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William shatner:
A shining wonder
that brightens our nights,

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measures our days,

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and may possess
incredible powers.

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The moon. Look at it.

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Is there anything
more marvelous,

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more inspiring,

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than this glowing orb
that hangs in the night sky?

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But is the moon just
a giant rock in space,

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or does it hold
profound secrets?

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Could it harbor signs of life,

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or perhaps evidence

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of an ancient civilization?

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That is what we'll try
and find out.

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♪ ♪

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each fall, the people
of this city gather along

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the banks of the qiantang river

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to see something extraordinary:

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A massive wave
that barrels upstream

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and keeps surging for miles
and miles up the river.

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The wave's rapid speed,
loud roaring sound,

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and white crests have earned it
a fitting nickname:

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The silver dragon.

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A hundred miles
southwest of shanghai,

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every year there is this really
interesting tidal phenomena

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that happens that's very much
related to the moon.

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The silver dragon
is a 30-foot-tall,

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25-mile-an-hour wave,

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so it draws a massive crowd.

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Over a 100,000 people annually
come out to watch this wave,

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and people even surf on it.

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Michael dennin: It's huge,
it comes down and it can

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flood to the side, and it's
actually quite dangerous,

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and people
often get way too close.

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Teitel:
We're used to seeing tides
at beaches on the ocean,

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they go in and out,
but it's never this dramatic.

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This is an extremely tangible
thing you can point to and say,

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"this is the moon's effect
on the earth,

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happening now as we see it."

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michio kaku:
The gravity of the moon
lifts the water up

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to give you high tide,

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and when the moon passes,
it drops, giving you low tide.

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Think of that:
The entire planet earth's water

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being lifted several feet.

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And that tremendous
cosmic energy

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comes from the gravitational
pull of the moon.

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Shatner:
Today, the process
by which the moon

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generates earth's ocean tides
is widely understood.

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But what is less commonly known

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is how the moon
causes a phenomenon

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like the silver dragon.

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Well, scientists have a name

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for this kind
of strange occurrence.

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It's called a tidal bore.

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One of the most amazing
things the moon does,

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from my perspective,
is create tidal bores.

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And the way to think about it is

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the tide rises the oceans
a certain height,

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and if you have
the right combination

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of the shape of the connection
of the ocean into a river,

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you can actually
funnel all of that height

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into a narrow,
extra high, massive wave.

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And then that will run
up a gorge or a river.

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It's kind of a fascinating
interaction between moon, water,

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nature and then people and
what we do in response to it.

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Shatner:
Tidal bores
are a striking example

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of the power that the moon
exerts on the earth.

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But, according to scientists,

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creating tides
is just one of many effects

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that the moon has on our planet.

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For instance,
as the moon circles the earth,

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its gravitational force
causes molten liquids

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deep within the earth's core
to swirl,

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a process which some experts
refer to as "churning."

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we now realize
that the orbit of the moon

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creates churning
inside the earth.

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The moon churns
the inside of the earth

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by tidal forces,

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causing currents
in the form of electricity,

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which creates
the earth's magnetic field.

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We depend upon a magnetic shield

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to protect us against
solar flares from the sun.

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And we think that's
where the moon comes in.

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If it wasn't for
the presence of the moon,

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you go outside,
you get a sunburn

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within just a matter
of a few minutes.

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Shatner:
A sunburn within a few minutes?

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It's enough to make you wonder
what else could happen

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if the unimaginable occurred

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and the moon...

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Just disappeared?

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One of the questions I get
asked a lot is, you know,

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can we survive without the moon?

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If the moon
suddenly disappeared,

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I think not.

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The result on earth would be

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catastrophic
and very, very rapid.

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The tides would stop working.

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The earth would
start slowing down.

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As the earth slows down,

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it can start wobbling
on its axis.

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If it wobbles very far,

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this would melt
the polar ice caps,

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and sea levels
would rise radically.

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Also, a place like las vegas

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could be freezing in winter

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and yet boiling in summer.

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There's all sorts
of things that could

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cause trouble for life on earth.

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Brian keating:
The moon is sort
of the earth's bodyguard

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because the moon
has protected us

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from asteroid impacts.

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All the craters that
we see on the moon

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are the result of impacts
of asteroid fragments.

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And all those craters,

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they could have
been impacts on earth.

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Kaku:
So we have
this cosmic coincidence.

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All the characteristics
to the moon are just so

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that we have
life on the planet earth.

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So, in other words,
we hit the jackpot.

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We have this cosmic lottery,
and we hit the jackpot.

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We got a moon that makes

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possible conditions on
the earth compatible with life.

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Shatner:
The fact that
the moon is so vital

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to life on earth raises
some intriguing questions.

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Such as,
is there something special

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about our moon that enables it
to make life on earth possible?

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And, if our moon is unique,

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what makes it different

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from the more than 200 other
moons in our solar system?

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Keating:
A moon is just what we call
a natural satellite,

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a satellite
that's not human-made

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that orbits around a planet.

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Other planets,
such as the massive gas planets

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like jupiter and saturn,

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have many, many dozens of moons.

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We're the only planet
in the solar system

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that has only one moon.

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And our moon is actually
the fifth largest moon

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in the solar system,
it's quite large.

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Teitel:
It's really big
compared to the planet.

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It's a very unique setup.

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Usually moons
are significantly smaller,

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but our moon is relatively
large compared to our planet.

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Mike bara:
It's very bizarre.

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It's basically
a double planet system.

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The moon is so big and so close.

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And there is no other example

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anywhere in the observable
universe like this.

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Lynn picknett:
Because it's so big

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and it has so many effects
on the earth,

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the moon is always fascinating.

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There's something inherently
amazing and mesmerizing

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about how big
and how powerful it is.

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I mean, there it is,
hanging in our skies,

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this extraordinary
spherical object,

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just this
amazing orb in the sky.

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Shatner:
Scientists have observed

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that there is
another strange aspect

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of the moon's dimensions.

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It is precisely the right size

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and distance from the sun

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to occasionally create...

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A total solar eclipse.

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If you look at the moon
and you look at the sun,

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the sun is actually 400 times
the diameter of the moon,

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but the moon happens to be
400 times closer to the earth.

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This means that the sun
and the moon look as if

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they're the same size
in the sky.

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That means that when the moon
goes in front of the sun,

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it totally blocks off the sun.

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I've been very lucky,

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and I've seen
two total eclipses of the sun,

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and they are magical.

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They literally
blew my socks off.

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Bara:
The fact is, the moon
is exactly the right size

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and exactly the right
distance from the earth

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to create perfect
solar eclipses.

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Some people think
that's a coincidence.

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I don't think
it's a coincidence.

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There has to be
something very special

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and very mysterious
about the moon itself.

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Shatner:
The unique size relationship

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between the moon and earth
may help explain

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why the moon has such a strong
impact on our planet.

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But does the moon's gravity
only affect the earth?

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Or could it also
have a direct influence

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on human beings?

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Perhaps the answers can be found

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by examining how the moon
alters not just our planet

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but also...

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Our minds.

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How does a full
moon make you feel?

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A little nervous?

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Afraid, perhaps?

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Well, maybe you should be.

