1 00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:12,120 This year, the world's best-known climate activist, 2 00:00:12,120 --> 00:00:13,720 Greta Thunberg, turned 18. 3 00:00:17,880 --> 00:00:22,040 People say a lot of things about me. 4 00:00:22,040 --> 00:00:23,680 Greta... You know Greta? 5 00:00:23,680 --> 00:00:26,840 CROWD BOOING 6 00:00:26,840 --> 00:00:31,360 People call me a brat, an idiot. 7 00:00:37,680 --> 00:00:41,760 And yet, for reasons I don't understand, people listen 8 00:00:41,760 --> 00:00:43,600 when I talk. 9 00:00:43,600 --> 00:00:45,920 CROWD CHEERS 10 00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:48,120 You are listening to me right now. 11 00:00:51,320 --> 00:00:55,160 But I don't want that. I don't want you to listen to me. 12 00:00:55,160 --> 00:00:57,840 I want you to listen to the science. 13 00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:04,760 We are seeing a huge change in the temperature of the planet. 14 00:01:04,760 --> 00:01:08,760 Wildfires and floods and droughts and super storms around the world. 15 00:01:08,760 --> 00:01:11,280 That's where we're headed if we don't take action. 16 00:01:13,640 --> 00:01:17,320 This series follows Greta on an extraordinary year in her 17 00:01:17,320 --> 00:01:18,880 fight against climate change. 18 00:01:20,160 --> 00:01:24,440 I'll be going halfway round the world, the wrong way. 19 00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:28,720 In 2019, she took a year off school to witness first-hand 20 00:01:28,720 --> 00:01:31,480 the impact of global warming... 21 00:01:31,480 --> 00:01:35,200 As soon as the ice in the rock starts to get warmer, 22 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:38,240 that stabilising influence disappears. 23 00:01:38,240 --> 00:01:43,480 ..and discover whether technology could help protect our future. 24 00:01:43,480 --> 00:01:47,360 We could store all the emissions we could potentially imagine. 25 00:01:47,360 --> 00:01:52,040 We should be hopeful, but hope doesn't come from words. 26 00:01:52,040 --> 00:01:54,640 Hope only comes from action. 27 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:58,120 Unless we do something, we're going to lose everything. 28 00:01:58,120 --> 00:02:01,800 Greta's taken her protest to the global stage. 29 00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:05,440 World leaders are behaving like children, 30 00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:09,040 so it falls on us to be the adults in the room. 31 00:02:10,280 --> 00:02:14,000 But in a year when Covid brought life to a standstill... 32 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:17,920 The coronavirus continues to spread. 33 00:02:17,920 --> 00:02:21,480 ..can Greta convince a world reeling from one crisis 34 00:02:21,480 --> 00:02:23,320 to finally face another? 35 00:02:23,320 --> 00:02:27,800 Covid-19 has given the world a tremendous opportunity to reset. 36 00:02:27,800 --> 00:02:30,840 How we address the climate crisis will determine 37 00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:33,480 what the future of life on Earth looks like. 38 00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:36,520 We can act... 39 00:02:37,640 --> 00:02:39,760 ..but we don't have time to wait. 40 00:02:53,800 --> 00:02:55,480 January 2020. 41 00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:58,600 The most powerful people in the world are preparing 42 00:02:58,600 --> 00:03:02,680 to gather in Davos, Switzerland, for the 50th World Economic Forum. 43 00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:09,440 And they've invited Greta, who plans to use the opportunity 44 00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:11,240 to persuade them to abandon fossil fuels. 45 00:03:13,920 --> 00:03:18,160 It's the next step in a remarkable journey that's taken her through 46 00:03:18,160 --> 00:03:22,560 North America, where she witnessed climate change first-hand... 47 00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:25,840 We think of glaciers as great and powerful, but in fact, 48 00:03:25,840 --> 00:03:28,680 we know we're not bringing this glacier back. 49 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:31,760 ..back across a stormy Atlantic, to the main stage 50 00:03:31,760 --> 00:03:34,920 of the United Nations Climate Summit in Spain. 51 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:38,880 We no longer have time to leave out the science. 52 00:03:43,760 --> 00:03:48,080 After time at home in Sweden, Greta is travelling north 53 00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:50,280 to the edge of the Arctic Circle 54 00:03:50,280 --> 00:03:53,920 to see for herself the human cost of global warming. 55 00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:59,400 The Sami people, they're actually Europe's last 56 00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:02,160 and only indigenous people. 57 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:06,360 They have a very rich culture and traditions. 58 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:10,640 Because of the changing climate, 59 00:04:10,640 --> 00:04:12,600 their way of life is being threatened. 60 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:22,000 Indigenous Sami herders, like Carl-Johan Utsi and Sanna Vannar, 61 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:25,200 have been caring for reindeer for over 1,000 years. 62 00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:30,920 What does the reindeer mean to you and to the people here? 63 00:04:30,920 --> 00:04:35,120 It's so important for us, with nature and also with animals. 64 00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:36,920 We get everything from the reindeer. 65 00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:41,440 We get the antlers and the skins and the meat, 66 00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:45,960 but mostly it is a way of living and a way of life. 67 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:49,360 But now, the reindeer are facing starvation. 68 00:04:51,280 --> 00:04:55,640 So why is climate change making 69 00:04:55,640 --> 00:04:58,120 it harder for the reindeer to find food? 70 00:04:58,120 --> 00:05:02,160 This lichen grows naturally in the forest area. 71 00:05:02,160 --> 00:05:04,760 That's the main food for the reindeer in winter time. 72 00:05:05,840 --> 00:05:08,360 The snow could easily be one metre deep, 73 00:05:08,360 --> 00:05:13,480 but the reindeer still can find it by smelling it through the snow 74 00:05:13,480 --> 00:05:16,600 and digging it up with their hooves. 75 00:05:16,600 --> 00:05:19,640 But this year, we have to give them extra food 76 00:05:19,640 --> 00:05:24,320 because the natural food is beneath hard-packed snow and ice. 77 00:05:25,560 --> 00:05:30,160 Close to the poles, temperatures are rising faster than anywhere else on 78 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:34,960 Earth, and warmer temperatures mean it often rains when it used to snow. 79 00:05:37,280 --> 00:05:40,560 When the rain hits the cold ground, it forms a layer of ice, 80 00:05:40,560 --> 00:05:42,960 which the reindeer can't break. 81 00:05:44,280 --> 00:05:47,080 What would happen to these reindeers 82 00:05:47,080 --> 00:05:49,840 if you weren't here to give them this...? 83 00:05:49,840 --> 00:05:55,120 They would spread out on the huge area and a lot of them 84 00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:57,280 would die from starvation. 85 00:05:57,280 --> 00:06:01,560 If these pressures continue, many Sami may be forced to 86 00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:05,520 abandon herding, and this unique way of life could be lost forever. 87 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:11,640 I hope that the next generation can still have a life 88 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:13,440 with the reindeers. 89 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:18,080 We have been following the reindeer for thousands of years 90 00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:20,760 and we don't want to give up just yet. 91 00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:28,520 The climate crisis is a very unfair crisis. 92 00:06:28,520 --> 00:06:31,920 It is the ones who are already the most vulnerable that are going 93 00:06:31,920 --> 00:06:33,160 to suffer the most. 94 00:06:38,880 --> 00:06:42,720 Around the world, we are already starting to see human 95 00:06:42,720 --> 00:06:48,000 migration due to climate change and it's only going to accelerate. 96 00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:54,520 My country, Bangladesh, is now being hit by both cyclones, 97 00:06:54,520 --> 00:06:57,320 as well as floods, and in the longer term, 98 00:06:57,320 --> 00:06:59,880 sea level rise. 99 00:06:59,880 --> 00:07:03,440 So I would estimate that the number of people being forced to move 100 00:07:03,440 --> 00:07:06,880 is very credibly going to go up to hundreds of thousands - 101 00:07:06,880 --> 00:07:10,720 and indeed millions, perhaps - over the next ten to 20 years. 