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00:00:05,013 --> 00:00:06,847
Can you see me?
2
00:00:06,881 --> 00:00:08,882
Can you hear me?
3
00:00:08,917 --> 00:00:10,651
How?
4
00:00:10,685 --> 00:00:13,220
I could be
thousands of miles away,
5
00:00:13,254 --> 00:00:15,689
and yet, when you turn on
whatever device
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is bringing my image
and voice to you,
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I'm there.
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Instantaneously.
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How is that possible?
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To our ancestors,
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it would've seemed like sorcery.
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For them, speed of communication
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00:00:29,938 --> 00:00:32,006
was only as fast
as the swiftest horse
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or sailing ships.
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Our messages travel invisibly
at the speed of light.
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How did we attain
such mythic powers?
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00:00:40,815 --> 00:00:43,784
It all began in the mind
of one person.
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A child of poverty
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of whom nothing was expected.
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00:00:51,793 --> 00:00:55,763
In fact,
if this man had not lived...
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00:00:59,501 --> 00:01:02,970
the world we know
might not exist today.
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Sync and corrections by n17t01
www.addic7ed.com
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00:02:46,808 --> 00:02:48,475
Sooner or later,
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00:02:48,510 --> 00:02:50,311
someone would've
likely figured out
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00:02:50,345 --> 00:02:52,213
some of his discoveries.
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00:02:52,247 --> 00:02:54,748
But if Michael Faraday
had never lived,
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we might still be living
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as our ancestors did
in the 17th century.
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Unaware
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00:03:00,789 --> 00:03:04,158
of armies of invisible servants
awaiting our commands.
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This is the story
of how we learned
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00:03:07,128 --> 00:03:09,897
to make electrons
do our bidding.
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00:03:09,931 --> 00:03:11,966
In a way, it begins
34
00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:14,902
with the greatest genius
who ever lived--
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00:03:14,936 --> 00:03:16,937
Isaac Newton.
36
00:03:21,943 --> 00:03:25,779
This is Woolsthorpe,
Newton's ancestral home.
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00:03:25,781 --> 00:03:29,183
He walked these fields,
tormented by mystery.
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Newton, the man
who figured out the formula
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00:03:31,454 --> 00:03:33,554
for the motions of the planets
around the Sun,
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wanted to know
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how does the Sun make
the planets act that way
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00:03:37,860 --> 00:03:39,527
without touching them?
43
00:03:39,529 --> 00:03:42,062
How do all the apples
know how to fall?
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00:03:42,064 --> 00:03:45,065
Another genius was puzzled
by another aspect
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00:03:45,067 --> 00:03:47,635
of the same mystery.
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00:03:55,844 --> 00:03:57,311
You see, son?
47
00:03:57,345 --> 00:03:59,813
No matter how I turn
the compass,
48
00:03:59,848 --> 00:04:03,651
the needle always
points the same way.
49
00:04:03,685 --> 00:04:05,019
Except...
50
00:04:11,193 --> 00:04:12,626
But how?
51
00:04:12,661 --> 00:04:14,528
They do not touch.
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I didn't hear a
"Thank you," Albert.
53
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I can still remember this.
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The experience made a deep
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00:04:28,376 --> 00:04:30,811
and lasting impression on me.
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Something deeply hidden
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had to be behind things.
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Between the lifetimes
of Einstein and Newton,
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00:04:39,721 --> 00:04:41,755
there lived another genius,
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00:04:41,790 --> 00:04:44,024
one of equal stature.
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00:04:44,059 --> 00:04:47,361
The man who solved the mystery
that stumped Newton,
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00:04:47,395 --> 00:04:49,497
also laid the foundation
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00:04:49,531 --> 00:04:52,099
for Einstein's
revolutionary insights.
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00:04:52,133 --> 00:04:54,535
And for the way we live now.
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In 1791, in a squalid slum
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in the suburbs of London,
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Michael Faraday was born.
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He showed
little promise at school.
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Pray tell us a word that begins
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with the letter R.
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00:05:38,980 --> 00:05:40,948
Well?
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Wabbit?
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The word is "Rabbit."
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Once again,
and correctly this time.
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Wabbit?
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00:05:53,195 --> 00:05:55,329
Do you mock me?
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Have I not told you how
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to pronounce the letter R?
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00:05:58,934 --> 00:06:02,169
Surely you can at least
tell us your name?
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00:06:02,204 --> 00:06:05,840
Michael "Fawaday," ma'am.
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00:06:05,874 --> 00:06:07,975
Take this ha'penny,
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and buy me a cane,
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so that I may give
your insolent brother
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a proper flogging.
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History does not
record that Michael Faraday
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ever attended school again.
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Faraday took his family's
fundamentalist Christian faith
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to heart.
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It would always remain
a source of strength,
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comfort and humility for him.
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00:06:47,315 --> 00:06:50,885
He was sent to work at
a bookbindery at the age of 13.
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By day, he bound the books,
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and by night,
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he read them.
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It was the beginning
of a lifelong fascination
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00:06:59,761 --> 00:07:02,897
with electricity.
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00:07:16,444 --> 00:07:18,512
After years of working
in the bookbindery,
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Faraday, now 21,
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00:07:20,849 --> 00:07:23,250
yearned to escape
to a larger world.
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His big break came
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00:07:24,686 --> 00:07:26,153
when a customer
gave him a ticket
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to a sensational
new kind of entertainment--
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science for the public.
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And it started right here
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at London's Royal Institution.
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Humphry Davy was not only
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one of the leading scientists
of his day,
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he discovered
several the chemical elements,
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including calcium and sodium.
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He was also
a consummate showman.
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And primitive demonstrations
of electricity
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00:07:56,084 --> 00:07:58,219
never failed
as a crowd pleaser.
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May we have
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00:08:00,155 --> 00:08:02,790
the lights lowered, please?
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I am about to unleash the might
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00:08:06,561 --> 00:08:09,129
of the 2,000 massive
chemical batteries
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stored in the cellar
beneath our feet.