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After all, the word "lunatic"
comes from the notion

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that when the full moon rises,

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it causes insanity, mayhem,

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and even murder.

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But are-are these just stories?

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Or does the moon
actually have the power

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to make people crazy,
and drive them to kill?

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(thunder rumbles)

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picknett:
The word "lunatic"

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means
"the moon has made you mad."

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the word "luna" is latin--

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is roman, essentially--
for "moon."

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so, clearly, over the millennia,

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the moon has been associated

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with a rise in madness,

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or manifestations
of mental disturbance,

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emotional disturbance.

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Young: The dancing in the
moonlight, the witchcraft,

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the ceremonies of the occult,

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somehow are related to the moon.

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You take something
like the werewolf.

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The moon comes up,

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out comes the werewolf.

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Some powerful alter ego.

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Eric hickey:
Way back in victorian England

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people would claim,
"it wasn't my fault.

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"the moon made me do it,
it was a moon madness,

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it was lunacy."

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and so people could actually
be institutionalized

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rather than be hung because

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they were crazy,
it was not their fault.

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That's how strong

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the belief was in-in the moon.

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Shatner:
The connection
between the full moon,

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insanity and violence

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is not merely
an antiquated fantasy.

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In fact,
similar stories about the moon

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persist into modern times.

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Picknett:
It's well known people who work

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for emergency services--

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paramedics, or the police,
for example,

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and they all report

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the numbers go up at full moon,

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of people in accidents
or suffering from violence.

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But science
has challenged these stories.

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Young:
That's myth,
that is legendary talk.

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We don't have science
to back that up and yet,

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when we look at the night sky,
the big object is the moon.

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It is the dominant
sighting in the heavens.

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When the moon is full,

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poetically,
there are lots of effects.

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Shatner:
Humanity has long expressed
a belief that the moon

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can influence our minds.

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But is that all just a figment
of our collective imagination?

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Or is it possible
to scientifically prove

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that the moon
can affect the mind?

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Psychiatrist dr. David avery

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is counseling a 35-year-old man

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who suffers
from bipolar disorder

255
00:12:58,153 --> 00:13:00,069
and has experienced a number

256
00:13:00,155 --> 00:13:02,655
of sleepless nights.

257
00:13:02,741 --> 00:13:04,991
He had bipolar disorder,

258
00:13:05,076 --> 00:13:07,494
sometimes known as
manic-depressive illness.

259
00:13:07,579 --> 00:13:09,579
He was typical in that

260
00:13:09,664 --> 00:13:11,956
he had a history
of these episodes...

261
00:13:12,959 --> 00:13:15,752
...Of having short sleep,

262
00:13:15,837 --> 00:13:17,921
manic symptoms,

263
00:13:18,006 --> 00:13:20,632
hyperactivity,
thoughts going very fast,

264
00:13:20,675 --> 00:13:23,301
and might get only
one or two hours of sleep

265
00:13:23,345 --> 00:13:24,928
during the manic phase.

266
00:13:25,847 --> 00:13:28,848
Shatner:
The patient,
an engineer by trade,

267
00:13:28,934 --> 00:13:31,309
kept detailed records
of his sleep habits,

268
00:13:31,394 --> 00:13:35,146
noting the dates and times when
he had trouble falling asleep.

269
00:13:35,190 --> 00:13:37,899
When dr. Avery studied the log,

270
00:13:37,984 --> 00:13:40,235
he made a startling connection

271
00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:43,446
between the patient's
sleeplessness and the moon.

272
00:13:45,534 --> 00:13:48,493
It was very clear
these short sleep periods

273
00:13:48,537 --> 00:13:52,330
were correlated both with
the full moon and the new moon.

274
00:13:53,959 --> 00:13:56,292
And so my jaw kind of dropped

275
00:13:56,378 --> 00:13:59,337
when I saw the regularity
of the pattern

276
00:13:59,422 --> 00:14:01,631
and the fact that
this was associated

277
00:14:01,716 --> 00:14:03,800
with changes of the moon.

278
00:14:04,761 --> 00:14:07,679
Shatner:
The evidence showed
a pattern that suggested

279
00:14:07,764 --> 00:14:10,849
that the lunar cycle
may be responsible

280
00:14:10,892 --> 00:14:13,810
for causing some people
to become restless,

281
00:14:13,895 --> 00:14:16,688
to the point
where they can't sleep.

282
00:14:16,773 --> 00:14:19,941
I saw this, um, pattern in 2004,

283
00:14:20,026 --> 00:14:22,193
but it was a sample size of one,

284
00:14:22,237 --> 00:14:25,405
which scientifically
is not all that strong.

285
00:14:25,490 --> 00:14:29,701
But in 2017, dr. Thomas wehr

286
00:14:29,744 --> 00:14:31,536
from the national institute
of mental health

287
00:14:31,580 --> 00:14:33,830
published a paper
in which he had

288
00:14:33,915 --> 00:14:37,500
17 rapid-cycling
bipolar patients

289
00:14:37,586 --> 00:14:41,337
who had synchrony
with the lunar tidal cycles.

290
00:14:41,423 --> 00:14:44,340
I realized at that point
that my patient

291
00:14:44,426 --> 00:14:47,010
um, was not the only one.

292
00:14:47,095 --> 00:14:50,680
Shatner:
In 2018, dr. Avery and dr. Wehr

293
00:14:50,765 --> 00:14:54,559
joined forces and published
their findings on the connection

294
00:14:54,603 --> 00:14:57,854
between moon cycles
and sleeplessness.

295
00:14:58,899 --> 00:15:02,025
They theorized that the moon
has this effect on some people

296
00:15:02,110 --> 00:15:04,027
because they are
particularly sensitive

297
00:15:04,112 --> 00:15:06,112
to its gravitational pull.

298
00:15:06,197 --> 00:15:09,741
We have a vestibular system
in the ears

299
00:15:09,784 --> 00:15:12,243
that helps us with balance.

300
00:15:12,329 --> 00:15:14,704
And in the vestibular system,

301
00:15:14,789 --> 00:15:18,958
there are tiny stones that are
on the end of small filaments

302
00:15:19,044 --> 00:15:22,003
that move around with gravity.

303
00:15:22,088 --> 00:15:26,883
These filaments send signals
to parts of the brain

304
00:15:26,968 --> 00:15:30,887
that are involved
with our body clocks and sleep.

305
00:15:30,931 --> 00:15:33,973
So it's conceivable that,
in some way,

306
00:15:34,059 --> 00:15:37,977
changes in gravity
generated by the moon

307
00:15:38,063 --> 00:15:40,396
are affecting these filaments,

308
00:15:40,482 --> 00:15:43,107
perhaps influencing
the body clock,

309
00:15:43,193 --> 00:15:45,860
then influencing sleep and mood.

310
00:15:45,946 --> 00:15:48,613
When I think of the moon,
I think

311
00:15:48,657 --> 00:15:51,282
of the gravitational changes
that it creates.

312
00:15:51,326 --> 00:15:54,285
It may be that
these gravitational forces

313
00:15:54,329 --> 00:15:59,624
have a greater impact on
our sleep than you might expect.

314
00:15:59,709 --> 00:16:02,627
These are all questions
that I think, uh,

315
00:16:02,712 --> 00:16:04,629
should be answered.

