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♪ ♪

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(man speaking Spanish)

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♪ ♪

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(speaking Spanish)

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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MAN: Shake this square world
and blast off for Kicksville.

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RICHARD NIXON: Public enemy
number one is drug abuse.

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NANCY REAGAN: Just say no.

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RONALD REAGAN: Halting
the drug problem in America

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is like carrying
water in a sieve.

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GEORGE H. W. BUSH: Take my word
for it, this scourge will stop!

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KAMALA HARRIS:
There's now an understanding

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that the war on drugs
was an abject failure.

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MAN: You have to stop and ask
yourself, how did we get here?

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DONALD TRUMP:
We will build a wall.

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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(gunfire)

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(explosion)

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♪ ♪

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(explosions)

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(gunfire)

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♪ ♪

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REPORTER:
The Armed Revolutionary
Forces of Colombia,

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known as the FARC,

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is the most powerful
guerrilla group in the country.

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They control the areas
where large amounts

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of the world's cocaine
is produced.

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♪ ♪

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REPORTER: They are known
as paramilitaries.

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They celebrate a legend
of heroic defiance

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against the kidnappers.

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The mission is to achieve
what the army cannot:

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defeat the guerrillas.

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(gunfire)

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♪ ♪

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(siren)

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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REPORTER: 12 died and more than
200 passersby were injured

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in this recent explosion.

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Another outrage was to follow,

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this time there was no mistaking
the culprit's identity.

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They'd left their signature
at the scene.

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♪ ♪

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REPORTER: Pablo Escobar couldn't
stay out of the public eye,

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and that's what killed him.

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He died in a hail of bullets

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as he tried to get away
across a roof.

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CHRIS FEISTL: In December 1993,
after Pablo Escobar is killed,

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there is a power vacuum.

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♪ ♪

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(helicopter)

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♪ ♪

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(shouts orders)

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JEREMY McDERMOTT:
The FARC embraced drugs

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and used them to fund
the revolutionary struggle

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and the growth of the FARC,

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and the growth of coca crops
in Colombia is a parallel line.

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Wherever the coca is,
you tend to find the FARC.

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♪ ♪

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(gunfire)

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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(speaking Spanish)

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McDERMOTT: Carlos is the public
face, extremely charismatic.

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(siren)

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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McDERMOTT:
He wasn't from Medellín.

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He was actually from Tuluá
on the Pacific coast.

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It is rumored that
he was, for a short time,

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a left‐wing guerrilla.

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♪ ♪

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He is what we call
a "lavaperro,"

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which is like the lowest rung
in the criminal structure.

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It literally means a dog washer.

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And he proves his worth
very quickly.

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♪ ♪

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The guerrillas try and
muscle in on the cartel.

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Berna says,
"Let me take care of this,"

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and there is a series
of bloody shootouts

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in which Berna takes anything up
to 11 bullets and loses his leg.

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But they win.

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Berna's not
the most handsome man.

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He was a lot less handsome
after he lost his leg

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and took a bullet through the
cheek and various other things.

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This does not hamper
his criminal career at all.

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♪ ♪

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FRANCISCO SANTOS CALDERÓN:
Pablo Escobar not only

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was a drug trafficker,

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but he was also
an entrepreneur of violence.

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And he created
different groups, gangs.

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When he dies, there's a vacuum,

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and many of those gangs
are left with who controls it.

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♪ ♪

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McDERMOTT: Don Berna learnt
a key lesson from Escobar,

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which is never become visible;
remain in the shadows.

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STEVEN COHEN: He arguably
becomes more powerful

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than Pablo Escobar ever was.

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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McDERMOTT: And the message
is clear: We're coming.

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(boom)

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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(rooster crows)

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REPORTER: People living
in Mapiripán were suspected

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of helping the FARC, providing
them with food and shelter.

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REPORTER:
As the paramilitaries entered,

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they marked the town
as their territory.

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REPORTER: Villagers were
taken from their homes.

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The killing began
in the main street.

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REPORTER: Three villagers
were publicly executed,

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beheaded with chainsaws.

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Many more perished.

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♪ ♪

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None of the dead wore uniforms
or carried guns.

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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(gunfire)

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SOLDIERS: ¡Uno, dos, tres!

