1 00:00:01,710 --> 00:00:03,276 [WIND WHISTLING] 2 00:00:05,010 --> 00:00:07,977 PATRICK STEWART: WE ARE A RESTLESS SPECIES, 3 00:00:08,076 --> 00:00:12,777 FOREVER DRIVEN BY DREAMS OF WHAT LIES BEYOND THE HORIZON, 4 00:00:12,877 --> 00:00:16,877 IN SEARCH OF NEW LANDS TO EXPLORE, 5 00:00:16,977 --> 00:00:20,476 NEW WORLDS TO DISCOVER. 6 00:00:20,576 --> 00:00:25,710 IT'S A SPIRIT WHICH HAS CARRIED US OFF THE PLANET, 7 00:00:25,810 --> 00:00:29,109 TO NEW FRONTIERS WHICH ONE DAY MAY MAKE US 8 00:00:29,209 --> 00:00:33,710 A MULTIPLANETARY SPECIES, BUT THE STORY 9 00:00:33,810 --> 00:00:38,209 OF HOW WE LEFT EARTH IS NOT WHAT YOU MIGHT EXPECT. 10 00:00:38,309 --> 00:00:42,176 IT WOULD TAKE AN EXPLOSIVE EXORCISM IN THE ANCIENT WORLD, 11 00:00:42,276 --> 00:00:46,510 A LEAP IN TECHNOLOGIES FOR FIGHTING FIRE, 12 00:00:46,610 --> 00:00:50,610 THE MECHANIZATION OF DAIRY FARMS, 13 00:00:50,710 --> 00:00:53,543 A PLOT TO KILL THE KING OF ENGLAND, 14 00:00:53,643 --> 00:00:58,376 OH, AND SOME ELABORATE SOVIET SUBTERFUGE 15 00:00:58,476 --> 00:01:01,143 TO CREATE A MACHINE WITH THE POWER TO BREAK FREE 16 00:01:01,243 --> 00:01:06,610 FROM EARTH'S GRAVITY AND HURL US TOWARDS OTHER WORLDS-- 17 00:01:06,710 --> 00:01:10,143 THE ROCKET. 18 00:01:10,243 --> 00:01:14,510 THESE ARE THE INVENTIONS THAT DEFINE OUR AGE 19 00:01:14,610 --> 00:01:17,376 AND HAVE CHANGED OUR WORLD FOREVER, 20 00:01:17,476 --> 00:01:21,376 THAT HAVE ALLOWED US TO MOVE ON THE GROUND AND IN THE AIR, 21 00:01:21,476 --> 00:01:27,410 TO CONNECT TO EACH OTHER, AND CREATE MIRACULOUS MACHINES, 22 00:01:27,510 --> 00:01:34,243 EACH A STORY OF INGENUITY, OF WONDER, OF BREAKTHROUGH. 23 00:01:42,877 --> 00:01:47,476 MAN: T-MINUS 20 SECONDS. 24 00:01:47,576 --> 00:01:49,877 STEWART: TODAY WE'RE ON THE BRINK OF SOMETHING 25 00:01:49,977 --> 00:01:53,143 THAT PROMISES TO TRANSFORM CIVILIZATION. 26 00:01:53,243 --> 00:01:55,743 MAN: IGNITERS HAVE BEEN LIT. 27 00:01:55,843 --> 00:01:58,476 STEWART: A NEW GENERATION OF ROCKETS ARE BEING DESIGNED 28 00:01:58,576 --> 00:02:01,076 TO CARRY HUMANS BACK INTO DEEP SPACE 29 00:02:01,176 --> 00:02:04,543 FOR THE FIRST TIME IN ALMOST 50 YEARS. 30 00:02:04,643 --> 00:02:07,309 MAN: AND LIFT-OFF, THE DAWN OF ORION 31 00:02:07,410 --> 00:02:11,710 AND A NEW ERA OF AMERICAN SPACE EXPLORATION. 32 00:02:11,810 --> 00:02:15,109 DIFFERENT MAN: SPACE BEGAN AS A BINARY EFFORT. 33 00:02:15,209 --> 00:02:17,410 THERE WERE ONLY TWO PLAYERS-- 34 00:02:17,510 --> 00:02:19,777 THE SOVIET UNION AND THE UNITED STATES. 35 00:02:19,877 --> 00:02:23,076 THAT HAS CHANGED. THE WORLD IS DIFFERENT. 36 00:02:25,143 --> 00:02:28,010 STEWART: A ROCKET REVOLUTION IS UPON US, 37 00:02:28,109 --> 00:02:31,877 WITH MORE COMPANIES BUILDING AND LAUNCHING THEIR OWN ROCKETS 38 00:02:31,977 --> 00:02:35,610 THAN AT ANY OTHER TIME IN HUMAN HISTORY. 39 00:02:35,710 --> 00:02:37,977 MAN: NO ONE DOUBTS THAT COMPANIES LIKE SPACE X 40 00:02:38,076 --> 00:02:41,443 AND BLUE ORIGIN ARE THE FUTURE. 41 00:02:41,543 --> 00:02:44,610 WE ARE NOW ABSOLUTELY IN AN INNOVATIONS RACE 42 00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:47,777 TO HELP HUMANITY REALLY GO BEYOND 43 00:02:47,877 --> 00:02:50,843 AND, YOU KNOW, BE A MULTIPLANET SPECIES. 44 00:02:50,943 --> 00:02:55,676 STEWART: THIS IS THE STORY OF HUMANITY'S GREATEST ADVENTURE 45 00:02:55,777 --> 00:02:59,044 AND OUR GRANDEST DREAMS. 46 00:02:59,143 --> 00:03:03,543 GARRIOTT: IT'S ACTUALLY QUITE DIFFICULT TO OVERSTATE HOW FAST 47 00:03:03,643 --> 00:03:09,209 AND HOW TRANSFORMATIVE THIS IS GOING TO BE. 48 00:03:09,309 --> 00:03:12,610 MAN: 20 YEARS FROM NOW, SPACE TRAVEL IS GONNA BE 49 00:03:12,710 --> 00:03:15,510 LIKE AIR TRAVEL TODAY, AND THEN HUMANITY 50 00:03:15,610 --> 00:03:20,109 WILL HAVE TRULY BECOME A SPACEFARING SPECIES. 51 00:03:24,309 --> 00:03:26,510 STEWART: THE STORY OF HUMANITY'S QUEST 52 00:03:26,610 --> 00:03:32,243 TO LEAVE THE EARTH, IN FACT, BEGINS DEEP WITHIN IT, 53 00:03:32,343 --> 00:03:37,376 IN A NETWORK OF CHINESE CAVES OVER 1,000 YEARS AGO, 54 00:03:37,476 --> 00:03:44,109 WHERE A MONK NAMED LI TIAN WAS BATTLING SUPERNATURAL SPIRITS. 55 00:03:44,209 --> 00:03:46,209 MAN: THE STORY GOES THAT LI TIAN 56 00:03:46,309 --> 00:03:50,276 IS THIS SEVENTH-CENTURY MONK, AND HIS EMPEROR HAS CHARGED HIM 57 00:03:50,376 --> 00:03:55,209 WITH FINDING A WAY OF WARDING OFF EVIL SPIRITS 58 00:03:55,309 --> 00:04:00,610 THAT ARE PLAGUING SOCIETY WITH DROUGHTS AND FLOODS. 59 00:04:00,710 --> 00:04:04,176 LI TIAN'S SEARCH TOOK HIM DEEP UNDERGROUND, 60 00:04:04,276 --> 00:04:08,043 TO CAVES WHERE BATS WERE ROOSTING. 61 00:04:12,476 --> 00:04:15,044 ON THE FLOORS OF THESE PASSAGES AND CHAMBERS, 62 00:04:15,143 --> 00:04:18,076 HE FINDS THEIR DROPPINGS, KNOWN AS GUANO, 63 00:04:18,176 --> 00:04:21,243 WHICH ARE RICH IN POTASSIUM NITRATE. 64 00:04:21,343 --> 00:04:23,643 NOW, THIS HAS BEEN USED SINCE ANCIENT TIMES 65 00:04:23,743 --> 00:04:26,843 FOR PRESERVING FOOD AND FOR FERTILIZING CROPS, 66 00:04:26,943 --> 00:04:30,943 BUT LI TIAN IS INTERESTED IN GUANO FOR OTHER REASONS. 67 00:04:34,176 --> 00:04:37,343 A BORN PIONEER WITH AN INTEREST IN ALCHEMY, 68 00:04:37,443 --> 00:04:41,977 HE BEGINS TO COLLECT IT TO TAKE BACK HOME TO TEST. 69 00:04:46,276 --> 00:04:50,010 IT WAS KNOWN AT THE TIME THAT BY WASHING AWAY IMPURITIES 70 00:04:50,109 --> 00:04:55,243 IN THE GUANO AND THEN MIXING IT WITH CHARCOAL AND SULPHUR, 71 00:04:55,343 --> 00:04:58,443 IT ACQUIRED MAGICAL PROPERTIES... 72 00:05:01,943 --> 00:05:05,943 THE PERFECT TOOL TO SCARE OFF EVIL SPIRITS. 73 00:05:08,476 --> 00:05:10,576 WHAT LI TIAN HAS, IN EFFECT, 74 00:05:10,676 --> 00:05:12,877 IS WHAT WE WOULD TODAY CALL GUNPOWDER, 75 00:05:12,977 --> 00:05:18,176 THE FIRST MIXTURE THAT BURNS WITHOUT NEEDING EXTERNAL AIR. 76 00:05:18,276 --> 00:05:21,576 HE'S NOT THE FIRST TO USE IT, BUT, BECAUSE IT'LL BURN 77 00:05:21,676 --> 00:05:25,777 IN CONFINED SPACES, LI TIAN TRIES SOMETHING NEW, 78 00:05:25,877 --> 00:05:27,910 SOMETHING THAT HE THINKS WILL CREATE 79 00:05:28,010 --> 00:05:31,610 A MUCH BIGGER SHOW FOR HIS EMPEROR. 80 00:05:31,710 --> 00:05:35,043 HE STUFFS BAMBOO SHOOTS WITH THIS GUNPOWDER, 81 00:05:35,143 --> 00:05:37,010 AND LEGEND HAS IT THAT WHEN SOMEONE 82 00:05:37,109 --> 00:05:39,977 THREW THEM ONTO THE FIRE, THE BAMBOO TUBES 83 00:05:40,076 --> 00:05:42,376 SHOT OUT ACROSS THE GROUND. 84 00:05:45,443 --> 00:05:48,943 A LOT OF GAS IS BEING PRODUCED IN THIS CHEMICAL REACTION 85 00:05:49,044 --> 00:05:53,209 WITH A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF ENERGY, SO IF THE GUNPOWDER 86 00:05:53,309 --> 00:05:56,777 IS CONFINED INTO A TIGHT PLACE AND LIT, 87 00:05:56,877 --> 00:06:00,176 THE GAS THAT'S RELEASED PROVIDES THRUST 88 00:06:00,276 --> 00:06:03,076 THAT PUSHES THE BAMBOO SHOOT, IN THIS CASE, 89 00:06:03,176 --> 00:06:06,510 IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION, 90 00:06:06,610 --> 00:06:10,044 AND THIS IS THE PRINCIPLE OF THE ROCKET, 91 00:06:10,143 --> 00:06:12,843 A FORCE IN ONE DIRECTION PRODUCING A FORCE 92 00:06:12,943 --> 00:06:15,576 IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION. 93 00:06:15,676 --> 00:06:18,943 IN THIS CASE, HOT GASES EXPELLED BACKWARDS 94 00:06:19,044 --> 00:06:23,143 PUSHED THE ROCKET FORWARDS. 95 00:06:23,243 --> 00:06:27,443 IN SUCCEEDING TO SCARE OFF EVIL SPIRITS, 96 00:06:27,543 --> 00:06:30,443 LI TIAN HAD INADVERTENTLY DISCOVERED 97 00:06:30,543 --> 00:06:34,576 HOW TO TURN CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO THRUST. 98 00:06:36,977 --> 00:06:39,243 WHAT WOULD EVENTUALLY BECOME THE ROCKET 99 00:06:39,343 --> 00:06:43,610 HAD TAKEN ITS FIRST FLIGHT. 100 00:06:43,710 --> 00:06:46,977 STEWART: LI TIAN IS CREDITED WITH THE CREATION 101 00:06:47,076 --> 00:06:50,743 OF THE FIREWORK, A DEVICE DREAMED UP TO AMAZE 102 00:06:50,843 --> 00:06:54,476 AND DELIGHT AN EMPEROR, BUT SADLY, 103 00:06:54,576 --> 00:06:57,676 AS WOULD OFTEN HAPPEN WITH THIS PARTICULAR INVENTION, 104 00:06:57,777 --> 00:07:01,476 OTHERS WOULD SEE DARKER USES. 105 00:07:05,076 --> 00:07:08,109 THE ROCKET MADE A FEARSOME WEAPON. 