1 00:00:08,366 --> 00:00:11,026 ROBERTA: This was their birth country and they're Americans 2 00:00:11,066 --> 00:00:13,566 and they fought on theside of the United States while 3 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:16,270 the rest of their family was incarcerated. 4 00:00:16,300 --> 00:00:19,170 SATSUKI: They never committed a crime except to have the 5 00:00:19,200 --> 00:00:20,930 face of the enemy. 6 00:00:20,966 --> 00:00:23,526 WOMAN: I couldn't believe we were being corralled to 7 00:00:23,566 --> 00:00:25,296 this concentration camp. 8 00:00:25,533 --> 00:00:27,103 WOMAN: Families were split up. 9 00:00:27,133 --> 00:00:29,333 SATSUKI: The government framed it as an issue of loyalty. 10 00:00:30,500 --> 00:00:31,930 ROBERTA: My uncles felt compelled to 11 00:00:31,966 --> 00:00:33,826 renounce their brother. 12 00:00:34,100 --> 00:00:36,400 He was a very controversial figure. 13 00:00:37,366 --> 00:00:38,966 SUSAN: I'm very proud of being Korean. 14 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:41,000 Unless you respect your heritage, 15 00:00:41,033 --> 00:00:42,473 you'll never find identity. 16 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:45,030 SATSUKI: Many of us stand with the people who are 17 00:00:45,066 --> 00:00:46,966 being targeted today by speaking up. 18 00:00:48,066 --> 00:00:50,096 KAY: Now I look back and I say, 19 00:00:50,133 --> 00:00:53,403 "Would my children believe me ifI tried to explain it to them" 20 00:00:55,466 --> 00:00:58,496 SATSUKI: I'm here today so the rest of this world hears what 21 00:00:58,533 --> 00:01:00,303 happened to us. 22 00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:08,030 ♪ 23 00:01:10,900 --> 00:01:14,870 (wind chimes) 24 00:01:21,166 --> 00:01:23,496 SATSUKI: This is the metal box I found after my 25 00:01:23,533 --> 00:01:25,833 mother passed away. 26 00:01:28,166 --> 00:01:32,596 I was surprised to see my mother's 27 00:01:32,633 --> 00:01:35,733 actual identification number 28 00:01:35,766 --> 00:01:41,126 that she was assigned, number 14911. 29 00:01:46,566 --> 00:01:49,966 I was surprised, I found her pin. 30 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:53,670 Her, her mug shot. 31 00:02:02,066 --> 00:02:06,226 And this was the beginning of the dehumanization for her. 32 00:02:10,533 --> 00:02:13,303 My parents didn't know how long they 33 00:02:13,333 --> 00:02:15,873 would be incarcerated. 34 00:02:20,566 --> 00:02:24,566 It's been heartrending to know the suffering that they 35 00:02:24,600 --> 00:02:27,430 endured during that time. 36 00:02:34,333 --> 00:02:37,533 NEWSCASTER: The Japanese have attacked Pearl Harbor by air. 37 00:02:38,533 --> 00:02:41,673 NARRATOR: As the United States enters World War II, 38 00:02:41,700 --> 00:02:43,900 many American-born Asians are forced to 39 00:02:43,933 --> 00:02:46,703 make agonizing decisions. 40 00:02:47,300 --> 00:02:50,370 This is the story of how families are torn apart, 41 00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:54,170 and how their actions will affect them for generations. 42 00:02:56,433 --> 00:02:58,873 One family in particular is shattered by conflicting 43 00:02:58,900 --> 00:03:02,170 allegiances and accusations of treason. 44 00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:07,830 Everyone will be impacted in radically different ways, 45 00:03:07,866 --> 00:03:10,866 but each faces the same question: 46 00:03:07,866 --> 00:03:10,866 but each faces the same question: 47 00:03:10,900 --> 00:03:14,200 What does it mean to be a loyal American? 48 00:03:28,766 --> 00:03:31,266 NARRATOR: At the beginning of a new century, 49 00:03:31,300 --> 00:03:33,970 immigrants are seeking opportunity. 50 00:03:34,200 --> 00:03:37,200 One of them is George Kumemaro Uno, 51 00:03:37,233 --> 00:03:40,303 who arrives from Japan in 1905. 52 00:03:41,433 --> 00:03:44,803 ROBERTA: He changed his name to George after George Washington, 53 00:03:45,900 --> 00:03:49,100 but what he found here didn't exactly measure up 54 00:03:49,133 --> 00:03:52,573 to the ideals of democracy, because he couldn't own land, 55 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:55,700 become a citizen, intermarry with a Caucasian, 56 00:03:55,733 --> 00:03:57,733 had he wanted to. 57 00:03:57,766 --> 00:04:00,196 And yet he really believed in this country. 58 00:04:01,866 --> 00:04:04,926 BRIAN: Asians were deemed not eligible to become naturalized 59 00:04:05,300 --> 00:04:07,270 US citizens. 60 00:04:07,300 --> 00:04:11,570 Japanese immigrants were always unable to vote, 61 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:13,100 and they were politically powerless, 62 00:04:13,133 --> 00:04:15,603 and thus kind of easy to victimize, 63 00:04:15,633 --> 00:04:17,803 easy to scapegoat. 64 00:04:18,266 --> 00:04:20,266 NARRATOR: Despite these limitations, 65 00:04:20,300 --> 00:04:23,100 Asian immigrants are planting roots across the country. 66 00:04:24,266 --> 00:04:27,466 Little Tokyos, Chinese and Filipinotowns, 67 00:04:27,500 --> 00:04:30,200 alongside South Asian communities, 68 00:04:30,233 --> 00:04:33,203 provide places for Asian Americans to flourish in a 69 00:04:33,233 --> 00:04:36,073 language and culture they understand. 70 00:04:38,566 --> 00:04:41,496 George and his wife Riki eventually settle in 71 00:04:41,533 --> 00:04:44,373 Los Angeles where they have 10 children. 72 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:49,730 ROBERTA: When I was growing up, we heard these stories, 73 00:04:49,766 --> 00:04:54,066 how the Uno house on Broadway and 38th in LA was just this 74 00:04:54,100 --> 00:04:56,830 place where all the young people wanted to be. 75 00:04:57,900 --> 00:05:00,930 There was music, the Uno boys were all great dancers. 76 00:05:01,733 --> 00:05:03,703 They would just have a lot of fun, 77 00:05:03,733 --> 00:05:06,473 and our grandparents were so welcoming to everybody. 78 00:05:11,466 --> 00:05:14,996 AMY: We were raised with the full American way of living. 79 00:05:17,266 --> 00:05:20,396 We always said "mom and dad," where everybody else was 80 00:05:20,433 --> 00:05:23,873 saying Otosan, Okasan. 81 00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:28,430 My father used to always say, "We must be Americans, 82 00:05:28,466 --> 00:05:31,296 but this is our adopted home." 83 00:05:31,866 --> 00:05:34,196 NARRATOR: Parents George and Riki are part of 84 00:05:34,233 --> 00:05:37,433 the first generation of immigrants, the Issei. 85 00:05:37,466 --> 00:05:40,396 Their American-born children are the second generation, 86 00:05:41,100 --> 00:05:42,470 the Nisei. 87 00:05:42,500 --> 00:05:47,030 BRIAN: The Nisei are in many ways just typical Americans. 88 00:05:47,066 --> 00:05:50,266 The all-American Tom Sawyer, boyhoods, 89 00:05:50,300 --> 00:05:53,400 girlhoods, having the same kind of dreams 90 00:05:53,433 --> 00:05:56,633 and aspirations of any other American youth at the time. 91 00:06:02,233 --> 00:06:05,003 NARRATOR: The oldest child of the family is Buddy Uno. 92 00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:08,670 In many ways he is a typical Nisei, 93 00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:08,670 In many ways he is a typical Nisei, 94 00:06:08,700 --> 00:06:12,230 but will prove later to be a controversial figure. 95 00:06:15,533 --> 00:06:18,633 ROBERTA: Buddy's like a mystery to us. 96 00:06:20,166 --> 00:06:22,966 My sister and I always used to look at our family albums and 97 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:26,530 see this very handsome, distinguished-looking man, 98 00:06:26,566 --> 00:06:29,796 who reminded us so much of our father and our uncles. 99 00:06:30,633 --> 00:06:34,873 And we knew them all so well, but we didn't know Buddy. 100 00:06:37,400 --> 00:06:41,200 TAMIKO: What I knew of Buddy was very limited. 101 00:06:41,233 --> 00:06:44,603 Nothing too serious, never about the war, 102 00:06:44,633 --> 00:06:49,233 or never about this sort of a bit of a 103 00:06:49,933 --> 00:06:52,403 controversy around him. 104 00:06:55,766 --> 00:06:57,196 BRIAN: There was a tremendous amount of 105 00:06:57,233 --> 00:07:00,233 anti-Japanese discrimination. 106 00:07:00,266 --> 00:07:01,796 Ironically, in many cases, 107 00:07:01,833 --> 00:07:04,773 it was led by other immigrants, who were white. 108 00:07:05,966 --> 00:07:08,996 That, combined with stereotypes that immediately 109 00:07:09,033 --> 00:07:12,533 came into play, created this large-scale 110 00:07:12,566 --> 00:07:14,766 anti-Japanese agitation. 