102 00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:16,360 If you look at Africa, for example, 103 00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:19,920 you're already seeing desertification. 104 00:07:19,920 --> 00:07:25,160 People will have to move away from places 105 00:07:25,160 --> 00:07:28,000 where they can no longer live, which might create conflict. 106 00:07:29,920 --> 00:07:32,720 Those who cannot move may well perish where they are. 107 00:07:34,480 --> 00:07:36,360 We can adapt to some of this, 108 00:07:36,360 --> 00:07:40,400 but the scale is such that we cannot adapt to it all. 109 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:45,640 The real injustice of this is that these are people who have 110 00:07:45,640 --> 00:07:49,680 contributed often the absolute least. 111 00:07:49,680 --> 00:07:54,240 They have not been the ones burning tonnes of fossil fuel, 112 00:07:54,240 --> 00:07:58,760 but they are bearing the brunt of the impacts of climate change. 113 00:08:11,600 --> 00:08:14,840 Greta is setting off on a journey that will take her 114 00:08:14,840 --> 00:08:16,720 to the World Economic Forum in Davos. 115 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:24,480 There, she will demand an immediate reduction in fossil-fuel use, 116 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:26,840 putting pressure on world leaders - 117 00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:28,960 particularly US President Donald Trump. 118 00:08:36,080 --> 00:08:39,920 Greta usually travels with her father, Svante, 119 00:08:39,920 --> 00:08:42,440 but for the first time, she'll be going without him. 120 00:08:48,040 --> 00:08:51,320 She's become like an adult now. 121 00:08:51,320 --> 00:08:55,760 She was, you know, a child when she started this and... 122 00:08:58,400 --> 00:09:01,160 ..now she's much more of an adult, yeah. 123 00:09:07,360 --> 00:09:10,400 You know, she doesn't want me around as much, which is great. 124 00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:17,560 This is her thing. Now she's old enough to do it by herself. 125 00:09:27,680 --> 00:09:29,800 Greta won't be completely alone. 126 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:32,680 A family friend is travelling with her. 127 00:09:32,680 --> 00:09:34,400 But for Greta, it's still a big step. 128 00:09:37,360 --> 00:09:41,320 Now I'm 17, I had my 17th birthday. 129 00:09:41,320 --> 00:09:44,720 I celebrated with a strike, 130 00:09:44,720 --> 00:09:46,960 as usual, outside the Swedish parliament. 131 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:52,800 Soon, I'm officially an adult, 18 years... Yeah. 132 00:09:52,800 --> 00:09:54,960 No, I don't like that. 133 00:09:54,960 --> 00:09:58,360 MUSIC 134 00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:15,440 Of course, I want to become more independent, but also want to 135 00:10:15,440 --> 00:10:18,640 remain a child because life is so simple when you're a child. 136 00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:28,280 Thanks! 137 00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:32,440 The effects of climate change are now being felt all over the world. 138 00:10:32,440 --> 00:10:34,800 Thank you very much. Love what you're doing. 139 00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:38,240 Here in Europe, increasingly severe weather is already wreaking 140 00:10:38,240 --> 00:10:40,400 havoc in towns and cities. 141 00:10:40,400 --> 00:10:43,040 Severe flood warnings are in place this 142 00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:46,880 afternoon in parts of England, meaning there is a danger to life. 143 00:10:46,880 --> 00:10:50,560 Heavy rain forced the river right through this town in Bavaria. 144 00:10:50,560 --> 00:10:53,600 Parts of France have seen the same sorts of problems. 145 00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:56,840 There's clearing up to do, and there's more rain to come. 146 00:10:56,840 --> 00:11:00,280 To understand more about the causes of flash flooding, 147 00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:02,720 Greta is stopping off in Gdansk, Poland. 148 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:13,280 She's here to meet a climatologist who studies extreme weather... 149 00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:17,320 ..Professor Jacek Piskozub. 150 00:11:17,320 --> 00:11:19,600 Hi. Hello. 151 00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:21,720 Nice to see you. I'm Greta. Nice to meet you. 152 00:11:21,720 --> 00:11:23,040 Very nice to meet you, too. 153 00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:27,280 In 2001, torrential rain led to floods across Gdansk. 154 00:11:27,280 --> 00:11:30,360 How much higher was the water level? 155 00:11:30,360 --> 00:11:34,200 All this, from this concrete channel to this building, were gone. 156 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:39,080 More flooding followed in 2016. 157 00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:41,400 This is some footage from the last... 158 00:11:41,400 --> 00:11:43,120 Floods. 159 00:11:44,560 --> 00:11:47,000 To the climate crisis, you expect... 160 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:48,880 You expect melting glaciers 161 00:11:48,880 --> 00:11:53,200 and you don't expect these kinds of events in this part of Europe. 162 00:11:57,360 --> 00:12:02,400 What do you think could be the cause of these...these floods? 163 00:12:02,400 --> 00:12:04,480 The main reason is that 164 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:08,800 the warmer it gets, the more water vapour it can hold. 165 00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:13,040 You have something like 7% more water vapour per every degree 166 00:12:13,040 --> 00:12:14,840 increase of temperature. 167 00:12:16,360 --> 00:12:19,680 More water in the air means heavier, more extreme downpours. 168 00:12:23,960 --> 00:12:26,800 Warmer temperatures are also affecting air currents, 169 00:12:26,800 --> 00:12:29,480 driving more storms over Northern Europe. 170 00:12:29,480 --> 00:12:32,920 In the future, is this what the pattern is? 171 00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:35,760 Is this what we should be expecting? 172 00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:40,640 Yes, we should prepare for, I should say, tropical rains here 173 00:12:40,640 --> 00:12:42,280 because sooner or later 174 00:12:42,280 --> 00:12:46,080 we will get temperatures in summers like in tropical countries here. 175 00:12:54,920 --> 00:12:59,120 We see very strongly in Northern Europe this pattern of more 176 00:12:59,120 --> 00:13:01,360 extreme rainfall and heavier rainfall 177 00:13:01,360 --> 00:13:03,640 in cities, where the water can't really go anywhere 178 00:13:03,640 --> 00:13:05,720 and that leads to flash flooding. 179 00:13:07,040 --> 00:13:10,080 But, of course, there are other extreme weather events 180 00:13:10,080 --> 00:13:12,760 for which climate change plays an important role. 181 00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:19,000 Heatwaves are becoming more severe and more common. 182 00:13:20,640 --> 00:13:26,040 In 2019, we had a heatwave across Europe, with temperature 183 00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:30,760 records being broken in France, in Germany, in many other countries. 184 00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:33,240 And we found that without climate change, 185 00:13:33,240 --> 00:13:37,360 the heatwave in France would have been two degrees cooler. 186 00:13:37,360 --> 00:13:38,920 And that cost lives. 187 00:13:38,920 --> 00:13:42,200 The 2019 European heatwave caused 188 00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:45,600 the deaths of around 2,500 people. 189 00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:50,520 We've seen that just one degree Celsius of warming has led to 190 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:53,560 unprecedented extreme weather events. 191 00:13:53,560 --> 00:13:57,920 That's just one degree Celsius - and we'll see far more than that 192 00:13:57,920 --> 00:13:59,960 if we continue on the course that we're on. 193 00:14:05,160 --> 00:14:09,200 Greta is travelling south, towards Poland's industrial heartland. 194 00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:18,040 WEATHER FORECAST IN POLISH 195 00:14:19,760 --> 00:14:22,160 It's the end of her first week on the road. 196 00:14:24,440 --> 00:14:28,680 It's the first time I'm travelling without my parents. 197 00:14:28,680 --> 00:14:36,320 I was expecting to be more, like, homesick, being away from home. 198 00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:41,680 But I don't really feel like that. It's... 199 00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:44,960 Which is good, of course. 