106 00:07:08,209 --> 00:07:10,543 IT COULD UNLEASH THE FIRES OF HELL, 107 00:07:10,643 --> 00:07:13,877 WREAKING DESTRUCTION AND INTIMIDATING AN ENEMY 108 00:07:13,977 --> 00:07:17,476 MORE USED TO SPEARS AND ARROWS. 109 00:07:20,977 --> 00:07:23,510 HERE IN THE GREEK TOWN OF VRONTADOS, 110 00:07:23,610 --> 00:07:25,676 AN EERILY SIMILAR ROCKET BATTLE 111 00:07:25,777 --> 00:07:31,109 IS UNLEASHED EVERY EASTER IN THE STRANGEST OF TRADITIONS. 112 00:07:31,209 --> 00:07:34,010 ACROSS ONE HIGHLY CHARGED NIGHT, 113 00:07:34,109 --> 00:07:38,410 TWO PARISHES UNLEASH TENS OF THOUSANDS OF HOMEMADE ROCKETS, 114 00:07:38,510 --> 00:07:42,643 EACH TRYING TO HIT THE OTHER'S CHURCH TOWER. 115 00:07:42,743 --> 00:07:47,410 IT'S A SPECTACULAR SHOW, AND THE PARTICIPANTS MEAN NO HARM, 116 00:07:47,510 --> 00:07:50,343 BUT JUST IMAGINE WHAT IT MUST HAVE LOOKED LIKE 117 00:07:50,443 --> 00:07:52,943 IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM WHEN, INSTEAD OF BEING 118 00:07:53,044 --> 00:07:59,443 A FESTIVE CELEBRATION, THESE WERE ROCKETS OF WAR. 119 00:07:59,543 --> 00:08:03,877 THE IDEA THAT A ROCKET COULD BE USED FOR MORE PEACEFUL MEANS 120 00:08:03,977 --> 00:08:08,777 TO TRAVEL TO DISTANT WORLDS WAS A LUDICROUS DREAM 121 00:08:08,877 --> 00:08:13,410 BECAUSE FOR MOST OF HISTORY, THE IDEA OF DISTANT WORLDS 122 00:08:13,510 --> 00:08:17,010 WAS LUDICROUS, TOO. 123 00:08:17,109 --> 00:08:20,777 THEN A LITTLE-KNOWN MATHEMATICIAN LIVING IN LONDON 124 00:08:20,877 --> 00:08:23,710 MADE A MOMENTOUS DISCOVERY, 125 00:08:23,810 --> 00:08:30,510 DESPITE BEING CAUGHT UP IN A PLOT TO KILL THE KING. 126 00:08:30,610 --> 00:08:35,109 WOMAN: THE YEAR IS 1605, AND ENGLISH POLYMATH SCIENTIST 127 00:08:35,209 --> 00:08:38,710 THOMAS HARRIOT IS LIVING WITH THE ARISTOCRATIC PERCY FAMILY 128 00:08:38,810 --> 00:08:43,576 AND TUTORING THEIR CHILDREN IN MATHEMATICS, 129 00:08:43,676 --> 00:08:47,843 BUT HARRIOT'S GOT A PROBLEM. 130 00:08:47,943 --> 00:08:50,109 HIS EMPLOYERS, THE PERCY FAMILY, 131 00:08:50,209 --> 00:08:54,309 HAVE BECOME EMBROILED IN A TREASONOUS PLOT. 132 00:08:54,410 --> 00:08:59,109 THEIR ASSOCIATES HAVE STASHED 36 BARRELS OF GUNPOWDER 133 00:08:59,209 --> 00:09:02,044 IN THE VAULTS BENEATH THE PALACE OF WESTMINSTER 134 00:09:02,143 --> 00:09:04,044 TO BLOW UP ENGLAND'S PARLIAMENT, 135 00:09:04,143 --> 00:09:06,910 KILLING PROTESTANT KING JAMES I... 136 00:09:10,543 --> 00:09:14,076 BUT THINGS DON'T GO TO PLAN, AND WITH JUST DAYS TO GO, 137 00:09:14,176 --> 00:09:16,810 THE AUTHORITIES ARE TIPPED OFF. 138 00:09:16,910 --> 00:09:18,710 THE GUNPOWDER PLOTTERS, INCLUDING 139 00:09:18,810 --> 00:09:22,510 THE FAMOUS GUY FAWKES, ARE ROUNDED UP AND EXECUTED. 140 00:09:22,610 --> 00:09:27,043 THEIR FAMILIES AND ASSOCIATES ARE CAPTURED AND IMPRISONED. 141 00:09:27,143 --> 00:09:29,877 AMONGST THEM IS THOMAS HARRIOT. 142 00:09:34,643 --> 00:09:38,076 HARRIOT PLEADS FOR HIS LIFE AND IS RELEASED 3 WEEKS LATER, 143 00:09:38,176 --> 00:09:40,376 BUT HIS BOSS AND PATRON HENRY PERCY 144 00:09:40,476 --> 00:09:44,309 WILL SPEND THE NEXT 16 YEARS IN JAIL. 145 00:09:46,643 --> 00:09:49,543 SHAKEN BY THESE EVENTS BUT RELIEVED TO HAVE HIS FREEDOM, 146 00:09:49,643 --> 00:09:52,410 HARRIOT THROWS HIMSELF INTO HIS STUDIES. 147 00:09:52,510 --> 00:09:55,576 HIDDEN AWAY AND AVOIDING FURTHER TROUBLE, 148 00:09:55,676 --> 00:10:00,476 HE DEVOTES ALL HIS TIME TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURAL WORLD, 149 00:10:00,576 --> 00:10:04,443 AND IN 1609, HE GETS HIS HANDS ON A DUTCH SPYGLASS, 150 00:10:04,543 --> 00:10:07,977 ONE OF THE FIRST IN THE WORLD. 151 00:10:08,076 --> 00:10:11,376 6 MONTHS BEFORE GALILEO'S FAMOUS OBSERVATIONS 152 00:10:11,476 --> 00:10:13,676 OF THE NIGHT SKY, HARRIOT POINTS IT 153 00:10:13,777 --> 00:10:17,343 AT THE MOON AND DRAWS WHAT HE SEES. 154 00:10:17,443 --> 00:10:20,109 THESE ARE THE FIRST DRAWINGS OF THE MOON 155 00:10:20,209 --> 00:10:22,543 SEEN THROUGH A TELESCOPE. 156 00:10:22,643 --> 00:10:25,243 WHAT THEY SHOW IN EXQUISITE DETAIL 157 00:10:25,343 --> 00:10:30,977 ARE THE MOON'S MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS, AND CRATERS. 158 00:10:31,076 --> 00:10:35,276 IT'S AN ASTONISHING DISCOVERY, PROVING THAT THE MOON 159 00:10:35,376 --> 00:10:38,810 IS A SOLID CELESTIAL BODY IKE EARTH. 160 00:10:45,777 --> 00:10:48,376 AL-KHALILI: HARRIOT'S TELESCOPIC OBSERVATIONS 161 00:10:48,476 --> 00:10:51,443 OF THE NIGHT SKY WERE THE VERY FIRST IN HISTORY, 162 00:10:51,543 --> 00:10:53,576 AND THEY WERE THE FIRST TO SHOW US 163 00:10:53,676 --> 00:10:56,743 THAT OUT THERE WERE WORLDS BEYOND OUR OWN, 164 00:10:56,843 --> 00:11:01,343 WORLDS TO STUDY, TO EXPLORE, AND MAYBE EVEN TO VISIT. 165 00:11:05,910 --> 00:11:08,143 STEWART: HARRIOT'S OBSERVATIONS MARKED THE START 166 00:11:08,243 --> 00:11:11,343 OF A MOVEMENT WHICH SWEPT EUROPE. 167 00:11:11,443 --> 00:11:14,977 WITHIN MONTHS, GALILEO MADE HIS OWN TELESCOPIC OBSERVATIONS 168 00:11:15,076 --> 00:11:17,143 OF THE MOON AND PLANETS, 169 00:11:17,243 --> 00:11:21,176 OBSERVATIONS OF SUCH PROFOUND SIGNIFICANCE THAT THEY INSPIRED 170 00:11:21,276 --> 00:11:25,010 THE NEXT GENERATION TO LOOK BEYOND THE CONSTRAINTS 171 00:11:25,109 --> 00:11:30,943 OF OUR OWN PHYSICAL WORLD AND IMAGINE WHAT LAY BEYOND. 172 00:11:31,044 --> 00:11:34,543 IN 1634, PUBLISHERS RELEASED WHAT MAY BE 173 00:11:34,643 --> 00:11:37,243 THE FIRST PIECE OF SCIENCE FICTION, 174 00:11:37,343 --> 00:11:40,576 A WORK BY GERMAN ASTRONOMER JOHANNES KEPLER 175 00:11:40,676 --> 00:11:44,076 IN WHICH HE IMAGINED A TRIP TO THE MOON PROPELLED 176 00:11:44,176 --> 00:11:47,109 BY MAGICAL BEINGS, BUT THE STORY 177 00:11:47,209 --> 00:11:50,743 WAS SIMPLY TOO OUTLANDISH TO BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY. 178 00:11:50,843 --> 00:11:55,476 250 YEARS LATER, HOWEVER, THE IDEA WOULD RESURFACE 179 00:11:55,576 --> 00:12:01,276 IN ANOTHER CAPITAL CITY, AND THIS TIME, IT WOULD TAKE OFF. 180 00:12:01,376 --> 00:12:06,243 AT 20 YEARS OLD, A YOUNG MAN TRAVELED TO PARIS. 181 00:12:06,343 --> 00:12:08,843 HIS FATHER INSISTED THAT HE FINISH 182 00:12:08,943 --> 00:12:11,543 A LAW DEGREE IN THE CITY... 183 00:12:15,610 --> 00:12:22,510 BUT THE CITY FUELED OTHER AREAS OF HIS IMAGINATION. 184 00:12:22,610 --> 00:12:27,676 INSTEAD OF STUDYING THE HUMDRUM TEXTS OF LAW... 185 00:12:27,777 --> 00:12:31,376 [APPLAUSE] 186 00:12:31,476 --> 00:12:37,143 HE FILLED HIS MIND WITH MARVELOUS TALES OF DERRING-DO 187 00:12:37,243 --> 00:12:41,676 AND FANTASTICAL, FAR-OFF DISCOVERIES, 188 00:12:41,777 --> 00:12:45,877 ALL FOUND IN THE THOUSANDS OF BOOKS 189 00:12:45,977 --> 00:12:49,209 IN THE FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY. 190 00:12:55,443 --> 00:12:57,643 HERE, HE IMMERSED HIMSELF 191 00:12:57,743 --> 00:13:01,777 IN THE LEADING SCIENTIFIC IDEAS OF THE AGE, 192 00:13:01,877 --> 00:13:07,443 AND THEY IGNITED A DESIRE IN THE YOUNG MAN, 193 00:13:07,543 --> 00:13:11,676 THE DESIRE TO WRITE, 194 00:13:11,777 --> 00:13:18,610 HIS NAME--JULES VERNE, AND HIS STORIES 195 00:13:18,710 --> 00:13:24,044 WERE THE GRANDEST ADVENTURES IMAGINABLE-- 196 00:13:24,143 --> 00:13:28,343 VOYAGES WHICH CROSSED AFRICA IN A BALLOON... 197 00:13:33,443 --> 00:13:39,610 EXPEDITIONS WHICH TRAVELLED 20,000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SEAS, 198 00:13:39,710 --> 00:13:42,643 AND A JOURNEY UP A VOLCANO 199 00:13:42,743 --> 00:13:45,943 THAT LED TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH. 200 00:13:46,044 --> 00:13:51,743 HIS STORIES WERE PURE FANTASY, BUT THEY WERE BELIEVABLE 201 00:13:51,843 --> 00:13:56,076 BECAUSE THE IDEAS WERE BASED IN REALITY, 202 00:13:56,176 --> 00:14:03,510 AND THEY WERE A HUGE SUCCESS, MAKING VERNE RICH AND FAMOUS. 203 00:14:03,610 --> 00:14:07,810 BY 1865, HOWEVER, HE'D EXHAUSTED THE POSSIBILITIES 204 00:14:07,910 --> 00:14:10,610 OF THIS PLANET AND STARTED TO LOOK 205 00:14:10,710 --> 00:14:13,676 BEYOND IT FOR NEW EXPLOITS. 