316
00:16:04,673 --> 00:16:08,007
Shatner:
It seems that
the more we study the moon,

317
00:16:08,093 --> 00:16:11,094
the more we realize
that there is much about it

318
00:16:11,179 --> 00:16:12,971
that remains a mystery.

319
00:16:13,014 --> 00:16:16,057
For instance, it wasn't
that long ago that we believed

320
00:16:16,142 --> 00:16:19,435
the moon was just a huge rock
floating in space...

321
00:16:19,479 --> 00:16:22,605
Until scientists
were surprised to discover

322
00:16:22,691 --> 00:16:25,233
that part of
our attraction to the moon

323
00:16:25,318 --> 00:16:29,737
may be due to the fact
that it's actually magnetic.

324
00:16:41,710 --> 00:16:44,127
Shatner:
A group of scientists
publish the results

325
00:16:44,170 --> 00:16:46,254
of a remarkable study
on the moon.

326
00:16:47,215 --> 00:16:51,926
By analyzing information
collected by nasa space probes,

327
00:16:52,012 --> 00:16:55,179
the team discovered
that an enormous mass of metal

328
00:16:55,265 --> 00:16:58,558
is buried beneath
the surface of the moon.

329
00:16:58,643 --> 00:17:02,812
This mysterious mass
is 1,200 miles in diameter,

330
00:17:02,897 --> 00:17:05,606
and, because it's hidden
deep underground,

331
00:17:05,692 --> 00:17:08,943
before this paper was published,

332
00:17:09,029 --> 00:17:13,031
scientists had no idea
the metal was there.

333
00:17:14,951 --> 00:17:17,618
Kaku: What happened is
we have satellites

334
00:17:17,704 --> 00:17:19,495
that go around the moon,

335
00:17:19,581 --> 00:17:23,791
and it turns out that the
gravitational pull increased,

336
00:17:23,877 --> 00:17:28,004
indicating the presence
of a massive, dense object

337
00:17:28,089 --> 00:17:30,673
underneath
the surface of the moon.

338
00:17:30,759 --> 00:17:32,592
Keating:
According to the scientists

339
00:17:32,677 --> 00:17:34,302
who made this discovery,

340
00:17:34,387 --> 00:17:37,221
it's made of metals,
very dense, very heavy metals

341
00:17:37,307 --> 00:17:39,682
like iron, cobalt, nickel,

342
00:17:39,768 --> 00:17:41,684
which are also highly magnetic.

343
00:17:41,770 --> 00:17:45,063
Aderin-pocock:
Now, the question is
how did it get there?

344
00:17:45,106 --> 00:17:49,025
How did this blob
of iron get to the moon?

345
00:17:49,110 --> 00:17:52,361
There were sort of a few
theories afoot, but I think

346
00:17:52,447 --> 00:17:55,907
the one that makes most sense is
that it was an asteroid strike.

347
00:17:55,950 --> 00:17:59,410
And it seems quite likely
that a metal asteroid

348
00:17:59,496 --> 00:18:02,747
came and hit the moon's
surface with huge impact.

349
00:18:02,832 --> 00:18:05,124
It sort of melted
into the moon's surface,

350
00:18:05,210 --> 00:18:07,960
and then magma
from the moon covered it over,

351
00:18:08,046 --> 00:18:10,213
so that's why we
hadn't discovered it before.

352
00:18:10,298 --> 00:18:13,883
Shatner:
One reason why the discovery
of metal on the moon

353
00:18:13,968 --> 00:18:15,885
came as such a surprise

354
00:18:15,929 --> 00:18:19,263
is because it's easy to assume
that we already know

355
00:18:19,349 --> 00:18:22,183
most of what there is to know
about the moon.

356
00:18:23,061 --> 00:18:25,728
After all,
we've photographed it,

357
00:18:25,814 --> 00:18:30,233
studied it, and sent astronauts
to walk on its surface.

358
00:18:30,318 --> 00:18:33,569
But despite everything
we've learned,

359
00:18:33,613 --> 00:18:37,240
the moon still holds
many secrets.

360
00:18:38,827 --> 00:18:41,744
The moon is so fascinating
because it's mysterious.

361
00:18:41,830 --> 00:18:44,580
It's close to us, and yet,
it's very inscrutable.

362
00:18:44,666 --> 00:18:46,833
There are places
and parts of the moon

363
00:18:46,918 --> 00:18:48,793
we know almost nothing about,

364
00:18:48,837 --> 00:18:52,296
that are completely
unexplored and unexplained.

365
00:18:52,382 --> 00:18:55,758
There's so many mysteries about
our nearest celestial neighbor.

366
00:18:55,844 --> 00:18:58,928
For example,
what's inside the moon?

367
00:18:58,972 --> 00:19:01,013
What's on the far side
of the moon?

368
00:19:01,099 --> 00:19:03,808
It's amazing that we've sent
space probes to saturn,

369
00:19:03,893 --> 00:19:07,270
jupiter, uranus,
neptune, even past pluto,

370
00:19:07,355 --> 00:19:11,232
and yet there's so many things
we don't know about the moon.

371
00:19:11,317 --> 00:19:14,277
Shatner: The detection
of metal on the moon

372
00:19:14,362 --> 00:19:18,990
was followed by an even more
extraordinary discovery.

373
00:19:20,034 --> 00:19:22,285
In October of 2020,

374
00:19:22,328 --> 00:19:26,289
nasa's stratospheric observatory
for infrared astronomy

375
00:19:26,374 --> 00:19:30,626
announced that
they had detected water

376
00:19:30,670 --> 00:19:32,795
on the sunlit surface
of the moon.

377
00:19:32,881 --> 00:19:36,632
And in other studies,
scientists have found evidence

378
00:19:36,718 --> 00:19:39,969
of ice on the north pole
of the moon.

379
00:19:40,054 --> 00:19:42,847
Aderin-pocock:
Many people assumed
that the moon was dry.

380
00:19:42,891 --> 00:19:45,308
And, looking at the environment,
it wasn't so surprising

381
00:19:45,351 --> 00:19:47,310
that they
sort of concluded this.

382
00:19:47,395 --> 00:19:49,604
But one thing we have got
confirmation of

383
00:19:49,689 --> 00:19:52,857
is large volumes of frozen water

384
00:19:52,942 --> 00:19:56,152
in these craters
which never see sunlight.

385
00:19:57,030 --> 00:19:59,197
These craters
are some of the coldest places

386
00:19:59,282 --> 00:20:00,656
in the solar system.

387
00:20:00,742 --> 00:20:03,367
And so substances
like water can condense.

388
00:20:03,453 --> 00:20:05,995
Dennin:
When you look
at the water on the moon,

389
00:20:06,039 --> 00:20:08,623
there's a shockingly
large amount of water

390
00:20:08,708 --> 00:20:10,499
compared to what we think of it.

391
00:20:10,585 --> 00:20:12,668
Now it's water
in frozen form, it's ice.

392
00:20:12,754 --> 00:20:15,504
But it still was fascinating
just to know that there was

393
00:20:15,590 --> 00:20:17,882
something we were wrong
about the moon.