111 00:07:16,566 --> 00:07:19,126 NARRATOR: No matter how long they'd been in America, 112 00:07:19,166 --> 00:07:22,026 Asians are turned away from certain restaurants, 113 00:07:22,066 --> 00:07:24,496 swimming pools, and movie theaters. 114 00:07:25,166 --> 00:07:28,026 In addition, restrictive covenants ban Asians from 115 00:07:28,066 --> 00:07:30,396 living in white neighborhoods. 116 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:37,500 As for Buddy, he is rejected from his Boy Scout troop at 117 00:07:37,533 --> 00:07:41,003 age 12 because he is Japanese. 118 00:07:41,266 --> 00:07:43,696 It is a humiliation he will carry with him for 119 00:07:43,733 --> 00:07:46,403 the rest of his life. 120 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,130 In high school, he finds an outlet to express himself, 121 00:07:52,166 --> 00:07:54,696 a column for a Japanese American newspaper, 122 00:07:54,733 --> 00:07:56,503 where he writes about the dilemma of 123 00:07:56,533 --> 00:07:59,433 the Nisei generation. 124 00:08:00,100 --> 00:08:03,600 Despite his ambitions, Buddycan never dream of getting a 125 00:08:03,633 --> 00:08:07,433 job in the mainstream press because of his race. 126 00:08:07,900 --> 00:08:10,530 BRIAN: The classic story of Nisei coming of age in the 127 00:08:10,566 --> 00:08:15,196 '‘30s was ones who would go tothe best schools in the country, 128 00:08:15,233 --> 00:08:18,403 come back with degrees from UCLA or Stanford, 129 00:08:18,433 --> 00:08:19,703 and no one would hire them. 130 00:08:19,733 --> 00:08:22,733 So they ended up typically working in their 131 00:08:22,766 --> 00:08:25,526 parents' market, or their parents' business, 132 00:08:25,566 --> 00:08:28,626 or their parents' farm. 133 00:08:30,633 --> 00:08:32,503 NARRATOR: But across the Pacific, 134 00:08:32,533 --> 00:08:34,733 Asia is an attractive draw, 135 00:08:34,766 --> 00:08:37,926 especially for Nisei with limited opportunities. 136 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:42,330 (singing in Japanese) 137 00:08:48,300 --> 00:08:50,800 If you are Japanese you are associated with 138 00:08:50,833 --> 00:08:53,333 modernization and power. 139 00:08:55,266 --> 00:08:59,066 Japan has started its campaign of conquest in Asia, 140 00:08:59,100 --> 00:09:01,230 beginning with Manchuria and China. 141 00:09:04,866 --> 00:09:08,396 BRIAN: Their propaganda messageis this idea of Asia for Asians. 142 00:09:04,866 --> 00:09:08,396 BRIAN: Their propaganda messageis this idea of Asia for Asians. 143 00:09:10,633 --> 00:09:13,673 For many Nisei, that was attractive. 144 00:09:14,633 --> 00:09:18,573 People like Buddy who felt like their occupational dreams 145 00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:21,830 were sort of thwarted inthe US because of discrimination 146 00:09:22,166 --> 00:09:25,026 saw that as a place where therewere greater opportunities. 147 00:09:27,733 --> 00:09:30,173 NARRATOR: But other Asian communities in the US are 148 00:09:30,200 --> 00:09:32,370 incensed by Japanese imperialism. 149 00:09:34,700 --> 00:09:37,500 Chinese communities are especially aggrieved by the 150 00:09:37,533 --> 00:09:40,033 occupation of Manchuria. 151 00:09:40,066 --> 00:09:42,666 WOMAN: Like a streak of lightning out of a clear sky, 152 00:09:42,700 --> 00:09:45,600 Japan attacked and occupied Manchuria. 153 00:09:46,500 --> 00:09:49,500 The Japanese army has overrun the whole country. 154 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:52,530 NARRATOR: But Buddy is willing to overlook 155 00:09:52,566 --> 00:09:54,526 Japan's transgressions. 156 00:09:54,566 --> 00:09:58,626 In 1937, Buddy Uno takes afreighter to Japan in hopes of 157 00:09:58,666 --> 00:10:00,596 fulfilling his dreams of becoming 158 00:10:00,633 --> 00:10:02,703 a foreign correspondent. 159 00:10:02,733 --> 00:10:06,233 In an interview a year later, he explains his motivations. 160 00:10:07,200 --> 00:10:09,600 BUDDY: I was treated like a yellow skibbie and not an 161 00:10:09,633 --> 00:10:11,373 American citizen. 162 00:10:11,933 --> 00:10:14,433 So I decided, "The hell with the US, I'd go to Japan 163 00:10:15,333 --> 00:10:18,033 where my knowledge of the States would be appreciated." 164 00:10:25,166 --> 00:10:27,496 NARRATOR: The 1930s are shaped profoundly by 165 00:10:27,533 --> 00:10:29,503 the Great Depression. 166 00:10:29,766 --> 00:10:32,296 The Uno family, with so many mouths to feed, 167 00:10:32,333 --> 00:10:34,273 struggles to make ends meet. 168 00:10:36,500 --> 00:10:40,900 Amy Uno, at age 12, moves in with a Caucasian family to 169 00:10:40,933 --> 00:10:43,473 become their domestic help. 170 00:10:43,933 --> 00:10:46,503 AMY: I decided after talking to my mother that this would 171 00:10:46,533 --> 00:10:49,033 alleviate a lot of the hardships. 172 00:10:49,066 --> 00:10:52,526 So I worked for this family for $8 a month. 173 00:10:52,766 --> 00:10:55,926 ROBERTA: She started working in service, um, 174 00:10:55,966 --> 00:10:58,796 living with various families, taking care of their children 175 00:10:58,833 --> 00:11:02,233 and taking the streetcar to school, 176 00:11:02,666 --> 00:11:06,066 then coming back and preparing dinner and giving what little 177 00:11:06,100 --> 00:11:09,900 money she made to her mom to help with family expenses. 178 00:11:12,966 --> 00:11:15,296 NARRATOR: In Asia, Buddy is able to achieve what he 179 00:11:15,333 --> 00:11:18,773 couldn't in the US: work as a mainstream reporter. 180 00:11:20,933 --> 00:11:24,103 He sets out to cover the Sino-Japanese war. 181 00:11:25,166 --> 00:11:26,866 Caught up in the thrill of battle, 182 00:11:26,900 --> 00:11:28,670 Buddy writes glowing dispatches from 183 00:11:28,700 --> 00:11:30,370 the Chinese front. 184 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,430 BUDDY: Many believe Japan to be fanatical and mad, 185 00:11:33,466 --> 00:11:36,526 but whatever she is, she faces the world with a clear 186 00:11:36,566 --> 00:11:40,096 conscience, and the world looks at her with wonderment, 187 00:11:40,133 --> 00:11:42,473 fear, and suspicion. 188 00:11:43,933 --> 00:11:45,973 NARRATOR: Though his Japanese is limited, 189 00:11:46,000 --> 00:11:48,800 Buddy finds a job with the Japanese army. 190 00:11:49,100 --> 00:11:51,930 He works as a liaison with the foreign press. 191 00:11:52,433 --> 00:11:56,333 TAMIKO: He was very pro-Japan, and wanted to affirm that 192 00:11:56,366 --> 00:11:59,266 belief that he comes from a great country, 193 00:12:00,500 --> 00:12:03,730 and that Japan is a great country. 194 00:12:04,633 --> 00:12:07,033 ROBERTA: When I look back at Buddy, 195 00:12:07,066 --> 00:12:11,296 I think not only the issue ofhis response to American racism, 196 00:12:07,066 --> 00:12:11,296 I think not only the issue ofhis response to American racism, 197 00:12:12,333 --> 00:12:15,103 but then the response that so many of us have when 198 00:12:15,133 --> 00:12:18,773 we go to our countries of home origin. 199 00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:23,770 He probably had that feeling of being in a setting where he 200 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:26,800 was no longer a marginalized person or a minority. 201 00:12:29,733 --> 00:12:32,433 NARRATOR: But that pride he feels colors how he views the 202 00:12:32,466 --> 00:12:34,496 Japanese army. 203 00:12:34,533 --> 00:12:37,773 He writes numerous articles extolling its strengths, 204 00:12:38,133 --> 00:12:40,273 while minimizing the violence and death committed 205 00:12:40,300 --> 00:12:42,530 by its soldiers. 206 00:12:42,733 --> 00:12:45,773 BRIAN: Many of the Nisei, because they'd been treated so 207 00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:47,970 badly in the United States, I think there was a greater 208 00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:52,730 openness to overlook some of the atrocities the 209 00:12:52,766 --> 00:12:55,426 Japanese were committing. 210 00:13:00,066 --> 00:13:03,326 NARRATOR: Tamiko Ishidate is Buddy Uno's granddaughter. 211 00:13:03,933 --> 00:13:06,533 She was born in Japan, but has lived in the States 212 00:13:06,566 --> 00:13:08,666 for almost 30 years. 213 00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:11,730 She's talking to relatives for the first time 214 00:13:11,766 --> 00:13:14,666 to understand why the family was split during the war. 215 00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:20,870 She visits her uncle, Joe Uno. 216 00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:23,530 He's helped collect some of the family archive. 