206 00:14:23,176 --> 00:14:26,243 "FROM THE EARTH TO THE MOON" IS THE STORY 207 00:14:26,343 --> 00:14:29,410 OF THE BALTIMORE GUN CLUB AND 3 MEN 208 00:14:29,510 --> 00:14:35,443 DETERMINED TO BUILD A CRAFT THAT CAN CARRY THEM TO THE MOON 209 00:14:35,543 --> 00:14:42,176 FIRED FROM A GIANT CANNON TO BLAST THEM INTO SPACE. 210 00:14:42,276 --> 00:14:45,977 THIS BOOK CAUSED A SENSATION 211 00:14:46,076 --> 00:14:49,010 AND TRIGGERED PUBLIC DEBATE ACROSS THE WORLD 212 00:14:49,109 --> 00:14:54,777 ON THE POSSIBILITY OF BLASTING A MAN TO THE MOON AND BEYOND. 213 00:14:54,877 --> 00:14:57,743 COULD SUCH A THING BE ACHIEVED? 214 00:14:57,843 --> 00:15:01,309 MOST THOUGHT IT WAS PURE FICTION, 215 00:15:01,410 --> 00:15:03,743 BUT THE BOOK FELL INTO THE HANDS OF A YOUNG BOY 216 00:15:03,843 --> 00:15:05,943 LIVING IN THE MIDDLE OF RURAL RUSSIA 217 00:15:06,043 --> 00:15:10,109 WHO COULD SEE A WAY TO TURN FICTION INTO FACT. 218 00:15:10,209 --> 00:15:14,343 HIS NAME WAS KONSTANTIN TSIOLKOVSKY. 219 00:15:18,877 --> 00:15:22,010 GARRIOTT: A LOT OF US MAKE INCREMENTAL STEPS 220 00:15:22,109 --> 00:15:26,643 BASED UPON THE ADVANCEMENTS OF OTHERS, BUT TSIOLKOVSKY 221 00:15:26,743 --> 00:15:28,410 IS ONE OF THESE PEOPLE WHERE YOU'RE GOING, "YOU KNOW WHAT? 222 00:15:28,510 --> 00:15:31,443 HE JUST MADE THAT FIRST PILLAR ON HIS OWN." 223 00:15:31,543 --> 00:15:35,510 HE WAS ONE OF THOSE GIANTS UPON WHOSE SHOULDERS 224 00:15:35,610 --> 00:15:38,143 THE REST OF US WERE STANDING. 225 00:15:42,209 --> 00:15:44,510 10 YEARS AGO, I BEGAN TO COLLECT 226 00:15:44,610 --> 00:15:48,810 SOME OF THE ORIGINAL DRAWINGS THAT TSIOLKOVSKY CREATED 227 00:15:48,910 --> 00:15:52,343 COMING UP WITH MANY OF THE BREAKTHROUGHS FOR HOW ROCKETS 228 00:15:52,443 --> 00:15:57,143 MIGHT ESCAPE THE EARTH AND TRAVEL OUT INTO THE STARS. 229 00:16:03,710 --> 00:16:06,777 KONSTANTIN TSIOLKOVSKY CAME DOWN AT A YOUNG AGE 230 00:16:06,877 --> 00:16:09,643 WITH SCARLET FEVER AND LOST MOST OF HIS HEARING, 231 00:16:09,743 --> 00:16:11,643 AND THERE'S GOOD ODDS THAT KIND OF DROVE HIM 232 00:16:11,743 --> 00:16:17,276 TO BE A BIT OF THIS BOOKISH, INTROSPECTIVE PERSONALITY. 233 00:16:17,376 --> 00:16:22,910 SAT IN HIS DESK IN KALUGA IN HIS MODEST HOME, 234 00:16:23,010 --> 00:16:26,243 IT IS HARD TO IMAGINE THAT HE WOULD HAVE 235 00:16:26,343 --> 00:16:29,410 VERY MUCH INSPIRATION OF TECHNOLOGY AROUND HIM. 236 00:16:29,510 --> 00:16:32,810 IT SURELY HAD TO COME FROM THE THINGS HE COULD FIND IN BOOKS 237 00:16:32,910 --> 00:16:34,877 AND, THEREFORE, WHAT WOULD BE SPARKED 238 00:16:34,977 --> 00:16:38,710 IN HIS OWN IMAGINATION. 239 00:16:38,810 --> 00:16:41,910 READING JULES VERNE, "FROM THE EARTH TO THE MOON," 240 00:16:42,010 --> 00:16:44,743 KONSTANTIN WAS INSPIRED TO SIT DOWN AND GO, "WELL, YOU KNOW, 241 00:16:44,843 --> 00:16:50,443 HOW FAST DO YOU ACTUALLY NEED TO GO TO LEAVE THE EARTH?" 242 00:16:50,543 --> 00:16:55,510 HE QUICKLY RECOGNIZED THAT TO ACCELERATE AN ARTILLERY SHELL 243 00:16:55,610 --> 00:16:58,743 TO REACH SPACE, THIS CANNON MIGHT BE AS LARGE 244 00:16:58,843 --> 00:17:03,276 AS THE EIFFEL TOWER AND WOULD HAVE THOUSANDS OF Gs 245 00:17:03,376 --> 00:17:08,676 OF G-FORCES WHICH WOULD CRUSH ANY PASSENGER WITHIN IT, 246 00:17:08,777 --> 00:17:12,010 SO THAT MIGHT NOT BE PARTICULARLY PRACTICAL A WAY 247 00:17:12,109 --> 00:17:15,576 TO LEAVE THE EARTH. 248 00:17:15,676 --> 00:17:19,443 STEWART: THEN TSIOLKOVSKY HAD A MOMENT OF INSPIRATION. 249 00:17:19,543 --> 00:17:22,810 HE THOUGHT, "WELL, WHAT IF I USE A VEHICLE 250 00:17:22,910 --> 00:17:27,243 "THAT RELEASED ENERGY MORE GRADUALLY FROM WITHIN 251 00:17:27,343 --> 00:17:30,676 LIKE A MASSIVE FIREWORK?" 252 00:17:33,543 --> 00:17:36,243 SO IN A FARMER'S HOUSE IN RURAL RUSSIA, 253 00:17:36,343 --> 00:17:39,977 TSIOLKOVSKY SETS OUT TO DO THE MATH. 254 00:17:40,076 --> 00:17:42,476 GARRIOTT: AND PRIOR TO THE WRIGHT BROTHERS 255 00:17:42,576 --> 00:17:45,810 EVER FLYING AN AIRPLANE, TSIOLKOVSKY WOULD BECOME 256 00:17:45,910 --> 00:17:49,076 THE FIRST PERSON TO WORK OUT WHAT IT WOULD TAKE 257 00:17:49,176 --> 00:17:52,810 TO PUT THESE ROCKETS ALL THE WAY INTO SPACE. 258 00:17:55,810 --> 00:17:58,109 STEWART: TSIOLKOVSKY'S VISIONARY WORK ON ROCKETS 259 00:17:58,209 --> 00:18:01,943 WOULD EVENTUALLY UNDERPIN ALL MODERN SPACE FLIGHT, 260 00:18:02,044 --> 00:18:04,276 BUT EVEN TSIOLKOVSKY'S VISIONS 261 00:18:04,376 --> 00:18:07,044 COULDN'T PROPEL US TO THE STARS. 262 00:18:07,143 --> 00:18:11,443 STRANGELY, THAT WOULD RELY ON A BREAKTHROUGH IN BUTTER MAKING. 263 00:18:11,543 --> 00:18:14,143 [COW MOOS] 264 00:18:14,243 --> 00:18:15,743 [MOO] 265 00:18:15,843 --> 00:18:17,910 [BIRDS CHIRPING] 266 00:18:18,010 --> 00:18:19,610 [MOO] 267 00:18:19,710 --> 00:18:22,143 IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY, DAIRY FARMING 268 00:18:22,243 --> 00:18:26,476 WAS BEING TRANSFORMED WITH HUNDREDS OR EVEN THOUSANDS 269 00:18:26,576 --> 00:18:30,476 OF CATTLE REPLACING TINY FAMILY FARMS, 270 00:18:30,576 --> 00:18:35,176 BUT THE JOB OF SEPARATING MILK FROM CREAM TO MEET THE DEMAND 271 00:18:35,276 --> 00:18:38,743 FOR BUTTER WAS STILL PAINFULLY SLOW. 272 00:18:38,843 --> 00:18:41,343 IT TOOK SO LONG THAT IN HOT WEATHER, 273 00:18:41,443 --> 00:18:44,943 THE MILK OFTEN SOURED DURING THE PROCESS. 274 00:18:45,043 --> 00:18:47,510 THEN ONE DAY, 275 00:18:47,610 --> 00:18:50,710 AN ENTERPRISING SWEDISH ENGINEER 276 00:18:50,810 --> 00:18:55,410 NAMED KARL GUSTAF DE LAVAL READ ABOUT THE PROBLEM 277 00:18:55,510 --> 00:18:59,209 AND WAS INSPIRED TO DEVISE A SOLUTION. 278 00:18:59,309 --> 00:19:01,843 [TEA KETTLE WHISTLING] 279 00:19:06,209 --> 00:19:09,643 HE DESIGNED A SPINNING MACHINE WHICH COULD CONTINUOUSLY 280 00:19:09,743 --> 00:19:14,410 SEPARATE CREAM FROM MILK USING CENTRIFUGAL FORCE. 281 00:19:14,510 --> 00:19:17,510 NEXT, HE POWERED IT WITH A STEAM TURBINE 282 00:19:17,610 --> 00:19:22,209 OF HIS OWN DESIGN, PAVING THE WAY FOR MASS PRODUCTION. 283 00:19:22,309 --> 00:19:24,476 NOT CONTENT WITH REVOLUTIONIZING 284 00:19:24,576 --> 00:19:27,276 THE BUTTER INDUSTRY, DE LAVAL NOW TURNED HIS ATTENTION 285 00:19:27,376 --> 00:19:31,343 TO IMPROVING STEAM TURBINES, TOO. 286 00:19:31,443 --> 00:19:34,376 IN A BID TO MAKE THEM SPIN AS FAST AS POSSIBLE, 287 00:19:34,476 --> 00:19:37,576 HE CAME UP WITH A SPECIALLY SHAPED CONVERGING, 288 00:19:37,676 --> 00:19:41,376 THEN DIVERGING NOZZLE WHICH FOCUSED THE STEAM 289 00:19:41,476 --> 00:19:44,543 INTO A SUPER FAST JET, 290 00:19:44,643 --> 00:19:47,343 SO WHAT DOES ALL THIS BUTTER AND STEAM 291 00:19:47,443 --> 00:19:50,777 HAVE TO DO WITH ROCKETS? 292 00:19:50,877 --> 00:19:54,510 IT WOULD TAKE A VISIONARY AMERICAN PHYSICIST 293 00:19:54,610 --> 00:19:58,510 WHO DREAMED OF THE STARS TO MAKE THE CONNECTION. 294 00:20:02,143 --> 00:20:06,643 ON OCTOBER 19, 1899, A 17-YEAR-OLD BOY 295 00:20:06,743 --> 00:20:10,143 CLIMBED TO THE TOP OF A CHERRY TREE IN HIS FAMILY'S YARD, 296 00:20:10,243 --> 00:20:12,943 LOOKED OUT OVER THE NEW ENGLAND FIELDS, 297 00:20:13,044 --> 00:20:18,877 AND DREAMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF TRAVELING INTO SPACE. 298 00:20:18,977 --> 00:20:21,610 FROM THAT MOMENT ON, HIS PASSION 299 00:20:21,710 --> 00:20:24,309 FOR BUILDING ROCKETS WAS IGNITED. 300 00:20:24,410 --> 00:20:27,810 HE WOULD BECOME AMERICA'S GREATEST ROCKET PIONEER, 301 00:20:27,910 --> 00:20:31,309 AND HIS NAME WAS ROBERT GODDARD. 302 00:20:35,810 --> 00:20:38,476 WOMAN: BY THE 1920s, ROBERT GODDARD WAS WORKING 303 00:20:38,576 --> 00:20:41,710 ON SOMETHING THAT THE WORLD HAD NEVER SEEN BEFORE-- 304 00:20:41,810 --> 00:20:44,643 LIQUID-FUELED ROCKETS, 305 00:20:44,743 --> 00:20:48,676 BUT HIS EXPERIMENTS WERE KIND OF HOMESPUN. 306 00:20:48,777 --> 00:20:51,376 HIS ROCKETS WERE ONLY ABOUT A METER OR SO LONG, 307 00:20:51,476 --> 00:20:54,044 AND THEY COULDN'T REALLY GET OFF THE GROUND. 308 00:20:57,676 --> 00:21:00,376 WHAT GODDARD WAS FACING WAS THAT HE WAS ONLY GETTING 309 00:21:00,476 --> 00:21:04,977 2% THRUST OUT OF THE ROCKET FUEL THAT HE IGNITED, 310 00:21:05,076 --> 00:21:06,810 SO HE REALLY HAD TO FIGURE OUT 311 00:21:06,910 --> 00:21:09,710 HOW TO INCREASE THE ROCKET EFFICIENCY. 