200 00:14:44,960 --> 00:14:47,840 I definitely feel that I've become more independent 201 00:14:47,840 --> 00:14:51,560 and more capable of handling things and so on. 202 00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:56,720 It was very strange to see her go off by herself. 203 00:14:56,720 --> 00:14:59,760 It took a few days of getting used to, you know. 204 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:02,280 You check in all the time. "Are you OK?" 205 00:15:02,280 --> 00:15:04,200 You know, "How are you feeling?" 206 00:15:04,200 --> 00:15:08,440 And, of course, you don't think that they will survive 207 00:15:08,440 --> 00:15:10,360 at all, without you there. 208 00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:14,400 But of course, they do. They always do. 209 00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:27,200 In 2015, world leaders agreed to a global treaty, 210 00:15:27,200 --> 00:15:28,920 aiming to limit temperature rise. 211 00:15:32,080 --> 00:15:33,680 Yet here in Poland, 212 00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:38,320 80% of electricity is still generated by burning coal. 213 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:43,440 At the World Economic Forum, Greta will question 214 00:15:43,440 --> 00:15:46,280 politicians on how they plan to deliver on their promises. 215 00:15:48,720 --> 00:15:52,600 World leaders say that we will keep the global average 216 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:57,400 temperature rise to below 1.5 or well below 2 degrees, 217 00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:02,080 and yet they still plan to continue burn coal for decades. 218 00:16:04,160 --> 00:16:07,640 Coal is the most polluting of all the fossil fuels, 219 00:16:07,640 --> 00:16:10,680 releasing almost twice as much carbon dioxide as burning gas. 220 00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:16,760 To discover why it's still being used, 221 00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:18,840 Greta is meeting Hanna Brauers, 222 00:16:18,840 --> 00:16:21,040 who studies the impact of the coal industry. 223 00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:25,880 Can you tell me a bit about this place? 224 00:16:25,880 --> 00:16:30,880 Well, this is the biggest coal power plant in the entire EU. 225 00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:32,800 In the whole of EU? Wow! 226 00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:36,880 And also, it's the biggest carbon dioxide emitter, 227 00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:43,080 so it emits about 38 million tonnes of CO2 each year. That's... 228 00:16:43,080 --> 00:16:46,560 I mean, you cannot realise how much that is. 229 00:16:48,240 --> 00:16:52,520 The Belchatow Power Station is built next to an opencast mine, 230 00:16:52,520 --> 00:16:54,120 stretching eight miles across. 231 00:16:56,520 --> 00:17:01,320 I've seen many coal power plants, but never one as big as this. 232 00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:06,360 It's massive. It's just enormous. Yeah. 233 00:17:06,360 --> 00:17:11,000 Why are we still so dependent on coal? We are we using it so much? 234 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:15,240 Compared to oil and natural gas, it's just easier. 235 00:17:15,240 --> 00:17:19,080 Coal is relatively easy to get out of the ground, you can store 236 00:17:19,080 --> 00:17:24,000 it very easily, and when you think about coal, it's very energy dense. 237 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,360 You simply burn it and you get a lot of energy. 238 00:17:26,360 --> 00:17:31,040 And is it cheaper or more profitable to use coal? 239 00:17:31,040 --> 00:17:33,560 So, short-term costs are very cheap, 240 00:17:33,560 --> 00:17:37,400 but if you account for all the costs that coal has - climate cost, 241 00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:40,080 environmental cost and also health cost for people - 242 00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:44,120 I don't think it's cheaper in any part of the world. 243 00:17:48,560 --> 00:17:51,240 The low cost of extracting coal means it's still 244 00:17:51,240 --> 00:17:54,800 responsible for over a third of electricity generated worldwide. 245 00:17:58,840 --> 00:18:00,520 We need a very rapid, 246 00:18:00,520 --> 00:18:02,480 but carefully managed transition 247 00:18:02,480 --> 00:18:04,600 away from fossil fuels to clean energy. 248 00:18:06,520 --> 00:18:10,120 Nuclear may have a small role, as a very low-carbon electricity 249 00:18:10,120 --> 00:18:14,960 source, but if you wanted to, say, get half of our energy from nuclear, 250 00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:17,600 you'd have to have several thousand nuclear power stations 251 00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:19,320 built in the next ten, 20 or 30 years. 252 00:18:20,880 --> 00:18:24,000 So it's only when you play out the practicalities of the planning 253 00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:25,800 issues and waste issues, 254 00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:28,360 you start to realise it can't play a huge role. 255 00:18:31,360 --> 00:18:34,320 The good news is that the answer here is very simple. 256 00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:36,080 The miracle's already there. 257 00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:40,720 It's the sun, it's the wind, it's geothermal. 258 00:18:40,720 --> 00:18:45,000 There's a renewable energy supply for every country on the planet. 259 00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:49,320 If you're in a windy country - like the UK, for example - we've got 260 00:18:49,320 --> 00:18:50,920 really great wind resources. 261 00:18:52,560 --> 00:18:56,360 If you're in a sunnier country, like India, then you're 262 00:18:56,360 --> 00:19:00,480 going to have a lot of cheap solar power. 263 00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:03,520 The thing that's so important about renewables - 264 00:19:03,520 --> 00:19:05,160 and has changed, actually, 265 00:19:05,160 --> 00:19:08,240 so much even in the last decade - is they've just become cheaper. 266 00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:12,080 It has been dramatic 267 00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:16,120 and they are now right across the world cheaper 268 00:19:16,120 --> 00:19:19,760 than fossil-fuelled electricity supply. 269 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:23,640 Now, there's still some limitations 270 00:19:23,640 --> 00:19:25,720 because the sun isn't always shining, 271 00:19:25,720 --> 00:19:28,120 the wind isn't always blowing, so ultimately, 272 00:19:28,120 --> 00:19:31,960 you need battery infrastructure, grid infrastructure, 273 00:19:31,960 --> 00:19:34,680 that can integrate renewable energy more efficiently. 274 00:19:37,120 --> 00:19:39,080 One of the big challenges to recognise 275 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:42,320 when we think about moving away from fossil fuels is that there are lots 276 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:45,560 of jobs and communities involved, to have locked in all this 277 00:19:45,560 --> 00:19:50,440 infrastructure, and we have to rapidly move away from that. 278 00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:52,680 We shouldn't underplay how difficult that is. 279 00:20:00,840 --> 00:20:04,680 Before leaving Poland, Greta has come to the region of Silesia, 280 00:20:04,680 --> 00:20:07,320 where coal has been mined for over 800 years. 281 00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:14,440 We have many, many very easy solutions at hand right now, 282 00:20:14,440 --> 00:20:19,800 like moving from fossil fuels to renewable energy, 283 00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:22,400 but people desperately want to keep the status quo. 284 00:20:24,760 --> 00:20:26,520 We will go down. 285 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:30,440 She's meeting a few of the thousands of miners who lost their jobs 286 00:20:30,440 --> 00:20:33,160 when their pit was closed in 2016. 287 00:20:35,320 --> 00:20:36,720 Falling coal prices 288 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:39,960 and rising costs meant they could no longer turn a profit. 289 00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:44,880 Many in the region fear a shift towards renewables will lead 290 00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:46,200 to even more job losses. 291 00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:04,600 I wanted to go to talk to the coal miners in Poland to see 292 00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:07,880 things from a different perspective and to sort of see the human 293 00:21:07,880 --> 00:21:10,640 implications that the transition might bring. 294 00:21:13,720 --> 00:21:17,000 Could you tell me a bit about how you felt 295 00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:20,840 when you first heard that the mine was closing? 