I've set up the telescope and I'm just 1792 01:26:42,464 --> 01:26:44,063 waiting for it to get dark enough to do an alignment and-- 1793 01:26:44,065 --> 01:26:45,064 - [Sara] Looks great. 1794 01:26:45,066 --> 01:26:46,666 - [Charles] Yeah. 1795 01:26:46,668 --> 01:26:48,335 - [Sara] What's up tonight? 1796 01:26:48,337 --> 01:26:50,069 - [Charles] Well, as soon as it gets a bit darker, 1797 01:26:50,071 --> 01:26:51,538 maybe we'll look at some galaxies. 1798 01:26:51,540 --> 01:26:53,340 I don't think Jupiter and any of the planets 1799 01:26:53,342 --> 01:26:54,541 are going to be up till later tonight. 1800 01:26:54,543 --> 01:26:56,676 - [Sara] Okay. 1801 01:26:56,678 --> 01:26:57,544 You see any stars yet? 1802 01:26:57,546 --> 01:26:59,479 - Not yet, not yet. 1803 01:26:59,481 --> 01:27:02,015 But patiently waiting for at least Polaris to poke out. 1804 01:27:02,017 --> 01:27:04,017 - [Sara] Right, right. 1805 01:27:04,019 --> 01:27:06,753 - But maybe we can discover some exoplanets. 1806 01:27:06,755 --> 01:27:09,823 (laughing) 1807 01:27:09,825 --> 01:27:11,592 There's fish jumping out there. 1808 01:27:13,562 --> 01:27:16,063 (duck quacking) 1809 01:27:18,099 --> 01:27:19,766 - [Charles] There it is. 1810 01:27:19,768 --> 01:27:21,168 - [Sara] Wow, that's really pretty. 1811 01:27:21,170 --> 01:27:22,235 - [Charles] The Whirlpool Galaxy M51, 1812 01:27:22,237 --> 01:27:23,970 one of my summer favorites. 1813 01:27:23,972 --> 01:27:25,372 - [Sara] It's amazing that 1814 01:27:25,374 --> 01:27:26,573 we can see it with this telescope. 1815 01:27:26,575 --> 01:27:28,175 - [Charles] Yeah. 1816 01:27:28,177 --> 01:27:30,377 - And just how vast, like that's so huge, that scale. 1817 01:27:30,379 --> 01:27:32,245 - [Charles] Yeah, we are tiny, aren't we? 1818 01:27:32,247 --> 01:27:34,113 - [Sara] Really tiny. 1819 01:27:34,115 --> 01:27:35,782 Maybe there's a planet around a star there looking back... 1820 01:27:35,784 --> 01:27:37,384 - [Charles] At our spiral galaxy... 1821 01:27:37,386 --> 01:27:39,853 - [Sara] Maybe there are two people like us. 1822 01:27:39,855 --> 01:27:40,720 - [Charles] Yeah, maybe. 1823 01:27:40,722 --> 01:27:41,988 (chuckles) 1824 01:27:41,990 --> 01:27:43,790 It's wonderful to be able to 1825 01:27:43,792 --> 01:27:44,924 wonder about the universe together. 1826 01:27:44,926 --> 01:27:45,826 - [Sara] It really is. 1827 01:27:49,931 --> 01:27:52,633 (soft guitar music) 1828 01:27:58,940 --> 01:28:02,008 ¶ Fly me to the moon 1829 01:28:02,010 --> 01:28:06,847 ¶ And let me play among the stars ¶ 1830 01:28:08,617 --> 01:28:12,486 ¶ Let me see what spring is like on Jupiter and Mars ¶ 1831 01:28:16,157 --> 01:28:21,261 ¶ In other words, hold my hand 1832 01:28:25,500 --> 01:28:30,437 ¶ In other words, darling, kiss me ¶ 1833 01:28:34,109 --> 01:28:39,112 ¶ Fill my heart with song and let me sing forevermore ¶ 1834 01:28:40,849 --> 01:28:43,382 (rocket rumbling) 1835 01:28:43,384 --> 01:28:48,255 ¶ You are all I long for, all I worship and adore ¶ 1836 01:28:51,126 --> 01:28:55,962 ¶ In other words, please be true ¶ 1837 01:28:59,735 --> 01:29:03,337 ¶ In other words, I love you 1838 01:29:41,576 --> 01:29:46,580 ¶ Fill my heart with song and let me sing forevermore ¶ 1839 01:29:50,185 --> 01:29:55,188 ¶ You are all I long for, all I worship and adore ¶ 1840 01:29:57,726 --> 01:30:02,562 ¶ In other words, please be true ¶ 1841 01:30:05,334 --> 01:30:10,337 ¶ And in other words, I love you ¶ 1842 01:30:13,342 --> 01:30:17,344 ¶ And in other words, I love you ¶ 1843 01:30:24,886 --> 01:30:27,254 (haunting music)