312 00:21:15,576 --> 00:21:19,376 AS A ROCKET SCIENTIST, I FEEL HIS PAIN. 313 00:21:19,476 --> 00:21:23,376 WHAT YOU REALLY WANT TO DO IS TRY AND GET SO MUCH 314 00:21:23,476 --> 00:21:25,710 OUT OF EVERY PIECE OF THE PROPELLANT MASS 315 00:21:25,810 --> 00:21:28,510 THAT YOU'RE PUSHING INTO SPACE, 316 00:21:28,610 --> 00:21:31,810 AND THAT'S WHY WE STILL PUT SO MUCH TIME AND EFFORT 317 00:21:31,910 --> 00:21:36,010 INTO TESTING EVERY SINGLE ROCKET ENGINE THAT WE MAKE. 318 00:21:36,109 --> 00:21:39,010 WOMAN: AND WE ARE STANDING BY FOR RS-25 ENGINE TEST 319 00:21:39,109 --> 00:21:42,843 HERE AT STENNIS SPACE CENTER. 320 00:21:42,943 --> 00:21:45,510 FLETCHER: ON THIS TEST STAND TODAY IS ONE OF NASA's 321 00:21:45,610 --> 00:21:48,010 LATEST ROCKET ENGINES WHICH WILL POWER 322 00:21:48,109 --> 00:21:50,010 THEIR NEW SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM, 323 00:21:50,109 --> 00:21:53,076 WHICH IS WHAT I'M HELPING THEM TO BUILD. 324 00:21:53,176 --> 00:21:56,376 WOMAN: AUTO SEQUENCE HAS STARTED. 325 00:22:01,109 --> 00:22:02,977 FLETCHER: THE EXHAUST IS COMING OUT 326 00:22:03,076 --> 00:22:05,676 AT 13 TIMES THE SPEED OF SOUND. 327 00:22:05,777 --> 00:22:08,176 [WHOOSHING] 328 00:22:15,010 --> 00:22:17,476 IT'S REMARKABLY EFFICIENT. 329 00:22:17,576 --> 00:22:19,877 OVER 90% OF THE ENERGY RELEASED 330 00:22:19,977 --> 00:22:24,243 IS TRANSFERRED INTO THE SPEED OF THE EXHAUST GASES, 331 00:22:24,343 --> 00:22:30,710 CREATING ENOUGH UPWARD FORCE TO LIFT ALMOST 250 TONS, 332 00:22:30,810 --> 00:22:34,910 AND THE KEY TO THIS EXTRAORDINARY EFFICIENCY 333 00:22:35,010 --> 00:22:37,576 IS SOMETHING THAT ROBERT GODDARD INCORPORATED 334 00:22:37,676 --> 00:22:41,010 IN A ROCKET ENGINE FOR THE VERY FIRST TIME-- 335 00:22:41,109 --> 00:22:46,610 DELAVAL'S SPECIAL CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT NOZZLE. 336 00:22:46,710 --> 00:22:49,076 IT WORKS LIKE THIS. 337 00:22:49,176 --> 00:22:52,877 AS HOT BURNING GAS IS SQUEEZED INTO THE CONVERGING SECTION 338 00:22:52,977 --> 00:22:56,309 OF THE NOZZLE, THERE IS LESS SPACE FOR IT TO OCCUPY, 339 00:22:56,410 --> 00:22:58,877 SO IT ACCELERATES. 340 00:22:58,977 --> 00:23:01,376 IT MIGHT SEEM THAT AS THE NOZZLE WIDENS, 341 00:23:01,476 --> 00:23:05,343 THE GAS WOULD SLOW DOWN, BUT BECAUSE IT'S SO HOT, 342 00:23:05,443 --> 00:23:07,610 WHEN RELEASED INTO THE LOW-PRESSURE ENVIRONMENT 343 00:23:07,710 --> 00:23:10,476 OF THE DIVERGENT SECTION, 344 00:23:10,576 --> 00:23:15,510 THAT HEAT CAUSES IT TO EXPAND RAPIDLY AND SHOOT OUT. 345 00:23:15,610 --> 00:23:19,343 IT MAKES USE OF FAR MORE OF THE FUEL'S STORED CHEMICAL ENERGY. 346 00:23:21,943 --> 00:23:26,777 THUS THE SPEED INCREASES. THUS MORE THRUST. 347 00:23:26,877 --> 00:23:29,243 IT'S EXACTLY WHAT GODDARD NEEDS 348 00:23:29,343 --> 00:23:31,777 IN ORDER TO GET HIS ROCKETS INTO THE AIR. 349 00:23:31,877 --> 00:23:34,376 HIS TESTS SHOW THAT WITH DE LAVAL'S NOZZLE, 350 00:23:34,476 --> 00:23:36,810 HE COULD INCREASE HIS EFFICIENCY FROM 2% 351 00:23:36,910 --> 00:23:40,910 ALL THE WAY TO 63%. 352 00:23:41,010 --> 00:23:43,610 BY MARCH 16, 1926, 353 00:23:43,710 --> 00:23:49,343 GODDARD IS READY TO FLY HIS FIRST LIQUID-FUELED ROCKET. 354 00:23:49,443 --> 00:23:52,143 HE NAMES IT AFTER HIS DAUGHTER NELL. 355 00:24:00,209 --> 00:24:01,810 THE FLIGHT IS BRIEF. 356 00:24:01,910 --> 00:24:03,977 THE ROCKET DOESN'T GO FAR OR FAST, 357 00:24:04,076 --> 00:24:06,910 REACHING A MAXIMUM SPEED OF 100 KILOMETERS PER HOUR 358 00:24:07,010 --> 00:24:09,143 AND 41 FEET, 359 00:24:09,243 --> 00:24:12,610 BUT HUMANITY'S FIRST LIQUID-FUELED ROCKET 360 00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:16,276 MAKES IT FROM THE EARTH INTO THE SKY. 361 00:24:23,877 --> 00:24:26,910 AL-KHALILI: GODDARD'S FIRST LIQUID-FUELED ROCKET FLIGHT 362 00:24:27,010 --> 00:24:29,410 IS A COLOSSAL MOMENT IN HISTORY 363 00:24:29,510 --> 00:24:35,676 BECAUSE IT LAYS THE FOUNDATIONS FOR US TO LEAVE THE PLANET. 364 00:24:35,777 --> 00:24:37,977 STEWART: BUT FOR ALL HIS PIONEERING WORK, 365 00:24:38,076 --> 00:24:40,376 THERE IS ONE FAMILIAR PROBLEM THAT GODDARD 366 00:24:40,476 --> 00:24:43,743 NEVER MANAGED TO SOLVE--MONEY. 367 00:24:43,843 --> 00:24:46,309 WITHOUT THE FUNDS TO DEVELOP AND BUILD THEM, 368 00:24:46,410 --> 00:24:49,977 GODDARD'S ROCKETS WOULD NEVER REACH SPACE. 369 00:24:50,076 --> 00:24:52,443 TO GET THE KIND OF INVESTMENT THAT COULD SEND A ROCKET 370 00:24:52,543 --> 00:24:54,743 TO THE LIMIT OF EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE, 371 00:24:54,843 --> 00:24:59,176 IT WOULD TAKE A LOOPHOLE IN AN INTERNATIONAL TREATY. 372 00:24:59,276 --> 00:25:02,877 [CHEERING] 373 00:25:02,977 --> 00:25:05,910 AT THE END OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 374 00:25:06,010 --> 00:25:09,143 ALLIED POWERS FORCED A BROKEN GERMAN NATION 375 00:25:09,243 --> 00:25:12,810 TO THE NEGOTIATING TABLE. 376 00:25:12,910 --> 00:25:15,943 IN THE TOWN OF VERSAILLES IN 1919, 377 00:25:16,044 --> 00:25:19,643 GERMANY SIGNED A TREATY INTENDED TO ENSURE 378 00:25:19,743 --> 00:25:23,044 THAT NEVER AGAIN WOULD THEY THREATEN ANOTHER NATION 379 00:25:23,143 --> 00:25:25,977 WITH THEIR MILITARY MIGHT. 380 00:25:26,076 --> 00:25:30,209 THE TREATY BANNED THE GERMAN MANUFACTURE OF BIG GUNS, 381 00:25:30,309 --> 00:25:33,676 TANKS, AND PLANES, BUT NO ONE THOUGHT 382 00:25:33,777 --> 00:25:37,410 TO STOP THE GERMANS FROM BUILDING ROCKETS BECAUSE 383 00:25:37,510 --> 00:25:41,843 NO ONE IMAGINED THAT ROCKETS WOULD EVER POSE A THREAT. 384 00:25:47,176 --> 00:25:49,676 GEORGE: THEN IN 1930, A YOUNG ENGINEER 385 00:25:49,777 --> 00:25:55,410 JOINS A BERLIN SCIENCE CLUB-- THE SOCIETY FOR SPACE TRAVEL. 386 00:25:55,510 --> 00:26:00,243 HIS NAME IS WERNER MAGNUS MAXIMILIAN FREIHERR VON BRAUN, 387 00:26:00,343 --> 00:26:03,643 AND HE'S BEEN DEVOTED TO ROCKETRY SINCE FIRST DREAMING 388 00:26:03,743 --> 00:26:06,309 OF SETTING FOOT ON THE MOON AFTER HIS MOTHER GAVE HIM 389 00:26:06,410 --> 00:26:10,877 A TELESCOPE FOR HIS 13th BIRTHDAY. 390 00:26:10,977 --> 00:26:14,076 STEWART: VON BRAUN HAD THROWN HIMSELF INTO THE STUDY 391 00:26:14,176 --> 00:26:16,610 OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING. 392 00:26:16,710 --> 00:26:20,543 HIS ROCKET DESIGNS OFTEN OUTSHONE HIS PEERS, 393 00:26:20,643 --> 00:26:23,910 SO MUCH SO THAT AT JUST 22 YEARS OLD, 394 00:26:24,010 --> 00:26:28,843 HE CAME TO THE ATTENTION OF THE GERMAN HIGH COMMAND. 395 00:26:28,943 --> 00:26:32,810 GEORGE: THE ARMY BEGIN FUNDING HIS WORK, AND WITHIN MONTHS, 396 00:26:32,910 --> 00:26:36,843 VON BRAUN IS REACHING RECORD NEW HEIGHTS, 397 00:26:36,943 --> 00:26:42,610 LAUNCHING LARGE, LIQUID-FUELED ROCKETS UP OVER TWO MILES. 398 00:26:42,710 --> 00:26:48,276 THEY ECLIPSE THE WORK OF HIS CHILDHOOD HERO ROBERT GODDARD. 399 00:26:48,376 --> 00:26:51,176 STEWART: BUT WHILE VON BRAUN'S DREAM WAS TO CARRY MEN 400 00:26:51,276 --> 00:26:54,010 TO THE MOON, THE GERMAN ARMY WANTED A ROCKET 401 00:26:54,109 --> 00:26:58,109 TO CARRY SOMETHING FAR MORE SINISTER. 402 00:26:58,209 --> 00:27:00,510 THROWING MONEY AT THE PROJECT, THEY BUILT 403 00:27:00,610 --> 00:27:03,443 A SECRET RESEARCH BASE NEAR THE REMOTE VILLAGE 404 00:27:03,543 --> 00:27:08,309 OF PEENEMUNDE ON THE NORTH COAST OF GERMANY. 405 00:27:08,410 --> 00:27:12,877 AT THIS HUGE SITE, VON BRAUN, NOW A MEMBER OF THE SS, 406 00:27:12,977 --> 00:27:16,476 WAS PLACED IN CHARGE OF 350 ENGINEERS 407 00:27:16,576 --> 00:27:19,777 AND ORDERED TO PRODUCE A ROCKET THAT COULD CARRY A BOMB 408 00:27:19,877 --> 00:27:25,410 MORE THAN 150 MILES. 409 00:27:25,510 --> 00:27:31,977 GENERATING ENOUGH THRUST WOULD BE THE PRIMARY TASK. 410 00:27:32,076 --> 00:27:34,943 GEORGE: WHEN IT COMES TO INCREASING A ROCKET'S THRUST, 411 00:27:35,044 --> 00:27:37,410 DA LAVAL'S NOZZLE, WHICH ROBERT GODDARD APPLIED, 412 00:27:37,510 --> 00:27:40,209 CAN ONLY GET YOU SO FAR. 413 00:27:40,309 --> 00:27:43,376 THE ONLY WAY TO ACHIEVE EVEN MORE THRUST IS TO INCREASE 414 00:27:43,476 --> 00:27:46,109 THE AMOUNT OF FUEL YOU'RE BURNING, AND THAT MEANS 415 00:27:46,209 --> 00:27:49,543 FORCING MORE OF IT INTO THE ENGINES EACH SECOND. 