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McDERMOTT: The cocaine trade hid
in Colombia's civil conflict.

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And suddenly
we have a right‐wing

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anti‐subversive paramilitarism

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which is welcomed in
so many parts of Colombia

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against the guerrillas who were
kidnapping and extorting.

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But this is just
the new Medellín Cartel.

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But it's cleverer.

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It's got a political façade,
it's militarized.

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♪ ♪

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(guns cocking)

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♪ ♪

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(gunfire)

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(knocking)

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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(siren)

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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MAN: Stop?
MAN: Yeah.

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MAN: Okay.

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♪ ♪

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JEREMY SALAMEH:
The Oficina de Envigado

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was originally established
to mediate,

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to collect money that was owed.

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And it was almost like
an internal affairs

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operation of sorts.

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Don Berna made it clear,
"I'm taking this over,

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and if there's any pushback,

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you're gonna have
to deal with it."

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McDERMOTT: And he turns
this vehicle into his bid

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to take control of Medellín.

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♪ ♪

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And he begins to scoop up a lot
of the criminal infrastructure

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and set up these debt‐collecting
agencies, or oficinas,

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all around Medellín,
and they all answer to him.

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COHEN: He understands
that his rise to power

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and his own control of power
depends on his good standing

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with the security state
and with politicians.

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♪ ♪

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SALAMEH:
Corruption at all levels

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was going through the roof.

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He would do things that
would help the authorities,

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and sometimes the authorities
would do things to help him.

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They did operations
together sometimes.

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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00:27:39,720 --> 00:27:43,760
(popping and crackling)

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(crowd oohs)

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♪ ♪

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SALAMEH: So nothing really
occurred unless Don Berna

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or his higher infrastructure
approved it.

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♪ ♪

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People often refer
to homeless people

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or these homeless children
and so forth,

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they call them "desechables,"
like the throw‐aways.

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And somebody's considered a
desechable, a disposable person,

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doesn't mean you can
go out and kill them,

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but that's what they did,
they cleaned up the streets.

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♪ ♪

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And there was a scourge
of those kind of folks,

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people disappeared, people got
killed, people got displaced.

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They cleaned up the city,

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and I think there was some sense
that at certain levels...

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In other words, it was accepted
because of the outcome.

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♪ ♪

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McDERMOTT: Berna sees what
the paramilitaries are doing,

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and he goes, "This is
an extraordinary business model,

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I want in."

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(gun cocks)

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♪ ♪

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McDERMOTT: So, there's
lots of problems

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within the paramilitary army.

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If someone loses a load

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or someone sleeps with
someone else's wife,

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normally in the drug trafficking
world, there's violence.

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Berna says,
"No, we can sort this out."

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He's not always successful,

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but what he does is
he begins to put discipline

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on the paramilitary movement.

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♪ ♪

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00:31:02,120 --> 00:31:03,880
(speaking Spanish)

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00:31:03,880 --> 00:31:05,440
McDERMOTT:
Vicente's got a stutter,

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00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:10,320
not remotely charismatic, but
super able at the business side.

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And they turn
the paramilitary army,

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and this need to
counteract the advance

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of the Marxist guerrillas,

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into a nationwide
criminal network,

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00:31:23,240 --> 00:31:27,440
a VIP club for drug traffickers.

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And people begin to realize

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00:31:29,280 --> 00:31:33,760
this is just the most powerful
drug cartel there is;

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00:31:33,760 --> 00:31:37,000
dwarfs the power of
the Medellín Cartel.

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And at that stage
the paramilitaries

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are the most powerful criminal
syndicate on the planet.

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VICENTE CASTAÑO: Muchas gracias.

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00:31:43,240 --> 00:31:55,320
♪ ♪

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00:31:55,320 --> 00:31:57,880
(gunfire)

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00:31:57,880 --> 00:32:00,120
COHEN: And there really is
a fear in Colombian society

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00:32:00,120 --> 00:32:03,080
and also at
high levels of government

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00:32:03,080 --> 00:32:07,000
that the FARC are actually gonna
manage to take over the country.

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00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:09,320
(gunfire)

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00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:16,120
♪ ♪

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CALDERÓN:
The main road to Medellín

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00:32:17,640 --> 00:32:19,120
sometimes was a week closed

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00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:21,480
because of attacks
from the FARC to the road.