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And now, behold the power
of the mysterious force
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00:08:20,408 --> 00:08:25,145
of electrical fluid
to illuminate our future.
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Faraday was too
busy taking notes to applaud.
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Faraday created a transcript
of Davy's lecture.
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00:08:54,209 --> 00:08:56,510
Using the skills he had learned
as an apprentice,
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00:08:56,545 --> 00:08:59,914
he bound them into this book.
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Perhaps such a gift would
bring him to the attention
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00:09:03,618 --> 00:09:05,619
of the great man.
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Maybe this gesture
could be his means of escape
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00:09:16,531 --> 00:09:18,866
to a much larger universe.
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00:09:26,308 --> 00:09:27,975
Good day, sir.
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I wish you to deliver this
parcel to Sir Humphry.
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It was a long shot, anyway.
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00:09:40,522 --> 00:09:43,490
But Faraday hoped
something would come of it.
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00:09:43,525 --> 00:09:46,026
And it did.
133
00:09:48,230 --> 00:09:51,765
Uh, the experiment
is ready for you now, sir.
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00:09:57,772 --> 00:10:00,674
Ampere tells me that
poor Dulong lost an eye
135
00:10:00,709 --> 00:10:03,244
and three fingers
working with this.
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00:10:09,017 --> 00:10:10,351
My eyes!
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00:10:10,385 --> 00:10:11,619
My eyes!
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00:10:19,473 --> 00:10:22,309
When a chemical experiment
blew up in the face
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00:10:22,343 --> 00:10:25,111
of the world-renowned scientist
Humphry Davy,
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00:10:25,146 --> 00:10:27,280
he remembered Michael Faraday,
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00:10:27,315 --> 00:10:29,482
the lad who had gone through
such lengths
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00:10:29,517 --> 00:10:33,787
to copy down and bind
the transcript of his lecture.
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00:10:33,821 --> 00:10:36,122
You have a first-rate
memory, young man.
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And I shall have temporary need
of a secretary.
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00:10:38,826 --> 00:10:42,662
Sir, I dream of a life
in service to science.
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00:10:42,697 --> 00:10:45,432
I would advise you to stick
to the bookbinding.
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00:10:45,466 --> 00:10:47,968
Science is a harsh mistress.
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00:10:48,002 --> 00:10:50,804
Surely, a person of your
station and modest means
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00:10:50,838 --> 00:10:52,138
must have a trade.
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00:10:52,173 --> 00:10:54,474
Trade is vicious and selfish.
151
00:10:54,509 --> 00:10:58,144
Men of science are amiable
and morally superior.
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00:10:58,179 --> 00:11:01,014
I take it
I'm the first man of science
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00:11:01,048 --> 00:11:02,382
you've ever met.
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00:11:05,686 --> 00:11:08,889
Faraday made
himself indispensable to Davy.
155
00:11:08,923 --> 00:11:11,324
The temporary job became
a permanent one,
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00:11:11,359 --> 00:11:14,127
and the Royal Institution
became his lifelong home.
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00:11:14,161 --> 00:11:17,697
By day, he assisted Davy
in the lab,
158
00:11:17,732 --> 00:11:20,967
at day's end,
he climbed the stairs
159
00:11:21,002 --> 00:11:22,569
to the little apartment
160
00:11:22,603 --> 00:11:25,605
where his beloved bride Sarah
was waiting.
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00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:35,849
Humphry Davy and the chemist
William Wollaston
162
00:11:35,883 --> 00:11:38,752
were experimenting with
a mysterious phenomenon,
163
00:11:38,786 --> 00:11:43,390
one with potentially
far-reaching implications.
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00:11:43,624 --> 00:11:45,959
This is the identical setup
to Orsted's.
165
00:11:45,993 --> 00:11:50,063
Now close the circuit, Davy,
and watch closely.
166
00:11:52,733 --> 00:11:56,569
What could be driving
the needle away from the wire?
167
00:11:56,604 --> 00:11:58,972
Damned if I know.
168
00:11:59,006 --> 00:12:00,707
But it's as if
the electric current
169
00:12:00,741 --> 00:12:03,243
makes the wire behave
like some kind of magnet.
170
00:12:03,277 --> 00:12:06,613
Electricity must have something
to do with magnetism.
171
00:12:06,647 --> 00:12:11,718
Now if we could only get it
to turn continuously,
172
00:12:11,752 --> 00:12:13,820
imagine what might be
accomplished
173
00:12:13,854 --> 00:12:17,690
if we could put
these forces to work.
174
00:12:19,193 --> 00:12:21,661
After you've
tidied up, Faraday,
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00:12:21,695 --> 00:12:22,996
you might see what
you can make of it.
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00:12:24,965 --> 00:12:26,933
Davy may have
been having a bit of fun
177
00:12:26,967 --> 00:12:28,902
at the expense
of his young assistant,
178
00:12:28,936 --> 00:12:31,271
but Faraday was on fire.
179
00:12:31,305 --> 00:12:34,274
Up to now, electricity had been
nothing more
180
00:12:34,308 --> 00:12:36,476
than an entertaining
novelty toy.
181
00:12:36,510 --> 00:12:39,179
It could make a light flash
for an instant
182
00:12:39,213 --> 00:12:41,448
or turn a compass needle
briefly,
183
00:12:41,482 --> 00:12:44,417
but it had
no practical application.
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00:12:44,452 --> 00:12:48,588
Faraday immediately set about
designing the experiment,
185
00:12:48,622 --> 00:12:52,492
devoting every moment of
his spare time to the problem.
186
00:12:52,526 --> 00:12:54,694
If Faraday succeeded,
187
00:12:54,729 --> 00:12:58,098
he would be putting
an infinitely large, invisible,
188
00:12:58,132 --> 00:13:01,601
and as-yet-undiscovered army
of electrons
189
00:13:01,635 --> 00:13:05,205
at the command of human whim.