394
00:20:17,926 --> 00:20:21,219
Shatner:
As a result of these findings,
scientists have been compelled

395
00:20:21,262 --> 00:20:25,223
to reexamine the belief
that the moon is inert,

396
00:20:25,266 --> 00:20:29,518
and to ask
whether it can harbor life.

397
00:20:31,397 --> 00:20:34,190
Whether or not we can
have life on the moon,

398
00:20:34,275 --> 00:20:36,359
that's, of course,
a big question mark.

399
00:20:36,402 --> 00:20:39,028
Today, when you think
of the moon,

400
00:20:39,113 --> 00:20:41,280
you think of
a lifeless environment.

401
00:20:41,366 --> 00:20:43,908
But that's not always true.

402
00:20:43,952 --> 00:20:47,536
We think that
in the early days of the moon,

403
00:20:47,622 --> 00:20:51,415
perhaps there was a thicker
atmosphere to the moon,

404
00:20:51,459 --> 00:20:55,419
and that's what's required
to create life on a planet.

405
00:20:55,463 --> 00:20:58,631
So if we drill deep
into the lunar soil,

406
00:20:58,716 --> 00:21:00,883
perhaps we'll pick up evidence

407
00:21:00,927 --> 00:21:04,011
of ancient microbial life
that existed

408
00:21:04,097 --> 00:21:05,888
billions of years ago

409
00:21:05,974 --> 00:21:08,766
when the atmosphere
was quite different on the moon.

410
00:21:09,769 --> 00:21:12,728
Shatner:
Was the moon
a place in which life

411
00:21:12,772 --> 00:21:16,190
could actually
thrive in the distant past?

412
00:21:17,110 --> 00:21:19,193
Well, according
to some researchers,

413
00:21:19,279 --> 00:21:23,322
there is photographic evidence
not only of life on the moon

414
00:21:23,408 --> 00:21:28,703
but of something
much more profound.

415
00:21:34,294 --> 00:21:37,128
Nasa launches ranger 7,

416
00:21:37,213 --> 00:21:39,922
a lunar probe designed to take

417
00:21:40,008 --> 00:21:43,050
the first close-up photographs
of the lunar surface.

418
00:21:43,136 --> 00:21:47,471
The landmark images
fascinated the world,

419
00:21:47,515 --> 00:21:49,932
and since that time,
other nations have sent

420
00:21:50,018 --> 00:21:52,977
probes to capture
more images of the moon.

421
00:21:53,021 --> 00:21:55,938
Over the years,
researchers have identified

422
00:21:56,024 --> 00:21:58,983
strange anomalies
in these photographs.

423
00:21:59,068 --> 00:22:02,653
Anomalies that look an awful lot

424
00:22:02,739 --> 00:22:05,823
like artificial structures.

425
00:22:05,908 --> 00:22:09,076
Bara:
In one picture you see
a rectangular structure

426
00:22:09,162 --> 00:22:11,662
with some structure on top of it

427
00:22:11,706 --> 00:22:13,914
that looks almost like
the spires of a roof,

428
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:16,625
as if there was a glass dome
over this at one time

429
00:22:16,711 --> 00:22:19,920
that has a few girders left
that used to hold it up.

430
00:22:20,006 --> 00:22:23,341
Now, there is nothing
in natural lunar geology

431
00:22:23,426 --> 00:22:27,386
that can account for that
as a real extant possibility

432
00:22:27,472 --> 00:22:29,388
on the surface of the moon.

433
00:22:29,474 --> 00:22:33,768
And in another image taken
is a gigantic spire or tower.

434
00:22:35,063 --> 00:22:38,481
It almost looks exactly like
a gigantic egyptian obelisk.

435
00:22:38,524 --> 00:22:40,358
The way
this thing is sticking up,

436
00:22:40,443 --> 00:22:42,943
it simply defies explanation.

437
00:22:43,029 --> 00:22:45,863
The fact that
it even exists in the image

438
00:22:45,907 --> 00:22:48,616
is absolute de facto proof

439
00:22:48,701 --> 00:22:52,119
that there is ancient
extraterrestrial technology

440
00:22:52,205 --> 00:22:54,080
on the lunar surface.

441
00:22:54,999 --> 00:22:58,501
Shatner:
Giant structures left behind

442
00:22:58,586 --> 00:23:01,670
by an extraterrestrial
civilization?

443
00:23:01,714 --> 00:23:03,714
It's certainly
a provocative theory

444
00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:05,800
and one that is hard to prove.

445
00:23:06,844 --> 00:23:09,303
But if these anomalies

446
00:23:09,389 --> 00:23:12,181
are the ruins
of an advanced civilization,

447
00:23:12,266 --> 00:23:14,642
is it possible...

448
00:23:14,727 --> 00:23:19,188
They were intentionally
left there for us to find?

449
00:23:20,149 --> 00:23:22,817
Keating:
The moon has properties
that make it ideal

450
00:23:22,902 --> 00:23:25,486
for conducting research
into the deep past

451
00:23:25,571 --> 00:23:28,739
and even, potentially,
very speculatively,

452
00:23:28,783 --> 00:23:31,742
for the presence
of-of potentially finding

453
00:23:31,828 --> 00:23:35,204
alien artifacts, which is
a very fascinating prospect,

454
00:23:35,289 --> 00:23:38,457
that an alien civilization
might want to leave a marker,

455
00:23:38,543 --> 00:23:42,586
a time capsule attesting to
their existence, for us to find,

456
00:23:42,630 --> 00:23:45,423
and it would be perfectly
preserved for billions of years.

457
00:23:46,426 --> 00:23:50,052
Shatner:
Are there "time capsules"
on the moon?

458
00:23:50,972 --> 00:23:53,514
Tangible pieces
of evidence which suggest

459
00:23:53,599 --> 00:23:56,767
that we might not be
alone in the universe?

460
00:23:58,396 --> 00:24:01,397
Perhaps the answers can
be found by taking a closer look

461
00:24:01,482 --> 00:24:03,149
at the apollo missions...

462
00:24:04,068 --> 00:24:07,403
...And what
the astronauts discovered

463
00:24:07,488 --> 00:24:10,448
while walking on the moon.

464
00:24:18,082 --> 00:24:20,958
On July 20th, 1969
history was made

465
00:24:21,043 --> 00:24:22,460
when american neil armstrong

466
00:24:22,503 --> 00:24:24,962
became the first man
to walk on the moon.

467
00:24:25,006 --> 00:24:27,923
For the united states,
it was a moment of immense

468
00:24:27,967 --> 00:24:31,135
national pride,
a triumph over the soviets

469
00:24:31,220 --> 00:24:33,012
in the space race.

470
00:24:33,097 --> 00:24:37,099
But is that what going
to the moon was all about?

471
00:24:37,143 --> 00:24:39,310
Bragging rights?

472
00:24:40,188 --> 00:24:43,481
Or did the apollo program
have a hidden agenda?

473
00:24:43,524 --> 00:24:45,483
And, if so,

474
00:24:45,526 --> 00:24:49,278
what was
the mission's real objective?

475
00:24:49,906 --> 00:24:54,158
Mission control: Ten, nine.
Ignition sequence starts.