217 00:13:27,066 --> 00:13:29,426 JOE: So I hope this is the box. 218 00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:32,670 These are the photos that Auntie Kay gave to me 219 00:13:32,700 --> 00:13:35,470 to bring back, this whole box. 220 00:13:36,200 --> 00:13:37,500 Is that, is that Buddy? 221 00:13:37,533 --> 00:13:39,103 TAMIKO: That's Buddy! JOE: Yeah? 222 00:13:39,133 --> 00:13:41,503 TAMIKO: Yeah! JOE: Wow. 223 00:13:45,966 --> 00:13:47,566 Is that your grandmother, Tomoko? 224 00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:50,000 TAMIKO: Tomoko. Yeah. 225 00:13:50,033 --> 00:13:52,303 JOE: Wow. TAMIKO: They must be 38 here. 226 00:13:52,333 --> 00:13:54,033 JOE: And they're in Shanghai there? 227 00:13:54,066 --> 00:13:56,066 TAMIKO: Yeah. Shanghai. 228 00:13:59,300 --> 00:14:01,430 NARRATOR: 1940s Shanghai is a bustling 229 00:14:01,466 --> 00:14:04,566 international metropolis. 230 00:14:06,100 --> 00:14:08,700 It is while working there that Buddy falls in love 231 00:14:08,733 --> 00:14:10,833 with a Japanese national. 232 00:14:11,633 --> 00:14:13,203 TAMIKO: My grandmother, Tomoko, 233 00:14:13,233 --> 00:14:17,303 was working at the Japanese confectionery company. 234 00:14:17,933 --> 00:14:20,733 My grandmother told memany times how he came back 235 00:14:20,766 --> 00:14:23,466 for a bag of peanuts almost every day. 236 00:14:24,533 --> 00:14:27,573 There's a lot of very nice photos of them, 237 00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:30,230 group dating, going out, picnics. 238 00:14:30,266 --> 00:14:33,366 It seems like a really very joyous time in their life. 239 00:14:36,166 --> 00:14:38,566 NARRATOR: They marry in 1941, 240 00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:40,230 a few months before the world will 241 00:14:40,266 --> 00:14:42,126 turn upside down. 242 00:14:48,633 --> 00:14:52,933 ROOSEVELT: December 7th, 1941, 243 00:14:52,966 --> 00:14:57,166 a date which will live in infamy. 244 00:14:59,366 --> 00:15:02,526 BRIAN: Hours and days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, 245 00:15:02,566 --> 00:15:05,726 federal officials, with the aid of local police forces, 246 00:15:05,766 --> 00:15:08,726 were able to swoop in and arrest a couple of thousand 247 00:15:05,766 --> 00:15:08,726 were able to swoop in and arrest a couple of thousand 248 00:15:08,766 --> 00:15:12,496 mostly Japanese male immigrant community leaders. 249 00:15:14,566 --> 00:15:18,496 My own grandfather, who was a newspaper editor in Honolulu, 250 00:15:19,166 --> 00:15:23,626 was arrested on the night of December 7th. 251 00:15:23,666 --> 00:15:25,726 NARRATOR: Soon after, Buddy's father is one of the 252 00:15:25,766 --> 00:15:28,796 first Japanese to berounded up by the authorities. 253 00:15:29,166 --> 00:15:32,026 His FBI records describe how Buddy, his son, 254 00:15:32,066 --> 00:15:34,266 is employed by the Japanese military, 255 00:15:34,300 --> 00:15:36,730 as grounds for his arrest. 256 00:15:37,666 --> 00:15:40,866 AMY: By the time I got home the FBI was at our house. 257 00:15:41,633 --> 00:15:45,503 And they tore the siding out of our house to see if we were 258 00:15:45,533 --> 00:15:47,633 hiding things in between the walls, 259 00:15:48,133 --> 00:15:50,173 and under the floorboards. 260 00:15:51,366 --> 00:15:54,126 When they left, they took my father with them. 261 00:15:56,166 --> 00:15:59,196 NARRATOR: For days the Uno family lives in dread, 262 00:15:59,700 --> 00:16:02,430 unsure of their father's whereabouts. 263 00:16:03,066 --> 00:16:05,826 One day they learn he was being held at a camp in 264 00:16:05,866 --> 00:16:08,566 Griffith Park in Los Angeles. 265 00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:11,330 AMY: We all jumped in the car. 266 00:16:11,366 --> 00:16:14,166 And we took toothpaste and soap and wash cloths, 267 00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:16,170 and all kinds of things with us. 268 00:16:17,066 --> 00:16:20,566 And sure enough, as we got way into Griffith Park 269 00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:24,130 we found the military police all around us. 270 00:16:24,166 --> 00:16:25,666 And we yelled, 271 00:16:25,700 --> 00:16:29,000 "Dad, if you recognize us, put your hands up."” 272 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:31,630 And of course my father recognized 273 00:16:31,666 --> 00:16:33,996 immediately his bunch of kids. 274 00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:37,470 So then, all of us took turns pitching. 275 00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:39,930 We took the soap, and we took the toothpaste, 276 00:16:39,966 --> 00:16:43,126 and we took his shaving kit and things and we just pitched 277 00:16:43,166 --> 00:16:46,396 it as far as we could over into this thing. 278 00:16:47,500 --> 00:16:49,700 NARRATOR: Amy and her siblingswill not reunite with their 279 00:16:49,733 --> 00:16:52,103 father for two years. 280 00:16:52,866 --> 00:16:55,726 For months the family lives under the strict curfew 281 00:16:55,766 --> 00:16:58,466 imposed on all Japanese people. 282 00:16:58,500 --> 00:17:01,330 They have to be inside by 5:00 PM, 283 00:17:01,366 --> 00:17:04,666 and can only travel a few miles from home. 284 00:17:05,166 --> 00:17:07,396 BRIAN: You had newspaper columnists, 285 00:17:07,433 --> 00:17:10,233 opportunistic politicians, such as the attorney general 286 00:17:10,266 --> 00:17:14,766 of California, Earl Warren, who were really agitating for 287 00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:17,070 further action against Japanese Americans. 288 00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:20,000 They wanted to remove every man, woman, 289 00:17:20,033 --> 00:17:22,503 and child from the West coast. 290 00:17:22,766 --> 00:17:25,866 JANE: It's a really difficult and challenging time for 291 00:17:25,900 --> 00:17:29,100 Asian Americans because people don't always distinguish 292 00:17:29,133 --> 00:17:32,103 between them very carefully. 293 00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:34,200 You see Koreans wearing badges that say, 294 00:17:34,233 --> 00:17:35,833 "I am Korean." 295 00:17:35,866 --> 00:17:37,596 And sometimes they'll wear Korean flags 296 00:17:37,633 --> 00:17:39,033 on their shirts. 297 00:17:39,066 --> 00:17:41,096 And Chinese Americans do something similar that 298 00:17:41,133 --> 00:17:43,503 distinguish them as non-Japanese. 299 00:17:44,066 --> 00:17:45,826 They wanted to distance themselves from the 300 00:17:45,866 --> 00:17:48,526 anti-Japanese hysteria. 301 00:17:50,133 --> 00:17:52,973 NARRATOR: On February 19th, 1942 302 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:54,770 Franklin Roosevelt passes 303 00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:58,830 Executive Order 9066, authorizing the incarceration 304 00:17:58,866 --> 00:18:01,766 of more than 110,000 Japanese Americans. 305 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,930 Two thirds of whom were born in the United States. 306 00:18:06,966 --> 00:18:08,366 A few weeks later, 307 00:18:06,966 --> 00:18:08,366 A few weeks later, 308 00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:11,400 the Unos are instructedto assemble at a nearby church. 309 00:18:11,433 --> 00:18:14,103 Bringing only their personal belongings. 310 00:18:14,300 --> 00:18:15,770 Like thousands of others, 311 00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:18,700 they have no idea what will happen next. 312 00:18:21,833 --> 00:18:25,273 BRIAN: You would typically have a week to dispose of 313 00:18:25,300 --> 00:18:28,200 everything and show up at a particular place by 314 00:18:28,233 --> 00:18:29,673 a particular date. 315 00:18:29,700 --> 00:18:32,170 Many people lose everything. 316 00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:38,730 REPORTER: At Los Angeles, 36,000 Japs 317 00:18:38,766 --> 00:18:40,796 see the handwriting on the wall and sell out their 318 00:18:40,833 --> 00:18:42,903 goods before their voluntary departure. 319 00:18:43,633 --> 00:18:45,703 NARRATOR: Despite propaganda at the time, 320 00:18:45,733 --> 00:18:48,633 the evacuation is anything but voluntary. 321 00:18:52,933 --> 00:18:55,803 Japanese Americans are transferred to 10 newly 322 00:18:55,833 --> 00:18:58,303 constructed detention camps in remote areas. 323 00:18:59,700 --> 00:19:03,300 An additional 10 Department Of Justice camps are built in 324 00:19:03,333 --> 00:19:05,633 places such as Bismarck, North Dakota 325 00:19:06,266 --> 00:19:08,496 and Crystal City, Texas. 