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00:32:21,480 --> 00:32:23,920
Bogotá is surrounded
by FARC fronts.

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They were getting ready
to take over the capital.

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00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:28,440
(gunfire)

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00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:31,280
People were abandoning
Colombia massively;

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everybody was seeing Colombia
as a sinking ship.

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And frankly, when you saw
the growth of the FARC,

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the growth of
the paramilitaries,

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it was hard not to think

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00:32:39,360 --> 00:32:43,080
that Colombia could become
a narco state or a failed state.

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BILL CLINTON: We got to stand by
these democracies,

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00:32:51,560 --> 00:32:55,400
including, and especially
tonight, Colombia,

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00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:57,280
which is fighting
narco traffickers

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00:32:57,280 --> 00:33:00,720
for its own people's lives
and for our children's lives.

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I have proposed
a strong two‐year package

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00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:05,320
to help Colombia win this fight.

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♪ ♪

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00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:24,320
COHEN: Plan Colombia was this
major billion‐dollar effort

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00:33:24,320 --> 00:33:27,000
to bring the Colombian military
up to snuff

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00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:29,880
to be able to take on
the narco‐traffickers.

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00:33:29,880 --> 00:33:31,120
(gunfire)

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00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:38,960
And that meant training,
that meant weapons, technology.

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00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:41,160
(gunfire)

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00:33:41,160 --> 00:33:44,240
It's also the point
at which counter‐narcotics

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00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:49,280
and counter‐insurgency become
explicitly the same thing.

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REPORTER:
Officially the United States

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00:33:50,440 --> 00:33:52,320
is fighting a war on drugs.

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00:33:52,320 --> 00:33:54,320
In practice,
it is bankrolling conflict

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00:33:54,320 --> 00:33:56,640
against communist guerrillas.

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00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:05,080
COHEN: The escalating threat
of communist takeover

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00:34:05,080 --> 00:34:09,240
becomes the justification for
increasingly overt alliance

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00:34:09,240 --> 00:34:12,920
with the narco‐paramilitaries
as the most effective

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00:34:12,920 --> 00:34:15,720
fighting force against
the rising communist menace.

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00:34:15,720 --> 00:34:17,400
(gunfire)

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00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:21,400
(gunfire)

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00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:28,280
♪ ♪

267
00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:30,040
(explosion)

268
00:34:39,840 --> 00:34:54,720
♪ ♪

269
00:34:54,720 --> 00:34:57,840
(speaking Spanish)

270
00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:27,880
(plane approaching)

271
00:35:27,880 --> 00:35:34,360
♪ ♪

272
00:35:34,360 --> 00:35:37,920
(gunfire)

273
00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:41,320
REPORTER: America's war on drugs
ignores the paramilitaries.

274
00:35:41,320 --> 00:35:43,480
Instead, government helicopters
protect planes

275
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:46,920
dropping poison
in the coca fields below.

276
00:35:46,920 --> 00:35:48,680
Their aim is to destroy
the plantations

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00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:50,800
controlled by the FARC.

278
00:35:50,800 --> 00:36:08,120
♪ ♪

279
00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:12,120
MAN: We have no relationship
with the AUC.

280
00:36:12,120 --> 00:36:15,640
COHEN: By 2001, the extent
of paramilitary involvement

281
00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:20,320
in the drug trade was
too blatant to ignore.

282
00:36:20,320 --> 00:36:22,520
MAN: They claim to wish
to protect Colombian citizens

283
00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:23,960
from other terrorist groups,

284
00:36:23,960 --> 00:36:27,680
but they then massacre and
displace the same citizens,

285
00:36:27,680 --> 00:36:30,520
and they claim to stand against
kidnapping and extortion,

286
00:36:30,520 --> 00:36:33,320
and then engage in
those very practices.

287
00:36:35,720 --> 00:36:38,800
COHEN: So, in this very weird
twist of history,

288
00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:42,960
the AUC gets designated an
official terrorist organization

289
00:36:42,960 --> 00:36:47,000
the day before September 11th.

290
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:48,920
McDERMOTT: And then everything
changes again on 9/11.