476
00:25:11,260 --> 00:25:13,385
Shatner:
Four days after
taking off from earth,

477
00:25:13,471 --> 00:25:17,181
the apollo 11 astronauts landed
on the surface of the moon.

478
00:25:23,231 --> 00:25:26,440
And over a billion people
around the world

479
00:25:26,526 --> 00:25:28,776
tuned in to watch.

480
00:25:37,411 --> 00:25:41,038
Teitel:
This was such a pivotal
moment in human history.

481
00:25:41,123 --> 00:25:42,706
It was just the culmination

482
00:25:42,750 --> 00:25:44,667
of incredible technological
ingenuity

483
00:25:44,752 --> 00:25:46,752
and engineering prowess

484
00:25:46,837 --> 00:25:49,672
that we actually managed
to send three people to the moon

485
00:25:49,715 --> 00:25:52,383
and two of them were going
to walk on its surface.

486
00:25:54,845 --> 00:25:57,721
Keating:
If you look at the plaque
that was on the apollo 11

487
00:25:57,807 --> 00:26:01,392
eagle lander, it said, "we came
in peace for all mankind."

488
00:26:01,435 --> 00:26:04,395
nowadays,
we use that as the calibration

489
00:26:04,438 --> 00:26:06,397
for the greatness
that mankind can achieve.

490
00:26:07,358 --> 00:26:10,359
Kaku:
I still remember
when the apollo spacecraft

491
00:26:10,444 --> 00:26:13,571
was approaching
a landing site on the moon.

492
00:26:13,656 --> 00:26:17,408
Scientists were asked, "what do
we expect to find on the moon?"

493
00:26:17,493 --> 00:26:19,285
and the answer is:
We're clueless.

494
00:26:20,204 --> 00:26:22,913
We didn't know
how solid the surface was.

495
00:26:22,957 --> 00:26:24,748
Perhaps the lunar module,

496
00:26:24,834 --> 00:26:26,917
as it lands on the moon,
will sink.

497
00:26:26,961 --> 00:26:29,086
So we simply
kept our fingers crossed

498
00:26:29,130 --> 00:26:33,132
and hoped that the surface
of the moon was solid

499
00:26:33,217 --> 00:26:37,011
and not basically
made out of dust.

500
00:26:37,096 --> 00:26:40,889
So, back then in 1969,
it was a crapshoot.

501
00:26:40,933 --> 00:26:44,393
We really didn't know what we
were going to find on the moon.

502
00:26:45,271 --> 00:26:47,354
Shatner:
The gamble paid off,

503
00:26:47,440 --> 00:26:50,107
and, for the first time,

504
00:26:50,192 --> 00:26:54,486
humanity was able to explore
earth's closest neighbor.

505
00:26:54,572 --> 00:26:57,906
There were many questions that
nasa was hoping to answer

506
00:26:57,992 --> 00:26:59,867
on the apollo missions,

507
00:26:59,952 --> 00:27:02,119
but perhaps none
were more important

508
00:27:02,204 --> 00:27:05,956
than solving the moon's
most enduring mystery:

509
00:27:06,042 --> 00:27:09,126
How did it get there
in the first place?

510
00:27:09,962 --> 00:27:12,171
There had been
a number of theories

511
00:27:12,256 --> 00:27:14,298
about how the moon was formed.

512
00:27:14,342 --> 00:27:18,594
Uh, one idea was that the moon
was an asteroid drifting past

513
00:27:18,638 --> 00:27:21,138
and got caught up
by the earth's gravity.

514
00:27:21,182 --> 00:27:22,848
Now, looking at the size
of the moon,

515
00:27:22,933 --> 00:27:24,642
this seems an unlikely scenario.

516
00:27:24,727 --> 00:27:28,896
Another idea is when the
solar system was being formed,

517
00:27:28,981 --> 00:27:31,482
the planets formed
and maybe the moon

518
00:27:31,525 --> 00:27:33,651
formed at the same time
as the earth.

519
00:27:33,694 --> 00:27:35,611
But, again, looking at the size
of the moon and sort of

520
00:27:35,696 --> 00:27:37,988
the dynamics of that,
it doesn't really add up.

521
00:27:38,032 --> 00:27:41,158
Shatner:
At the time, each of the
commonly proposed theories

522
00:27:41,202 --> 00:27:43,952
was ultimately
rejected by scientists.

523
00:27:44,038 --> 00:27:48,165
So nasa sent six manned
missions to the moon

524
00:27:48,250 --> 00:27:52,336
to try and find the answer as to
how the moon came into being.

525
00:27:53,339 --> 00:27:57,007
Astronauts collected more than
800 pounds of lunar rocks...

526
00:27:58,094 --> 00:28:00,052
...Took atmospheric samples,

527
00:28:00,137 --> 00:28:03,847
and drilled into
the moon's surface.

528
00:28:04,725 --> 00:28:07,017
Teitel:
Right after the crew splashdown,

529
00:28:07,061 --> 00:28:08,686
the rocks
were actually quarantined

530
00:28:08,771 --> 00:28:10,688
to keep all
of their germs inside.

531
00:28:10,773 --> 00:28:13,148
They went right into
a converted airstream trailer

532
00:28:13,192 --> 00:28:15,484
that was their
mobile quarantine facility.

533
00:28:15,569 --> 00:28:17,403
That was then airlifted

534
00:28:17,488 --> 00:28:19,196
to the mainland united states

535
00:28:19,240 --> 00:28:21,532
and transported to houston
where they were then

536
00:28:21,617 --> 00:28:24,034
deposited into
the lunar receiving lab,

537
00:28:24,120 --> 00:28:26,036
which was
a custom-built facility

538
00:28:26,122 --> 00:28:29,915
to deal with everything
coming back from the moon.

539
00:28:30,918 --> 00:28:34,545
Shatner:
When scientists carefully
examined the composition

540
00:28:34,588 --> 00:28:38,257
of the lunar rocks gathered
on the apollo missions,

541
00:28:38,342 --> 00:28:41,552
they proposed
a dramatic new theory

542
00:28:41,595 --> 00:28:45,305
about the moon's origins.

543
00:28:45,391 --> 00:28:47,891
The current leading theory
about the moon's creation

544
00:28:47,935 --> 00:28:49,893
is the so-called
giant-impact theory.

545
00:28:50,771 --> 00:28:55,065
This theory posits that
a large, mars-sized body

546
00:28:55,151 --> 00:28:58,235
called theia hit the earth
when it was young...

547
00:29:01,949 --> 00:29:05,284
...And all of that debris
from that impact

548
00:29:05,369 --> 00:29:09,163
coalesced around the planet
and eventually formed the moon.

549
00:29:11,417 --> 00:29:14,251
Shatner:
The theory that the moon

550
00:29:14,295 --> 00:29:16,545
is the result
of a massive collision

551
00:29:16,589 --> 00:29:20,007
is one that is widely supported.

552
00:29:20,092 --> 00:29:22,968
But there's just one problem.

553
00:29:23,053 --> 00:29:26,722
Some scientists
are still not convinced.