416 00:27:52,576 --> 00:27:55,443 IT SOUNDS SIMPLE IN THEORY, BUT IN REALITY, 417 00:27:55,543 --> 00:27:58,176 VON BRAUN'S ARMY PAYMASTERS HAVE SADDLED HIM 418 00:27:58,276 --> 00:28:01,443 WITH A COLOSSAL CHALLENGE. 419 00:28:01,543 --> 00:28:03,977 AT THIS TIME, THE BEST ROCKET HE HAS 420 00:28:04,076 --> 00:28:06,510 CAN GENERATE 1 1/2 TONS OF THRUST. 421 00:28:06,610 --> 00:28:09,810 HE SETS A GOAL OF BUILDING A NEW ROCKET THAT CAN GENERATE 422 00:28:09,910 --> 00:28:13,543 A STAGGERING 25 TONS OF THRUST, WHICH HE CALCULATES 423 00:28:13,643 --> 00:28:15,943 WILL BE NEEDED TO CARRY THE BOMBS 424 00:28:16,044 --> 00:28:18,610 THE GERMAN ARMY ARE DESIGNING. 425 00:28:23,643 --> 00:28:25,710 THE OBVIOUS ENGINEERING SOLUTION TO INCREASING 426 00:28:25,810 --> 00:28:29,176 THE PRESSURE OF THE FUEL IS TO PRESSURIZE THE TANKS, 427 00:28:29,276 --> 00:28:31,710 BUT A PRESSURIZED TANK MEANS THICKER WALLS. 428 00:28:31,810 --> 00:28:34,143 THICKER WALLS MEANS MORE WEIGHT. 429 00:28:34,243 --> 00:28:36,810 [WHOOSHING] 430 00:28:43,777 --> 00:28:46,309 SEEKING ANOTHER WAY TO GET MORE FUEL INTO THE ENGINES, 431 00:28:46,410 --> 00:28:48,977 VON BRAUN PLACES HIS FAITH IN A TECHNOLOGY 432 00:28:49,076 --> 00:28:52,109 FROM AN ALTOGETHER DIFFERENT VEHICLE. 433 00:28:58,610 --> 00:29:01,643 IN THE 1930s, FIRE ENGINES ARE EQUIPPED 434 00:29:01,743 --> 00:29:07,543 WITH A HIGH-POWERED PUMP, AND THEY'RE STILL IN USE TODAY. 435 00:29:07,643 --> 00:29:11,843 STEWART: A 1930s FIRE TRUCK PRESSURIZED WATER 436 00:29:11,943 --> 00:29:14,643 USING SOMETHING CALLED A TURBO PUMP, 437 00:29:14,743 --> 00:29:17,643 AND IT WORKS ON A SIMPLE CONCEPT. 438 00:29:17,743 --> 00:29:19,743 THESE SUPER EFFICIENT PUMPS 439 00:29:19,843 --> 00:29:22,143 PRESSURIZE THE WATER BY HURLING IT 440 00:29:22,243 --> 00:29:26,443 TO THE EDGES OF A SPINNING DISK INSIDE HERE. 441 00:29:26,543 --> 00:29:29,276 THIS SPINNING DISK THROWS LOW-PRESSURE WATER 442 00:29:29,376 --> 00:29:32,910 OUT TO ITS EDGE USING CENTRIFUGAL FORCE. 443 00:29:33,010 --> 00:29:35,510 HERE, THE NOW-FAST-MOVING WATER IS COLLECTED 444 00:29:35,610 --> 00:29:39,010 INTO A HIGH-PRESSURE FLOW, 445 00:29:39,109 --> 00:29:41,777 SO AT A 1,000 REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE, 446 00:29:41,877 --> 00:29:45,810 WE HAVE AROUND 20 LITERS OF WATER EVERY SINGLE SECOND, 447 00:29:45,910 --> 00:29:49,343 SO NOW IF WE SPIN THE DISK FASTER, 448 00:29:49,443 --> 00:29:52,743 MORE AND MORE WATER IS BEING HURLED TO THE EDGES, 449 00:29:52,843 --> 00:29:55,044 MAKING THAT WATER HIGHLY PRESSURIZED 450 00:29:55,143 --> 00:29:57,843 COMING OUT OF THE PUMP. 451 00:29:57,943 --> 00:29:59,777 THAT'S 2,000... 452 00:30:03,209 --> 00:30:05,743 2,500... 453 00:30:10,943 --> 00:30:14,576 3000. OK? 454 00:30:19,309 --> 00:30:22,209 3,500 REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE. 455 00:30:22,309 --> 00:30:27,076 THAT'S ABOUT 45 LITERS PER SECOND. 456 00:30:27,176 --> 00:30:29,943 THIS IS APPROXIMATELY THE RATE AT WHICH 457 00:30:30,044 --> 00:30:33,410 THE ROCKET NEEDS TO CONSUME FUEL. 458 00:30:33,510 --> 00:30:36,243 A LIGHTWEIGHT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP IS THE SOLUTION 459 00:30:36,343 --> 00:30:40,743 THAT VON BRAUN'S LOOKING FOR TO PRESSURIZE HIS FUEL, 460 00:30:40,843 --> 00:30:43,610 ALTHOUGH IT TAKES ALMOST A DECADE OF DEVELOPMENT 461 00:30:43,710 --> 00:30:46,044 AND FUNDING BEFORE THE DEVICE CAN COPE 462 00:30:46,143 --> 00:30:48,343 WITH THE EXTREME TEMPERATURE AND VIBRATIONS 463 00:30:48,443 --> 00:30:54,010 OF A MOVING ROCKET, BUT BY 1944, 464 00:30:54,109 --> 00:30:57,010 VON BRAUN'S TEAM HAS BUILT A PUMP THAT CAN MAKE 465 00:30:57,109 --> 00:31:00,810 THE MAGIC 25 TONS OF THRUST POSSIBLE 466 00:31:00,910 --> 00:31:03,777 FOR THE ROCKET NOW CALLED THE V2... 467 00:31:08,176 --> 00:31:12,476 AND HERE IT IS, THE WORLD'S FIRST CENTRIFUGAL FUEL PUMP 468 00:31:12,576 --> 00:31:15,743 CAPABLE OF POWERING A ROCKET MOTOR, 469 00:31:15,843 --> 00:31:18,910 AND INCREDIBLY, THIS PUMP WOULD HAVE PUSHED THROUGH 470 00:31:19,010 --> 00:31:24,309 3,000 LITERS OF ETHANOL AND 6,000 LITERS OF LIQUID OXYGEN 471 00:31:24,410 --> 00:31:28,810 IN JUST 60 SECONDS. 472 00:31:28,910 --> 00:31:32,743 VON BRAUN IS A STEP CLOSER TO HIS DREAM. 473 00:31:32,843 --> 00:31:36,810 IN 1944, A TEST FLIGHT FROM HERE IN PEENEMUNDE 474 00:31:36,910 --> 00:31:39,243 PROVES THAT, FOR THE FIRST TIME, A ROCKET 475 00:31:39,343 --> 00:31:43,010 IS CAPABLE OF REACHING THE LIMIT OF OUR ATMOSPHERE 476 00:31:43,109 --> 00:31:48,543 AND TOUCHING THE EDGE OF SPACE, 477 00:31:48,643 --> 00:31:52,143 BUT THIS IS NOT A MOMENT TO CELEBRATE. 478 00:31:52,243 --> 00:31:55,676 ON SEPTEMBER THE 8th, 1944, 479 00:31:55,777 --> 00:32:00,010 THE FIRST ONES TAKE TO THE SKIES IN ANGER. 480 00:32:00,109 --> 00:32:03,777 ONE OF THEM LIFTS OFF FROM WASSENAAR IN THE NETHERLANDS 481 00:32:03,877 --> 00:32:07,777 AND HEADS FOR ITS TARGET. 482 00:32:07,877 --> 00:32:12,276 WITHIN MINUTES, IT BREAKS THE SOUND BARRIER, 483 00:32:12,376 --> 00:32:15,010 AND WITHIN ANOTHER 60 SECONDS, IT REACHES A HEIGHT 484 00:32:15,109 --> 00:32:20,010 OF 100 KILOMETERS, BURSTING OUT OF THE EARTH'S STRATOSPHERE. 485 00:32:24,410 --> 00:32:29,576 FREED OF ATMOSPHERIC DRAG, IT POWERS DOWN ITS ENGINES. 486 00:32:29,676 --> 00:32:33,777 IT'S NOW FLYING AT 4 TIMES THE SPEED OF SOUND 487 00:32:33,877 --> 00:32:37,176 AS IT DESCENDS IN A GRACEFUL, PARABOLIC CURVE, 488 00:32:37,276 --> 00:32:41,076 BREAKING THROUGH THE CLOUD LINE HERE OVER WEST LONDON. 489 00:32:41,176 --> 00:32:46,777 IT'S FLIGHT TO SPACE AND BACK HAS TAKEN LESS THAN 5 MINUTES. 490 00:32:49,943 --> 00:32:53,643 THE ROCKET IS TRAVELING SO FAST THAT IT ARRIVES SILENTLY 491 00:32:53,743 --> 00:32:57,376 AHEAD OF THE BOOM OF IT BREAKING THE SOUND BARRIER. 492 00:33:00,076 --> 00:33:03,109 THE BLAST FROM ITS WARHEAD DESTROYS THE HOUSES HERE, 493 00:33:03,209 --> 00:33:07,543 HURLING 3,000 TONS OF RUBBLE AND DEBRIS INTO THE AIR. 494 00:33:13,143 --> 00:33:16,810 BY SOME MIRACLE, ONLY 3 PEOPLE ARE KILLED HERE, 495 00:33:16,910 --> 00:33:20,943 BUT IN THE MONTHS WHICH FOLLOW, 1,500 MORE V2s WILL RAIN DOWN 496 00:33:21,044 --> 00:33:23,510 FROM THE EDGE OF SPACE ONTO LONDON, 497 00:33:23,610 --> 00:33:28,943 KILLING ANOTHER 7,250 PEOPLE BEFORE THE END OF THE WAR. 498 00:33:32,276 --> 00:33:35,276 IT'S AN UNCOMFORTABLE FACT THAT A WEAPON OF WAR 499 00:33:35,376 --> 00:33:39,376 KILLING THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE, INCLUDING SOME 20,000 VICTIMS 500 00:33:39,476 --> 00:33:42,543 OF THE SLAVE-LABOR FACTORIES WHERE IT WAS BUILT, 501 00:33:42,643 --> 00:33:47,410 WAS ALSO HUMANKIND'S FIRST SPACE ROCKET. 502 00:33:47,510 --> 00:33:50,743 STEWART: WITHIN MONTHS OF THIS FIRST V2 FLIGHT, 503 00:33:50,843 --> 00:33:55,276 A FAR GREATER THREAT TO HUMANKIND EMERGED. 504 00:33:57,610 --> 00:34:01,076 THE FIRST NUCLEAR WEAPONS WERE DROPPED ON JAPAN, 505 00:34:01,176 --> 00:34:04,209 BRINGING ONE WAR TO A HORRIFIC CLOSE 506 00:34:04,309 --> 00:34:08,443 BUT IGNITING A NEW CONFLICT-- 507 00:34:08,543 --> 00:34:12,176 A COLD WAR IN WHICH THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION 508 00:34:12,276 --> 00:34:17,843 RACED TO BUILD BIGGER AND HEAVIER NUCLEAR BOMBS. 509 00:34:17,943 --> 00:34:21,710 BY NOW, BOTH SIDES HAD GOTTEN THEIR HANDS ON V2 ROCKET PARTS 510 00:34:21,810 --> 00:34:24,643 CAPTURED FROM A RETREATING GERMAN ARMY, 511 00:34:24,743 --> 00:34:28,143 AND EACH SUPERPOWER SOON REALIZED THE POTENTIAL 512 00:34:28,243 --> 00:34:32,610 OF ROCKETS TO DELIVER THEIR NEW WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION. 513 00:34:32,710 --> 00:34:36,510 THE PROBLEM WAS THAT NOT EVEN THE MIGHTY V2 WAS CAPABLE 514 00:34:36,610 --> 00:34:39,910 OF CARRYING A 5-TON NUCLEAR WARHEAD, 515 00:34:40,010 --> 00:34:43,276 BUT AMERICA HAD CAPTURED AN EVEN BIGGER PRIZE. 