326 00:19:09,833 --> 00:19:12,503 ROBERTA: That's where people who were considered dangerous 327 00:19:12,533 --> 00:19:14,073 enemy aliens were sent. 328 00:19:14,100 --> 00:19:16,800 As opposed to the Department of Interior camps, 329 00:19:16,833 --> 00:19:20,533 which were concentration camps for kind of everybody else. 330 00:19:20,866 --> 00:19:22,866 For families, et cetera. 331 00:19:22,900 --> 00:19:25,700 And even still, people were split up. 332 00:19:27,233 --> 00:19:29,433 NARRATOR: Amy Uno is sent with her husband to 333 00:19:29,466 --> 00:19:32,326 a camp in Wyoming. 334 00:19:32,366 --> 00:19:36,326 The rest of the family is sent to Colorado. 335 00:19:36,933 --> 00:19:38,873 They still have no idea where their father 336 00:19:38,900 --> 00:19:41,070 is being held. 337 00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:45,030 SATSUKI: There was no due process. 338 00:19:45,066 --> 00:19:49,026 The government framed it as an issue of loyalty. 339 00:19:49,066 --> 00:19:53,896 But there had never been a question of loyalty in the 340 00:19:54,700 --> 00:19:56,130 Japanese American community. 341 00:19:56,166 --> 00:20:00,226 Nobody asked about loyalty before they were incarcerated. 342 00:20:00,766 --> 00:20:02,896 NARRATOR: Satsuki Ina's parents were born in the 343 00:20:02,933 --> 00:20:06,573 United States, but partly educated in Japan. 344 00:20:07,733 --> 00:20:09,673 SATSUKI: My mother kept a diary from the day 345 00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:10,970 that she married. 346 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:12,700 Kind of heart wrenching. 347 00:20:12,733 --> 00:20:15,873 She starts out with all this hopefulness. 348 00:20:15,900 --> 00:20:18,230 Finding the love of her life and looking forward 349 00:20:18,266 --> 00:20:20,666 to having a family. 350 00:20:21,366 --> 00:20:25,066 Nine months later, they find themselves imprisoned. 351 00:20:28,233 --> 00:20:32,203 They were removed to the Tanforan racetrack, 352 00:20:32,233 --> 00:20:35,433 which was a temporary detention facility. 353 00:20:36,500 --> 00:20:39,230 If you had one-sixteenth Japanese blood, 354 00:20:39,266 --> 00:20:42,126 even if you were a baby in an orphanage, 355 00:20:42,166 --> 00:20:45,096 you are put in an orphanage in one of the camps. 356 00:20:48,666 --> 00:20:51,266 This was based on race. 357 00:20:53,833 --> 00:20:57,673 SATSUKI: There is a photograph of my mother standing in line 358 00:20:57,700 --> 00:21:01,430 in San Francisco in front of a Community Hall, 359 00:21:02,300 --> 00:21:04,600 that was taken by Dorothea Lange. 360 00:21:04,933 --> 00:21:08,233 That photo captured the moment before she was assigned 361 00:21:08,266 --> 00:21:11,226 to be number 14911. 362 00:21:08,266 --> 00:21:11,226 to be number 14911. 363 00:21:13,166 --> 00:21:16,666 It's really clear the anxious look on her face, 364 00:21:16,933 --> 00:21:19,973 the beginning of the unknown for her. 365 00:21:21,333 --> 00:21:24,303 My mother had morning sickness and placed in a 366 00:21:24,333 --> 00:21:27,103 horse stable where they could still smell the manure. 367 00:21:27,133 --> 00:21:30,203 And she wrote in her diary that she was sick every day 368 00:21:30,233 --> 00:21:31,973 and unable to eat. 369 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:33,970 She was concerned about what was happening to the baby that 370 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:36,730 was growing inside of her. 371 00:21:37,733 --> 00:21:40,533 From there, they were sent to Topaz, Utah. 372 00:21:44,566 --> 00:21:47,566 There, my brother was born. 373 00:21:50,266 --> 00:21:52,826 There was so much turmoil inside the camp. 374 00:21:52,866 --> 00:21:54,826 There were factions. 375 00:21:54,866 --> 00:21:58,196 Those that were supportive of the administration, 376 00:21:58,233 --> 00:22:01,703 and then there was a growing resistance movement. 377 00:22:01,733 --> 00:22:04,403 That gave them a place where they could 378 00:22:04,433 --> 00:22:08,273 feel some personal dignity by opposing the oppressive 379 00:22:08,300 --> 00:22:11,400 conditions and the terrible food. 380 00:22:11,433 --> 00:22:13,933 There was not enough milk for the children. 381 00:22:13,966 --> 00:22:16,696 There was a limit on how much coal you could have to heat 382 00:22:16,733 --> 00:22:18,833 the rooms. 383 00:22:20,866 --> 00:22:24,226 It was 1943 by then and they were required to 384 00:22:24,266 --> 00:22:26,226 answer what was called the loyalty questionnaire, 385 00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:30,270 asking them if they were one, 386 00:22:30,300 --> 00:22:32,900 willing to bear arms against the enemy. 387 00:22:33,333 --> 00:22:36,273 And two, if they would be willing to disavow 388 00:22:36,300 --> 00:22:39,430 any loyalty to the emperor, which they never had. 389 00:22:40,166 --> 00:22:42,626 NARRATOR: Though the vastmajority of inmates answer yes 390 00:22:42,666 --> 00:22:44,326 to both questions. 391 00:22:44,366 --> 00:22:47,126 Satsuki's parents answer no. 392 00:22:48,333 --> 00:22:50,603 SATSUKI: By then they had already decided that they 393 00:22:50,633 --> 00:22:53,733 would have a better life in Japan. 394 00:22:54,033 --> 00:22:55,903 And eventually they would renounce their 395 00:22:55,933 --> 00:22:57,533 American citizenship. 396 00:22:57,566 --> 00:23:00,626 Out of despair. 397 00:23:01,233 --> 00:23:04,403 People who answered no to those two questions were 398 00:23:04,433 --> 00:23:07,273 considered disloyal by the government, 399 00:23:07,300 --> 00:23:10,930 and then transferred to the maximum security Tule Lake 400 00:23:10,966 --> 00:23:12,796 segregation center. 401 00:23:12,833 --> 00:23:15,803 And this is where I was born. 402 00:23:17,066 --> 00:23:20,226 BRIAN: We tend to frame these things in terms of loyalty. 403 00:23:20,266 --> 00:23:21,926 In the situation they're in, 404 00:23:21,966 --> 00:23:25,366 it's just not clear that loyalty is really the right 405 00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:27,270 framework to be talking about it. 406 00:23:27,300 --> 00:23:29,570 You know, it's a matter of survival. 407 00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:32,930 It's a matter of having family in both places. 408 00:23:33,766 --> 00:23:36,526 It's a matter of thinking about what your own situation 409 00:23:36,566 --> 00:23:38,096 and future is going to be. 410 00:23:38,133 --> 00:23:40,703 And there are no good answers in a lot of cases. 411 00:23:43,300 --> 00:23:45,300 SATSUKI: I asked my mother, "Why would you have another 412 00:23:45,333 --> 00:23:47,433 child in a prison camp?" 413 00:23:47,466 --> 00:23:50,166 And she said, "Well, there were rumors that if you had 414 00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:53,300 more children they wouldn't separate the family." 415 00:23:53,333 --> 00:23:55,473 Which turned out not to be true. 416 00:23:55,500 --> 00:23:58,270 NARRATOR: Satsuki's father iseventually sent to Fort Lincoln 417 00:23:58,300 --> 00:24:00,370 in Bismarck, North Dakota, 418 00:24:00,733 --> 00:24:04,103 a high security camp, for so-called enemy aliens. 419 00:24:05,566 --> 00:24:08,866 Buddy's father, George Uno, is also held there. 420 00:24:05,566 --> 00:24:08,866 Buddy's father, George Uno, is also held there. 421 00:24:10,100 --> 00:24:11,700 For the next few years, 422 00:24:11,733 --> 00:24:13,473 the government attempts to deport 423 00:24:13,500 --> 00:24:16,100 him to Japan but he maintains his allegiance to 424 00:24:16,133 --> 00:24:18,703 the United States. 425 00:24:24,566 --> 00:24:26,866 ♪ 426 00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:29,800 Now that Japan is America's war time enemy, 427 00:24:29,833 --> 00:24:33,133 other Asian communities react in different ways. 428 00:24:33,700 --> 00:24:36,200 JANE: Koreans in the United States see American victory as 429 00:24:36,233 --> 00:24:38,373 also a Korean victory. 430 00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:40,730 Because what they want is they want Japan to be 431 00:24:40,766 --> 00:24:43,366 kicked out of Korea. 432 00:24:43,666 --> 00:24:47,526 NARRATOR: In 1910, Japanestablished Korea as a colony, 433 00:24:47,566 --> 00:24:51,266 suppressing any trace of Korean culture or identity. 434 00:24:53,366 --> 00:24:55,566 This loss of country shapes how all 435 00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:58,170 Koreans see themselves. 436 00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:01,730 Susan Ahn, born in Los Angeles in 1915, 437 00:25:01,766 --> 00:25:04,766 is part of the first generation of Koreans born on 438 00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:06,800 American soil. 439 00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:11,270 One of five siblings, Susan loves sports and is head of 440 00:25:11,300 --> 00:25:13,400 her college baseball team. 441 00:25:14,366 --> 00:25:17,296 SUSAN: I played basketball, field hockey, badminton. 