554
00:29:27,892 --> 00:29:30,267
Aderin-pocock:
Now, if this theory is correct,

555
00:29:30,352 --> 00:29:32,936
then what we'd expect
is for, um, the moon

556
00:29:33,022 --> 00:29:35,939
should be made out of this
sort of a mars-like planet,

557
00:29:35,983 --> 00:29:39,610
which we called theia,
and to have some earth in it.

558
00:29:39,653 --> 00:29:42,112
But one of the crazy
things we found is that,

559
00:29:42,198 --> 00:29:45,407
when we went to the moon,
the composition of the moon

560
00:29:45,493 --> 00:29:49,077
and the composition of earth
are very, very similar.

561
00:29:49,997 --> 00:29:52,790
Kaku:
It turns out
the composition of moon rocks

562
00:29:52,833 --> 00:29:55,542
and the composition earth rocks

563
00:29:55,628 --> 00:29:58,212
is uniformly the same,
which shouldn't be.

564
00:29:59,131 --> 00:30:01,799
And so the collision theory
has a problem.

565
00:30:03,344 --> 00:30:06,762
We should find remnants
of the original asteroid

566
00:30:06,847 --> 00:30:09,139
which created the moon.

567
00:30:09,225 --> 00:30:12,392
And we don't find that.
And so that's still a mystery.

568
00:30:13,354 --> 00:30:15,437
Teitel:
It's fascinating to think that,

569
00:30:15,481 --> 00:30:18,899
even though we've been studying
the moon very closely,

570
00:30:18,984 --> 00:30:22,236
we still don't have this
one basic key mystery solved.

571
00:30:22,321 --> 00:30:24,154
There's so much more to learn.

572
00:30:25,157 --> 00:30:27,658
Shatner:
The apollo program
brought us much closer

573
00:30:27,743 --> 00:30:30,077
to knowing
how the moon was created,

574
00:30:30,162 --> 00:30:33,413
even if we still don't
have the final answer.

575
00:30:33,499 --> 00:30:36,959
But nasa had other goals in mind
for the apollo missions,

576
00:30:37,002 --> 00:30:40,087
some of which are not as well
known by the public.

577
00:30:40,172 --> 00:30:42,589
They conducted experiments
which were intended

578
00:30:42,675 --> 00:30:46,426
to learn more,
not about the lunar surface,

579
00:30:46,512 --> 00:30:50,138
but about
what's inside the moon.

580
00:31:00,025 --> 00:31:03,902
Shatner:
Less than four months
after the success of apollo 11,

581
00:31:03,988 --> 00:31:06,822
nasa launches apollo 12,

582
00:31:06,866 --> 00:31:10,284
its second manned mission
to the moon.

583
00:31:12,580 --> 00:31:14,997
On this mission,
one of the key objectives was

584
00:31:15,082 --> 00:31:18,792
to learn more about what's
below the surface of the moon.

585
00:31:19,753 --> 00:31:22,337
One of the big lunar mysteries
that the apollo astronauts

586
00:31:22,423 --> 00:31:24,381
were hoping to
at least answer in part

587
00:31:24,425 --> 00:31:25,883
was what is inside the moon.

588
00:31:26,927 --> 00:31:30,220
We're limited in how much
we can really look at the moon

589
00:31:30,264 --> 00:31:32,681
and look into the moon
to understand its interior

590
00:31:32,766 --> 00:31:34,349
from the earth.

591
00:31:34,435 --> 00:31:36,894
Keating:
The astronauts on apollo 12

592
00:31:36,937 --> 00:31:38,729
left seismometers just like

593
00:31:38,772 --> 00:31:41,064
we use on earth to detect
earthquakes on earth.

594
00:31:41,108 --> 00:31:43,233
They wanted to see
if the moon had these

595
00:31:43,277 --> 00:31:46,361
quaking type behaviors
called moonquakes.

596
00:31:47,239 --> 00:31:50,365
And they wanted to see
how did the moon behave?

597
00:31:50,451 --> 00:31:52,868
What kind of resonances
does it have?

598
00:31:52,953 --> 00:31:55,412
And those are related
to its properties,

599
00:31:55,497 --> 00:31:57,205
its inner structure, its core.

600
00:31:57,291 --> 00:32:00,334
And these are things that
you can learn about only

601
00:32:00,419 --> 00:32:03,545
from placing these seismometers
on the moon's surface.

602
00:32:03,631 --> 00:32:05,923
Teitel:
To understand what's
going on inside the moon,

603
00:32:05,966 --> 00:32:08,133
the apollo astronauts
and the scientists at nasa

604
00:32:08,218 --> 00:32:10,052
came up with a really
interesting experiment...

605
00:32:11,013 --> 00:32:13,764
...Which was to crash things
into the moon

606
00:32:13,849 --> 00:32:16,975
and measure their impact
with seismometers.

607
00:32:17,895 --> 00:32:21,438
The idea being
if you smash a known mass

608
00:32:21,523 --> 00:32:24,232
into the lunar surface,
that allows you to understand

609
00:32:24,318 --> 00:32:26,443
exactly the seismic data
that you're seeing.

610
00:32:27,446 --> 00:32:30,197
Shatner:
After the astronauts had safely
left the moon's surface,

611
00:32:30,282 --> 00:32:33,617
they intentionally sent
their ascent stage module,

612
00:32:33,661 --> 00:32:35,953
which they no longer needed,

613
00:32:35,996 --> 00:32:38,372
crashing into the moon.

614
00:32:38,457 --> 00:32:41,500
When apollo 12 sent
its lunar module ascent stage

615
00:32:41,585 --> 00:32:44,127
hurtling into the moon,
it hit...

616
00:32:48,300 --> 00:32:52,678
...And the scientists on earth
saw the seismic data,

617
00:32:52,763 --> 00:32:54,930
but it didn't do
what anyone was expecting.

618
00:32:59,979 --> 00:33:04,147
The signal seemed to be going
back and forth inside the moon

619
00:33:04,233 --> 00:33:07,275
almost like it was
a bell that was ringing.

620
00:33:08,070 --> 00:33:10,278
And it went on for an hour.

621
00:33:10,364 --> 00:33:13,490
And no one has been able
to understand why.

622
00:33:14,493 --> 00:33:17,828
Shatner:
The moon rang...

623
00:33:17,871 --> 00:33:19,955
Like a bell?

624
00:33:22,209 --> 00:33:25,377
The discovery came
as a shock, and it opened

625
00:33:25,462 --> 00:33:30,090
the door to new,
thought-provoking possibilities.

626
00:33:30,175 --> 00:33:32,384
Dennin:
The oscillations lasted
for a very long time,

627
00:33:32,469 --> 00:33:34,553
much longer than we expected.

628
00:33:35,514 --> 00:33:37,931
And that's surprising
fundamentally because we're just

629
00:33:38,017 --> 00:33:40,058
really used to the way
the earth vibrates.

630
00:33:40,144 --> 00:33:41,852
And the moon
just behaves differently,

631
00:33:41,937 --> 00:33:44,771
and it let us know that
the structure of the moon

632
00:33:44,857 --> 00:33:47,691
is very different than
the structure of the earth.

633
00:33:47,776 --> 00:33:50,068
Some people thought that might
mean the moon is hollow.