190
00:13:05,239 --> 00:13:08,775
How does a revolution begin?
191
00:13:08,809 --> 00:13:11,978
Sometimes it doesn't take much.
192
00:13:12,012 --> 00:13:15,281
A piece of metal,
a bowl of mercury,
193
00:13:15,316 --> 00:13:17,517
a bit of cork.
194
00:13:20,221 --> 00:13:22,188
Sarah dear,
send your little brother down.
195
00:13:22,223 --> 00:13:24,190
I'm about to try
something knew,
196
00:13:24,225 --> 00:13:26,626
and I want him to see it.
197
00:13:26,660 --> 00:13:29,763
Why don't you do
the honors, Georgie.
198
00:13:33,234 --> 00:13:35,468
There she goes.
199
00:13:35,503 --> 00:13:37,470
There she goes!
200
00:13:44,345 --> 00:13:48,048
This was the first motor
201
00:13:48,082 --> 00:13:52,585
converting electric current into
continuous mechanical motion.
202
00:13:52,620 --> 00:13:54,921
Looks pretty feeble, right?
203
00:13:54,955 --> 00:13:57,190
But that turning spindle
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00:13:57,224 --> 00:14:00,026
is the beginning
of a revolution,
205
00:14:00,061 --> 00:14:02,495
one that dwarfs
all the shots fired
206
00:14:02,530 --> 00:14:04,564
and bombs ever detonated
207
00:14:04,598 --> 00:14:09,669
in the sheer magnitude of its
effect on our civilization.
208
00:14:09,704 --> 00:14:13,039
Try to imagine
all the businesses,
209
00:14:13,074 --> 00:14:15,041
industries, technologies,
210
00:14:15,076 --> 00:14:17,410
transformations
of the way we live
211
00:14:17,445 --> 00:14:20,447
that have their beginnings
in that ecstatic moment
212
00:14:20,481 --> 00:14:23,583
in Michael Faraday's
laboratory.
213
00:14:23,617 --> 00:14:26,186
News of Faraday's invention
spread quickly,
214
00:14:26,220 --> 00:14:31,124
and suddenly, Davy's assistant
was the toast of London.
215
00:14:31,158 --> 00:14:33,460
Davy didn't take it well.
216
00:14:33,494 --> 00:14:36,963
He had, after all,
discovered all those elements.
217
00:14:38,966 --> 00:14:42,469
Now people were saying
that his greatest discovery
218
00:14:42,503 --> 00:14:45,238
was Michael Faraday.
219
00:14:45,272 --> 00:14:47,474
Davy made sure that Faraday
220
00:14:47,508 --> 00:14:51,911
wouldn't be making
any more headlines anytime soon.
221
00:14:53,981 --> 00:14:55,915
You sent for me, sir?
222
00:14:55,950 --> 00:14:58,151
I have a new challenge for you.
223
00:14:59,620 --> 00:15:01,654
I want you to take
over our efforts
224
00:15:01,689 --> 00:15:04,524
to improve the quality
of British optical glass.
225
00:15:05,826 --> 00:15:07,160
Those damned Bavarians
226
00:15:07,194 --> 00:15:08,895
are running circles around us.
227
00:15:08,929 --> 00:15:09,963
Glass?
228
00:15:09,997 --> 00:15:11,631
With all due respect, sir,
229
00:15:11,665 --> 00:15:14,234
I know nothing at all
of glass-making.
230
00:15:14,268 --> 00:15:16,436
Then you will learn, Faraday.
231
00:15:16,470 --> 00:15:19,172
We all know what
a quick study you are.
232
00:15:19,206 --> 00:15:22,509
Just analyze the chemical
composition of their glass
233
00:15:22,543 --> 00:15:25,512
and work backwards to
see how they made it.
234
00:15:25,546 --> 00:15:27,447
It shouldn't take you long.
235
00:15:33,988 --> 00:15:36,790
But Faraday
struggled for four years
236
00:15:36,824 --> 00:15:38,324
without any success.
237
00:15:54,508 --> 00:15:57,343
This is even worse
than the last batch.
238
00:15:58,679 --> 00:16:00,680
No matter how hard he tried,
239
00:16:00,715 --> 00:16:04,017
Faraday could not figure out
what Joseph Fraunhofer
240
00:16:04,051 --> 00:16:06,319
had discovered years before.
241
00:16:06,353 --> 00:16:10,323
What Faraday failed to grasp
was that casting
242
00:16:10,358 --> 00:16:13,126
perfect optical glass
for telescopes was a craft
243
00:16:13,160 --> 00:16:15,295
as well as a science,
and the masters
244
00:16:15,329 --> 00:16:18,198
in Bavaria kept their secrets
under lock and key.
245
00:16:25,172 --> 00:16:28,675
Faraday never did learn
their secret.
246
00:16:28,709 --> 00:16:31,144
He kept a single glass brick
247
00:16:31,178 --> 00:16:34,681
as a souvenir of this failure.
248
00:16:34,715 --> 00:16:39,419
Years later, it would change
the course of his life...
249
00:16:39,453 --> 00:16:41,621
and ours.
250
00:17:00,383 --> 00:17:03,718
Davy's death finally brought an
end to this fruitless project,
251
00:17:03,753 --> 00:17:06,688
and Faraday,
the boy from the slums,
252
00:17:06,722 --> 00:17:09,257
succeeded him
as Director of the Laboratory.
253
00:17:09,292 --> 00:17:12,928
Faraday used his new authority
to do something unprecedented--
254
00:17:12,962 --> 00:17:15,697
a series of annual
Christmas lectures on science
255
00:17:15,731 --> 00:17:18,967
for the young...
beginning in 1825
256
00:17:19,001 --> 00:17:21,603
and continuing to this day.
257
00:17:53,102 --> 00:17:55,637
At one of the first
Christmas lectures,
258
00:17:55,671 --> 00:17:57,806
Faraday enchanted his audience
259
00:17:57,840 --> 00:18:01,743
with displays of the new powers
that were at his disposal.