516 00:34:43,376 --> 00:34:46,010 WERNHER VON BRAUN HAD SURRENDERED TO THEM 517 00:34:46,109 --> 00:34:49,044 AND WAS SOON AT WORK IN THE NEW MEXICO DESERT 518 00:34:49,143 --> 00:34:53,643 DEVELOPING NEW VERSIONS OF HIS ROCKET. 519 00:34:53,743 --> 00:34:56,676 ON ONE TEST FLIGHT IN 1946, 520 00:34:56,777 --> 00:35:00,977 A 35-MILLIMETER CAMERA CAPTURED THIS FOOTAGE. 521 00:35:01,076 --> 00:35:04,877 IT WOULD BE THE FIRST TIME THAT WE HAD EVER SEEN OUR PLANET 522 00:35:04,977 --> 00:35:07,410 FROM THE EDGE OF SPACE... 523 00:35:11,076 --> 00:35:14,109 BUT HUMANS MIGHT NEVER HAVE FOLLOWED THESE FIRST ROCKETS 524 00:35:14,209 --> 00:35:17,610 WITHOUT AN ACCIDENT OF GEOPOLITICS 525 00:35:17,710 --> 00:35:20,843 AND A PRISONER FROM A SIBERIAN GULAG. 526 00:35:26,977 --> 00:35:29,376 GARRIOTT: DURING THE COLD WAR, U.S. HAD ALLIES IN EUROPE 527 00:35:29,476 --> 00:35:33,076 THAT WERE MUCH CLOSER TO THE SOVIETS, AND SO THE SOVIETS 528 00:35:33,176 --> 00:35:37,143 FELT PARTICULAR PRESSURE TO HAVE THE ABILITY TO HAVE RANGE, 529 00:35:37,243 --> 00:35:40,676 HAVE A GLOBAL REACH WITH THEIR MISSILE SYSTEMS. 530 00:35:43,576 --> 00:35:46,977 THE SOVIETS WERE EXTREMELY MOTIVATED TO DELIVER WARHEADS 531 00:35:47,076 --> 00:35:51,176 TO LITERALLY THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE WORLD IN ORDER TO DETER 532 00:35:51,276 --> 00:35:55,410 THE THREAT THEY FELT FROM THE UNITED STATES. 533 00:35:55,510 --> 00:35:58,010 STEWART: THEY WERE SO MOTIVATED, IN FACT, 534 00:35:58,109 --> 00:36:01,309 THAT THEY TURNED TO A POLITICAL PRISONER, 535 00:36:01,410 --> 00:36:05,209 HIS NAME--SERGEI KOROLEV. 536 00:36:08,476 --> 00:36:11,710 GARRIOTT: KOROLEV DREAMED OF SPACE FLIGHT AS A CHILD, 537 00:36:11,810 --> 00:36:16,676 BUT IN THE 1930s, HE FELL FOUL OF THE SOVIET AUTHORITIES 538 00:36:16,777 --> 00:36:19,276 AND WAS EXILED TO A GULAG IN SIBERIA. 539 00:36:19,376 --> 00:36:22,343 [WIND WHISTLING] 540 00:36:22,443 --> 00:36:27,576 THEN IN 1945, KOROLEV GOT A REMARKABLE PROMOTION 541 00:36:27,676 --> 00:36:32,810 FROM POLITICAL PRISONER 542 00:36:32,910 --> 00:36:35,476 TO COLONEL IN THE RED ARMY. 543 00:36:39,576 --> 00:36:40,877 THE REASON IS SIMPLE. 544 00:36:40,977 --> 00:36:44,843 KOROLEV IS A BRILLIANT ROCKET SCIENTIST 545 00:36:44,943 --> 00:36:46,910 AND THE ONLY MAN CAPABLE OF EVOLVING 546 00:36:47,010 --> 00:36:49,309 INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES THAT CAN LIFT 547 00:36:49,410 --> 00:36:54,777 THE HEAVY NUCLEAR WARHEADS BEFORE THE AMERICANS DO. 548 00:36:54,877 --> 00:36:58,910 STEWART: SUDDENLY, THE SOVIETS NEEDED HIM. 549 00:37:02,309 --> 00:37:05,309 NOW, YOU MIGHT THINK THE WAY LIFT A HEAVY PAYLOAD 550 00:37:05,410 --> 00:37:09,476 IS TO BUILD A HUGE ROCKET WITH A MASSIVE SUPPLY OF FUEL, 551 00:37:09,576 --> 00:37:12,076 BUT IT'S NOT THAT SIMPLE BECAUSE THERE'S 552 00:37:12,176 --> 00:37:14,843 A FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM TO THIS CHALLENGE, 553 00:37:14,943 --> 00:37:17,710 ONE THAT STILL TAXES ROCKET ENGINEERS 554 00:37:17,810 --> 00:37:20,910 AND ASTRONAUTS TO THIS DAY. 555 00:37:21,010 --> 00:37:23,777 I'VE FLOWN IN SPACE 7 TIMES, 556 00:37:23,877 --> 00:37:27,010 AND I KNOW ONLY TOO WELL 557 00:37:27,109 --> 00:37:30,777 HOW DIFFICULT IT IS TO BUILD A SPACESHIP 558 00:37:30,877 --> 00:37:33,143 THAT CAN TRANSPORT YOU INTO ORBIT, 559 00:37:33,243 --> 00:37:40,176 AND PART OF THE PROBLEM IS THAT MOST OF THAT SPACESHIP IS FUEL. 560 00:37:40,276 --> 00:37:45,044 NOW, THIS IS NOT A PROBLEM THAT ALL VEHICLES SUFFER FROM. 561 00:37:45,143 --> 00:37:47,676 TYPICALLY ON A LARGE SHIP LIKE THIS, 562 00:37:47,777 --> 00:37:50,743 ABOUT 3% OF YOUR MASS IS FUEL... 563 00:37:54,943 --> 00:37:58,276 AND A CAR IS ABOUT THE SAME, POWERED BY A FUEL TANK 564 00:37:58,376 --> 00:38:01,743 WHICH TAKES ABOUT 3% TO 4% OF ITS MASS. 565 00:38:07,810 --> 00:38:09,910 A LIGHT AIRCRAFT 566 00:38:10,010 --> 00:38:13,010 NEEDS A BIT MORE ENERGY TO LEAVE THE GROUND... 567 00:38:15,243 --> 00:38:19,643 WITH ITS FUEL TAKING UP 25% OF ITS MASS. 568 00:38:22,777 --> 00:38:26,343 CARS AND SHIPS AND EVEN PLANES PROPEL THEMSELVES 569 00:38:26,443 --> 00:38:29,309 AROUND THE WORLD RATHER EFFICIENTLY, 570 00:38:29,410 --> 00:38:31,676 BUT WHEN IT COMES TO ROCKETS, I STILL FIND 571 00:38:31,777 --> 00:38:36,176 THE AMOUNT OF FUEL THEY NEED ASTOUNDING. 572 00:38:36,276 --> 00:38:41,376 TYPICALLY, 85% TO 90% OF THE ROCKET 573 00:38:41,476 --> 00:38:44,810 NEEDS TO BE FUEL IN ORDER FOR THE ROCKET 574 00:38:44,910 --> 00:38:48,076 TO BE ABLE TO TAKE FLIGHT. 575 00:38:48,176 --> 00:38:51,877 THE REASON IS BECAUSE, UNLIKE ANY OTHER VEHICLE, 576 00:38:51,977 --> 00:38:58,209 A ROCKET MOVES BY EXPELLING ITS OWN MASS. 577 00:38:58,309 --> 00:39:02,376 THE ROCKET HAS TO THROW OUT PART OF ITSELF 578 00:39:02,476 --> 00:39:07,810 TO BE ABLE TO MOVE THE OTHER PART IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION, 579 00:39:07,910 --> 00:39:12,410 AND THAT MEANS THERE'S ONLY 10% TO 15% LEFT 580 00:39:12,510 --> 00:39:17,076 FOR THE ACTUAL ROCKET--THE TANKS, THE MOTORS, THE PIPES-- 581 00:39:17,176 --> 00:39:20,076 AND IF YOU'RE NOT CAREFUL, THERE'S NOTHING LEFT 582 00:39:20,176 --> 00:39:24,543 FOR THE PAYLOAD, THE STUFF THAT YOU REALLY WANT TO LAUNCH. 583 00:39:24,643 --> 00:39:27,676 THE TRUTH IS THAT HERE ON EARTH, CHEMICAL ENERGY 584 00:39:27,777 --> 00:39:31,977 IS ONLY JUST ENOUGH TO BEAT THE FORCE OF GRAVITY. 585 00:39:35,576 --> 00:39:40,610 THE ENERGY THAT'S PACKED IN A GALLON OF FUEL IS WHAT IT IS, 586 00:39:40,710 --> 00:39:43,710 AND YOU CAN'T DO MUCH MORE THAN THAT. 587 00:39:43,810 --> 00:39:46,943 IF YOU WANT TO FLY MORE MASS INTO ORBIT, 588 00:39:47,043 --> 00:39:50,143 THEN THE ONLY SOLUTION IS A BIGGER ROCKET. 589 00:39:55,510 --> 00:39:58,843 STEWART: IN FACT, IN THE 1950s, SERGEI KOROLEV'S CHALLENGE 590 00:39:58,943 --> 00:40:03,243 TO BUILD SOMETHING CAPABLE OF CARRYING 5-TON NUCLEAR WARHEAD 591 00:40:03,343 --> 00:40:06,010 ALL THE WAY TO AMERICA WOULD HAVE RESULTED 592 00:40:06,109 --> 00:40:11,443 IN A ROCKET THE SIZE OF THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING. 593 00:40:11,543 --> 00:40:15,410 KOROLEV NEEDS ANOTHER APPROACH TO ROCKET SCIENCE. 594 00:40:15,510 --> 00:40:18,209 HIS SOLUTION WOULD COME FROM A RADICAL IDEA 595 00:40:18,309 --> 00:40:22,443 FROM THEIR OLD COMRADE KONSTANTIN TSIOLKOVSKY-- 596 00:40:22,543 --> 00:40:24,777 THE IDEA THAT A ROCKET CAN BE MADE UP 597 00:40:24,877 --> 00:40:30,043 OF SEVERAL ROCKETS ALL STRAPPED TOGETHER. 598 00:40:30,143 --> 00:40:32,977 GARRIOTT: WHAT KOROLEV FIGURES OUT THEY HAVE TO DO 599 00:40:33,076 --> 00:40:37,176 IS TO SHED WEIGHT, AND SO THEY COME UP WITH THIS PLAN 600 00:40:37,276 --> 00:40:43,076 WHERE THEY TAKE THESE 4 OUTER STRAP-ON BOOSTERS 601 00:40:43,176 --> 00:40:47,476 THAT NATURALLY, AS THEY DRAIN THE FUEL THAT'S WITHIN THEM 602 00:40:47,576 --> 00:40:54,109 AND NO LONGER ARE PUSHING, WILL DROP AWAY AND FALL OFF, 603 00:40:54,209 --> 00:40:56,977 AND THEN THAT CENTRAL CORE CONTINUES TO BURN 604 00:40:57,076 --> 00:40:59,510 AND MAKES IT ALL THE WAY INTO SPACE. 605 00:41:03,109 --> 00:41:06,443 STEWART: KOROLEV DREW UP PLANS FOR A MASSIVE NEW ROCKET 606 00:41:06,543 --> 00:41:10,209 KNOWN AS THE R-7. 607 00:41:10,309 --> 00:41:14,243 IT WOULD BE THE WORLD'S FIRST MULTISTAGE DESIGN 608 00:41:14,343 --> 00:41:17,510 CAPABLE OF TRAVELING BETWEEN ENTIRE CONTINENTS. 609 00:41:17,610 --> 00:41:22,410 IT WAS TWICE AS BIG AND 20 TIMES HEAVIER THAN THE V-2, 610 00:41:22,510 --> 00:41:28,010 BUT GETTING SUCH A ROCKET OFF THE GROUND WAS NOT EASY. 611 00:41:28,109 --> 00:41:31,376 GARRIOTT: KOROLEV, AFTER 3 FAILED ATTEMPTS, 612 00:41:31,476 --> 00:41:34,576 ON THE 21st OF AUGUST, 1957, 613 00:41:34,676 --> 00:41:39,676 LAUNCHED A 5.4-TON WARHEAD 614 00:41:39,777 --> 00:41:45,043 FROM KAZAKHSTAN THAT WENT 6,500 KILOMETERS. 615 00:41:45,143 --> 00:41:48,543 IT WAS A MONUMENTAL SUCCESS THAT CLEARLY PUT 616 00:41:48,643 --> 00:41:51,676 THE SOVIET UNION WELL AHEAD OF ANY OTHER COUNTRY. 