296 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:49,480 You've obviously contributed so much to the society 297 00:21:49,480 --> 00:21:54,360 and then they just close it like that. 298 00:21:54,360 --> 00:21:57,200 I mean, you must have felt very betrayed. 299 00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:38,120 I think I was a bit nervous before 300 00:22:38,120 --> 00:22:44,320 because I thought they probably see me as some kind of angry 301 00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:49,200 teenager, but I think it is important to listen to... 302 00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:53,280 ..to these people say what they have to say. 303 00:22:53,280 --> 00:22:58,960 Honestly, I was positively surprised that they were so aware 304 00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:02,200 and they said, "Yes, we want a sustainable transition, 305 00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:06,120 "but it has to be in the right way." 306 00:23:11,560 --> 00:23:13,560 If we are to address the climate crisis, 307 00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:16,840 we need to fundamentally change what we prioritise. 308 00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:21,720 And, of course, we need the political will 309 00:23:21,720 --> 00:23:27,000 to actually care for and prioritise people and the planet, 310 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:28,760 so that we won't leave anyone behind. 311 00:23:34,480 --> 00:23:36,120 Greta is preparing to take this 312 00:23:36,120 --> 00:23:40,120 message to the World Economic Forum, now just a few days away. 313 00:23:42,280 --> 00:23:45,880 Key figures from industry, world leaders - even a few celebs - 314 00:23:45,880 --> 00:23:50,520 all descending on the Alpine ski resort of Davos for this year's 315 00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:52,280 World Economic Forum. 316 00:23:52,280 --> 00:23:55,240 Attending this year will be President Trump, 317 00:23:55,240 --> 00:23:58,680 teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg and top executives. 318 00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:02,120 The reason a Swedish schoolgirl has gained the attention 319 00:24:02,120 --> 00:24:05,560 of prime ministers and presidents is because her school strikes 320 00:24:05,560 --> 00:24:07,280 have become a global movement. 321 00:24:16,960 --> 00:24:21,000 When I started striking, I didn't know what it could lead to. 322 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,040 I just thought that I need to do something 323 00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:26,200 and I hope it has any effect. 324 00:24:30,760 --> 00:24:33,880 Today, when she attends a march, tens of thousands 325 00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:37,640 flood the streets, and millions more follow her updates online. 326 00:24:41,320 --> 00:24:42,960 This is week 74. 327 00:24:44,360 --> 00:24:48,360 Marches are my thing. That's what I do. 328 00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:52,280 But it's actually very hard for me. 329 00:24:56,160 --> 00:24:58,080 I don't look forward to them. 330 00:24:58,080 --> 00:25:00,960 I have Asperger's and I don't... 331 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:03,880 ..like everyone surrounding me. 332 00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:13,400 Before I started school striking, during a long period, 333 00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:17,560 I couldn't move around inside schools 334 00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:23,120 because there was too much stimulation and so I had to go to, 335 00:25:23,120 --> 00:25:29,040 like, a special school where there were, like, five people in my class. 336 00:25:32,120 --> 00:25:38,200 To go from there to this reality, it's just a big contrast. 337 00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:41,240 There are people everywhere and everyone is screaming 338 00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:44,200 and it's quite exhausting. 339 00:25:47,120 --> 00:25:52,440 But it is my moral duty as a human being to do everything I can. 340 00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:55,680 So I don't know... I just have to do it. 341 00:25:57,560 --> 00:26:00,960 Now it may seem like it's only negative but, of course, 342 00:26:00,960 --> 00:26:04,360 I get lots of energy from it, as well. 343 00:26:04,360 --> 00:26:06,640 CROWD CHANTS: Climate crisis! 344 00:26:06,640 --> 00:26:08,280 Now! 345 00:26:13,360 --> 00:26:17,600 On stage, it's OK because then I can go into another character. 346 00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:19,800 CHEERING 347 00:26:25,640 --> 00:26:28,800 Of course, it is very inspiring to see that 348 00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:31,400 so many people actually seem to care about this. 349 00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:34,280 Bonjour, Lausanne. 350 00:26:34,280 --> 00:26:38,960 But it feels like today we've pushed almost as far as we can. 351 00:26:38,960 --> 00:26:42,200 Unless people in power start to actually treat 352 00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:46,440 the crisis like a crisis, we won't get anywhere. 353 00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:48,720 Ca va bien? CHEERS 354 00:26:50,880 --> 00:26:53,360 We could go to the Moon and strike. 355 00:26:53,360 --> 00:26:55,800 That wouldn't change anything. 356 00:26:55,800 --> 00:26:58,920 But that doesn't mean we won't continue. 357 00:26:58,920 --> 00:27:02,480 To the world leaders and those in power, 358 00:27:02,480 --> 00:27:05,560 I would like to say 359 00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:08,600 that you haven't seen anything yet! 360 00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:10,840 CHEERING 361 00:27:12,040 --> 00:27:14,280 And that is the message that we will 362 00:27:14,280 --> 00:27:18,160 bring to the World Economic Forum in Davos next week. 363 00:27:27,360 --> 00:27:30,760 While the great and good begin to gather in Davos, Greta is 364 00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:33,760 venturing into the mountains above the town 365 00:27:33,760 --> 00:27:37,840 to see how the Alps are already being reshaped by climate change. 366 00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:45,760 Oh, my that's big. 367 00:27:45,760 --> 00:27:51,040 In 2017, a rock face above the village of Bondo gave way, 368 00:27:51,040 --> 00:27:53,040 bringing millions of tonnes of boulders 369 00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:54,920 and mud crashing through the streets. 370 00:28:03,840 --> 00:28:06,680 It was so loud and there were stones and mud everywhere. 371 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:11,880 The entire village cost £60 million to repair. 372 00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:15,400 Eight people lost their lives. 373 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:18,280 It was terrifying. 374 00:28:22,120 --> 00:28:25,160 Alpine rockfalls are becoming more frequent, 375 00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:27,520 and scientists have been trying to find out why. 376 00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:31,480 I think we can start digging here. 377 00:28:31,480 --> 00:28:33,720 And we'll just take turns digging. Yeah. 378 00:28:33,720 --> 00:28:35,520 So, here? 379 00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:39,920 Greta has joined Dr Marcia Phillips, who studies permafrost - 380 00:28:39,920 --> 00:28:42,000 ground that remains frozen all year round. 381 00:28:43,880 --> 00:28:47,240 And this snow is like old sugar, isn't it? Yeah. 382 00:28:47,240 --> 00:28:49,320 That's a sign it's been there for a long time. 383 00:28:52,960 --> 00:28:55,840 Dr Phillips has found that snow cover has a surprising 384 00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:57,880 effect on the frozen earth. 385 00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:03,120 Now, what we should do is measure the temperature right at the 386 00:29:03,120 --> 00:29:06,480 bottom of the snow cover, and at the top and see if there's a difference. 387 00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:11,080 Here? You can put it in like this, like... Yeah. 388 00:29:11,080 --> 00:29:12,640 Exactly. Yeah. 389 00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:14,440 And just leave it. 390 00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:17,000 I'm going to disappear in here! Yeah. 391 00:29:18,560 --> 00:29:22,040 So, we have zero at the base 392 00:29:22,040 --> 00:29:24,760 and then we'll look at the top here, like this. 393 00:29:24,760 --> 00:29:29,040 Minus 2.1. Still going down. 394 00:29:29,040 --> 00:29:31,280 Yeah, 2.3. 395 00:29:31,280 --> 00:29:33,640 It's now minus 2.8. 