260
00:18:01,777 --> 00:18:05,447
Suppose I want to fire
a portion of gunpowder.
261
00:18:05,481 --> 00:18:07,249
I can readily do it
with the power
262
00:18:07,283 --> 00:18:08,750
of electricity.
263
00:18:12,822 --> 00:18:16,524
If I receive electricity
through this conducting wire,
264
00:18:16,559 --> 00:18:18,860
I can then give it
to anything I touch.
265
00:18:18,895 --> 00:18:23,098
But I must stand on these
insulating glass legs
266
00:18:23,132 --> 00:18:26,368
to prevent the electricity
from going away into the floor.
267
00:18:29,538 --> 00:18:31,973
Now I am electrified!
268
00:18:32,008 --> 00:18:33,675
Whoa!
269
00:18:38,314 --> 00:18:41,049
Do you think I could light
this gas jet
270
00:18:41,083 --> 00:18:43,318
just by touching it
with my finger?
271
00:18:43,352 --> 00:18:44,486
No, don't do it! No!
272
00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:47,022
No! Don't!
273
00:18:48,991 --> 00:18:52,160
Now, mind you,
don't try this at home.
274
00:18:56,699 --> 00:18:59,734
And now, my children,
you have seen for yourselves
275
00:18:59,769 --> 00:19:02,304
how this invisible force
of electricity
276
00:19:02,338 --> 00:19:04,739
can be made to serve
new purposes
277
00:19:04,774 --> 00:19:08,343
utterly unattainable
by the powers we have now.
278
00:19:18,287 --> 00:19:21,323
The invention of a motor
that could work continuously,
279
00:19:21,357 --> 00:19:23,525
eliminating countless
human hours of drudgery,
280
00:19:23,559 --> 00:19:26,494
would be more than enough
to make you a fortune
281
00:19:26,529 --> 00:19:28,496
and land you
in the history books.
282
00:19:28,531 --> 00:19:31,099
But that's not how
Michael Faraday saw it.
283
00:19:31,133 --> 00:19:34,269
He had absolutely no interest
in patenting his ideas
284
00:19:34,303 --> 00:19:36,271
or personally profiting
from them.
285
00:19:36,305 --> 00:19:38,273
And as for the history books,
286
00:19:38,307 --> 00:19:40,508
he had only written
the first sentence
287
00:19:40,543 --> 00:19:43,278
of an entry that
would be many pages long.
288
00:19:43,312 --> 00:19:48,416
Mr. Anderson, may I ask you
to dim the lights, please?
289
00:19:48,451 --> 00:19:51,553
Gentlemen, I am about to induce
a current of electricity
290
00:19:51,587 --> 00:19:53,622
merely by moving a magnet.
291
00:19:53,656 --> 00:19:55,190
Please observe what happens
292
00:19:55,224 --> 00:19:57,759
in the gap between the wires
when I do so.
293
00:20:04,901 --> 00:20:08,270
Do you see how the current only
flows when the magnet is moving?
294
00:20:09,672 --> 00:20:11,206
This is the conversion
295
00:20:11,240 --> 00:20:13,341
of motion into electricity.
296
00:20:23,753 --> 00:20:25,820
This was the first generator.
297
00:20:25,855 --> 00:20:29,157
From here, electricity would
become available on demand.
298
00:20:29,191 --> 00:20:31,660
Faraday was continuing
to change the world
299
00:20:31,694 --> 00:20:33,762
and the way people lived,
300
00:20:33,796 --> 00:20:35,830
and then, suddenly,
301
00:20:35,865 --> 00:20:39,200
an illness attacked
his incomparable mind.
302
00:20:44,707 --> 00:20:46,741
My dear Schoenbein,
303
00:20:46,776 --> 00:20:50,178
I would be very grateful to
have your opinion regarding...
304
00:20:54,784 --> 00:20:57,152
Regarding...
305
00:20:58,955 --> 00:21:01,790
Dear Schoenbein...
Regarding...
306
00:21:11,534 --> 00:21:15,036
My dear husband,
whatever is the matter?
307
00:21:15,071 --> 00:21:17,772
I began a letter to Schoenbein
308
00:21:17,807 --> 00:21:20,709
and could not remember
what I meant to say.
309
00:21:20,743 --> 00:21:22,944
This is no cause for alarm.
310
00:21:22,979 --> 00:21:24,813
You work too hard.
311
00:21:24,847 --> 00:21:26,982
- You're exhausted.
- No.
312
00:21:27,016 --> 00:21:28,283
Sarah, this is different.
313
00:21:28,317 --> 00:21:30,285
Horribly different.
314
00:21:30,319 --> 00:21:33,822
It's the third time my memory
has failed me in as many days.
315
00:21:33,856 --> 00:21:35,957
I fear I'm losing my mind.
316
00:21:35,992 --> 00:21:38,260
And what would I be
without that?
317
00:21:39,929 --> 00:21:44,532
Why, my darling husband,
of course.
318
00:21:46,335 --> 00:21:48,303
When Faraday was 49,
319
00:21:48,337 --> 00:21:51,306
he began to battle severe
memory loss and depression.
320
00:21:51,340 --> 00:21:53,842
His work came to a standstill.
321
00:21:53,876 --> 00:21:56,211
And although
he never fully recovered,
322
00:21:56,245 --> 00:21:59,581
his greatest achievements
still lay ahead.
323
00:22:11,101 --> 00:22:13,435
Faraday
324
00:22:13,470 --> 00:22:15,070
had immersed himself so deeply
325
00:22:15,105 --> 00:22:17,239
in electrical
and magnetic experiments
326
00:22:17,274 --> 00:22:19,975
that he came to visualize
the space around a magnet
327
00:22:20,010 --> 00:22:23,679
as filled with
invisible lines of force.
328
00:22:23,713 --> 00:22:27,116
A magnet was not simply
the magnetized bar of iron
329
00:22:27,150 --> 00:22:28,517
that you could see.