442 00:25:17,333 --> 00:25:20,403 I enjoyed playing sports more than anything. 443 00:25:22,533 --> 00:25:25,373 And my brother was unhappy. 444 00:25:26,900 --> 00:25:30,470 He wanted me to be genteel, ladylike. 445 00:25:32,533 --> 00:25:34,833 NARRATOR: Though they live all-American lives, 446 00:25:34,866 --> 00:25:38,096 Susan and her siblings have an unusual family background. 447 00:25:38,666 --> 00:25:41,496 Their father is an activist who leads the movement for 448 00:25:41,533 --> 00:25:44,273 Korean independence from Japan. 449 00:25:44,700 --> 00:25:48,000 His name is Ahn Chang Ho but he goes by the pen name, 450 00:25:48,033 --> 00:25:49,773 Dosan. 451 00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:52,330 SUSAN: I grew up with people saying to me, 452 00:25:52,366 --> 00:25:53,726 "Your father is not your father. 453 00:25:53,766 --> 00:25:56,066 He's the country's father." 454 00:25:57,866 --> 00:25:59,696 PHILLIP: Every house that the family lived in, 455 00:25:59,733 --> 00:26:01,633 it was not just the family house, 456 00:26:01,666 --> 00:26:03,326 it was the community house. 457 00:26:03,366 --> 00:26:06,426 It was the independence movement activity house. 458 00:26:07,666 --> 00:26:09,296 SUSAN: One thing he always said, 459 00:26:09,333 --> 00:26:11,833 "Be grateful you're living in America, 460 00:26:11,866 --> 00:26:14,626 and try to be good Americans, 461 00:26:15,166 --> 00:26:17,526 but don't forget your heritage." 462 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,700 NARRATOR: In 1932, Dosan is arrested in China by 463 00:26:22,733 --> 00:26:25,033 Japanese agents and sent back to Korea. 464 00:26:26,866 --> 00:26:29,596 There he is jailed and tortured and dies of his 465 00:26:29,633 --> 00:26:32,103 injuries in 1938. 466 00:26:32,533 --> 00:26:35,403 The family is devastated. 467 00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:39,230 PHILLIP: My mom's biggest thing was waiting for him to 468 00:26:39,266 --> 00:26:40,826 come back home. 469 00:26:40,866 --> 00:26:43,326 So when this happened, she was angry, hurt, you know. 470 00:26:43,366 --> 00:26:46,826 Her biggest dream was over. 471 00:26:49,900 --> 00:26:53,130 SUSAN: When you're a Korean, you have no country. 472 00:26:53,166 --> 00:26:56,566 And the Japanese are the predators. 473 00:26:57,933 --> 00:27:00,373 You have a father who gave up his life for it. 474 00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:02,330 You go fight. 475 00:27:03,500 --> 00:27:05,400 PHILLIP: My mom felt that she could go to 476 00:27:05,433 --> 00:27:07,533 officer training school. 477 00:27:07,566 --> 00:27:11,026 But because she was Asian, they rejected her. 478 00:27:07,566 --> 00:27:11,026 But because she was Asian, they rejected her. 479 00:27:12,166 --> 00:27:14,266 And she said, "I don't care about being an officer. 480 00:27:14,300 --> 00:27:16,570 I'm going to join this fight."” 481 00:27:17,033 --> 00:27:19,933 SUSAN: There was no doubt in the whole family's minds that 482 00:27:19,966 --> 00:27:22,866 we were loyal to United States, America. 483 00:27:23,900 --> 00:27:27,700 It was just an opportunity to do something for Korea, 484 00:27:28,233 --> 00:27:29,873 the country that your father and mother gave 485 00:27:29,900 --> 00:27:32,430 up their lives for. 486 00:27:32,466 --> 00:27:36,466 CHRISTINE: She joined the Navy and was assigned to be a 487 00:27:36,500 --> 00:27:39,830 gunnery officer, which meant she had to learn how to shoot 488 00:27:39,866 --> 00:27:41,896 a 50 caliber machine gun. 489 00:27:41,933 --> 00:27:45,973 Which was pretty interesting for a five foot Asian lady. 490 00:27:47,033 --> 00:27:49,473 NARRATOR: Susan Ahn becomes the first Asian woman to 491 00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:52,130 enlist in the United States Navy, 492 00:27:52,166 --> 00:27:54,866 and its first female gunnery officer. 493 00:27:55,100 --> 00:27:58,400 SUSAN: I was teaching them how you should shoot at the 494 00:27:58,433 --> 00:28:00,433 Japanese when they are in the sky at a 495 00:28:00,466 --> 00:28:03,026 Japanese fighter pilot. 496 00:28:03,066 --> 00:28:05,126 One time one commander said to me, he says, 497 00:28:05,166 --> 00:28:07,796 "I'm not shooting until I see the whites 498 00:28:07,833 --> 00:28:09,333 of those Japs eyes." 499 00:28:09,366 --> 00:28:11,496 And I said, "I don't care what you do up there, 500 00:28:11,533 --> 00:28:14,003 you do what I tell you to do down here." 501 00:28:16,433 --> 00:28:18,473 NARRATOR: Susan's older brother,Philip, 502 00:28:18,500 --> 00:28:21,300 contributes to the war effort in his own way. 503 00:28:21,733 --> 00:28:25,403 He is one of the first Asian actors in Hollywood. 504 00:28:25,433 --> 00:28:28,703 PHILLIP: When World War II happened my uncles movie 505 00:28:28,733 --> 00:28:30,403 career was taking off. 506 00:28:30,433 --> 00:28:32,333 And then the American government starts running the 507 00:28:32,366 --> 00:28:33,726 movie industry. 508 00:28:33,766 --> 00:28:36,566 You know, they're censoring, they're suggesting to RKO and 509 00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:39,530 Paramount to make these patriotic movies about war. 510 00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:43,000 And so Phillip starts playing these Japanese roles. 511 00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:46,300 AHN: America will be crushed never to rise again. 512 00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:53,900 CHRISTINE: He was thrilled tobe able to play a bad Japanese. 513 00:28:53,933 --> 00:28:56,303 And to play a Japanese character that then everybody 514 00:28:56,333 --> 00:28:58,273 who saw the movie would hate. 515 00:28:58,300 --> 00:29:00,500 He thought that was wonderful. 516 00:29:03,566 --> 00:29:04,596 (slap) 517 00:29:10,833 --> 00:29:12,903 NARRATOR: The war provided Asian communities 518 00:29:12,933 --> 00:29:16,603 a chance to prove their patriotism. 519 00:29:16,833 --> 00:29:20,203 Chinese and Filipino Americans enlist in droves. 520 00:29:20,866 --> 00:29:23,426 Before the war, Filipinos werebarred from enlisting in the 521 00:29:23,466 --> 00:29:25,566 US military. 522 00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:28,570 After Pearl Harbor, almost half the male Filipino 523 00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:31,300 population in California signs up. 524 00:29:32,966 --> 00:29:35,696 They create two all Filipino regiments. 525 00:29:39,066 --> 00:29:41,696 DIXON: I volunteered for the First Filipino Infantry 526 00:29:41,733 --> 00:29:44,603 Regiment and lo and behold, 527 00:29:44,633 --> 00:29:49,033 I didn't see any soldiers that were my age. 528 00:29:50,666 --> 00:29:56,396 These soldiers that I did see were at least mid-30's 529 00:29:57,500 --> 00:30:00,330 I'd even say in their 40's. 530 00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:03,070 There were some people that lied about their age just to 531 00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:04,770 stay in the army. 532 00:30:05,900 --> 00:30:07,830 MAN: Swinging the dreaded bolo knives of the Philippine 533 00:30:07,866 --> 00:30:10,726 jungle, they work for the day when they will help free their 534 00:30:07,866 --> 00:30:10,726 jungle, they work for the day when they will help free their 535 00:30:10,766 --> 00:30:12,726 homeland from the invader. 536 00:30:16,366 --> 00:30:19,026 NARRATOR: Japanese Americans have different motives. 537 00:30:19,266 --> 00:30:22,466 They join the military to fight for their own freedom. 538 00:30:22,833 --> 00:30:26,373 From the prison camps, tens of thousands enlist, 539 00:30:26,566 --> 00:30:28,866 including three of the Uno brothers. 540 00:30:30,700 --> 00:30:32,600 ROBERTA: I think what's so interesting about 541 00:30:32,633 --> 00:30:34,833 the Uno family, those 10 siblings, 542 00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:37,200 is that you have the range from a 543 00:30:37,233 --> 00:30:39,803 very controversial figure like my Uncle Buddy. 544 00:30:39,833 --> 00:30:43,773 And then you have my other uncles who volunteered 545 00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:47,700 out of internment camp and fought on the side of 546 00:30:47,733 --> 00:30:49,073 the United States, 547 00:30:49,100 --> 00:30:52,100 while the rest of their family was incarcerated. 