396 00:29:33,640 --> 00:29:36,680 This difference in temperature between the ground 397 00:29:36,680 --> 00:29:38,880 and the top of the snow cover shows us that the 398 00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:42,360 snow cover is actually keeping the ground warm. Oh! 399 00:29:42,360 --> 00:29:46,000 I think many would be surprised to hear that. Yeah. 400 00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:48,480 We always think snow is cold, but it's like a big, 401 00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:51,720 thick blanket over the mountain. Yeah. 402 00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:56,720 And it traps the heat in the ground. So it is keeping... Exactly. 403 00:29:56,720 --> 00:29:58,440 ..the ground warm. 404 00:29:58,440 --> 00:30:03,280 With more snowfall, do we risk seeing more rockfall, as well? 405 00:30:03,280 --> 00:30:06,080 Snow has a huge influence on ground temperature. 406 00:30:06,080 --> 00:30:10,200 It will influence whether ice in the ground will melt or not. 407 00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:14,280 And it will also influence how much water can actually run into the 408 00:30:14,280 --> 00:30:19,120 ground in spring, when we have snow melt happening up in the mountains. 409 00:30:19,120 --> 00:30:23,800 And water running into rock, or into cracks in the rock, 410 00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:28,480 is very bad, and that can lead to rockfall. 411 00:30:28,480 --> 00:30:32,800 Yeah, at high elevations, they think we're going to get more snow, 412 00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:34,760 which is not so good for the permafrost. 413 00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:40,040 On steep slopes, where snow doesn't settle, 414 00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:42,120 rising air temperatures also play a part. 415 00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:53,040 Warm air causes ice within the rock to melt, and water to seep in, 416 00:30:53,040 --> 00:30:54,480 destabilising the cliff. 417 00:30:56,800 --> 00:31:01,400 So, what worries you about the future? 418 00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:04,000 Zero degrees in the air temperature has 419 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:08,760 climbed 500 metres in my lifetime and I'm 50 years old. 420 00:31:08,760 --> 00:31:12,560 Oh. So that's a 500 metre difference, which is quite huge. 421 00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:18,920 Um... 422 00:31:20,120 --> 00:31:23,960 It's not very powdery for a snow angel, I think. No. 423 00:31:23,960 --> 00:31:28,600 Whilst rockfalls pose a danger in the mountains, elsewhere, 424 00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:30,840 thawing permafrost has global implications. 425 00:31:38,320 --> 00:31:42,000 The amount of permafrost on the planet is huge. 426 00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:45,000 It's around 15% of Northern Hemisphere land. 427 00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:51,160 Trapped in the soil is lots of organic matter from plants. 428 00:31:51,160 --> 00:31:53,200 As the permafrost thaws, 429 00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:57,840 the organic matter that is frozen in the ground thaws, as well, 430 00:31:57,840 --> 00:32:00,880 and that releases greenhouse gases. 431 00:32:00,880 --> 00:32:03,680 Carbon dioxide, but also methane. 432 00:32:03,680 --> 00:32:09,320 Methane is a potent greenhouse gas. It's actually more effective 433 00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:14,560 at trapping the sun's rays than carbon dioxide is. 434 00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:19,120 So that causes even more warming and more thawing of the permafrost. 435 00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:24,720 It's what called a positive feedback loop, where things get worse 436 00:32:24,720 --> 00:32:27,080 and worse and worse and worse. 437 00:32:27,080 --> 00:32:31,960 It's hard to know how much the permafrost is going to release, 438 00:32:31,960 --> 00:32:34,920 but scientists predict it could release gases equivalent 439 00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:39,320 to between 40 and 700 billion tonnes of CO2 this century. 440 00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:47,960 In a village just outside Davos, Greta is getting 441 00:32:47,960 --> 00:32:51,480 ready for one of her most important speeches to date - 442 00:32:51,480 --> 00:32:54,320 a rare chance to put the case for curbing fossil fuel use 443 00:32:54,320 --> 00:32:56,960 to the world's political and business leaders. 444 00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:01,120 This will be a very intense week. 445 00:33:01,120 --> 00:33:04,160 My schedule is already fully packed. 446 00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:07,320 I probably need to take some things out! 447 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:10,160 Obviously, we haven't gotten anywhere. 448 00:33:10,160 --> 00:33:11,440 And we are still, like... 449 00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:18,480 What's that? It's a pig. 450 00:33:18,480 --> 00:33:22,240 I found this on the ground in Vienna. 451 00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:25,560 It doesn't take up much space. 452 00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:30,280 One very important person that is going to be there 453 00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:33,320 and that people are talking about is Donald Trump. 454 00:33:35,080 --> 00:33:39,080 President Trump promised voters that he'd bring back coal. 455 00:33:39,080 --> 00:33:44,080 My administration is putting an end to the war on coal. 456 00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:47,120 Going to have clean coal. Really clean coal. 457 00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:56,880 The media has made me to the, like, anti-Trump, 458 00:33:56,880 --> 00:34:00,560 so I am being treated as the opposite of Trump. 459 00:34:00,560 --> 00:34:05,160 So it's me, Greta, versus Trump. 460 00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:08,720 A small, shy girl who's speaking 461 00:34:08,720 --> 00:34:13,080 about science versus Donald Trump. 462 00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:16,800 What happens if you meet him? 463 00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:20,240 I have actually no idea. It depends on the situation. 464 00:34:20,240 --> 00:34:22,080 I can't be rude. 465 00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:24,800 But on the other hand, I can't be too nice. 466 00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:33,800 On the eve of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, 467 00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:38,600 focus on teenage activist Greta Thunberg is there, as she prepares 468 00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:43,200 to challenge the global financial elite to fight climate change. 469 00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:47,360 The other global figure topping the bill today will be Donald Trump. 470 00:34:47,360 --> 00:34:51,520 Their appearance today is bound to feel like something of a showdown. 471 00:34:51,520 --> 00:34:56,320 What do we want? Climate crisis! When do we want it? Now! 472 00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,760 2020 is an absolutely pivotal year for our world's climate. 473 00:35:06,760 --> 00:35:09,600 Some are even calling it the Year of Truth. 474 00:35:09,600 --> 00:35:13,040 We are going to start with some words from Greta Thunberg. 475 00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:18,760 You say children shouldn't worry. 476 00:35:18,760 --> 00:35:22,000 You say, "Just leave this to us. 477 00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:26,240 "We will fix this." And then, nothing. 478 00:35:26,240 --> 00:35:28,880 Silence. 479 00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:33,880 Or something worse than silence - empty words and promises 480 00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:38,920 which give the impression that sufficient action is being taken. 481 00:35:41,080 --> 00:35:46,360 Last week, I met with Polish coal miners who lost their jobs 482 00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:48,400 because their mine was closed. 483 00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:51,280 And even they had not given up. 484 00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:54,920 On the contrary, they seemed to understand 485 00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:58,600 the fact that we need to change more than you do. 486 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:06,040 I wonder, what will you tell your children was the reason to fail? 487 00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:12,560 We demand participants immediately halt all investments in fossil fuel 488 00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:15,200 exploration and extraction, 489 00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:19,080 immediately end all fossil fuel subsidies 490 00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:24,360 and immediately and completely divest from fossil fuels. 