1 00:00:14,974 --> 00:00:17,643 How, what, where, why? What, where, why? 2 00:00:17,727 --> 00:00:20,438 How, what, where, why? What, where, why? 3 00:00:20,521 --> 00:00:22,857 Ada Twist, scientist 4 00:00:22,940 --> 00:00:25,902 She’s gonna find out what the answer is 5 00:00:25,985 --> 00:00:28,654 Under here, over there 6 00:00:28,738 --> 00:00:31,115 Science is everywhere you look 7 00:00:31,199 --> 00:00:33,826 With Iggy Peck, architect 8 00:00:33,910 --> 00:00:36,537 And Rosie Revere, engineer 9 00:00:36,621 --> 00:00:39,165 So much to do and you can help too! 10 00:00:39,248 --> 00:00:42,085 A mystery, a riddle, a puzzle or a quest 11 00:00:42,168 --> 00:00:45,171 There are wonders to discover And hypotheses to test 12 00:00:45,254 --> 00:00:46,589 Science is the best! 13 00:00:46,672 --> 00:00:49,050 Ada Twist, scientist 14 00:00:49,133 --> 00:00:51,969 She’s gonna find out what the answer is 15 00:00:52,053 --> 00:00:56,265 {\an8}Everywhere science is She’s forming a hypothesis 16 00:00:56,349 --> 00:00:59,685 {\an8}Connecting all the dots ’Cause this is Scientist Ada Twist! 17 00:01:15,868 --> 00:01:17,829 Morning! Time to get up. 18 00:01:17,912 --> 00:01:20,456 What would I do without my little alarm clock? 19 00:01:20,540 --> 00:01:22,041 {\an8}You’d be late. 20 00:01:22,125 --> 00:01:23,459 {\an8}Ada, you’re right. 21 00:01:23,543 --> 00:01:26,170 {\an8}I would be late. I don’t know how you do it. 22 00:01:26,921 --> 00:01:28,089 Good question. 23 00:01:28,172 --> 00:01:31,592 Why do I wake up at the same time every day? 24 00:01:31,676 --> 00:01:35,680 How can I come up with an experiment to test how good my internal clock is? 25 00:01:35,763 --> 00:01:36,597 How-- 26 00:01:36,681 --> 00:01:39,934 Do I get some coffee before tackling all these questions? 27 00:01:40,017 --> 00:01:41,018 Yep. 28 00:01:46,315 --> 00:01:49,110 -What’s for breakfast? -Mum’s making pancakes. 29 00:01:50,027 --> 00:01:51,362 With a little help. 30 00:01:51,445 --> 00:01:54,282 Just pull the string and that starts a chain reaction 31 00:01:54,365 --> 00:01:56,576 that ends up in delicious yumminess. 32 00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:07,503 Arthur! Breakfast! 33 00:02:08,004 --> 00:02:08,921 Hi, little man. 34 00:02:10,173 --> 00:02:11,007 Rough morning? 35 00:02:11,090 --> 00:02:13,426 Someone woke up on the wrong side of the bed. 36 00:02:14,260 --> 00:02:15,845 If a bed has two sides, 37 00:02:15,928 --> 00:02:20,141 shouldn’t there be a 50-50 chance of waking up on the right side? 38 00:02:20,224 --> 00:02:24,312 So how is it possible that you always wake up on the wrong side? 39 00:02:24,395 --> 00:02:25,479 Thanks, Dad. 40 00:02:25,563 --> 00:02:27,732 It’s too early for questions. 41 00:02:27,815 --> 00:02:31,485 Mum, I’m going out to my fort to practice my magic tricks. 42 00:02:31,569 --> 00:02:33,446 It’s a playdate of one. 43 00:02:33,529 --> 00:02:35,323 When Iggy and Rosie come over, 44 00:02:35,406 --> 00:02:38,534 we’ll be experimenting with ways to make goo gooier. 45 00:02:38,618 --> 00:02:41,662 -Nice. Let me know how it goes. -Boring! 46 00:02:41,746 --> 00:02:44,415 I’m a scientist. Scientists never get bored. 47 00:02:45,041 --> 00:02:46,417 Loading the lab. 48 00:02:57,678 --> 00:02:58,971 -Hey, Ada. -Hiya, Ada. 49 00:02:59,055 --> 00:03:00,723 Hi, Iggy. Hi, Rosie. 50 00:03:00,806 --> 00:03:02,058 How’s the goo coming? 51 00:03:02,141 --> 00:03:04,769 Good. I’ve been doing some experiments. 52 00:03:24,956 --> 00:03:28,251 Turns out a little baking soda makes it less sticky. 53 00:03:28,334 --> 00:03:30,461 I saw your brother outside. Cool fort. 54 00:03:31,504 --> 00:03:36,717 Lemme guess. Iggy Peck, architect, you wanna go and see it? 55 00:03:36,801 --> 00:03:38,636 I so do! Yes, please! 56 00:03:39,178 --> 00:03:43,266 I mean, I just like to see how things are built. 57 00:03:44,183 --> 00:03:46,102 Come on, let’s check it out. 58 00:03:46,185 --> 00:03:48,729 -So cool! -Amazing! 