634
00:33:51,030 --> 00:33:54,239
Bara:
The moon basically resonated,

635
00:33:54,324 --> 00:33:56,575
and to put it
the way nasa put it,

636
00:33:56,660 --> 00:33:59,536
it rang like a bell,

637
00:33:59,621 --> 00:34:02,581
which doesn't really make
any sense if the moon is solid.

638
00:34:02,666 --> 00:34:06,334
Now this can only happen
if there were vast empty spaces

639
00:34:06,420 --> 00:34:07,836
inside the moon

640
00:34:07,921 --> 00:34:09,671
where these sound waves

641
00:34:09,757 --> 00:34:12,340
would be bouncing around
for hours and hours afterwards.

642
00:34:12,384 --> 00:34:14,217
It was not a result
they expected.

643
00:34:14,261 --> 00:34:17,846
So, it's possible what
we're looking at here

644
00:34:17,931 --> 00:34:20,849
is that there are interior
portions of the moon

645
00:34:20,934 --> 00:34:22,642
which are hollowed out.

646
00:34:23,604 --> 00:34:26,480
Shatner:
Did the apollo 12
mission actually reveal

647
00:34:26,565 --> 00:34:29,524
that the moon is hollow?

648
00:34:29,568 --> 00:34:32,694
While that may sound
like a farfetched notion,

649
00:34:32,780 --> 00:34:36,490
many researchers believe
that the answer is yes.

650
00:34:36,575 --> 00:34:38,408
And for further evidence,

651
00:34:38,494 --> 00:34:41,203
they point to a classified
experiment that was conducted

652
00:34:41,288 --> 00:34:44,706
on the apollo 17 mission
in 1972.

653
00:34:45,959 --> 00:34:49,795
Bara:
On apollo 17,
there was a nasa experiment

654
00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:52,214
called chapel bell,
which was classified.

655
00:34:52,299 --> 00:34:54,341
If you think about
the name chapel bell,

656
00:34:54,426 --> 00:34:56,718
it implies something to do
with sound waves

657
00:34:56,804 --> 00:34:58,220
and the ringing of a bell.

658
00:34:58,305 --> 00:35:00,847
But nobody knows
what chapel bell is.

659
00:35:00,933 --> 00:35:04,601
It's 50 years later, the test
itself is still classified.

660
00:35:05,604 --> 00:35:08,438
There's a lot of secrecy
that seems unnecessary,

661
00:35:08,482 --> 00:35:10,857
especially 50 years later.

662
00:35:12,069 --> 00:35:13,360
It doesn't make any sense.

663
00:35:13,445 --> 00:35:15,737
The only reason it makes sense

664
00:35:15,823 --> 00:35:18,740
for the chapel bell experiment,
the separate experiment,

665
00:35:18,826 --> 00:35:22,369
to be classified
is if the results

666
00:35:22,454 --> 00:35:24,329
were something extraordinary,

667
00:35:24,414 --> 00:35:26,915
something unexpected,
and something that implied

668
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:28,875
that the moon
was far, far different

669
00:35:28,961 --> 00:35:30,877
than nasa had been telling us.

670
00:35:31,839 --> 00:35:34,756
Shatner:
What was
the chapel bell experiment?

671
00:35:34,842 --> 00:35:37,425
And what were its results?

672
00:35:37,511 --> 00:35:40,428
Could it have provided
more evidence

673
00:35:40,514 --> 00:35:42,973
to suggest that
the moon is hollow?

674
00:35:43,934 --> 00:35:46,143
And, if so,
has nasa deliberately withheld

675
00:35:46,228 --> 00:35:47,978
this information for 50 years?

676
00:35:51,066 --> 00:35:54,317
Perhaps the answers can be found
by examining bold new plans,

677
00:35:54,361 --> 00:35:58,029
proposed by space agencies
from around the world,

678
00:35:58,115 --> 00:36:01,032
for future missions
that will send astronauts

679
00:36:01,118 --> 00:36:04,161
back to the moon.

680
00:36:11,170 --> 00:36:14,129
Shatner:
The moon is the most visible
object in the night sky.

681
00:36:14,214 --> 00:36:16,173
For thousands of years,
humanity has looked up

682
00:36:16,258 --> 00:36:20,093
at this shining celestial
body with a sense of wonder.

683
00:36:20,179 --> 00:36:24,014
But when we look at the moon,

684
00:36:24,057 --> 00:36:28,101
we only ever see one side of it,
because, as it turns out,

685
00:36:28,187 --> 00:36:30,854
the far side of the moon

686
00:36:30,939 --> 00:36:33,523
never faces earth.

687
00:36:33,567 --> 00:36:35,650
Aderin-pocock:
Many people don't realize,

688
00:36:35,736 --> 00:36:38,153
but we only see one face
of the moon.

689
00:36:38,197 --> 00:36:40,113
As the moon orbits
around the earth,

690
00:36:40,199 --> 00:36:43,742
what happens is that it spins,
so the same face of the moon

691
00:36:43,827 --> 00:36:45,827
is always
facing towards the earth.

692
00:36:45,913 --> 00:36:49,331
Kaku:
Every night we can look at it,
and it's the same moon

693
00:36:49,416 --> 00:36:52,500
that you've seen ever
since you were a child.

694
00:36:52,586 --> 00:36:54,920
You've never seen
the backside of the moon

695
00:36:55,005 --> 00:36:57,714
unless you've seen pictures
from the space program.

696
00:36:58,634 --> 00:37:01,092
Shatner:
Why does
the far side of the moon

697
00:37:01,178 --> 00:37:03,345
never face towards the earth?

698
00:37:03,430 --> 00:37:05,597
Well, the time that
it takes for the moon to do

699
00:37:05,682 --> 00:37:07,682
one complete spin on its axis,

700
00:37:07,768 --> 00:37:09,351
is the same length of time

701
00:37:09,436 --> 00:37:13,688
it takes to orbit
the earth: 27 days.

702
00:37:13,774 --> 00:37:17,108
This effect is known
as "synchronous rotation."

703
00:37:17,194 --> 00:37:18,944
keating:
The moon is rotating

704
00:37:19,029 --> 00:37:21,363
and always presents
the same face to the earth.

705
00:37:21,448 --> 00:37:23,782
The question is:
Why does that occur?

706
00:37:23,867 --> 00:37:26,576
And it occurs because the moon
and the earth share energy,

707
00:37:26,662 --> 00:37:28,870
we transfer energy
between one another,

708
00:37:28,956 --> 00:37:31,539
and the moon exerts force
on the earth,

709
00:37:31,583 --> 00:37:33,959
and the earth exerts a force
on the moon, as well.

710
00:37:34,044 --> 00:37:36,127
That reaction on
the moon has caused it to become

711
00:37:36,213 --> 00:37:38,046
what's called "tidally locked."

712
00:37:38,131 --> 00:37:40,090
so, for that reason,
you'll always see

713
00:37:40,175 --> 00:37:41,675
the same side of the moon.

714
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:44,427
Shatner: Because the far side
of the moon

715
00:37:44,513 --> 00:37:46,388
is not visible from earth,

716
00:37:46,473 --> 00:37:50,267
it is much harder to study
than the moon's near side.

717
00:37:50,310 --> 00:37:54,271
In fact, nasa has never
landed a spacecraft

718
00:37:54,314 --> 00:37:56,731
on the far side of the moon.