491 00:36:24,360 --> 00:36:29,120 We don't want these things done by 2050, 2030, or even 2021. 492 00:36:29,120 --> 00:36:30,480 We want this done now. 493 00:36:42,720 --> 00:36:46,080 The oil and gas companies themselves 494 00:36:46,080 --> 00:36:50,200 are recognising how much they have to change. 495 00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:54,600 Are they changing fast enough? I don't think so. 496 00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:58,200 We've already found far more fossil fuels 497 00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:00,720 than we can usefully burn to stay within 498 00:37:00,720 --> 00:37:03,280 our international temperature goals - 499 00:37:03,280 --> 00:37:06,880 by some estimates, 15 times the amount. 500 00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:13,240 But fossil-fuel companies are still spending a lot 501 00:37:13,240 --> 00:37:16,520 on exploration - perhaps $55 billion a year or so. 502 00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:24,680 It's incumbent upon governments around the world 503 00:37:24,680 --> 00:37:26,120 to change the rules, 504 00:37:26,120 --> 00:37:27,720 so that you win by being clean 505 00:37:27,720 --> 00:37:29,440 and you lose when you're dirty. 506 00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:36,480 Despite the fact that we know just how damaging fossil fuels are, 507 00:37:36,480 --> 00:37:40,920 governments around the world are still subsidising them. 508 00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:44,880 In terms of the global magnitude of fossil fuel subsidies, it amounts to 509 00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:48,480 around $373 billion US, annually. 510 00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:55,520 It would definitely be helpful if we were able to transfer 511 00:37:55,520 --> 00:38:01,000 some of those subsidies from fossil fuels towards cleaner technologies. 512 00:38:05,320 --> 00:38:10,600 On the same day as Greta's speech, President Trump takes centre stage. 513 00:38:13,320 --> 00:38:17,520 Donald Trump has flown over 4,000 miles from Washington 514 00:38:17,520 --> 00:38:21,560 to the Alpine heights of Davos. The main goal of this meeting, 515 00:38:21,560 --> 00:38:24,760 to do much more to tackle global temperature rise. 516 00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:28,880 It's an honour to address the distinguished members 517 00:38:28,880 --> 00:38:30,720 of this organisation. 518 00:38:30,720 --> 00:38:34,360 The United States is now by far the number one producer of oil 519 00:38:34,360 --> 00:38:37,240 and natural gas anywhere in the world. 520 00:38:37,240 --> 00:38:41,080 The American energy revolution is lowering electric bills 521 00:38:41,080 --> 00:38:44,120 and - very importantly - prices at the pump. 522 00:38:45,560 --> 00:38:48,560 The United States no longer needs to import energy. 523 00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:54,080 But to embrace the possibilities of tomorrow, we must reject 524 00:38:54,080 --> 00:38:56,480 the perennial prophets of doom 525 00:38:56,480 --> 00:38:59,760 and their predictions of the apocalypse. 526 00:39:04,640 --> 00:39:07,880 US President Donald Trump spent several minutes of his speech 527 00:39:07,880 --> 00:39:11,080 hailing the economic importance of the oil and gas industries, 528 00:39:11,080 --> 00:39:14,360 dismissing what he termed "perennial prophets of doom" 529 00:39:14,360 --> 00:39:18,400 on climate change to an audience that included Greta Thunberg. 530 00:39:19,880 --> 00:39:21,680 Mm... 531 00:39:21,680 --> 00:39:23,480 Yeah... 532 00:39:23,480 --> 00:39:29,600 I held the speech and the only thing people were interested in was 533 00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:33,080 Greta versus Trump - what do they say about each other? 534 00:39:33,080 --> 00:39:35,960 But I just ignored him completely. 535 00:39:35,960 --> 00:39:41,000 They just want to make headlines that creates clicks. 536 00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:45,440 What I actually said in the speech goes completely... 537 00:39:45,440 --> 00:39:47,840 ..I mean, unnoticed. 538 00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:53,360 If the numbers are being completely left out, um...then... 539 00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:56,840 ..we're not getting anywhere. 540 00:40:00,280 --> 00:40:01,600 Greta's father, Svante, 541 00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:04,880 has travelled from Sweden to offer his support. 542 00:40:04,880 --> 00:40:08,000 Now I have the privilege to present 543 00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:12,080 the President of the United States of America, Donald J Trump... 544 00:40:12,080 --> 00:40:17,200 All they were saying was just how great their own country was. 545 00:40:17,200 --> 00:40:18,760 And how great they were. 546 00:40:19,760 --> 00:40:22,840 I mean, that's how you tell the difference between different 547 00:40:22,840 --> 00:40:26,200 kind of leaders. I mean... 548 00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:28,280 If you don't even mention... 549 00:40:30,120 --> 00:40:33,520 ..the challenges, then that... It's just... 550 00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:39,280 But it... Yeah. So, like.... Every second is just... Yeah. 551 00:40:39,280 --> 00:40:42,120 But, Greta, you've been saying that for at least two years, 552 00:40:42,120 --> 00:40:43,960 or three years. 553 00:40:43,960 --> 00:40:49,760 What rules the world today is power and arrogance and... 554 00:40:54,320 --> 00:40:57,720 And I think she's just the complete opposite of that. 555 00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:01,800 She's not strong. 556 00:41:05,240 --> 00:41:06,680 I am very emotional, 557 00:41:06,680 --> 00:41:08,720 I am very small and I'm very... 558 00:41:11,440 --> 00:41:14,040 Yeah, I am... I am weak, in a way. 559 00:41:16,320 --> 00:41:18,880 That's something I'm very proud of 560 00:41:18,880 --> 00:41:22,360 because if you are able to live in the society without... 561 00:41:24,360 --> 00:41:26,360 Without feeling 562 00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:31,360 bad, without...becoming depressed, or something... 563 00:41:33,320 --> 00:41:34,880 ..then that... 564 00:41:39,400 --> 00:41:41,240 If you... 565 00:41:41,240 --> 00:41:43,280 If you feel bad today, 566 00:41:43,280 --> 00:41:47,040 so many people are so sad and so depressed and, like... 567 00:41:49,360 --> 00:41:52,960 But that's a good thing because that means they still have empathy. 568 00:41:52,960 --> 00:41:56,240 And they... And they don't want to live in this world, 569 00:41:56,240 --> 00:41:58,080 where we have lost empathy. 570 00:42:11,360 --> 00:42:14,920 Yeah, so many people come up to me and say, like, they believe 571 00:42:14,920 --> 00:42:18,000 there is something wrong with them because they are feeling... 572 00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:19,840 Feeling like shit. 573 00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:24,600 But I think it's the opposite. 574 00:42:24,600 --> 00:42:29,880 It's the rest who can maintain living in this... 575 00:42:29,880 --> 00:42:33,240 This society where we only care about prestige 576 00:42:33,240 --> 00:42:39,160 and these shallow things that don't matter and being the best and so on. 577 00:42:39,160 --> 00:42:40,520 Those are the people who... 578 00:42:41,760 --> 00:42:43,400 ..who are not normal. 579 00:42:51,680 --> 00:42:54,160 The more I've been able to experience, 580 00:42:54,160 --> 00:42:58,600 the more I realise that this world we are living in right now is 581 00:42:58,600 --> 00:43:03,080 not sustainable, in many different ways. 582 00:43:03,080 --> 00:43:07,560 We have stopped caring what is true or not. 583 00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:12,640 We no longer care for the things that actually matter. 584 00:43:15,280 --> 00:43:17,080 We only care what's on the surface. 585 00:43:19,600 --> 00:43:23,000 And the climate crisis is of course a symptom of that. 586 00:43:26,640 --> 00:43:29,320 Now, we can either choose to continue down this road, 587 00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:33,840 which will lead nowhere - and we know that - 588 00:43:33,840 --> 00:43:37,200 or we can choose to choose a different path. 589 00:43:55,080 --> 00:43:57,120 Greta has travelled to the UK - 590 00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:01,400 a country attempting to establish itself as a climate leader. 591 00:44:01,400 --> 00:44:03,640 The Prime Minister has announced plans 592 00:44:03,640 --> 00:44:05,640 to cut the UK's carbon emissions 593 00:44:05,640 --> 00:44:08,440 to almost zero over the next 30 years, 594 00:44:08,440 --> 00:44:10,120 to help tackle climate change. 