548 00:30:53,266 --> 00:30:55,626 They knew this was their birth country 549 00:30:56,466 --> 00:30:57,696 and they're Americans, 550 00:30:57,733 --> 00:31:00,633 and they should join the service. 551 00:31:01,233 --> 00:31:04,773 BRIAN: The war department and others began to realize that 552 00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:07,630 it would probably be good to allow Japanese Americans to 553 00:31:07,666 --> 00:31:09,896 serve in the armed forces. 554 00:31:10,266 --> 00:31:12,366 Not only because you need the manpower, 555 00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:16,600 but it's also an answer to Japanese Axis propaganda 556 00:31:16,933 --> 00:31:20,103 saying that the U.S. is a racist society. 557 00:31:21,066 --> 00:31:24,696 If we have Japanese Americanswho are serving in the military, 558 00:31:24,733 --> 00:31:26,303 that's a rebuke to that. 559 00:31:26,333 --> 00:31:28,803 That no, we're not racist. 560 00:31:30,533 --> 00:31:33,333 NARRATOR: Howard andStanley Uno enlist as military 561 00:31:33,366 --> 00:31:36,026 intelligence to serve in the Pacific war. 562 00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:39,800 Their brother Ernest signs up to fight with the segregated 563 00:31:39,833 --> 00:31:42,473 442nd battalion in Europe. 564 00:31:43,433 --> 00:31:46,673 ERNEST: We had to voluntarily enlist. 565 00:31:46,900 --> 00:31:49,000 We put our lives on the line. 566 00:31:49,033 --> 00:31:50,603 We didn't have to be drafted. 567 00:31:50,633 --> 00:31:52,733 REPORTER: It's become one of the most amazing fighting 568 00:31:52,766 --> 00:31:54,426 outfits of the war. 569 00:31:54,466 --> 00:31:57,696 It's the famous 442nd combat team. 570 00:31:57,733 --> 00:32:00,303 Mainly Nisei Americans of Japanese descent. 571 00:32:01,300 --> 00:32:05,000 JANE: The 442nd is the most decorated military battalion 572 00:32:05,033 --> 00:32:07,303 in American history. 573 00:32:07,533 --> 00:32:11,103 They embarked on a series of extremely difficult and 574 00:32:11,133 --> 00:32:14,833 dangerous military missions, including the rescue of a 575 00:32:14,866 --> 00:32:18,596 battalion of Texas soldiers called the Lost Battalion. 576 00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:25,830 It was seen as a suicide mission but the 442nd managed 577 00:32:25,866 --> 00:32:29,896 to save hundreds of Texas soldiers from behind enemy 578 00:32:29,933 --> 00:32:31,503 lines in France. 579 00:32:34,266 --> 00:32:35,796 NARRATOR: But back home, 580 00:32:35,833 --> 00:32:38,903 the families of these soldiers are still prisoners. 581 00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:42,700 In 1944, the Unos reunite in Crystal City, Texas, 582 00:32:43,466 --> 00:32:46,166 at a special camp designed for families. 583 00:32:48,266 --> 00:32:50,426 When Ernest Uno visits them, 584 00:32:50,466 --> 00:32:52,866 he is met with a harsh reality. 585 00:32:54,433 --> 00:32:58,403 ERNEST: My homecoming was somewhat of a painful one. 586 00:33:00,433 --> 00:33:03,773 My parents were in an internment camp. 587 00:33:05,966 --> 00:33:09,326 I went up to the fence, touched their hands. 588 00:33:05,966 --> 00:33:09,326 I went up to the fence, touched their hands. 589 00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:15,330 My mother said, 590 00:33:15,566 --> 00:33:17,726 (speaking in Japanese) 591 00:33:19,233 --> 00:33:22,003 She said, "I knew you'd come home." 592 00:33:26,333 --> 00:33:28,773 KAY: It wasn't like in the WRA camps 593 00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:33,130 where they could go in and staywith the families, you know. 594 00:33:33,533 --> 00:33:37,973 We had a visiting room, and they, it was just like 595 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:41,800 any prison in which they were on one side of the table and 596 00:33:41,833 --> 00:33:43,573 you were on the other side. 597 00:33:43,833 --> 00:33:46,803 ERNEST: I go in visitor's cottage and sit at a couch. 598 00:33:46,833 --> 00:33:49,333 With the armed guards standing behind us. 599 00:33:49,366 --> 00:33:51,926 You know, he had a pistol on his side. 600 00:33:51,966 --> 00:33:53,966 And you know, just standing there. 601 00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:57,030 Overseeing us as we had this family reunion. 602 00:34:01,233 --> 00:34:07,373 And yet darn it, you know, forever the loyal American. 603 00:34:08,266 --> 00:34:11,426 This is something we had to take. 604 00:34:12,833 --> 00:34:15,833 Part of the ... we always take. 605 00:34:22,700 --> 00:34:25,530 NAVIGATION: In a quarter mile, turn left onto Hualipai Road. 606 00:34:26,300 --> 00:34:28,900 NARRATOR: Tamiko visits her great Aunt Kay, 607 00:34:28,933 --> 00:34:31,003 Buddy's youngest sister. 608 00:34:31,033 --> 00:34:34,073 She's the last remaining of the 10 Uno siblings. 609 00:34:36,533 --> 00:34:39,003 Imprisoned at age nine, 610 00:34:39,033 --> 00:34:41,633 she spent two years in Amache, Colorado before 611 00:34:41,666 --> 00:34:44,396 moving to Crystal City with her family. 612 00:34:50,966 --> 00:34:52,396 TAMIKO: Kay? 613 00:34:53,066 --> 00:34:54,996 (speaking in Japanese) 614 00:35:01,133 --> 00:35:04,333 Kay, do you remember about Buddy? 615 00:35:06,466 --> 00:35:10,866 KAY: He was my big brother and he was so nice. 616 00:35:11,233 --> 00:35:12,873 I loved him. 617 00:35:14,833 --> 00:35:19,833 TAMIKO: But he also was putinto a very difficult position. 618 00:35:21,533 --> 00:35:24,033 What do you remember about him? 619 00:35:24,066 --> 00:35:25,896 What did you hear? 620 00:35:25,933 --> 00:35:28,303 KAY: I won't say. 621 00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:37,300 I told myself I wouldn't ever say anything. 622 00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:42,430 I just loved him. 623 00:35:50,500 --> 00:35:54,170 (artillery fire) 624 00:35:55,566 --> 00:35:58,926 NARRATOR: In April 1942 Japanese forces invade the 625 00:35:58,966 --> 00:36:02,466 Philippines, an American colony. 626 00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:04,830 As they battle for control of the islands, 627 00:36:04,866 --> 00:36:07,396 Japan humiliates the U.S. 628 00:36:07,433 --> 00:36:10,803 First in Bataan and then in the battle of Corregidor. 629 00:36:07,433 --> 00:36:10,803 First in Bataan and then in the battle of Corregidor. 630 00:36:16,033 --> 00:36:18,633 These make up the largest surrender of US troops in 631 00:36:18,666 --> 00:36:21,696 American history. 632 00:36:22,666 --> 00:36:26,796 During the Pacific war, 1.1million Filipino civilians and 633 00:36:26,833 --> 00:36:31,073 soldiers die during the fight to defend their country. 634 00:36:33,333 --> 00:36:35,733 Buddy blames this defeat on the delusions 635 00:36:35,766 --> 00:36:37,996 of American imperialism. 636 00:36:38,033 --> 00:36:41,473 He continues to champion Japan's dominance of Asia. 637 00:36:43,666 --> 00:36:46,126 Buddy Uno originally came to Japan to be a 638 00:36:46,166 --> 00:36:49,796 war correspondent, but he has evolved into 639 00:36:49,833 --> 00:36:53,803 an unapologetic propagandist. 640 00:36:53,833 --> 00:36:56,333 He begins producing broadcasts in English, 641 00:36:56,366 --> 00:36:59,526 aimed to weaken the morale of US troops. 642 00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:05,230 Buddy's brother, Howard Uno, 643 00:37:05,266 --> 00:37:08,326 is stationed in Australia in 1943, 644 00:37:08,366 --> 00:37:10,496 serving as a personal translator 645 00:37:10,533 --> 00:37:12,703 to General MacArthur. 646 00:37:12,733 --> 00:37:16,403 One day he tunes into a radio program and immediately 647 00:37:16,433 --> 00:37:18,833 recognizes his brother's voice, 648 00:37:19,300 --> 00:37:22,400 speaking on behalf of the enemy. 649 00:37:25,300 --> 00:37:29,700 ROBERTA: He was considered a traitor and I think my uncles, 650 00:37:29,733 --> 00:37:34,133 especially because they were having to prove their loyalty, 651 00:37:34,166 --> 00:37:37,796 my uncles felt compelled to renounce their brother. 652 00:37:39,133 --> 00:37:41,403 MAN: "We wish to inform you that the Jap officer, 653 00:37:41,433 --> 00:37:44,773 our brother, is a traitor to the American way of life. 654 00:37:44,800 --> 00:37:47,330 We have pledged the destruction of him and all 655 00:37:47,366 --> 00:37:49,466 those like him." 656 00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:56,000 ROBERTA: But that issue became much more complicated within 657 00:37:56,033 --> 00:37:58,603 the family because they still were brothers. 658 00:37:58,633 --> 00:38:01,373 So in many ways it was almost like a classic 659 00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:03,370 civil war story. 