59 00:03:48,813 --> 00:03:52,483 Look at the broom-handle support. And pillow foundation? 60 00:03:52,566 --> 00:03:55,111 And the details with the bucket turrets! 61 00:03:55,194 --> 00:03:57,446 This fort is fierce. 62 00:03:57,530 --> 00:03:59,991 -I know. -Hey, Arthur. Can I come-- 63 00:04:00,074 --> 00:04:04,620 Nope. This is a solo fort. That means it’s a fort for one. 64 00:04:04,704 --> 00:04:05,705 I don’t know. 65 00:04:05,788 --> 00:04:08,165 I’d guesstimate that this fort could fit 66 00:04:08,249 --> 00:04:10,543 two adults and four kids. 67 00:04:11,294 --> 00:04:14,338 Or six kids and one adult. 68 00:04:14,422 --> 00:04:19,635 Or six kids and two adults if everyone got really friendly. 69 00:04:21,262 --> 00:04:25,099 I’m going to say you could fit something like 3,000 goldfish. 70 00:04:25,182 --> 00:04:26,475 With or without water? 71 00:04:27,935 --> 00:04:28,769 Without. 72 00:04:30,396 --> 00:04:31,314 Water leaks. 73 00:04:32,523 --> 00:04:34,442 You don’t really know a fort 74 00:04:34,525 --> 00:04:36,694 until you know how many aliens it can hold. 75 00:04:36,777 --> 00:04:40,906 Depends on what size aliens, and if they can float. 76 00:04:42,158 --> 00:04:44,785 Solo as in me. 77 00:04:44,869 --> 00:04:49,832 No goldfish. No aliens. No one asking questions. Just me! 78 00:04:50,583 --> 00:04:53,002 A fort lock? Nice. 79 00:04:53,085 --> 00:04:55,129 You’re just kids, but trust me, 80 00:04:55,212 --> 00:04:56,756 when you get a little older, 81 00:04:56,839 --> 00:04:59,592 sometimes you’ll just need a little me time. 82 00:04:59,675 --> 00:05:03,346 That’s cool. I just… I’d love to see how you designed it. 83 00:05:03,429 --> 00:05:06,474 -What if we make you a deal? -I’m listening. 84 00:05:06,557 --> 00:05:11,020 Okay, if we can open the lock without touching it, 85 00:05:11,103 --> 00:05:12,438 from behind this line, 86 00:05:13,564 --> 00:05:14,690 you let us in. 87 00:05:17,234 --> 00:05:19,570 No touching? Back here? 88 00:05:19,653 --> 00:05:22,490 I’ll make that deal. ’Cause that’s impossible. 89 00:05:26,744 --> 00:05:29,914 He’s right. It is impossible. 90 00:05:29,997 --> 00:05:33,125 Ada wouldn’t have suggested it if it was impossible. 91 00:05:33,209 --> 00:05:38,547 Go ahead, Ada. Tell Iggy how we’re going to open the lock from behind the line. 92 00:05:39,131 --> 00:05:40,841 -I have no idea. -What? 93 00:05:40,925 --> 00:05:43,094 I have no idea right now. 94 00:05:43,177 --> 00:05:47,973 Scientists look at stuff that seems impossible and unknowable all the time. 95 00:05:48,057 --> 00:05:51,560 If it’s impossible and unknowable, why even try? 96 00:05:51,644 --> 00:05:55,231 ’Cause it only seems that way. We just need to break it down. 97 00:05:55,314 --> 00:05:59,151 By asking a lot of small questions, we can answer our big question. 98 00:05:59,235 --> 00:06:01,570 Break it down and ask around. 99 00:06:01,654 --> 00:06:03,989 Right. Like, how do we get in there? 100 00:06:04,490 --> 00:06:05,825 You know what we need? 101 00:06:05,908 --> 00:06:07,076 A today do-over? 102 00:06:07,159 --> 00:06:08,494 A unicorn? 103 00:06:08,577 --> 00:06:09,787 A brainstorm. 104 00:06:10,496 --> 00:06:12,248 I love a brainstorm. 105 00:06:12,331 --> 00:06:15,000 Brainstorm, brainstorm 106 00:06:15,084 --> 00:06:17,753 Throw in every thought you had No idea is ever bad 107 00:06:17,837 --> 00:06:20,005 Brainstorm, brainstorm 108 00:06:20,589 --> 00:06:23,634 Gather up your friends Try to find the how, the what, the why 109 00:06:23,717 --> 00:06:26,303 Brainstorm, brainstorm 110 00:06:26,387 --> 00:06:30,975 Let our imaginations Become great new creations 111 00:06:31,058 --> 00:06:34,687 When we brainstorm, brainstorm Brainstorm, brainstorm 112 00:06:34,770 --> 00:06:35,771 Hey! 113 00:06:35,855 --> 00:06:39,108 -You start. -What if we melt the lock? 114 00:06:40,609 --> 00:06:43,779 But we might end up melting the whole fort. 115 00:06:43,863 --> 00:06:45,281 And my brother. 