595 00:44:15,160 --> 00:44:16,800 The UK is funding research 596 00:44:16,800 --> 00:44:18,840 into technological innovations 597 00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:20,440 to try to limit global warming. 598 00:44:22,720 --> 00:44:26,600 And Greta is here to find out about a multimillion-pound project, 599 00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:29,840 in which they're researching a novel way of tackling emissions. 600 00:44:32,240 --> 00:44:36,120 Many people seem to think that there will be a sort of magic 601 00:44:36,120 --> 00:44:40,600 silver bullet that scientists will invent that easily will fix 602 00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:44,880 the climate crisis, without us actually having to make an effort. 603 00:44:44,880 --> 00:44:48,920 And I want to go to see these solutions in action. 604 00:44:48,920 --> 00:44:53,640 The UK Government's plans include funding for pilot projects, 605 00:44:53,640 --> 00:44:57,520 which aim to help industry reduce its carbon emissions... 606 00:44:57,520 --> 00:45:01,320 ..from plants producing hydrogen for vehicles... 607 00:45:01,320 --> 00:45:04,720 ..to steel refineries and power stations. 608 00:45:04,720 --> 00:45:08,400 But most of these plans rely on a single technological 609 00:45:08,400 --> 00:45:10,240 breakthrough - carbon capture. 610 00:45:12,480 --> 00:45:14,520 It's currently being trialled at Drax - 611 00:45:14,520 --> 00:45:17,560 a woodburning power station in Yorkshire. 612 00:45:17,560 --> 00:45:20,440 It's the biggest power station in the UK... 613 00:45:20,440 --> 00:45:24,480 CEO Will Gardiner's team is developing the prototype, 614 00:45:24,480 --> 00:45:27,520 designed to remove carbon dioxide from the power plant 615 00:45:27,520 --> 00:45:30,360 before it escapes into the atmosphere. 616 00:45:30,360 --> 00:45:33,400 So this is where we're doing our pilot projects 617 00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:34,840 for our carbon capture. 618 00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:39,320 The waste gas is mixed with a chemical solvent, 619 00:45:39,320 --> 00:45:42,120 which separates the carbon dioxide from the other gases. 620 00:45:43,840 --> 00:45:47,840 The idea here is that each one of these tubes sort of sprays 621 00:45:47,840 --> 00:45:49,200 the solvent in there 622 00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:53,480 and it interacts with the gas inside the column to do the capture. 623 00:45:53,480 --> 00:45:58,400 The prototype currently captures one ton of carbon dioxide each day - 624 00:45:58,400 --> 00:46:01,120 less than 0.01% of the plant's emissions. 625 00:46:02,520 --> 00:46:04,440 To give a sense of scale, 626 00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:09,400 those pipes there are carrying about 10,000 tonnes of flue gas a day 627 00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:13,440 and so the idea would be we need to move from that one to that one. 628 00:46:16,080 --> 00:46:19,400 Right now, you are capturing one ton a day. 629 00:46:19,400 --> 00:46:21,760 What is happening to that carbon? 630 00:46:21,760 --> 00:46:23,600 Where are you storing it? 631 00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:26,600 So, I mean, to be honest, most of what we're capturing today, 632 00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:28,960 we're actually returning into the system 633 00:46:28,960 --> 00:46:32,000 because we don't have the sort of underground storage, it's not ready. 634 00:46:34,040 --> 00:46:38,400 So the idea is that we would build a pipeline from here and take out 635 00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:41,480 the CO2 and stick it under the North Sea and permanently lock it away. 636 00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:44,000 We have to do that as fast as we can. 637 00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:48,560 Approximately when would you be able to capture 638 00:46:48,560 --> 00:46:51,800 as much CO2 as you are emitting? 639 00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:54,440 For us to capture effectively all of it, 640 00:46:54,440 --> 00:46:58,440 it's probably some time in the early 2030s. 641 00:46:58,440 --> 00:47:01,560 And that's the sort of current thinking. 642 00:47:01,560 --> 00:47:05,640 I mean, wouldn't it just be easier to just spend that money on, 643 00:47:05,640 --> 00:47:08,800 for example, building wind turbines or...? 644 00:47:09,880 --> 00:47:12,720 So, the answer is, we need to do both, in my view. 645 00:47:14,160 --> 00:47:16,600 They are moving in the right direction - 646 00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:19,320 and, of course, I admire their determination - 647 00:47:19,320 --> 00:47:23,400 but I have so many mixed feelings about this. 648 00:47:24,360 --> 00:47:27,640 We have to also acknowledge and realise the fact 649 00:47:27,640 --> 00:47:30,600 that emissions need to reduce now, today. 650 00:47:31,640 --> 00:47:34,360 We can't wait for a couple of decades 651 00:47:34,360 --> 00:47:37,120 for these technologies to become available 652 00:47:37,120 --> 00:47:39,800 that will alone solve this problem for us. 653 00:47:51,120 --> 00:47:55,040 There isn't a one-size-fits-all solution to tackling climate change. 654 00:47:55,040 --> 00:47:57,840 Carbon capture and storage technology 655 00:47:57,840 --> 00:47:59,880 is one part of the solution. 656 00:47:59,880 --> 00:48:02,240 It cannot be THE solution. 657 00:48:02,240 --> 00:48:04,720 To really tackle climate change, 658 00:48:04,720 --> 00:48:09,840 we need to adjust, adapt, change almost everything we do. 659 00:48:09,840 --> 00:48:12,920 We need to find technological solutions 660 00:48:12,920 --> 00:48:16,320 to drastically reduce our energy use. 661 00:48:16,320 --> 00:48:21,120 We moved recently from incandescent light bulbs to LED light bulbs, 662 00:48:21,120 --> 00:48:24,840 which are around 90% more efficient than the old ones. 663 00:48:26,480 --> 00:48:31,360 The amount of electricity needed now to do a wash on your washing machine 664 00:48:31,360 --> 00:48:35,240 is considerably less today than it was ten years ago. 665 00:48:35,240 --> 00:48:37,840 These energy savings do make a real difference. 666 00:48:37,840 --> 00:48:40,880 For example, in the UK, although our houses are now 667 00:48:40,880 --> 00:48:43,320 full of all sorts of gadgets and gizmos, 668 00:48:43,320 --> 00:48:47,600 our electricity usage is actually down, compared to the mid-1990s. 669 00:48:48,840 --> 00:48:51,400 In supermarkets, instead of having open fridges, 670 00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:53,280 they can put doors on them. 671 00:48:54,320 --> 00:48:57,680 Supermarket fridges account for around 1% 672 00:48:57,680 --> 00:49:00,560 of total electricity usage in the UK, 673 00:49:00,560 --> 00:49:03,720 so tackling that could have a very significant effect. 674 00:49:03,720 --> 00:49:08,080 But technology alone probably isn't going to find all the solutions. 675 00:49:09,160 --> 00:49:12,000 We need to curb the growth in our total energy use 676 00:49:12,000 --> 00:49:16,640 in order that our renewable energy supply stands a chance of replacing 677 00:49:16,640 --> 00:49:18,680 rather than just being as well as 678 00:49:18,680 --> 00:49:20,720 the fossil fuel that we use. 679 00:49:20,720 --> 00:49:24,800 We've had to actively think about how we use less energy. 680 00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:28,480 Without that, I don't think we can create the necessary change. 681 00:49:37,880 --> 00:49:41,080 To see how she can engage more people with her message, 682 00:49:41,080 --> 00:49:43,040 Greta has come to London. 683 00:49:44,560 --> 00:49:48,120 She's seeking the advice of someone who's been sharing the wonders 684 00:49:48,120 --> 00:49:50,880 of the natural world for over 70 years. 685 00:49:51,920 --> 00:49:53,600 Sir David Attenborough. 686 00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:57,880 Hi. Hi. How are you doing? I'm good. Nice to see you. Nice to meet you. 687 00:49:57,880 --> 00:50:00,680 It's an honour to meet you and thank you for... 688 00:50:00,680 --> 00:50:03,360 I want to ask you, have you during your career 689 00:50:03,360 --> 00:50:06,440 seen any changes in the natural world? 690 00:50:06,440 --> 00:50:11,280 Because you obviously had the opportunity to see it first-hand. 691 00:50:11,280 --> 00:50:14,920 What happened first was that you suddenly realised 692 00:50:14,920 --> 00:50:17,800 that there were animals that had been there once, 693 00:50:17,800 --> 00:50:19,840 and aren't there any more. 694 00:50:19,840 --> 00:50:22,040 The public as a whole thought, 695 00:50:22,040 --> 00:50:24,320 "Well, that's interesting," 696 00:50:24,320 --> 00:50:27,720 but they didn't actually realise we're changing the world, you know? 697 00:50:27,720 --> 00:50:31,000 Or even consider that we might be changing the climate. 