660 00:38:11,366 --> 00:38:13,026 SATSUKI: This was 1988. 661 00:38:13,066 --> 00:38:15,266 I had stopped at the Smithsonian because they had 662 00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:17,200 this exhibit about the incarceration of 663 00:38:17,233 --> 00:38:19,473 the Japanese Americans. 664 00:38:19,733 --> 00:38:22,403 I turned the corner, there's this giant photo of 665 00:38:22,433 --> 00:38:25,333 a man in a jail. 666 00:38:26,066 --> 00:38:29,366 And instantly I knew it was my father. 667 00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:35,430 And at that time I had no idea he had been 668 00:38:35,466 --> 00:38:36,996 inside that jail. 669 00:38:37,033 --> 00:38:39,533 And this was the Tule Lake jail. 670 00:38:39,566 --> 00:38:43,126 Prisoners were beaten with bats and clubbed. 671 00:38:46,333 --> 00:38:49,933 My parents were writing back and forth to each other, 672 00:38:49,966 --> 00:38:54,766 trying to, really struggling to communicate about their 673 00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:57,270 decisions about the future, 674 00:38:57,533 --> 00:38:59,973 but the letters were severely censored. 675 00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:06,230 So my father would actually strip his bed sheet and write 676 00:39:06,266 --> 00:39:11,396 letters to her and then roll it up and he'd stick it inside 677 00:39:06,266 --> 00:39:11,396 letters to her and then roll it up and he'd stick it inside 678 00:39:11,433 --> 00:39:14,303 the belt lining of the pants, sew it back up and he'd send 679 00:39:14,333 --> 00:39:17,933 the pants to my mother in Tule Lake and say that 680 00:39:17,966 --> 00:39:23,166 the waist was too tight, so could she please adjust and 681 00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:24,770 mend it for him. 682 00:39:24,800 --> 00:39:26,500 And so she writes in her diary, 683 00:39:26,533 --> 00:39:29,533 today she found the letter from Ina. 684 00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:33,270 So then they began this exchange. 685 00:39:34,233 --> 00:39:37,833 ITARU: Dear Shizuko, I feel more and more disheartened. 686 00:39:37,866 --> 00:39:39,426 When I think about our children, 687 00:39:39,466 --> 00:39:41,526 I can't help but worry. 688 00:39:41,766 --> 00:39:44,096 SHIZUKO: Dear Itaru, these days, 689 00:39:44,133 --> 00:39:47,573 nothing gives me more strength than your letters. 690 00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:55,630 NARRATOR: In 1944 in the Philippines, 691 00:39:55,666 --> 00:39:58,726 Buddy develops an unusual friendship. 692 00:39:58,766 --> 00:40:02,366 Carl Mydans is an Americanphotojournalist locked up in a 693 00:40:02,400 --> 00:40:05,000 Japanese prisoner of war camp. 694 00:40:05,233 --> 00:40:07,633 As the tide turns against Japan, 695 00:40:07,666 --> 00:40:10,666 Buddy regularly visits Mydans. 696 00:40:10,933 --> 00:40:13,173 CARL: Buddy Uno was one of the most tortured souls 697 00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:15,100 I have ever known. 698 00:40:15,133 --> 00:40:18,073 He was an American in a Japanese uniform. 699 00:40:18,666 --> 00:40:22,196 Despite his guarded and sometimes crude cover up, 700 00:40:22,233 --> 00:40:24,533 I came to realize that Uno deeply loved the 701 00:40:24,566 --> 00:40:26,596 country of his birth. 702 00:40:26,633 --> 00:40:29,903 He needed desperately to talk to someone and to justify 703 00:40:29,933 --> 00:40:32,503 himself to himself. 704 00:40:35,700 --> 00:40:38,030 NARRATOR: As America retakes the Philippines, 705 00:40:38,066 --> 00:40:40,526 Buddy escapes to the mountains. 706 00:40:42,666 --> 00:40:44,826 After weeks of near starvation, 707 00:40:44,866 --> 00:40:47,996 he is finally captured by Filipino guerrillas. 708 00:40:50,333 --> 00:40:52,503 BUDDY: That day they took me will be the last thing I 709 00:40:52,533 --> 00:40:54,803 remember when I die. 710 00:40:54,833 --> 00:40:56,873 I came out with my hands up and something strange 711 00:40:56,900 --> 00:40:59,600 happened to me. 712 00:40:59,933 --> 00:41:03,773 I had a smile on my face and I recall a voice shouting, 713 00:41:04,400 --> 00:41:07,570 "Look at that Jap son of a bitch laughing." 714 00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:12,330 But inside me, I was crying as I've never cried in my life. 715 00:41:12,866 --> 00:41:16,326 It was as though I was bleeding in there. 716 00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:20,800 NARRATOR: Buddy is placed in a prisoner of war camp. 717 00:41:20,833 --> 00:41:24,073 There he has an unexpected reunion. 718 00:41:25,533 --> 00:41:27,303 AMY: My brother Howard happened to go 719 00:41:27,333 --> 00:41:28,903 to where this camp was, 720 00:41:28,933 --> 00:41:32,103 where they had all the POWs and lo and behold, 721 00:41:32,133 --> 00:41:34,633 he saw his own brother. 722 00:41:35,200 --> 00:41:38,330 They saw each other with a fence between them. 723 00:41:40,500 --> 00:41:44,500 You can imagine the emotional upheaval. 724 00:41:47,466 --> 00:41:50,926 KAY: In Amache camp, mother and I slept together. 725 00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:55,130 One incident that I remember she woke up and she seemed 726 00:41:55,166 --> 00:41:59,796 very calm, and she seemed, you know, kind of happy. 727 00:42:01,866 --> 00:42:05,596 And she said, "“Oh, everything'sgoing to be alright, 728 00:42:05,633 --> 00:42:08,603 with Buddy and Howard. 729 00:42:05,633 --> 00:42:08,603 with Buddy and Howard. 730 00:42:09,633 --> 00:42:11,973 That they're going, that they have met."” 731 00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:16,200 And this was before we even knew that they had met. 732 00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:20,800 But she had dreamt that somehow they had met 733 00:42:20,833 --> 00:42:23,473 in a peaceful way. 734 00:42:26,966 --> 00:42:29,696 (explosion) 735 00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:40,100 NARRATOR: The war is over, 736 00:42:40,133 --> 00:42:42,303 but the death toll is staggering. 737 00:42:42,333 --> 00:42:44,203 Conservative estimates bring the total to 738 00:42:44,233 --> 00:42:47,733 70 million dead worldwide. 739 00:42:52,466 --> 00:42:56,626 Buddy Uno will never return to the United States. 740 00:42:57,900 --> 00:43:02,370 He dies of complications of tuberculosis at age 47. 741 00:43:03,366 --> 00:43:06,466 Two of his children are still alive. 742 00:43:06,500 --> 00:43:10,530 Katsumaro and Emiko, Tamiko's mother. 743 00:43:21,766 --> 00:43:24,366 TAMIKO: My mother and uncle are among the last to see 744 00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,170 Buddy as he was dying. 745 00:43:28,866 --> 00:43:31,366 They were so young, and like me have a lot of 746 00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:34,130 questions about his time during the war. 747 00:46:02,900 --> 00:46:05,300 KATSUMARO: Wow. 748 00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:14,770 (crying) 749 00:46:27,633 --> 00:46:32,373 TAMIKO: There is no way ever knowing exactly Buddy's 750 00:46:32,400 --> 00:46:35,130 thinking or thoughts. 751 00:46:35,700 --> 00:46:39,300 It will forever be a mystery. 752 00:46:46,166 --> 00:46:48,426 Some see Buddy as a traitor, 753 00:46:48,466 --> 00:46:51,896 but I think it's way more complicated. 754 00:46:52,866 --> 00:46:56,496 I just see him as a tragic figure. 755 00:47:02,500 --> 00:47:04,400 NARRATOR: In her post war career, 756 00:47:04,433 --> 00:47:07,103 Susan Ahn continues to buck tradition. 757 00:47:07,533 --> 00:47:10,103 She eventually becomes a Russian code breaker 758 00:47:10,133 --> 00:47:12,673 during the Cold War. 759 00:47:12,933 --> 00:47:14,633 CHRISTINE: She went to work every day for the 760 00:47:14,666 --> 00:47:16,066 National Security Agency 761 00:47:16,100 --> 00:47:18,400 and she couldn't tell me what she did there, 762 00:47:18,433 --> 00:47:20,473 but she was there all day long and she then came 763 00:47:20,500 --> 00:47:23,470 home, was like a normal mom. 764 00:47:23,833 --> 00:47:26,433 NARRATOR: Susan later moves back to Los Angeles to manage 765 00:47:26,466 --> 00:47:29,666 a popular Chinese restaurant with her brother. 766 00:47:30,033 --> 00:47:33,803 Both will continue to speak about their father's legacy. 767 00:47:34,033 --> 00:47:36,033 SUSAN: I'm very proud of being an American, 768 00:47:36,066 --> 00:47:37,266 born in this country. 769 00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:39,530 But I'm very proud that I'm Korean. 770 00:47:39,566 --> 00:47:41,266 I mean, I like it. 771 00:47:41,300 --> 00:47:43,330 You know, I like being Korean. 