719
00:37:57,776 --> 00:38:00,777
But on January 2, 2019,

720
00:38:00,821 --> 00:38:03,613
the chinese government did.

721
00:38:05,492 --> 00:38:07,575
The change'e 4 lunar lander,

722
00:38:07,619 --> 00:38:10,704
part of the chinese lunar
exploration program,

723
00:38:10,789 --> 00:38:12,914
became the first space vehicle

724
00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:15,875
to achieve this historic
accomplishment.

725
00:38:17,629 --> 00:38:19,629
Teitel:
China recently landed

726
00:38:19,715 --> 00:38:22,257
a robotic mission
on the far side of the moon,

727
00:38:22,342 --> 00:38:23,925
which is a really
incredible feat

728
00:38:23,969 --> 00:38:25,760
because you
don't have communications

729
00:38:25,846 --> 00:38:27,595
with the earth on the far side.

730
00:38:27,681 --> 00:38:30,598
You have to do it
completely autonomously.

731
00:38:30,684 --> 00:38:32,559
Dennin:
The far side of the moon,

732
00:38:32,644 --> 00:38:34,602
or what we call
the dark side of the moon,

733
00:38:34,688 --> 00:38:36,313
it's always been
a mysterious place.

734
00:38:36,356 --> 00:38:38,982
We don't expect it
to be radically different

735
00:38:39,026 --> 00:38:41,109
than the side that you can see,

736
00:38:41,194 --> 00:38:44,946
but it's still an interesting
question of what's there.

737
00:38:45,032 --> 00:38:48,658
So it's an exciting and very
important thing to explore.

738
00:38:48,702 --> 00:38:51,119
And what's more,
china was doing this,

739
00:38:51,204 --> 00:38:53,788
in part, to prepare
for a human mission to the moon.

740
00:38:53,874 --> 00:38:56,291
It's bringing to light
a renewed interest

741
00:38:56,376 --> 00:38:58,752
in sending humans
to explore the moon.

742
00:38:59,713 --> 00:39:01,880
Shatner:
China is not
the only country interested

743
00:39:01,965 --> 00:39:04,799
in sending astronauts
to the moon.

744
00:39:04,885 --> 00:39:07,802
A growing list of nations
are planning similar missions,

745
00:39:07,846 --> 00:39:11,306
including india, israel,

746
00:39:11,391 --> 00:39:13,933
japan, the european union,

747
00:39:14,019 --> 00:39:16,770
-mission control: Ignition...
-Shatner: And the united states.

748
00:39:18,315 --> 00:39:21,691
Aderin-pocock:
We're excited by the moon again.

749
00:39:21,735 --> 00:39:23,902
Taking samples and getting
a better understanding

750
00:39:23,987 --> 00:39:26,071
of the moon is a big driver.

751
00:39:26,156 --> 00:39:29,157
There's lots of science
to be done on the moon.

752
00:39:29,242 --> 00:39:32,827
There are so many mysteries
that remain unresolved.

753
00:39:32,913 --> 00:39:35,914
The renewed interest in the moon
isn't just for science.

754
00:39:35,999 --> 00:39:38,041
There's a whole
new industry popping up

755
00:39:38,085 --> 00:39:40,043
for space tourism.

756
00:39:40,128 --> 00:39:43,588
There's also companies who are
looking to mine the moon

757
00:39:43,673 --> 00:39:46,508
for resources like helium-3
and other rare elements

758
00:39:46,593 --> 00:39:48,885
that we don't have
in abundance on earth,

759
00:39:48,929 --> 00:39:51,346
but are in abundance
on the moon.

760
00:39:51,431 --> 00:39:54,391
There's a whole new wave
of lunar exploration coming

761
00:39:54,476 --> 00:39:56,226
largely to make money off it.

762
00:39:57,229 --> 00:39:59,854
Shatner: The prospect
of more trips to the moon

763
00:39:59,940 --> 00:40:02,607
raises the possibility
that humanity

764
00:40:02,692 --> 00:40:06,152
will finally fulfill one
of its long-held dreams:

765
00:40:07,072 --> 00:40:11,074
Establishing permanent
colonies on the moon.

766
00:40:12,077 --> 00:40:15,578
Kaku:
If you want
to create a city on the moon,

767
00:40:15,664 --> 00:40:19,541
the quickest way
is to exploit lava tubes.

768
00:40:19,626 --> 00:40:23,795
Ancient channels of molten lava
that create a tube that can

769
00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:27,048
shelter our astronauts,
readymade.

770
00:40:27,134 --> 00:40:30,093
It's a lunar base
waiting to be inhabited.

771
00:40:30,137 --> 00:40:33,471
Another possibility is why
not take moon rock, melt it,

772
00:40:33,557 --> 00:40:38,017
reform it to create the building
blocks for a lunar city.

773
00:40:38,937 --> 00:40:41,896
Dennin:
A permanent moon base really is

774
00:40:41,982 --> 00:40:45,942
a key steppingstone to exploring
the rest of the solar system

775
00:40:45,986 --> 00:40:48,778
and, eventually, the galaxy.

776
00:40:48,822 --> 00:40:51,906
I'm an optimist at heart,
and I really think the moon

777
00:40:51,992 --> 00:40:54,284
is going to be
a positive next step.

778
00:40:54,327 --> 00:40:56,327
I'm really hopeful for that.

779
00:40:56,413 --> 00:40:59,456
I think that's
something we can do.

780
00:40:59,541 --> 00:41:02,625
Right now, because of all
the asteroids and comets

781
00:41:02,669 --> 00:41:05,295
and-and other threats
that may be out there,

782
00:41:05,338 --> 00:41:08,965
our survival is in question.

783
00:41:09,009 --> 00:41:11,468
Imagine if we could go
to the moon back and forth

784
00:41:11,511 --> 00:41:14,345
in just a few minutes. We could
start building moon bases.

785
00:41:14,431 --> 00:41:16,264
We could turn it
into a second earth,

786
00:41:16,349 --> 00:41:20,310
and we could ensure humanity's
survival into the future.

787
00:41:24,191 --> 00:41:26,941
Shatner:
It seems that,
in the near future,

788
00:41:27,027 --> 00:41:28,943
some people will
have the opportunity

789
00:41:29,029 --> 00:41:30,987
to live on the moon.

790
00:41:31,072 --> 00:41:34,908
But if given the choice
between staying here on earth

791
00:41:34,993 --> 00:41:36,826
or living on a moon colony...

792
00:41:37,871 --> 00:41:39,871
...What would you do?

793
00:41:40,707 --> 00:41:43,124
Would you stick
to what you know?

794
00:41:43,168 --> 00:41:45,084
Or are you drawn

795
00:41:45,170 --> 00:41:48,963
to that luminous sphere,

796
00:41:49,049 --> 00:41:51,549
compelled to learn its secrets,

797
00:41:51,635 --> 00:41:55,136
and inspired to explore
the surface of the moon

798
00:41:55,180 --> 00:41:57,430
in order to explain...

799
00:41:57,516 --> 00:41:59,474
The unexplained?

800
00:41:59,518 --> 00:42:02,185
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