116 00:06:45,364 --> 00:06:48,200 Or we could put the whole fort on rollers 117 00:06:48,284 --> 00:06:52,413 and hook it to a flock of seagulls, who’d roll it right over to us. 118 00:06:53,038 --> 00:06:58,502 But the fort might be too heavy for the seagulls, even if it’s on wheels. 119 00:06:58,586 --> 00:07:03,591 Or I could build a lock-picking robot. But that might take a week or two. 120 00:07:04,300 --> 00:07:06,677 I won’t be out here for a week or two. 121 00:07:06,760 --> 00:07:09,722 I wish we could just knock that lock right off. 122 00:07:10,723 --> 00:07:13,350 You moved the dirt without touching it. 123 00:07:14,059 --> 00:07:16,979 That’s it! We need a chain reaction. 124 00:07:17,062 --> 00:07:20,941 Right. You only touch the first domino, but they all fall. 125 00:07:21,025 --> 00:07:24,820 Yep. The energy in the first domino transfers to the second one, 126 00:07:24,904 --> 00:07:26,947 and then the third and the fourth. 127 00:07:27,031 --> 00:07:30,034 I could design something to take the energy we used at the start 128 00:07:30,117 --> 00:07:33,162 and transfer it all the way across the garden to the lock. 129 00:07:33,245 --> 00:07:34,288 -Cool! -I love it. 130 00:07:39,376 --> 00:07:41,879 Okay. It’s ready. 131 00:07:43,339 --> 00:07:45,257 -That looks amazing. -Nice. 132 00:07:45,799 --> 00:07:49,720 On paper it does. I just… I really wish I was a better builder. 133 00:07:49,803 --> 00:07:51,680 That’s what you have me for. 134 00:07:51,764 --> 00:07:55,226 You design it and I’ll build it. I can build anything. 135 00:07:55,309 --> 00:07:57,478 First, we need a supply run. 136 00:08:04,693 --> 00:08:06,195 Dad, can I borrow… 137 00:08:06,278 --> 00:08:07,947 -Sure, dear. -Thanks. 138 00:08:11,408 --> 00:08:12,660 Thank you, Mooshu. 139 00:08:14,245 --> 00:08:17,540 -How’s it going out there? -Good. Yeah, totally good. 140 00:08:18,666 --> 00:08:21,835 I’m just gonna go stretch out in my solo fort. 141 00:08:27,841 --> 00:08:29,093 Screwdriver. 142 00:08:31,178 --> 00:08:32,346 Hammer. 143 00:08:33,264 --> 00:08:34,223 Wrench. 144 00:08:35,724 --> 00:08:37,393 And… we’re done. 145 00:08:37,476 --> 00:08:38,978 -Wow! -Amazing! 146 00:08:39,061 --> 00:08:42,481 So, the energy we start with here ends up over there. 147 00:08:42,565 --> 00:08:44,149 Exactly. It’s physics. 148 00:08:44,233 --> 00:08:46,819 Okay, let’s do this thing. 149 00:08:47,736 --> 00:08:50,281 Three, two, one. 150 00:08:50,364 --> 00:08:52,157 Energy blast off! 151 00:09:01,834 --> 00:09:03,627 What happened? 152 00:09:03,711 --> 00:09:05,212 The energy, it stopped. 153 00:09:05,296 --> 00:09:07,047 -But why? -I don’t know. 154 00:09:07,131 --> 00:09:09,383 Well, that’s it then. We’re done. 155 00:09:09,466 --> 00:09:12,553 What? No! We just have to try something new. 156 00:09:12,636 --> 00:09:13,470 Like what? 157 00:09:13,554 --> 00:09:16,140 Maybe the mouse needs to be slipperier. 158 00:09:19,351 --> 00:09:20,603 Let’s try again. 159 00:09:28,986 --> 00:09:30,070 Yay! 160 00:09:34,491 --> 00:09:36,827 -What? -Did not see that coming. 161 00:09:36,910 --> 00:09:39,371 No, Mooshu! Come back! 162 00:09:40,831 --> 00:09:42,750 That’s it. We failed. 163 00:09:42,833 --> 00:09:46,545 My Great Aunt Rose says, “The only way to fail is to quit.” 164 00:09:46,629 --> 00:09:48,547 We don’t quit, we’ve got grit! 165 00:09:49,423 --> 00:09:51,675 Okay, you’re right. We don’t quit. 166 00:09:51,759 --> 00:09:54,011 So let’s try something else. 167 00:09:54,094 --> 00:09:57,014 Something less… mouse-y. 168 00:09:57,681 --> 00:10:00,434 The mouse is gone, so we don’t need the mousetrap. 169 00:10:00,517 --> 00:10:01,769 Yeah, I see it. 170 00:10:07,941 --> 00:10:11,528 -I replaced the whole section. -You did it! 171 00:10:16,825 --> 00:10:19,536 It’s gonna make it! 172 00:10:22,665 --> 00:10:24,249 -Yeah! -Yay! 173 00:10:24,333 --> 00:10:27,169 -It worked! -Yeah, I always knew it would. 