772 00:47:43,366 --> 00:47:45,666 Unless you respect your Korean heritage, 773 00:47:45,700 --> 00:47:48,070 you'll never find identity. 774 00:47:50,333 --> 00:47:52,903 NARRATOR: At war's end, allJapanese are released from the 775 00:47:52,933 --> 00:47:54,773 incarceration camps. 776 00:47:55,700 --> 00:47:58,400 But George Uno remains in Crystal City along 777 00:47:58,433 --> 00:48:01,503 with his youngest son, Edison, age 16. 778 00:48:02,333 --> 00:48:03,733 The entire family, 779 00:48:03,766 --> 00:48:06,396 including his sons serving in the US military, 780 00:48:06,433 --> 00:48:09,773 write letters and telegrams pleading for their release. 781 00:48:06,433 --> 00:48:09,773 write letters and telegrams pleading for their release. 782 00:48:11,433 --> 00:48:15,103 George and Edison are finally released in 1947, 783 00:48:15,133 --> 00:48:17,733 two years after the end of the war. 784 00:48:19,300 --> 00:48:22,170 Edison eventually becomes aleader in the movement to hold 785 00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:25,100 the government accountable for what it had done. 786 00:48:25,966 --> 00:48:28,526 EDISON: American citizens of Japanese ancestry were 787 00:48:28,566 --> 00:48:33,026 incarcerated in total violation of their constitutional rights. 788 00:48:34,166 --> 00:48:37,396 ROBERTA: Well, my uncle Edison had a beautiful 789 00:48:37,433 --> 00:48:39,103 calm about him. 790 00:48:39,133 --> 00:48:41,873 He had a lot of passion and he was definitely a 791 00:48:41,900 --> 00:48:44,330 fighter for justice. 792 00:48:45,766 --> 00:48:50,896 My auntie Amy was kind of relentless in just wanting to 793 00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:54,230 tell the story of the internment. 794 00:48:54,266 --> 00:48:57,166 AMY: Now I look back and I say, 795 00:48:57,200 --> 00:48:59,970 "Could it have actually happened?" 796 00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:02,130 You know, "Is it for real?" 797 00:49:02,166 --> 00:49:06,196 "Would my children believe me if I tried to 798 00:49:06,233 --> 00:49:08,273 explain it to them?" 799 00:49:10,566 --> 00:49:12,266 ROBERTA: To raise awareness, 800 00:49:12,300 --> 00:49:15,000 she would go to church groups, schools, 801 00:49:15,033 --> 00:49:17,373 any gathering of people. 802 00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:20,000 NARRATOR: Both Edison and Amy Uno die before they 803 00:49:20,033 --> 00:49:23,173 can see the fruits of their activism. 804 00:49:23,200 --> 00:49:25,670 They helped plant the seed that would grow into the 805 00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:28,600 movement to restore the rights of those imprisoned 806 00:49:28,633 --> 00:49:30,573 during the war. 807 00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:33,270 Hearings are held around thecountry where these suppressed 808 00:49:33,300 --> 00:49:36,000 stories can finally be heard. 809 00:49:36,033 --> 00:49:38,533 WOMAN: I couldn't believe that we were being corralled to 810 00:49:38,566 --> 00:49:40,496 this concentration camp. 811 00:49:40,833 --> 00:49:42,673 WOMAN 2: The government we trusted, 812 00:49:42,700 --> 00:49:44,300 the country we love, 813 00:49:44,333 --> 00:49:47,933 the nation to which we hadpledged loyalty had betrayed us, 814 00:49:48,433 --> 00:49:49,933 had turned against us. 815 00:49:49,966 --> 00:49:53,226 YUJI: It's a devastating indictment of our government 816 00:49:53,266 --> 00:49:55,566 and of our society. 817 00:49:56,100 --> 00:49:58,600 KAY: Main reason I am here is because 818 00:49:58,633 --> 00:50:01,133 my brother Edison Uno, 819 00:50:01,166 --> 00:50:07,226 he died in '74, uh, '76 and then my sister Amy was 820 00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:14,430 very active with the organizations here on the 821 00:50:14,466 --> 00:50:17,266 mainland for redress and reparation and she 822 00:50:17,300 --> 00:50:19,570 died in January, so... 823 00:50:19,866 --> 00:50:21,766 WOMAN: I'm glad you werehere to speak for both of them. 824 00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:24,270 KAY: I really had to come. 825 00:50:32,100 --> 00:50:34,970 NARRATOR: In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signs 826 00:50:35,000 --> 00:50:36,700 the Civil Liberties Act. 827 00:50:36,733 --> 00:50:39,933 REAGAN: We gather here today to right a grave wrong. 828 00:50:40,233 --> 00:50:42,333 NARRATOR: Which formally apologizeses and pays 829 00:50:42,366 --> 00:50:45,326 reparations to all individuals incarcerated 830 00:50:45,366 --> 00:50:47,466 during the 831 00:50:45,366 --> 00:50:47,466 war. 832 00:51:00,333 --> 00:51:03,173 SATSUKI: Nobody stood up for us. 833 00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:07,900 There were no marches or vigils or petitions protesting 834 00:51:08,766 --> 00:51:11,166 our incarceration. 835 00:51:11,433 --> 00:51:14,033 NARRATOR: Crystal City wasthe final holding facility for 836 00:51:14,066 --> 00:51:16,866 both Ina and Uno families. 837 00:51:17,766 --> 00:51:21,426 Just miles away lies a newdetention camp where thousands 838 00:51:21,466 --> 00:51:24,726 from Central America have been held for months. 839 00:51:25,366 --> 00:51:29,096 It's called the South TexasFamily Residential Center. 840 00:51:30,266 --> 00:51:33,196 SATSUKI: It's the same euphemistic language. 841 00:51:33,233 --> 00:51:35,533 It's a prison. 842 00:51:35,566 --> 00:51:39,266 Many of us are wanting to stand with people who are 843 00:51:39,300 --> 00:51:44,630 being targeted today and not letting them feel like their 844 00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:48,270 incarceration is justified and we're going to ignore it. 845 00:51:48,300 --> 00:51:50,500 We're not. 846 00:51:52,833 --> 00:51:54,903 ROBERTA: Being Japanese American, 847 00:51:54,933 --> 00:51:57,973 we have personal and a special insight into what 848 00:51:58,000 --> 00:52:00,670 it means to be captive people. 849 00:52:02,700 --> 00:52:05,670 If we don't participate in the present moment, 850 00:52:05,700 --> 00:52:07,770 the past will be recreated. 851 00:52:08,166 --> 00:52:09,766 SATSUKI: My name is Satsuki Ina. 852 00:52:09,800 --> 00:52:13,300 I was born in a concentration camp in Northern California. 853 00:52:14,200 --> 00:52:17,330 For a total of four and a half years, 854 00:52:17,366 --> 00:52:19,766 my family was incarcerated. 855 00:52:19,800 --> 00:52:22,070 They never committed a crime except to have the 856 00:52:22,100 --> 00:52:24,930 face of the enemy. 857 00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:29,570 I'm here today to say how important it is for each one 858 00:52:29,600 --> 00:52:33,500 of us to tell this story over and over again, 859 00:52:33,533 --> 00:52:36,773 so that the rest of this world hears what happened to us. 860 00:52:37,400 --> 00:52:39,330 ♪ Say it loud, say it clear ♪♪ 861 00:52:39,366 --> 00:52:42,466 Protest and resistance now takes on a 862 00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:44,830 whole different meaning. 863 00:52:44,866 --> 00:52:46,426 ♪ Say it loud, say it clear 864 00:52:46,466 --> 00:52:47,896 ♪ Refugees are welcome here ♪ 865 00:52:47,933 --> 00:52:51,133 I personally feel like it's a way of defining 866 00:52:51,166 --> 00:52:54,926 my loyalty by speaking up. 867 00:53:04,633 --> 00:53:06,033 DAVID: When the Chinese revolution comes, 868 00:53:06,066 --> 00:53:07,366 there is this scare. 869 00:53:07,400 --> 00:53:08,730 SENATOR: Are you a member of the Communist Party? 870 00:53:08,766 --> 00:53:10,826 HELEN: Being Chinese made you an automatic suspect. 871 00:53:11,233 --> 00:53:14,433 ERIKA: But Asian Americans, by the 1950's had risen to 872 00:53:14,466 --> 00:53:17,026 a place of economic security; 873 00:53:17,066 --> 00:53:19,926 so people see Asian's as the model minority. 874 00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:23,330 We start to see the shift in political power. 875 00:53:23,533 --> 00:53:25,873 HELEN: There are these amazing,bad-ass women who were 876 00:53:25,900 --> 00:53:27,570 really making a difference. 877 00:53:28,466 --> 00:53:30,466 ♪ 878 00:53:34,133 --> 00:53:36,803 ♪♪ 879 00:53:36,833 --> 00:53:40,103 ♪♪ 880 00:53:40,133 --> 00:53:41,933 ♪♪ 881 00:53:41,966 --> 00:53:42,896 ♪♪ 882 00:53:42,933 --> 00:53:44,603 ♪♪ 883 00:53:49,233 --> 00:53:51,603 NARRATOR: To order Asian Americans on DVD, 884 00:53:51,633 --> 00:53:55,903 visit ShopPBS.org or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS 885 00:53:57,500 --> 00:53:59,430 This program is also available on Amazon Prime Video.