698 00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:33,640 And for a long time, it suited people 699 00:50:33,640 --> 00:50:35,960 to bury their heads in the sand. 700 00:50:35,960 --> 00:50:39,320 But it is to do with us, and we know about the way the world works - 701 00:50:39,320 --> 00:50:41,160 that's what science is about. 702 00:50:41,160 --> 00:50:45,440 We need to reach some kind of tipping point. Mm. 703 00:50:45,440 --> 00:50:50,080 What would you say to people - especially young people - 704 00:50:50,080 --> 00:50:53,560 who feel like there isn't any point in doing this 705 00:50:53,560 --> 00:50:55,840 because no-one is listening anyway? 706 00:50:59,880 --> 00:51:01,840 People are listening. 707 00:51:01,840 --> 00:51:04,200 I mean, there is a precedent, of course. 708 00:51:04,200 --> 00:51:07,600 There was... There was a time 30 years ago 709 00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:10,880 when it really looked as though we might certainly exterminate 710 00:51:10,880 --> 00:51:12,840 several species of big whales. 711 00:51:12,840 --> 00:51:17,120 Fishing nations, maritime nations of the world did get together 712 00:51:17,120 --> 00:51:19,600 and did say, "OK, unless we do something, 713 00:51:19,600 --> 00:51:21,600 "we're going to lose everything." 714 00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:26,320 And there just could be a change in moral attitude 715 00:51:26,320 --> 00:51:30,560 from people worldwide, politicians worldwide, 716 00:51:30,560 --> 00:51:33,560 to see that self-interest... 717 00:51:34,520 --> 00:51:36,280 ..is for the past, 718 00:51:36,280 --> 00:51:40,000 common interest is for the future. 719 00:51:40,000 --> 00:51:43,520 We've seen many young people starting to speak up more and more 720 00:51:43,520 --> 00:51:45,480 and to realise the urgency, 721 00:51:45,480 --> 00:51:50,240 but do you have any thoughts or ideas how we can 722 00:51:50,240 --> 00:51:53,280 activate the older generations, as well? 723 00:51:53,280 --> 00:51:55,280 Because we need everyone. 724 00:51:55,280 --> 00:51:56,920 Yes, we do. 725 00:51:56,920 --> 00:51:59,960 My generation has made a mess of things. 726 00:51:59,960 --> 00:52:03,200 We've known that it's happening and we've done nothing. 727 00:52:03,200 --> 00:52:05,000 Or next to nothing. 728 00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:07,880 We have to make major changes to the way we live 729 00:52:07,880 --> 00:52:11,520 and that's where you've done such a lot, you really have. 730 00:52:11,520 --> 00:52:14,600 And you have... You have spoken for 731 00:52:14,600 --> 00:52:17,480 the generation that's going to have to look after this. 732 00:52:17,480 --> 00:52:20,280 I've been bleating about this for a long time, 733 00:52:20,280 --> 00:52:23,560 but the big changes came when you spoke... 734 00:52:24,560 --> 00:52:26,720 ..and that's... 735 00:52:26,720 --> 00:52:29,200 That's brought hope. 736 00:52:32,880 --> 00:52:35,720 VOICEOVER: This is a marathon, not a sprint. 737 00:52:35,720 --> 00:52:39,960 I have made a deal with myself that I am in this for the long run 738 00:52:39,960 --> 00:52:43,640 and I can't be discouraged by things not happening 739 00:52:43,640 --> 00:52:45,560 the way I want them to be. 740 00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:51,360 Instead of just being worried and depressed 741 00:52:51,360 --> 00:52:55,040 and speculating about how the future may be, 742 00:52:55,200 --> 00:52:59,280 then you should try to change that future while you still can 743 00:52:59,280 --> 00:53:04,360 in order for that future to turn out the way it should. 744 00:53:13,320 --> 00:53:16,720 Greta has big plans for the next stage of her journey - 745 00:53:16,720 --> 00:53:19,000 a 5,000-mile train ride. 746 00:53:21,120 --> 00:53:25,080 Today, you can't speak up about the climate or environment 747 00:53:25,080 --> 00:53:27,680 without being questioned all the time. 748 00:53:27,680 --> 00:53:29,880 "Just look at China. What about China?" 749 00:53:29,880 --> 00:53:34,640 And so, therefore, I want to at least try to go there 750 00:53:34,640 --> 00:53:38,080 to be able to say, I... "Well, I tried." 751 00:53:39,080 --> 00:53:41,680 But recent events are making the trip more challenging. 752 00:53:42,960 --> 00:53:46,080 It's been confirmed that a new virus that has killed three people 753 00:53:46,080 --> 00:53:50,440 and has been spreading across China can be passed from person to person. 754 00:53:50,440 --> 00:53:54,120 The infection is a new type of coronavirus. 755 00:53:54,120 --> 00:53:57,560 It was coming up in the papers and obviously all the world leaders 756 00:53:57,560 --> 00:53:59,840 were having emergency meetings 757 00:53:59,840 --> 00:54:03,800 and lots of Greta's stuff was being cancelled because, erm... 758 00:54:05,040 --> 00:54:08,360 Erm, yeah, things were changing. 759 00:54:08,360 --> 00:54:11,200 The number of people infected has tripled over the weekend, 760 00:54:11,200 --> 00:54:13,640 with the outbreak spreading to the capital, Beijing. 761 00:54:13,640 --> 00:54:17,600 It's very hard to predict how this is going to evolve... 762 00:54:18,840 --> 00:54:23,120 ..erm, the following weeks, months. 763 00:54:23,120 --> 00:54:27,240 I guess I will start planning, like, two weeks at a time. 764 00:54:35,600 --> 00:54:38,360 With her plans on hold, Greta is heading 765 00:54:38,360 --> 00:54:40,520 to the south-west of England. 766 00:54:44,720 --> 00:54:47,560 TANNOY: This is Bristol Temple Meads. 767 00:54:47,560 --> 00:54:50,080 This train terminates here. 768 00:54:50,080 --> 00:54:53,120 She's now halfway through her year off school. 769 00:54:53,120 --> 00:54:55,640 I don't think I'm much different now 770 00:54:55,640 --> 00:54:58,120 but, of course, I've met with many people, 771 00:54:58,120 --> 00:55:00,680 I've talked to many people, which, of course, 772 00:55:00,680 --> 00:55:04,280 have helped shaped the way I see the world. 773 00:55:04,280 --> 00:55:07,640 But, at the same time, I'm still the same person, 774 00:55:07,640 --> 00:55:10,560 still saying the same message over and over again. 775 00:55:11,840 --> 00:55:13,800 She's matured a lot. 776 00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:16,560 She knows what she wants to do 777 00:55:16,560 --> 00:55:20,480 and she knows, erm, how to do it. 778 00:55:20,480 --> 00:55:24,120 And I think she allows herself to enjoy that, too. 779 00:55:24,120 --> 00:55:27,000 I think that's the biggest difference, is that she's... 780 00:55:28,000 --> 00:55:30,200 She's having more fun. 781 00:55:30,200 --> 00:55:31,600 CHEERING 782 00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:36,040 Greta is in Bristol to help local activists celebrate a rare victory. 783 00:55:37,120 --> 00:55:39,880 Controversial plans to expand Bristol Airport 784 00:55:39,880 --> 00:55:42,200 have been thrown out by councillors. 785 00:55:42,200 --> 00:55:45,160 They criticised what the airport's plans would do 786 00:55:45,160 --> 00:55:48,280 both to the local area and the global environment. 787 00:55:49,640 --> 00:55:53,360 Small victories are important because they keep the momentum going 788 00:55:53,360 --> 00:55:56,520 and shows that activism does actually work. 789 00:55:56,520 --> 00:56:00,440 And then people get motivated by that and want to continue. 790 00:56:00,440 --> 00:56:02,280 It's not for nothing. 791 00:56:03,320 --> 00:56:07,680 I am so happy to introduce Greta Thunberg! 792 00:56:07,680 --> 00:56:09,600 CHEERING 793 00:56:09,600 --> 00:56:12,080 Wow. Thank you so much for coming. 794 00:56:12,080 --> 00:56:15,200 VOICEOVER: I don't spend time, like, speculating, 795 00:56:15,200 --> 00:56:17,320 is this really possible? 796 00:56:17,320 --> 00:56:20,800 World leaders are behaving like children, 797 00:56:20,800 --> 00:56:25,040 so it falls on us to be the adults in the room. 798 00:56:25,040 --> 00:56:30,520 VOICEOVER: I know what to do, and I do it until I cannot do it any more. 799 00:56:30,520 --> 00:56:33,560 And every single person counts. 800 00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:39,840 We can't just give up without trying - 801 00:56:39,840 --> 00:56:42,120 only a coward would do that. 802 00:56:42,120 --> 00:56:44,680 And I don't think that we are cowards. 803 00:56:48,800 --> 00:56:53,280 Next time, Greta faces her biggest challenge 804 00:56:53,280 --> 00:56:56,920 as the climate is overshadowed by a more immediate threat... 805 00:56:56,920 --> 00:57:00,200 We may have contracted the coronavirus. 806 00:57:00,200 --> 00:57:04,400 ..and she explores more ways we can lower our emissions. 807 00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:07,920 We could store all the emissions we could potentially imagine. 808 00:57:10,960 --> 00:57:14,400 To find out more about climate change and explore what actions 809 00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:17,360 you can take to reduce your environmental impact, 810 00:57:17,360 --> 00:57:19,080 go to... 811 00:57:22,600 --> 00:57:25,760 ..and follow the links to the Open University.