174 00:10:27,252 --> 00:10:29,630 That was awesome! Like magic. 175 00:10:29,713 --> 00:10:31,548 Or like science. 176 00:10:31,632 --> 00:10:35,552 Hey, maybe we can create a chain reaction 177 00:10:35,636 --> 00:10:39,098 that will let me unlock the door from upstairs. 178 00:10:39,181 --> 00:10:42,267 Yeah. We can totally do that. 179 00:10:42,351 --> 00:10:45,854 Cool. That way when you guys come over, I can let you in. 180 00:10:45,938 --> 00:10:47,481 -Amazing! -So cool! 181 00:10:47,564 --> 00:10:51,610 Arthur, I brought this super-sticky goo as a fort-warming present. 182 00:10:51,694 --> 00:10:53,529 Sweet. Make yourself at home. 183 00:10:53,612 --> 00:10:54,530 Thanks, Arthur. 184 00:10:54,613 --> 00:10:56,365 -Got any questions? -Yeah. 185 00:10:56,448 --> 00:11:00,035 If the fort was filled with owls and they all flew at once, 186 00:11:00,119 --> 00:11:01,662 would it make the fort fly? 187 00:11:01,745 --> 00:11:02,830 I don’t know. 188 00:11:02,913 --> 00:11:05,374 If this were a space fort, how much would we weigh? 189 00:11:05,457 --> 00:11:08,252 -A space fort? -Kids, time for lunch. 190 00:11:09,169 --> 00:11:10,087 Coming! 191 00:11:10,671 --> 00:11:13,424 Also, do you have a unicorn barn out the back? 192 00:11:20,139 --> 00:11:24,226 I have an idea. Let’s meet another scientist. Come on. 193 00:11:36,780 --> 00:11:40,743 Hi, my name is Keji Sojobi and I’m an aerospace engineer, 194 00:11:40,826 --> 00:11:43,162 which means I get to design spacecraft. 195 00:11:43,829 --> 00:11:46,081 Today, I’m gonna talk about the chain reactions 196 00:11:46,165 --> 00:11:48,917 on the James Webb Space Telescope, which I got to work on. 197 00:11:49,001 --> 00:11:49,918 Cool! 198 00:11:50,002 --> 00:11:53,130 When it gets out to where it’s going to be orbiting in space, 199 00:11:53,213 --> 00:11:56,383 the telescope will take pictures of planets, stars, galaxies, 200 00:11:56,467 --> 00:11:59,970 and those pictures will help us learn more about our universe. 201 00:12:00,053 --> 00:12:02,848 There are hundreds of chain reactions that have to happen 202 00:12:02,931 --> 00:12:04,600 for all of it to go smoothly. 203 00:12:04,683 --> 00:12:07,478 A chain reaction is a series of events 204 00:12:07,561 --> 00:12:10,814 that happen because something else happened before them. 205 00:12:11,565 --> 00:12:14,735 I’m gonna use these models that I made to show you. 206 00:12:14,818 --> 00:12:18,155 When the James Webb Space Telescope is on Earth, it’ll be folded up, 207 00:12:18,238 --> 00:12:19,656 looking something like this. 208 00:12:19,740 --> 00:12:23,327 We had to be able to get from a folded-up position 209 00:12:23,410 --> 00:12:26,330 to a very open position in space. 210 00:12:26,413 --> 00:12:30,000 So after the rocket launches, the telescope will separate 211 00:12:30,083 --> 00:12:33,128 and start to make its way to its final destination. 212 00:12:33,212 --> 00:12:35,464 At that point, the chain reactions will start 213 00:12:35,547 --> 00:12:38,967 that will trigger the opening of this sunshield. 214 00:12:39,802 --> 00:12:44,807 And on and on and on, little triggers fully open up the sunshield. 215 00:12:44,890 --> 00:12:48,644 And then the telescope will fully unfold. 216 00:12:48,727 --> 00:12:52,773 Our chain reactions are complete and the telescope can do its job. 217 00:12:52,856 --> 00:12:53,857 Yay! 218 00:12:57,486 --> 00:13:01,824 Chain reactions can happen really fast, but they can also last a really long time. 219 00:13:01,907 --> 00:13:04,827 The chain reaction of James Webb opening up 220 00:13:04,910 --> 00:13:06,662 is gonna be about 30 days. 221 00:13:06,745 --> 00:13:07,704 Fun fact! 222 00:13:07,788 --> 00:13:09,665 There are lots of human-made spacecraft 223 00:13:09,748 --> 00:13:12,709 that you can see from Earth when you look up at the night sky. 224 00:13:12,793 --> 00:13:16,421 If you see something that looks like a star, but it’s moving pretty fast, 225 00:13:16,505 --> 00:13:18,215 it’s probably one of our satellites. 