617 00:41:51,777 --> 00:41:55,510 THERE WAS NOW NOWHERE ON EARTH THAT THEY COULD NOT TOUCH, 618 00:41:55,610 --> 00:41:58,877 THAT THEY COULD NOT BRING DEVASTATION 619 00:41:58,977 --> 00:42:03,343 THAT WOULD BE UNSTOPPABLE AT THE PUSH OF A BUTTON. 620 00:42:11,676 --> 00:42:14,276 STEWART: THIS DESTRUCTIVE MOMENT MARKED THE BEGINNING 621 00:42:14,376 --> 00:42:17,877 OF A NEW SURGE IN ROCKET DEVELOPMENT. 622 00:42:17,977 --> 00:42:22,276 NOW NO EXPENSE WAS TOO GREAT AS BOTH AMERICA AND RUSSIA RACE 623 00:42:22,376 --> 00:42:27,010 TO BUILD BIGGER ROCKETS THAT COULD CARRY HEAVIER BOMBS. 624 00:42:27,109 --> 00:42:30,543 IN THE SCRAMBLE THAT FOLLOWED, KOROLEV SPOTTED AN OPPORTUNITY 625 00:42:30,643 --> 00:42:35,176 TO REALIZE A MORE PEACEFUL AMBITION, 626 00:42:35,276 --> 00:42:38,743 BUT IT WAS GOING TO TAKE A PIECE OF RISKY SUBTERFUGE 627 00:42:38,843 --> 00:42:41,010 TO PULL IT OFF. 628 00:42:41,109 --> 00:42:43,576 GARRIOTT: KOROLEV, WHO HAD LONG DREAMED OF SPACE FLIGHT, 629 00:42:43,676 --> 00:42:46,243 BELIEVES HIS R-7 HAS GREATER POTENTIAL. 630 00:42:46,343 --> 00:42:50,010 WITHOUT THE HEAVY NUCLEAR WARHEAD, HE BELIEVES 631 00:42:50,109 --> 00:42:54,743 IT CAN BE THE FIRST-EVER ROCKET TO REACH EARTH ORBIT. 632 00:42:54,843 --> 00:42:58,410 THE PROBLEM IS, THE SOVIET PREMIER NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV 633 00:42:58,510 --> 00:43:02,610 ISN'T INTERESTED IN SPENDING MILLIONS TO EXPLORE SPACE, 634 00:43:02,710 --> 00:43:05,209 SO KOROLEV TAKES A RISK. 635 00:43:05,309 --> 00:43:09,410 IN 1954, HE PLANTS A FAKE NEWS STORY IN THE SOVIET NEWSPAPERS 636 00:43:09,510 --> 00:43:11,576 CLAIMING THE NATION IS PREPARING 637 00:43:11,676 --> 00:43:15,710 TO LAUNCH A SATELLITE INTO EARTH ORBIT. 638 00:43:15,810 --> 00:43:17,777 BELIEVING THE STORY, 639 00:43:17,877 --> 00:43:20,910 THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS RUN IT, TOO. 640 00:43:21,010 --> 00:43:23,010 PRESIDENT EISENHOWER FEARS THE SOVIETS ARE TAKING 641 00:43:23,109 --> 00:43:25,643 A TECHNOLOGICAL LEAD AND RETALIATES, 642 00:43:25,743 --> 00:43:27,243 ANNOUNCING THE UNITED STATES WILL SEND 643 00:43:27,343 --> 00:43:31,043 THEIR OWN SATELLITE INTO SPACE. 644 00:43:31,143 --> 00:43:33,676 WITH AMERICA NOW PUBLICLY WORKING TOWARDS 645 00:43:33,777 --> 00:43:36,076 THE WORLD'S FIRST SATELLITE LAUNCH, 646 00:43:36,176 --> 00:43:38,476 KOROLEV WRITES A LETTER TO THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT 647 00:43:38,576 --> 00:43:41,943 DEMANDING THEY TAKE ACTION TO SAVE FACE. 648 00:43:44,076 --> 00:43:46,276 THE AUTHORITIES AGREE, AND SUDDENLY, 649 00:43:46,376 --> 00:43:52,343 KOROLEV'S LIFELONG DREAM OF SPACE FLIGHT IS WITHIN REACH. 650 00:43:52,443 --> 00:43:55,510 STEWART: BUT IF HIS R-7 COULDN'T CARRY 651 00:43:55,610 --> 00:44:00,343 A WARHEAD INTO ORBIT, WHAT COULD IT CARRY? 652 00:44:00,443 --> 00:44:05,376 GARRIOTT: KOROLEV TAKES OUT THAT 5.4-TON WARHEAD 653 00:44:05,476 --> 00:44:09,943 AND PUTS IN A 184-POUND SATELLITE, 654 00:44:10,043 --> 00:44:13,676 AND THAT CHANGE IN MASS TAKES THIS POWERFUL ROCKET 655 00:44:13,777 --> 00:44:16,176 WHICH PREVIOUSLY COULD NOT REACH ORBIT, 656 00:44:16,276 --> 00:44:19,476 AND NOW IT HAS THE POWER FOR THE FIRST TIME 657 00:44:19,576 --> 00:44:21,977 TO TAKE THIS MODEST PAYLOAD AND FIRE IT 658 00:44:22,076 --> 00:44:25,109 AT 17,210 MILES AN HOUR, 659 00:44:25,209 --> 00:44:28,410 WHICH IS THE VELOCITY THAT ONE NEEDS TO BE GOING TO REMAIN 660 00:44:28,510 --> 00:44:32,643 IN ORBIT AROUND THE EARTH, 661 00:44:32,743 --> 00:44:36,076 AND SO ON OCTOBER 4, 1957, 662 00:44:36,176 --> 00:44:40,943 THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE SHOCKS THE WORLD. 663 00:44:41,043 --> 00:44:43,710 STEWART: IT WAS NAMED SPUTNIK, AND IT WAS ONLY NOW 664 00:44:43,810 --> 00:44:46,710 ORBITING THE EARTH THANKS TO KOROLEV'S CUNNING 665 00:44:46,810 --> 00:44:50,777 AND HIS REVOLUTIONARY BREAKTHROUGH IN ROCKET SCIENCE. 666 00:44:50,877 --> 00:44:54,276 GARRIOTT: THIS CONCEPT OF DROPPING YOUR OUTER BOOSTERS, 667 00:44:54,376 --> 00:44:57,243 OR THE FIRST STAGE, IS THE ESSENTIAL SOLUTION 668 00:44:57,343 --> 00:45:01,943 FOR ANY CHEMICAL ROCKET TO BE ABLE TO REACH ORBIT. 669 00:45:02,044 --> 00:45:05,443 MAN: AND JUST THERE, WE SEE THE FIRST STAGE SEPARATING. 670 00:45:05,543 --> 00:45:07,877 STEWART: KOROLEV'S DESIGN WOULD FORM THE BASIS 671 00:45:07,977 --> 00:45:11,076 OF ALMOST ALL RUSSIA'S MANNED ROCKETS, 672 00:45:11,176 --> 00:45:14,710 INCLUDING THE SOYUZ, WHICH IS STILL USED TODAY, 673 00:45:14,810 --> 00:45:17,010 THE WORKHORSE ROCKET THAT HAS TAKEN 674 00:45:17,109 --> 00:45:20,243 HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE INTO SPACE. 675 00:45:20,343 --> 00:45:22,643 GARRIOTT: THAT'S WHY I'M AN ASTRONAUT, 676 00:45:22,743 --> 00:45:25,010 SO THAT'S THE CONNECTION. 677 00:45:25,109 --> 00:45:27,810 HA HA HA! 678 00:45:34,143 --> 00:45:36,276 STEWART: IT'S ONE THING TO REACH ORBITAL SPEED 679 00:45:36,376 --> 00:45:39,510 AROUND EARTH WITH A SMALL PAYLOAD 680 00:45:39,610 --> 00:45:43,576 BUT QUITE ANOTHER TO FLING A GIANT SPACESHIP INTO ORBIT 681 00:45:43,676 --> 00:45:47,610 OR TO LEAVE EARTH COMPLETELY AND HEAD FOR, SAY, THE MOON. 682 00:45:47,710 --> 00:45:52,343 TO DO THAT REQUIRED ROCKET SCIENTISTS TO HARNESS A FUEL 683 00:45:52,443 --> 00:45:55,910 THEY COULD SQUEEZE EVEN MORE ENERGY OUT OF, 684 00:45:56,010 --> 00:45:58,810 AND ONCE MORE, THEY WOULD LOOK TO THE WRITINGS 685 00:45:58,910 --> 00:46:01,510 OF KONSTANTIN TSIOLKOVSKY. 686 00:46:01,610 --> 00:46:06,510 WELL, HE'S NOT KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF ROCKETRY FOR NOTHING. 687 00:46:06,610 --> 00:46:09,176 GARRIOTT: WHEN TSIOLKOVSKY WAS CALCULATING 688 00:46:09,276 --> 00:46:12,777 HOW TO GET OFF THE EARTH, HE THOUGHT THROUGH 689 00:46:12,877 --> 00:46:16,510 EVERY COMBUSTIBLE REACTION HE COULD THINK OF, 690 00:46:16,610 --> 00:46:20,209 BURNING EVERY MIXTURE HE COULD IMAGINE, 691 00:46:20,309 --> 00:46:24,309 AND ULTIMATELY, HE ARRIVED AT HYDROGEN. 692 00:46:24,410 --> 00:46:28,143 STEWART: THIS IDEA TO USE HYDROGEN TO POWER ROCKETS 693 00:46:28,243 --> 00:46:31,176 WAS AS PROFOUND A BREAKTHROUGH AS THE DISCOVERY 694 00:46:31,276 --> 00:46:36,276 OF OTHER WORLD'S BEYOND EARTH, AS IT WOULD PROVE TO BE THE KEY 695 00:46:36,376 --> 00:46:39,877 TO EVENTUALLY CARRY US TO THEM. 696 00:46:39,977 --> 00:46:42,610 AL-KHALILI: BUT WHY HYDROGEN? 697 00:46:42,710 --> 00:46:45,276 TO ANSWER THAT QUESTION, WE NEED TO RECREATE 698 00:46:45,376 --> 00:46:47,309 TSIOLKOVSKY'S THOUGHT EXPERIMENT, 699 00:46:47,410 --> 00:46:49,510 WHICH WEIGHED UP THE OPTIONS. 700 00:46:49,610 --> 00:46:51,676 ALL RIGHT. THAT'S GOT IT. 701 00:46:51,777 --> 00:46:55,076 SO WE'VE PLACED TWO GRAMS OF GUNPOWDER, 702 00:46:55,176 --> 00:46:57,010 TWO GRAMS OF GASOLINE, 703 00:46:57,109 --> 00:47:00,676 AND TWO GRAMS OF HYDROGEN IN THOSE 3 BARRELS. 704 00:47:00,777 --> 00:47:02,810 THEY'RE ALL MIXED WITH OXYGEN, 705 00:47:02,910 --> 00:47:07,209 AND ALL 3 BARRELS WEIGH THE SAME. 706 00:47:07,309 --> 00:47:10,476 POWER IT UP. POWER IT UP. 707 00:47:10,576 --> 00:47:12,276 PRESS ON. 708 00:47:12,376 --> 00:47:14,710 AS SOON AS THAT RED LIGHT GOES SOLID, 709 00:47:14,810 --> 00:47:16,176 WE'RE READY TO FIRE. 710 00:47:16,276 --> 00:47:19,943 RIGHT. HERE WE GO. 711 00:47:20,044 --> 00:47:23,343 AL-KHALILI: FIRST UP, THE GUNPOWDER... 712 00:47:23,443 --> 00:47:24,710 [PING] 713 00:47:24,810 --> 00:47:26,610 HA HA! HA HA HA! 714 00:47:26,710 --> 00:47:30,943 AL-KHALILI: JUST A TINY PUFF OF SMOKE BUT BARELY ANY EFFECT. 715 00:47:31,044 --> 00:47:34,443 NEXT, IT'S THE GASOLINE, 716 00:47:34,543 --> 00:47:37,543 WAY BETTER, 717 00:47:37,643 --> 00:47:41,243 ENOUGH THRUST TO GET THIS 44-POUND BARREL ROCKET 718 00:47:41,343 --> 00:47:45,877 A FEW FEET OFF THE GROUND, BUT WHAT ABOUT THE HYDROGEN? 719 00:47:50,510 --> 00:47:52,243 HA HA HA! WHOA! 720 00:47:52,343 --> 00:47:54,276 HA HA! THAT'S BRILLIANT. 