291
00:36:48,920 --> 00:36:53,080
The war on terror and the war
on drugs have now become one.

292
00:38:07,880 --> 00:38:15,120
♪ ♪

293
00:38:15,120 --> 00:38:16,960
ÁLVARO URIBE:
Prudencia, muchachos.

294
00:38:16,960 --> 00:38:18,600
Prudencia.

295
00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:24,560
♪ ♪

296
00:38:24,560 --> 00:38:27,840
FEISTL: President Uribe came up
with the Justice and Peace Plan,

297
00:38:27,840 --> 00:38:31,960
which would give benefits
to paramilitary fighters

298
00:38:31,960 --> 00:38:35,800
who decided to come in,
demobilize, disband,

299
00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:38,720
surrender their weapons,
and stop drug trafficking

300
00:38:38,720 --> 00:38:41,080
and any crimes that
they were involved in.

301
00:38:41,080 --> 00:38:47,880
♪ ♪

302
00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:43,600
♪ ♪

303
00:39:57,440 --> 00:40:05,240
♪ ♪

304
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:17,800
♪ ♪

305
00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:28,120
♪ ♪

306
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:33,240
(gunshot)

307
00:40:38,320 --> 00:40:45,120
♪ ♪

308
00:40:56,920 --> 00:41:05,120
♪ ♪

309
00:41:11,480 --> 00:41:15,760
(siren)

310
00:41:21,520 --> 00:41:40,320
♪ ♪

311
00:41:40,320 --> 00:41:42,760
FEISTL: He wants to try
to reap the benefits

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00:41:42,760 --> 00:41:44,480
of the Justice and Peace Law,

313
00:41:44,480 --> 00:41:48,160
which basically says if you're a
paramilitary and you surrender,

314
00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:49,960
you would be eligible
for certain benefits

315
00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:52,560
under the Justice
and Peace Plan,

316
00:41:52,560 --> 00:41:56,080
which are very reduced
sentences, under house arrest

317
00:41:56,080 --> 00:41:58,560
or some kind of
minimal confinement.

318
00:42:11,280 --> 00:42:22,360
♪ ♪

319
00:42:22,360 --> 00:42:24,240
McDERMOTT: The Americans and
the Colombian public are seeing

320
00:42:24,240 --> 00:42:27,240
that this peace process
is bordering on farce

321
00:42:27,240 --> 00:42:34,000
as these guys continue to
move drugs, live the high life.

322
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:36,160
And so once the agreement
is signed,

323
00:42:36,160 --> 00:42:38,440
the constitutional court
changes all the rules,

324
00:42:38,440 --> 00:42:42,240
and they are suddenly sucked
down into the prison system.

325
00:42:42,240 --> 00:42:46,280
And then in 2008, what they all
feared, they're all extradited.

326
00:42:46,280 --> 00:43:13,560
♪ ♪

327
00:43:13,560 --> 00:43:15,760
CALDERÓN: How do you measure
the success of Plan Colombia?

328
00:43:15,760 --> 00:43:16,920
It's Colombia itself.

329
00:43:16,920 --> 00:43:18,160
From a failed state

330
00:43:18,160 --> 00:43:21,280
to the darling of investment
of what it is now.

331
00:43:21,280 --> 00:43:24,480
Colombia is
a beacon of stability.

332
00:43:24,480 --> 00:43:26,200
COHEN: Today people will tell
you that Plan Colombia's

333
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:29,840
a success despite
the human rights abuses

334
00:43:29,840 --> 00:43:31,400
let loose on
the Colombian countryside.

335
00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:33,560
WOMAN: Vamos, vamos.

336
00:43:33,560 --> 00:43:36,360
COHEN: If the war on drugs is
in fact an effort to stop drugs

337
00:43:36,360 --> 00:43:37,880
from entering the United States,

338
00:43:37,880 --> 00:43:40,320
it is clearly
an abysmal failure.

339
00:43:40,320 --> 00:43:47,560
♪ ♪

340
00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:50,840
In that sense, we've poured
billions of dollars into a hole

341
00:43:50,840 --> 00:43:52,400
and lit it on fire.

342
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:58,680
♪ ♪

343
00:44:07,880 --> 00:44:08,840
Captioned by
Side Door Media Services