226 00:13:21,343 --> 00:13:24,638 Wasn’t that cool? Science is the best! 227 00:13:32,396 --> 00:13:37,150 {\an8}Is it me or does it always take longer to fill a pool on a hot day? 228 00:13:37,234 --> 00:13:41,697 {\an8}Good question. And does that mean a pool would fill up faster on a cool day? 229 00:13:41,780 --> 00:13:45,492 {\an8}Or if it were in the shade? Or if we filled it with lemonade? 230 00:13:46,743 --> 00:13:48,662 {\an8}Why do you sound like a bird? 231 00:13:48,745 --> 00:13:51,623 {\an8}Hey, that wasn’t me. Birds freak me out a little. 232 00:13:51,707 --> 00:13:54,668 Even when they look happy. Like these ones do. 233 00:13:56,879 --> 00:14:01,383 That doesn’t sound like happiness to me. More like the opposite. 234 00:14:01,466 --> 00:14:03,302 Great observation, Rosie. 235 00:14:03,385 --> 00:14:05,762 Looks like these birds aren’t happy at all. 236 00:14:05,846 --> 00:14:07,389 They seem… angry! 237 00:14:10,392 --> 00:14:14,855 Angry birds? Whoa! Mind blown. 238 00:14:15,898 --> 00:14:18,233 That’s way freakier than happy birds. 239 00:14:18,317 --> 00:14:19,902 Why would birds be angry? 240 00:14:19,985 --> 00:14:24,364 Excellent question. And I know someone who can help us answer it. 241 00:14:24,448 --> 00:14:25,699 Mum! 242 00:14:26,199 --> 00:14:28,493 No need to shout. I’m right here. 243 00:14:28,577 --> 00:14:32,706 Sorry. Did you know our back garden is filled with angry birds? 244 00:14:33,206 --> 00:14:36,001 I don’t think I’ve ever seen this many bickering birdies. 245 00:14:36,084 --> 00:14:37,961 There must be one, two… 246 00:14:38,921 --> 00:14:40,505 twelve angry birds here. 247 00:14:40,589 --> 00:14:43,342 We’re trying to figure out what’s making them so mad. 248 00:14:44,384 --> 00:14:47,304 Here’s a clue. Their water feeder is empty. 249 00:14:48,597 --> 00:14:52,225 They must be angry because they don’t have any water to drink. 250 00:14:52,309 --> 00:14:53,810 So they’re thirsty. 251 00:14:53,894 --> 00:14:56,647 Guess that answers our question about why they’re angry, 252 00:14:56,730 --> 00:15:01,360 but that doesn’t answer the question about why there isn’t any water in the feeder. 253 00:15:01,443 --> 00:15:03,153 You always keep it full, Mum. 254 00:15:03,236 --> 00:15:07,616 I do. But yesterday, I had to run an errand, so I asked your bro… 255 00:15:08,241 --> 00:15:09,076 Arthur! 256 00:15:09,159 --> 00:15:12,287 Yes, Mum? 76, 77, 78, 79… 257 00:15:14,373 --> 00:15:17,834 -What did I do? -It’s what you didn’t do. The bird feeder? 258 00:15:17,918 --> 00:15:19,878 Weren’t you supposed to fill it last night? 259 00:15:19,962 --> 00:15:21,505 I did. I promise. 260 00:15:23,757 --> 00:15:29,554 Mooshu Kitty! Someone has a bad habit of drinking water from the birdie feeder. 261 00:15:29,638 --> 00:15:32,891 That’s probably what happened. Sorry, boo. My mistake. 262 00:15:32,975 --> 00:15:34,226 Mooshu! 263 00:15:34,309 --> 00:15:37,896 As for you, you know what I said would happen 264 00:15:37,980 --> 00:15:40,816 if you drank from the feeder one more time. 265 00:15:41,358 --> 00:15:43,318 That’s the call I’m expecting from work. 266 00:15:43,402 --> 00:15:45,028 What would happen? 267 00:15:45,654 --> 00:15:49,074 Oh no! I think Mum’s gonna give Mooshu away. 268 00:15:49,157 --> 00:15:51,451 She already warned her about the bird feeder. 269 00:15:51,535 --> 00:15:54,371 Plus, she wasn’t a cat person before Dad got her. 270 00:15:55,706 --> 00:15:56,832 Mooshu! 271 00:15:56,915 --> 00:16:00,419 Mum! Mooshu’s innocent. She has to be. 272 00:16:00,502 --> 00:16:03,088 We’ll find a way to prove it and clear her name. 273 00:16:04,006 --> 00:16:06,174 What? You mean like in a trial? 274 00:16:06,258 --> 00:16:10,846 Yep. Just like in a real courtroom. You can be the judge, Mrs Twist. 275 00:16:10,929 --> 00:16:15,475 Meet us in the living room, I mean courtroom, in 30 minutes. 