721 00:47:54,376 --> 00:47:57,510 AL-KHALILI: HYDROGEN IS THE CLEAR WINNER, 722 00:47:57,610 --> 00:48:02,676 WITH JUST TWO GRAMS CARRYING ITS BARREL UP OVER 30 FEET, 723 00:48:02,777 --> 00:48:06,043 BUT WHY SUCH A BIG DIFFERENCE IF EACH BARREL WEIGHS THE SAME 724 00:48:06,143 --> 00:48:09,843 AND CONTAINS THE SAME AMOUNT OF FUEL? 725 00:48:09,943 --> 00:48:12,777 WHEN IT COMES TO MAXIMIZING ENERGY RELEASE 726 00:48:12,877 --> 00:48:16,710 AND ENGINE EFFICIENCY, THEN SIMPLICITY IS BEST. 727 00:48:16,810 --> 00:48:20,243 FUELS LIKE GUNPOWDER, 728 00:48:20,343 --> 00:48:23,910 OR EVEN GASOLINE AND KEROSENE, 729 00:48:24,010 --> 00:48:25,977 ARE MADE UP OF A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS 730 00:48:26,076 --> 00:48:28,376 WHICH, WHEN THEY BURN, THEY RELEASE CHEMICALS 731 00:48:28,476 --> 00:48:31,410 AND THAT WASTES ENERGY, 732 00:48:31,510 --> 00:48:35,576 BUT HYDROGEN'S COMBUSTION ONLY PRODUCES WATER, 733 00:48:35,676 --> 00:48:39,176 THUS RELEASING MORE ENERGY THAN THE OTHER REACTIONS, 734 00:48:39,276 --> 00:48:44,010 IN FACT, THE MOST ENERGY OF ANY COMBUSTION WE KNOW, 735 00:48:44,109 --> 00:48:46,910 AND THAT, TSIOLKOVSKY CONCLUDED, 736 00:48:47,010 --> 00:48:50,109 WAS WHY IT WOULD BE THE ULTIMATE ROCKET FUEL. 737 00:48:50,209 --> 00:48:53,510 CHANG-DIAZ: TSIOLKOVSKY REALIZED THAT IN THE CASE 738 00:48:53,610 --> 00:48:56,476 OF HYDROGEN, THE REACTION IS VERY POWERFUL, 739 00:48:56,576 --> 00:48:58,476 HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN, AND THIS IS THE BASIS 740 00:48:58,576 --> 00:49:02,710 FOR TODAY'S CHEMICAL ROCKETS THAT PRODUCE A LOT OF HEAT 741 00:49:02,810 --> 00:49:06,576 AND, THEREFORE, EJECT THE MATERIAL AS FAST AS POSSIBLE. 742 00:49:06,676 --> 00:49:11,610 MAN: VELOCITY-- 1,300 FEET PER SECOND. 743 00:49:11,710 --> 00:49:14,410 NEIL ARMSTRONG: THAT'S ONE SMALL STEP FOR MAN... 744 00:49:14,510 --> 00:49:16,443 STEWART: HYDROGEN FUEL HAS CARRIED US 745 00:49:16,543 --> 00:49:18,276 ALL THE WAY TO THE MOON. 746 00:49:18,376 --> 00:49:23,076 ARMSTRONG: ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND. 747 00:49:23,176 --> 00:49:26,510 STEWART: IT'S LIFTED 400 TONS OF SUPERSTRUCTURE 748 00:49:26,610 --> 00:49:33,309 INTO EARTH ORBIT TO BUILD US AN INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 749 00:49:33,410 --> 00:49:36,510 TODAY'S ROCKETS ARE MORE EFFICIENT THAN EVER, 750 00:49:36,610 --> 00:49:39,977 THE STAGES DESIGNED TO RETURN TO THE EARTH 751 00:49:40,076 --> 00:49:43,176 TO BE USED AGAIN AND AGAIN, 752 00:49:43,276 --> 00:49:48,044 BUT WHEN IT COMES TO CHEMICAL ROCKETS, WE'RE AT THEIR LIMIT. 753 00:49:48,143 --> 00:49:52,243 NO FUEL CAN PROPEL US FASTER THAN HYDROGEN. 754 00:49:52,343 --> 00:49:55,810 TO GO FASTER, TO GO FURTHER, 755 00:49:55,910 --> 00:49:59,576 THE ROCKET NEEDS A NEW REVOLUTION, 756 00:49:59,676 --> 00:50:05,076 AND IT'S A REVOLUTION THAT'S JUST AROUND THE CORNER. 757 00:50:05,176 --> 00:50:07,543 CHANG-DIAZ: WHEN YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT SHOOTING MATERIAL 758 00:50:07,643 --> 00:50:11,877 FAST, YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT MAKING THAT MATERIAL HOT. 759 00:50:11,977 --> 00:50:13,510 MAN: 40 SECONDS IN. 760 00:50:13,610 --> 00:50:15,376 CHANG-DIAZ: PROBLEM IS, YOU COME TO A POINT WHERE 761 00:50:15,476 --> 00:50:19,810 IF YOU MAKE THE EXHAUST TOO HOT, THEN YOU MELT THE ROCKET. 762 00:50:19,910 --> 00:50:22,044 ENGINEERS HAVE WORKED REALLY HARD 763 00:50:22,143 --> 00:50:26,843 TO IMPROVE ON THE MATERIALS, BUT YOU STILL GET TO THE POINT 764 00:50:26,943 --> 00:50:31,543 THAT YOU CAN'T GO ABOVE A FEW THOUSAND DEGREES, 765 00:50:31,643 --> 00:50:34,610 AND YOU WANT TO GO TO MILLIONS OF DEGREES. 766 00:50:36,910 --> 00:50:40,410 YOU NEED SOMETHING DIFFERENT, SO WE'VE MOVED 767 00:50:40,510 --> 00:50:43,443 AWAY FROM CHEMISTRY, 768 00:50:43,543 --> 00:50:48,343 AND WE'VE MOVED INTO PLASMA PHYSICS. 769 00:50:48,443 --> 00:50:52,343 STEWART: PLASMA IS ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL STATES OF MATTER. 770 00:50:52,443 --> 00:50:56,276 NEITHER A SOLID, A LIQUID, OR A GAS, 771 00:50:56,376 --> 00:51:02,043 PLASMAS OCCUR NATURALLY ON EARTH IN THE FORM OF LIGHTNING. 772 00:51:02,143 --> 00:51:05,843 THESE ULTRA HOT SOUPS OF CHARGED PARTICLES 773 00:51:05,943 --> 00:51:09,543 ARE USUALLY FOUND IN THE HEART OF STARS... 774 00:51:13,877 --> 00:51:16,476 BUT IN THESE RESEARCH LABS IN HOUSTON, 775 00:51:16,576 --> 00:51:19,943 THEY USE ELECTRICAL POWER TO FIRST CREATE PLASMAS 776 00:51:20,043 --> 00:51:23,543 AND THEN CONTAIN AND MANIPULATE THEM. 777 00:51:23,643 --> 00:51:25,977 THE REASON THEY DON'T MELT THE MACHINERY 778 00:51:26,076 --> 00:51:28,510 IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE ELECTRICALLY CHARGED 779 00:51:28,610 --> 00:51:33,176 PARTICLES IN THE PLASMA RESPOND TO A MAGNETIC FORCE. 780 00:51:33,276 --> 00:51:36,877 AND WE TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THAT PROPERTY BY CREATING 781 00:51:36,977 --> 00:51:42,109 AN INVISIBLE, MAGNETIC PIPE, AND THIS IS ABLE 782 00:51:42,209 --> 00:51:46,877 TO HOLD THIS PLASMA AT MILLIONS OF DEGREES, 783 00:51:46,977 --> 00:51:50,910 AND THIS PLASMA DOESN'T TOUCH THE SURROUNDING STRUCTURE, 784 00:51:51,010 --> 00:51:55,777 SO THE MATERIALS ARE HAPPY. 785 00:51:55,877 --> 00:51:59,510 STEWART: AND THAT MEANS THAT WE CAN DEVELOP NEW ROCKETS, 786 00:51:59,610 --> 00:52:03,176 ONES THAT DON'T BURN CONVENTIONAL CHEMICAL FUELS, 787 00:52:03,276 --> 00:52:07,209 BUT INSTEAD USE SOLAR POWER TO FIRE ULTRA HOT, 788 00:52:07,309 --> 00:52:13,076 ULTRA FAST JETS OF PLASMA TO PROPEL THEMSELVES. 789 00:52:13,176 --> 00:52:15,643 CHANG-DIAZ: AS LONG AS THE MAGNETIC FIELD 790 00:52:15,743 --> 00:52:17,443 IS ABLE TO CONTAIN IT, THEN YOU REALLY HAVE 791 00:52:17,543 --> 00:52:20,443 NO LIMIT AS TO HOW HOT YOU CAN MAKE IT, 792 00:52:20,543 --> 00:52:23,043 WHICH MEANS THAT IT'S MANY MORE TIMES AS FAST 793 00:52:23,143 --> 00:52:26,176 AS THE BEST CHEMICAL ROCKET. 794 00:52:26,276 --> 00:52:28,943 STEWART: SOME BELIEVE WE COULD USE PLASMA ROCKETS 795 00:52:29,043 --> 00:52:31,877 TO CUT DOWN THE RETURN TRIP FROM MARS 796 00:52:31,977 --> 00:52:35,543 FROM 3 YEARS TO JUST 39 DAYS. 797 00:52:35,643 --> 00:52:37,710 CHANG-DIAZ: AND THEN WE WILL HAVE ACCESS 798 00:52:37,810 --> 00:52:39,877 TO THE ENTIRE SOLAR SYSTEM. 799 00:52:39,977 --> 00:52:45,877 HUMANITY WILL BE TOTALLY FREE TO GO ANYWHERE THEY WANT. 800 00:52:45,977 --> 00:52:48,877 STEWART: OUR FIRST STEPS INTO THE COSMOS 801 00:52:48,977 --> 00:52:52,810 HAVE ONLY JUST BEGUN, BUT WE HAVE ALREADY LIVED 802 00:52:52,910 --> 00:52:55,043 CONTINUOUSLY BEYOND EARTH 803 00:52:55,143 --> 00:52:57,343 THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE 21st CENTURY 804 00:52:57,443 --> 00:53:02,044 ONBOARD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, 805 00:53:02,143 --> 00:53:05,243 THE ROCKET TECHNOLOGY WHICH HAS TAKEN US THERE 806 00:53:05,343 --> 00:53:10,576 BORN INITIALLY FROM AN AGE OF WARFARE AND FEAR, 807 00:53:10,676 --> 00:53:14,843 THE INGENUITY TO OUTRUN EARTH'S GRAVITY BORROWED 808 00:53:14,943 --> 00:53:19,109 FROM OTHER INDUSTRIES TO REALIZE THE DREAMS 809 00:53:19,209 --> 00:53:22,410 OF SCIENTISTS AND SCIENCE FICTION WRITERS 810 00:53:22,510 --> 00:53:25,943 THROUGH THE CENTURIES, AND IN DOING SO, 811 00:53:26,043 --> 00:53:29,176 IT HAS CHANGED THE STORY OF WHO WE ARE. 812 00:53:32,176 --> 00:53:34,977 THE ROCKET IS AN INVENTION THAT'S EVOLVED US 813 00:53:35,076 --> 00:53:40,910 INTO A SPECIES WHICH IS NO LONGER CONFINED TO EARTH. 814 00:53:41,010 --> 00:53:45,643 BREAKTHROUGHS DON'T GET ANY BIGGER THAN THAT. 815 00:53:52,209 --> 00:53:53,977 STEWART: NEXT TIME ON "BREAKTHROUGH," 816 00:53:54,076 --> 00:53:58,043 THE STORY OF THE DEVICE THAT TRANSFORMED THE MODERN WORLD. 817 00:53:58,143 --> 00:54:03,543 IT WOULD TAKE A ROMAN SIEGE, AN UNTIMELY DEATH, 818 00:54:03,643 --> 00:54:06,610 A HOLLYWOOD STAR WITH A BRILLIANT MIND, 819 00:54:06,710 --> 00:54:10,710 THE CLOAK-AND-DAGGER COMMUNICATIONS OF WORLD WAR II, 820 00:54:10,810 --> 00:54:15,076 AND A MISSED VACATION TO CREATE A DEVICE 821 00:54:15,176 --> 00:54:19,510 THAT PUT THE WHOLE WORLD IN OUR HANDS--THE SMARTPHONE.