330
00:22:28,552 --> 00:22:31,353
It was also
the unseen something
331
00:22:31,388 --> 00:22:33,923
in the space around the bar.
332
00:22:33,957 --> 00:22:36,425
And that something
he called a field.
333
00:22:36,459 --> 00:22:39,829
A magnetic field.
334
00:22:39,863 --> 00:22:42,531
Faraday believed
in the unity of nature.
335
00:22:42,566 --> 00:22:44,934
Having demonstrated
the connections
336
00:22:44,968 --> 00:22:48,704
between electricity
and magnetism, he wondered,
337
00:22:48,738 --> 00:22:53,442
were these two forces also
connected to a third-- light?
338
00:22:53,476 --> 00:22:55,711
If he could only show
a connection
339
00:22:55,745 --> 00:22:58,514
among these three
invisible phenomena,
340
00:22:58,548 --> 00:23:01,050
one of nature's
most intimate secrets
341
00:23:01,084 --> 00:23:02,985
would at last be revealed.
342
00:23:03,019 --> 00:23:05,020
So, what did he do?
343
00:23:05,055 --> 00:23:06,856
He designed an experiment.
344
00:23:06,890 --> 00:23:09,892
Faraday knew that light
can travel as a wave.
345
00:23:09,926 --> 00:23:12,962
Waves of light vibrate
randomly in all directions.
346
00:23:12,996 --> 00:23:16,565
But there's a way to isolate
a single wave of light.
347
00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:19,568
It's called polarization.
348
00:23:19,603 --> 00:23:21,303
When light bounces
off a reflective surface,
349
00:23:21,338 --> 00:23:22,738
like a mirror,
350
00:23:22,772 --> 00:23:25,307
it becomes polarized.
351
00:23:25,342 --> 00:23:27,176
Faraday wanted to see
352
00:23:27,210 --> 00:23:30,312
if that single ray of light
could be manipulated
353
00:23:30,347 --> 00:23:32,348
by the invisible magnetic field.
354
00:23:32,382 --> 00:23:34,884
The eyepiece contained
a crystal
355
00:23:34,918 --> 00:23:37,853
that acted as a kind
of picket fence for light.
356
00:23:37,888 --> 00:23:39,855
Light could only pass
through it
357
00:23:39,890 --> 00:23:42,324
if it was somehow moved
by the magnet.
358
00:23:42,359 --> 00:23:44,527
He placed a lantern
before a mirror,
359
00:23:44,561 --> 00:23:47,730
one that he would only see
through the eyepiece
360
00:23:47,764 --> 00:23:51,367
if its reflection could pass
through the picket fence.
361
00:23:51,401 --> 00:23:54,603
If this is hard to understand,
don't feel bad.
362
00:23:54,638 --> 00:23:56,539
Scientists could not explain
this phenomenon
363
00:23:56,573 --> 00:23:58,240
for another 100 years.
364
00:23:58,275 --> 00:24:01,277
Faraday knew that magnetism
had no effect
365
00:24:01,311 --> 00:24:04,246
on light
that was moving through air.
366
00:24:04,281 --> 00:24:06,515
But what about when it was
moving through other materials?
367
00:24:06,550 --> 00:24:08,884
So what kind of material
could he use
368
00:24:08,919 --> 00:24:11,520
to help the magnet
move the light?
369
00:24:11,555 --> 00:24:13,622
He tried hundreds of different
370
00:24:13,657 --> 00:24:15,658
transparent chemicals
and objects...
371
00:24:17,427 --> 00:24:20,396
but saw nothing
through the eyepiece.
372
00:24:20,430 --> 00:24:23,032
The light was not twisted
by the magnet.
373
00:24:23,066 --> 00:24:25,901
He tried crystals of calcite,
374
00:24:25,936 --> 00:24:27,937
sodium carbonate,
375
00:24:27,971 --> 00:24:29,805
calcium sulfate,
376
00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:32,441
and still, he saw nothing.
377
00:24:32,475 --> 00:24:34,210
He tried acids.
378
00:24:34,244 --> 00:24:35,277
Sulfuric acid,
379
00:24:35,312 --> 00:24:37,112
muriatic acid,
380
00:24:37,147 --> 00:24:39,148
carbonic acid.
381
00:24:39,182 --> 00:24:40,616
He tried gasses...
382
00:24:40,650 --> 00:24:43,552
oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen...
383
00:24:43,587 --> 00:24:45,221
with no success.
384
00:24:45,255 --> 00:24:47,823
The magnetic field induced
385
00:24:47,858 --> 00:24:50,159
in these substances
could not twist the light
386
00:24:50,193 --> 00:24:51,660
from his lamp back into view.
387
00:24:53,497 --> 00:24:54,930
Damn!
388
00:25:01,037 --> 00:25:04,840
In desperation,
he decided to try...
389
00:25:04,875 --> 00:25:06,842
the glass brick,
390
00:25:06,877 --> 00:25:10,112
the souvenir
391
00:25:10,146 --> 00:25:13,015
of his years
of bondage to Davy.
392
00:25:26,229 --> 00:25:27,663
It did the trick.
393
00:25:27,697 --> 00:25:29,465
The force of the magnet
394
00:25:29,499 --> 00:25:31,200
twisted the light
395
00:25:31,234 --> 00:25:33,803
so that it could pass
through the crystal.
396
00:25:33,837 --> 00:25:36,172
So, what's the big deal?
397
00:25:36,206 --> 00:25:38,440
Faraday had demonstrated
the existence
398
00:25:38,475 --> 00:25:41,076
of the physical reality
that surrounds us,
399
00:25:41,078 --> 00:25:43,846
but which no one had ever
been able to detect.
400
00:25:43,880 --> 00:25:45,881
It was as dramatic
a breakthrough
401
00:25:45,916 --> 00:25:48,651
as seeing the cosmos
for the very first time
402
00:25:48,685 --> 00:25:50,052
through a telescope.