276 00:16:15,559 --> 00:16:19,062 -Okay. -Don’t do anything to Mooshu till then. 277 00:16:19,146 --> 00:16:21,857 Do anything? What am I gonna do? 278 00:16:26,111 --> 00:16:29,322 We’re going to need the scientific method for this. 279 00:16:29,406 --> 00:16:31,366 Scientific method 280 00:16:31,450 --> 00:16:35,203 We have an observation So we’ll start with a question 281 00:16:35,704 --> 00:16:37,664 Do research Form a hypothesis 282 00:16:37,748 --> 00:16:40,125 And test with experiments 283 00:16:40,208 --> 00:16:42,586 What do we find out? 284 00:16:42,669 --> 00:16:44,463 Let’s draw a conclusion 285 00:16:45,338 --> 00:16:49,676 And write it all down And pass around the results 286 00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:52,137 That’s the scientific method 287 00:16:52,721 --> 00:16:56,641 Okay, so we have our question. “What happened to the birds’ water?” 288 00:16:56,725 --> 00:16:58,518 Unicorns drank it. 289 00:16:59,102 --> 00:17:02,689 Maybe a unicorn, thirsty from chasing rainbows, 290 00:17:02,773 --> 00:17:04,024 drank the water. 291 00:17:04,107 --> 00:17:08,570 But I’m disproving my own theory. Unicorns like sparkling water. 292 00:17:08,653 --> 00:17:11,031 I think I’ve got it. Ants. 293 00:17:11,114 --> 00:17:13,742 Maybe a gazillion of them built a tiny aqueduct. 294 00:17:13,825 --> 00:17:19,039 Yes! Now remind me how an aqua duck is different from a regular duck? 295 00:17:19,122 --> 00:17:24,336 Aqueduct, not duck. It’s a bridge or canal that moves water. 296 00:17:24,419 --> 00:17:28,340 It’d be the itty-bittiest architectural feat of all time. 297 00:17:29,382 --> 00:17:34,054 Okay, so our hypothesis is if Mooshu didn’t drink the birds’ water, 298 00:17:34,137 --> 00:17:35,889 then someone else must have. 299 00:17:36,890 --> 00:17:38,558 I still say ants. 300 00:17:38,642 --> 00:17:41,228 So, like, what do we do now? 301 00:17:41,311 --> 00:17:44,189 We test our hypothesis by looking for evidence. 302 00:17:44,272 --> 00:17:48,735 That’s what scientists call facts that prove or disprove their hypothesis. 303 00:17:59,871 --> 00:18:01,331 Loading the lab. 304 00:18:09,005 --> 00:18:13,218 Here’s our first piece of evidence. A paw print from the scene of the crime. 305 00:18:13,301 --> 00:18:15,804 Exactly the size of Mooshu’s. 306 00:18:16,930 --> 00:18:19,766 Are you sure there aren’t any ant prints in there? 307 00:18:19,850 --> 00:18:21,726 Nope. Just cat prints. 308 00:18:21,810 --> 00:18:26,106 Okay, so maybe Mooshu was there, but let’s see what else we’ve got. 309 00:18:26,189 --> 00:18:27,816 Here’s Mooshu’s water bowl. 310 00:18:28,775 --> 00:18:31,361 Empty. Which means she was probably thirsty. 311 00:18:31,444 --> 00:18:34,447 Which would explain why she’d want the water. 312 00:18:35,866 --> 00:18:38,410 Boy, this is not looking good for Mooshu. 313 00:18:38,493 --> 00:18:42,247 We still have this fur we found. Let’s look under the microscope. 314 00:18:44,249 --> 00:18:47,085 It looks just like the fur from Mooshu’s paw. 315 00:18:47,794 --> 00:18:49,462 Wait a minute. 316 00:18:50,088 --> 00:18:52,299 It is Mooshu’s paw. 317 00:18:53,967 --> 00:18:58,555 Guys, looks like the evidence is all pointing to one conclusion. 318 00:18:58,638 --> 00:19:00,932 Mooshu’s in cahoots with the ants. 319 00:19:01,016 --> 00:19:02,142 No. 320 00:19:02,225 --> 00:19:04,394 Mooshu drank the birds’ water. 321 00:19:08,523 --> 00:19:11,276 Stay strong, Mooshu. 322 00:19:11,359 --> 00:19:13,820 We’ll send love notes to wherever Mrs Twist sends you. 323 00:19:13,904 --> 00:19:16,114 But we’re not giving up on you. 324 00:19:17,199 --> 00:19:18,992 80, 81, 82… 325 00:19:19,075 --> 00:19:21,703 -Mum’s ready! 83… -What are we going to do? 326 00:19:21,786 --> 00:19:25,457 If we don’t prove Mooshu’s innocent, your mum’s going to give her away. 327 00:19:25,540 --> 00:19:26,791 Come here, Mooshu. 328 00:19:26,875 --> 00:19:28,251 Good girl. 329 00:19:28,335 --> 00:19:29,669 I’ve got it! 330 00:19:29,753 --> 00:19:32,214 If we can’t prove that Mooshu’s innocent, 331 00:19:32,297 --> 00:19:35,842 maybe we can at least prove that she can behave. 332 00:19:35,926 --> 00:19:38,011 -Yes. -Great plan. 333 00:19:38,094 --> 00:19:41,932 98, 99, 100. Yes! 334 00:19:42,432 --> 00:19:43,642 All rise! 335 00:19:45,018 --> 00:19:47,729 Honourable Judge Mum now presiding. 336 00:19:47,812 --> 00:19:50,565 Honourable? A mum could get used to this. 337 00:19:50,649 --> 00:19:52,359 We will now hear arguments 338 00:19:52,442 --> 00:19:56,404 in the case of Mooshu versus the disappearing birdie water. 339 00:19:57,030 --> 00:20:00,450 Your Honour, we call Mooshu Kitty to the stand. 340 00:20:00,533 --> 00:20:02,494 Your witness is a cat? 341 00:20:02,577 --> 00:20:06,122 This is highly unusual, Ad… I mean, counsellor. 342 00:20:06,206 --> 00:20:08,541 -We promise it’s important. -Okay. 343 00:20:08,625 --> 00:20:11,920 Arthur, I mean, bailiff, let’s put Mooshu on the stand. 344 00:20:12,003 --> 00:20:14,381 And by stand, I mean cat bed. 345 00:20:16,716 --> 00:20:17,759 Mooshu Kitty, 346 00:20:17,842 --> 00:20:21,638 isn’t it true that even though you’ve never been professionally trained, 347 00:20:21,721 --> 00:20:23,431 you can be very well-behaved? 348 00:20:29,104 --> 00:20:30,897 Back to the stand! 349 00:20:30,981 --> 00:20:34,526 And since you’re such a well-behaved kitty, 350 00:20:35,068 --> 00:20:38,238 will you promise to never drink from the bird feeder? 351 00:20:38,863 --> 00:20:40,991 Counsellor, can you control your client? 352 00:20:41,074 --> 00:20:43,702 I’m beginning to doubt whether she can behave at all. 353 00:20:43,785 --> 00:20:46,454 This is going horribly. 354 00:20:46,538 --> 00:20:49,499 Mooshu is being the opposite of well-behaved. 355 00:20:49,582 --> 00:20:51,710 No, she’s just… 356 00:20:53,086 --> 00:20:56,006 -Trying to cool off. -Of course. It’s hot today. 357 00:20:56,089 --> 00:21:00,051 Yes. Hot. Very hot and dry. 358 00:21:00,135 --> 00:21:02,137 Mooshu may not be able to behave, 359 00:21:02,220 --> 00:21:05,432 but maybe we can prove that something else happened to the water. 360 00:21:08,601 --> 00:21:10,603 Your Honour, may we have a recess? 361 00:21:10,687 --> 00:21:12,939 You want to stop the trial to play? 362 00:21:13,023 --> 00:21:17,569 No. I mean we need a break so we can go collect one last piece of evidence. 363 00:21:17,652 --> 00:21:19,904 Go ahead, Ada. I mean, counsellor. 364 00:21:19,988 --> 00:21:21,197 Be right back. 365 00:21:23,408 --> 00:21:27,829 -Quick, read me what the thermometer says. -Temperature, 30 degrees. 366 00:21:29,331 --> 00:21:30,957 And the air is dry. 367 00:21:31,041 --> 00:21:32,751 I think we’ve got our evidence. 368 00:21:34,294 --> 00:21:36,588 Your Honour, we have new evidence. 369 00:21:36,671 --> 00:21:40,383 Yes, it may be true that Mooshu Kitty was at the scene of the crime, 370 00:21:40,467 --> 00:21:43,011 and, yes, she was thirsty, 371 00:21:43,094 --> 00:21:47,349 and, yes, she might not be the most well-behaved cat ever, 372 00:21:48,224 --> 00:21:51,436 but maybe Mooshu didn’t drink the birds’ water, 373 00:21:51,519 --> 00:21:53,938 because it disappeared! 374 00:21:54,981 --> 00:21:59,361 Order! Order in the court. Could you explain yourself, counsellor? 375 00:21:59,444 --> 00:22:01,613 I propose that the water disappeared 376 00:22:01,696 --> 00:22:05,658 in a scientific process called “evaporation.” 377 00:22:06,409 --> 00:22:09,371 Evaporation? Wait, what’s evaporation again? 378 00:22:09,454 --> 00:22:12,082 That’s when water turns into gas. 379 00:22:13,416 --> 00:22:17,754 Then the gas mixes with the air, making the water seem to disappear. 380 00:22:17,837 --> 00:22:21,049 This process can happen fast on a hot, dry day 381 00:22:21,132 --> 00:22:23,676 and when there’s only a teeny bit of water. 382 00:22:24,260 --> 00:22:27,138 Which brings me to our final witness, 383 00:22:27,222 --> 00:22:28,223 Arthur. 