403
00:25:50,086 --> 00:25:53,722
By showing
that an electromagnetic force
404
00:25:53,757 --> 00:25:55,558
could manipulate light,
405
00:25:55,592 --> 00:25:58,994
Faraday had discovered
a deeper unity of nature.
406
00:25:59,029 --> 00:26:01,564
He had opened a door
for Einstein
407
00:26:01,598 --> 00:26:04,166
and all the physicists
who came after him
408
00:26:04,201 --> 00:26:05,968
to glimpse the interplay
409
00:26:06,002 --> 00:26:09,205
of hidden, primal forces
in the universe.
410
00:26:09,239 --> 00:26:12,308
Even as he approached
the summit of his genius,
411
00:26:12,342 --> 00:26:14,476
he was plagued by depression
412
00:26:14,511 --> 00:26:16,178
and doubts about his ability
413
00:26:16,213 --> 00:26:18,514
to retain even
the simplest thoughts.
414
00:26:18,548 --> 00:26:22,551
My dear friend, I find
a difficulty in answering
415
00:26:22,586 --> 00:26:25,521
or even acknowledging properly
a scientific letter,
416
00:26:25,555 --> 00:26:28,691
for I cannot now hold it
at once in my mind.
417
00:26:28,725 --> 00:26:31,961
The memory
of the parts fail me.
418
00:26:34,731 --> 00:26:37,166
P.S. You will be sorry to see
419
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:39,068
the tone of this short note,
420
00:26:39,102 --> 00:26:42,938
but my dearest husband is not
quite so well as usual,
421
00:26:42,973 --> 00:26:45,508
but I hope he will improve.
422
00:26:45,542 --> 00:26:48,544
Yours very truly, S. Faraday.
423
00:26:50,647 --> 00:26:54,049
As a young man,
Faraday had risen from poverty,
424
00:26:54,084 --> 00:26:56,519
in one of the most
class-conscious societies
425
00:26:56,553 --> 00:26:58,888
the world has ever known,
426
00:26:58,922 --> 00:27:02,791
to become the most celebrated
scientist of his time.
427
00:27:02,826 --> 00:27:06,395
By age 40, he had invented
the electric motor,
428
00:27:06,429 --> 00:27:09,098
the transformer, the generator,
429
00:27:09,132 --> 00:27:12,134
machines that would change
everything about the home,
430
00:27:12,169 --> 00:27:14,570
the farm, the factory.
431
00:27:14,604 --> 00:27:18,240
Now, at 60, decades after
the fertile periods
432
00:27:18,275 --> 00:27:20,476
of the greatest physicists,
433
00:27:20,510 --> 00:27:23,279
plagued by memory loss
and melancholy,
434
00:27:23,313 --> 00:27:26,382
he fearlessly probed deeper
435
00:27:26,416 --> 00:27:29,819
into the mysterious
invisible forces.
436
00:27:45,057 --> 00:27:49,093
The world thought that
Michael Faraday was a has-been.
437
00:27:49,128 --> 00:27:51,029
Despite his depression,
438
00:27:51,063 --> 00:27:54,365
he remained
as passionately curious as ever.
439
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:55,934
Having discovered the unity
440
00:27:55,968 --> 00:27:58,436
of electricity,
magnetism and light,
441
00:27:58,470 --> 00:28:00,271
Faraday needed to know
442
00:28:00,306 --> 00:28:04,075
how this trinity
of natural forces work together.
443
00:28:09,448 --> 00:28:11,749
♪ this is the way
the ladies walk... ♪
444
00:28:11,784 --> 00:28:13,351
This was nothing new.
445
00:28:13,385 --> 00:28:14,953
Children had been playing
with magnets
446
00:28:14,987 --> 00:28:16,921
and iron filings for centuries.
447
00:28:16,956 --> 00:28:20,525
Everyone had always assumed
that this lovely pattern
448
00:28:20,559 --> 00:28:23,544
was just something
that iron did.
449
00:28:23,979 --> 00:28:27,131
Faraday knew that electric current
turns a wire into a magnet,
450
00:28:27,265 --> 00:28:29,600
so he expected
to find related patterns
451
00:28:29,634 --> 00:28:33,037
in iron filings around a wire
carrying electricity.
452
00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:37,241
But where others saw merely
lovely shapes,
453
00:28:37,275 --> 00:28:40,945
Faraday saw something profound.
454
00:28:40,979 --> 00:28:45,416
The patterns were not simply
a quirk of iron filings;
455
00:28:45,450 --> 00:28:48,419
they existed in the space
around a magnet
456
00:28:48,453 --> 00:28:49,987
or an electric current,
457
00:28:50,021 --> 00:28:52,556
even in the absence
of iron filings.
458
00:28:52,591 --> 00:28:55,292
The patterns were the traces,
the footprints
459
00:28:55,327 --> 00:28:57,428
of invisible fields of force,
460
00:28:57,462 --> 00:29:02,099
that reached out into the space
around anything magnetic.
461
00:29:05,604 --> 00:29:08,539
The compass needle
that people wondered at
462
00:29:08,574 --> 00:29:11,275
for a thousand years
was not reacting
463
00:29:11,310 --> 00:29:13,911
to some far away
magnetic North Pole.
464
00:29:13,946 --> 00:29:16,447
It was detecting
a continuous force field
465
00:29:16,482 --> 00:29:19,150
that stretched
all the way there.
466
00:29:21,420 --> 00:29:24,856
Earth itself is a giant magnet.
467
00:29:24,890 --> 00:29:26,391
And like any other magnet,
468
00:29:26,425 --> 00:29:28,893
its lines of force
extend far out
469
00:29:28,927 --> 00:29:31,396
into the space surrounding it.
470
00:29:31,430 --> 00:29:34,532
They're everywhere,
all around us.
471
00:29:34,566 --> 00:29:36,300
They've always been.
472
00:29:36,335 --> 00:29:39,070
But nobody had ever
noticed them before.
473
00:29:39,104 --> 00:29:41,973
Nobody human, that is.
474
00:29:45,277 --> 00:29:48,246
Birds are the last living
descendants of the dinosaurs.
475
00:29:50,649 --> 00:29:52,784
Pigeons and other birds
are remarkably good
476
00:29:52,818 --> 00:29:54,719
at finding their way around.
477
00:29:54,753 --> 00:29:58,089
They can migrate thousands
of miles without getting lost.
478
00:29:58,123 --> 00:30:02,160
How? Partly by recognizing
familiar landmarks--
479
00:30:02,194 --> 00:30:04,562
rivers, mountains, stars.
480
00:30:04,596 --> 00:30:06,264
Even certain smells can serve
481
00:30:06,298 --> 00:30:09,434
as signposts
for migrating birds.
482
00:30:09,468 --> 00:30:12,003
But birds also have
an inner compass.
483
00:30:12,037 --> 00:30:15,239
They can actually sense
the Earth's magnetic field.
484
00:30:15,274 --> 00:30:19,010
Their brains process magnetic
data in much the same way
485
00:30:19,044 --> 00:30:21,612
ours process visual data.
486
00:30:21,647 --> 00:30:23,981
By sensing the direction
of the field,
487
00:30:24,016 --> 00:30:26,084
birds can tell north
from south.
488
00:30:26,118 --> 00:30:29,120
That's one way North American
birds know which way to go
489
00:30:29,154 --> 00:30:30,855
when they head south
for the winter.
490
00:30:30,889 --> 00:30:33,191
The field is stronger
near the poles
491
00:30:33,225 --> 00:30:35,026
than it is at the equator,
492
00:30:35,060 --> 00:30:38,629
a fact that birds use
to figure out their latitude.
493
00:30:38,664 --> 00:30:41,299
There are also small
irregularities in the field,
494
00:30:41,333 --> 00:30:42,767
locations where the field
495
00:30:42,801 --> 00:30:45,203
is a little weaker or stronger.
496
00:30:45,237 --> 00:30:47,638
Just like a distinctive
mountain or river,
497
00:30:47,673 --> 00:30:51,676
these magnetic anomalies
can serve as landmarks.
498
00:31:01,487 --> 00:31:04,555
For thousands of years, humans
have used carrier pigeons
499
00:31:04,590 --> 00:31:07,458
to send messages
to distant locations.
500
00:31:07,493 --> 00:31:09,627
It was a crucial method
of communication
501
00:31:09,661 --> 00:31:11,496
as recently as World War II.
502
00:31:11,530 --> 00:31:13,197
When you think about it,
we've been using
503
00:31:13,232 --> 00:31:16,234
magnetic fields to communicate
for a long time.
504
00:31:16,268 --> 00:31:19,103
We just didn't know it.
505
00:31:27,279 --> 00:31:29,914
So why does our planet
have a magnetic field at all?
506
00:31:29,948 --> 00:31:31,682
What causes it?
507
00:31:31,717 --> 00:31:34,919
The answer lies
deep inside the Earth.
508
00:31:34,953 --> 00:31:38,089
Liquid iron, circulating around
the solid part of the core
509
00:31:38,123 --> 00:31:39,590
as Earth rotates,
510
00:31:39,625 --> 00:31:43,361
acts like a wire
carrying an electric current.
511
00:31:43,395 --> 00:31:45,196
And as Faraday showed us,
512
00:31:45,230 --> 00:31:47,765
electric currents
produce magnetic fields.
513
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:49,367
And that's a good thing.
514
00:31:49,401 --> 00:31:51,769
Our magnetic field protects us
from the onslaught
515
00:31:51,804 --> 00:31:55,873
of cosmic rays, which would be
very damaging to our biosphere.
516
00:31:55,908 --> 00:31:59,210
Cosmic rays can rip through DNA.
517
00:31:59,244 --> 00:32:01,612
Without our magnetic field,
the rate of mutation
518
00:32:01,647 --> 00:32:03,781
in living organisms
would be much higher.
519
00:32:03,816 --> 00:32:07,952
Fortunately, most of this
cosmic shrapnel gets trapped
520
00:32:07,986 --> 00:32:10,722
in the Van Allen belts,
donut-shaped zones
521
00:32:10,756 --> 00:32:15,593
of charged particles corralled
by our magnetic shield.
522
00:32:23,302 --> 00:32:26,704
Knowing that the Earth itself
is like a giant bar magnet
523
00:32:26,739 --> 00:32:29,774
explains one of the most
beautiful sights in the sky,
524
00:32:29,808 --> 00:32:31,809
the aurora.
525
00:32:34,012 --> 00:32:36,581
Charged particles from the Sun,
the solar wind,
526
00:32:36,615 --> 00:32:39,417
are constantly bombarding
the Earth.
527
00:32:39,451 --> 00:32:42,954
You can think of the solar wind
as a kind of electric current.
528
00:32:42,988 --> 00:32:45,056
Our planet's magnetic field
529
00:32:45,090 --> 00:32:47,725
channels that current towards
the North and South Poles.
530
00:32:47,760 --> 00:32:49,560
When it hits our atmosphere,
531
00:32:49,595 --> 00:32:51,396
the oxygen
and nitrogen molecules
532
00:32:51,430 --> 00:32:56,134
in the air glow like
giant fluorescent lightbulbs.
533
00:33:17,389 --> 00:33:18,956
When Faraday pursued
534
00:33:18,991 --> 00:33:21,359
his last
and most profound discovery,
535
00:33:21,393 --> 00:33:23,361
the poverty
of his childhood stymied him
536
00:33:23,395 --> 00:33:25,129
as it never had before.
537
00:33:25,164 --> 00:33:26,864
He needed help
538
00:33:26,899 --> 00:33:30,067
and found it in one who had come
from another world.
539
00:33:43,236 --> 00:33:45,370
Michael Faraday
had solved the mystery
540
00:33:45,404 --> 00:33:47,539
that baffled Isaac Newton.