384 00:22:28,723 --> 00:22:29,557 Me? 385 00:22:31,601 --> 00:22:34,104 Now, Arthur, wouldn’t you say you were busy 386 00:22:34,187 --> 00:22:37,440 trying to paddle your ball 100 times in a row yesterday? 387 00:22:37,524 --> 00:22:38,566 Well, sure. 388 00:22:38,650 --> 00:22:42,320 So it must have been really important to fill the feeder fast. 389 00:22:42,404 --> 00:22:45,573 Fast? Well, I guess, but-- 390 00:22:45,657 --> 00:22:47,534 The fastest way to fill the feeder 391 00:22:47,617 --> 00:22:51,830 would be only to put a teeny-weeny bit of water in it, wouldn’t you say? 392 00:22:55,208 --> 00:22:56,376 Yeah! 393 00:22:58,670 --> 00:23:01,673 I only put a teeny bit of water in the feeder. 394 00:23:01,756 --> 00:23:06,553 This proves our hypothesis. Something else could have happened to the birds’ water. 395 00:23:06,636 --> 00:23:10,223 Mooshu Kitty could be innocent. I rest my case. 396 00:23:10,306 --> 00:23:11,641 -Yay! -Yes! 397 00:23:11,724 --> 00:23:14,185 Now you won’t have to give Mooshu away, Mum. 398 00:23:14,269 --> 00:23:16,062 Give Mooshu away? What? 399 00:23:16,146 --> 00:23:18,481 You told Mooshu that she knew what would happen 400 00:23:18,565 --> 00:23:20,692 if she drank from the bird feeder again. 401 00:23:20,775 --> 00:23:24,904 Yes, I’d give her a second bowl of water. Outside. 402 00:23:25,655 --> 00:23:26,656 Whoopsies. 403 00:23:29,993 --> 00:23:32,745 You know evaporation isn't gonna get this water. 404 00:23:32,829 --> 00:23:36,040 I think these birds are 12 happy birds now. 405 00:23:36,124 --> 00:23:37,667 And one happy kitty. 406 00:23:45,258 --> 00:23:49,429 I have an idea. Let’s meet another scientist. Come on. 407 00:23:53,850 --> 00:23:56,269 Oh boy. It’s really hot out here. 408 00:23:56,352 --> 00:23:59,522 Does anybody know where I can find some water? 409 00:24:00,023 --> 00:24:03,818 Hi, my name is Naomi Fraga and I’m a desert botanist, 410 00:24:03,902 --> 00:24:07,447 and today we’re gonna talk about evaporation in plants. 411 00:24:07,530 --> 00:24:09,991 -Let’s check out some plants. -Let’s go! 412 00:24:10,074 --> 00:24:14,370 We’re here in the Mojave Desert where it gets well over 100 degrees 413 00:24:14,454 --> 00:24:16,831 and it also doesn’t rain very much. 414 00:24:16,915 --> 00:24:22,712 These are actually two plants that live in the same exact kind of environment, 415 00:24:22,795 --> 00:24:26,382 but they have different strategies to hold on to their water. 416 00:24:26,466 --> 00:24:28,551 -Whoa! -This is the creosote bush. 417 00:24:29,135 --> 00:24:31,679 See, the leaves here are very small. 418 00:24:31,763 --> 00:24:35,975 That means there’s fewer pores on the leaf to lose water from. 419 00:24:36,059 --> 00:24:39,521 Just like we have pores in our skin where we really sweat, 420 00:24:39,604 --> 00:24:43,066 plants have pores on their leaves where water escapes, 421 00:24:43,650 --> 00:24:47,111 and when that water escapes, it evaporates into the air. 422 00:24:47,695 --> 00:24:50,573 Then we have its very good friend, the burrobush. 423 00:24:50,657 --> 00:24:51,533 -Hello! -Hi! 424 00:24:51,616 --> 00:24:55,119 You might think it was dead, but it’s taking a nap. 425 00:24:55,203 --> 00:24:59,958 What we call a dormant phase. It’s lost its leaves for the summertime. 426 00:25:00,041 --> 00:25:03,336 Once it sees rain again, it’ll make new leaves. 427 00:25:03,419 --> 00:25:07,382 So these plants have all these really cool adaptations 428 00:25:07,465 --> 00:25:10,134 for dealing with dry conditions. 429 00:25:10,218 --> 00:25:11,844 Fun fact! 430 00:25:11,928 --> 00:25:14,931 Did you know that when your houseplant is wilting, 431 00:25:15,014 --> 00:25:17,976 it’s because too much water has evaporated from the leaves? 432 00:25:18,059 --> 00:25:20,144 So if you see your plant wilting, 433 00:25:20,228 --> 00:25:22,605 give it a helping hand and give it more water. 434 00:25:22,689 --> 00:25:23,898 Yay! 435 00:25:27,902 --> 00:25:31,072 Wasn’t that cool? Science is the best!