541
00:34:04,991 --> 00:34:08,727
This was how the Sun
told the planets how to move
542
00:34:08,761 --> 00:34:11,029
without touching them.
543
00:34:11,063 --> 00:34:13,231
The Sun does touch the planets
544
00:34:13,266 --> 00:34:15,066
with its gravitational field,
545
00:34:15,401 --> 00:34:17,702
and Earth's gravitational field
546
00:34:17,737 --> 00:34:21,106
tells the apples how to fall.
547
00:34:29,048 --> 00:34:33,384
All this is a dream.
548
00:34:34,654 --> 00:34:37,456
Unfortunately,
that was the prevailing view
549
00:34:37,490 --> 00:34:39,057
among his fellow scientists.
550
00:34:39,092 --> 00:34:41,326
Faraday was dreaming.
551
00:34:41,361 --> 00:34:42,961
They admired his inventiveness
552
00:34:42,995 --> 00:34:45,030
and his genius
for experimentation,
553
00:34:45,064 --> 00:34:47,866
but they regarded
his invisible "lines of force"
554
00:34:47,900 --> 00:34:51,336
and his ideas about light
and gravity as hand-waving,
555
00:34:51,371 --> 00:34:54,673
meaning there was nothing solid
to back it up.
556
00:34:54,707 --> 00:34:57,876
Some openly ridiculed
his theories.
557
00:34:57,910 --> 00:35:00,212
They needed
to see his ideas expressed
558
00:35:00,246 --> 00:35:02,681
in the language
of modern physics,
559
00:35:02,715 --> 00:35:04,383
precise equations.
560
00:35:04,417 --> 00:35:05,851
This was the one area
561
00:35:05,885 --> 00:35:07,519
where Faraday's
childhood poverty
562
00:35:07,553 --> 00:35:08,887
and lack of formal education
563
00:35:08,921 --> 00:35:12,491
actually held him back.
564
00:35:12,525 --> 00:35:15,193
He couldn't do the math.
565
00:35:15,228 --> 00:35:19,765
Faraday had finally hit a wall
that he could not overcome.
566
00:35:19,799 --> 00:35:22,367
And then, the greatest
theoretical physicist
567
00:35:22,402 --> 00:35:25,203
of the 19th century came along.
568
00:35:25,238 --> 00:35:29,374
James Clerk Maxwell was born
into a world of wealth
569
00:35:29,409 --> 00:35:31,009
and privilege,
570
00:35:31,044 --> 00:35:35,380
an only child
of doting middle-aged parents.
571
00:35:40,053 --> 00:35:43,221
By his early 20s,
he had made a name for himself
572
00:35:43,256 --> 00:35:44,956
as a mathematician.
573
00:35:44,991 --> 00:35:47,359
While other scientists had come
to think of Faraday
574
00:35:47,393 --> 00:35:49,795
as old-fashioned;
a great figure of the past
575
00:35:49,829 --> 00:35:52,631
but no part of the future
of physics,
576
00:35:52,665 --> 00:35:56,101
James Clerk Maxwell
knew better.
577
00:35:56,135 --> 00:35:58,103
He began by reading everything
578
00:35:58,137 --> 00:36:00,706
Faraday had written
on electricity.
579
00:36:00,740 --> 00:36:03,709
He became convinced
that Faraday's fields of force
580
00:36:03,743 --> 00:36:06,211
were real,
and he set out to give them
581
00:36:06,245 --> 00:36:09,181
a precise
mathematical formulation.
582
00:36:39,883 --> 00:36:42,549
_
583
00:36:55,294 --> 00:36:58,096
An equation in physics
is just a shorthand description
584
00:36:58,131 --> 00:37:01,600
of something that can be
represented in space and time.
585
00:37:01,634 --> 00:37:05,037
For instance, the equation that
describes the arc of a pendulum
586
00:37:05,071 --> 00:37:09,875
shows that it can never swing
higher than its initial height.
587
00:37:25,224 --> 00:37:28,360
When Maxwell translated
Faraday's experimental
588
00:37:28,394 --> 00:37:32,464
observation on electromagnetic
fields into equations,
589
00:37:32,498 --> 00:37:35,400
he discovered an asymmetry.
590
00:37:36,669 --> 00:37:38,637
See that bottom one?
591
00:37:38,671 --> 00:37:41,206
It cries out for something else.
592
00:37:41,240 --> 00:37:43,208
Great mathematician that he was,
593
00:37:43,242 --> 00:37:46,678
Maxwell added a single term
to balance it.
594
00:37:46,713 --> 00:37:50,348
This tweaking of the equation
changed Faraday's static field
595
00:37:50,383 --> 00:37:54,219
into waves that spread outward
at the speed of light.
596
00:37:54,253 --> 00:37:57,556
It wasn't long before we found
a way to turn those waves...
597
00:37:59,258 --> 00:38:01,727
into couriers
598
00:38:01,761 --> 00:38:04,129
for our messages.
599
00:38:05,631 --> 00:38:07,532
Can you see me?
600
00:38:07,567 --> 00:38:09,935
Can you hear me?
601
00:38:09,969 --> 00:38:12,871
This is how.
602
00:38:17,744 --> 00:38:21,279
This technology has transformed
human civilization
603
00:38:21,314 --> 00:38:23,415
from a patchwork of cities,
604
00:38:23,449 --> 00:38:25,417
towns and villages
605
00:38:25,451 --> 00:38:29,454
into an intercommunicating
organism...
606
00:38:38,731 --> 00:38:41,800
linking us at light speed...
607
00:38:47,807 --> 00:38:49,741
to each other...
608
00:38:58,318 --> 00:39:01,086
and to the cosmos.
609
00:39:33,652 --> 00:39:36,888
Nothing is
too wonderful to be true,
610
00:39:36,922 --> 00:39:40,734
if it be consistent
with the laws of nature.
611
00:39:42,686 --> 00:39:45,537
Sync and corrections by n17t01
www.addic7ed.com