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WILLIAM SHATNER:
Sacred practices

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that transition the dead

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into the afterlife,

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special coffins that prevent,

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people from being buried alive,

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and substances
that can bring the deceased

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back from the grave.

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For over 100,000 years,
humans have practiced

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surprisingly similar methods
for laying the dead to rest.

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Graves, tombs, cremations

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are all considered
respectful ways to provide

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the deceased
with a final resting place.

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But, is it possible,
as many people believe,

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that some of these practices
can preserve the soul

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for eternity?

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Or perhaps, even bring
the dead back to life?

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Well, that is what
we’ll try and find out.

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♪ ♪

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SHATNER:
It’s an inescapable truth
of human experience

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that we’re all born,
we all live, and then one day

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we all eventually die.

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For many cultures, the proper
way to honor the deceased

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is to provide their body
with a permanent resting place

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by using the sacred practice
of burial.

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65 million people
die every year.

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And depending on where they die,
depending on what they believe,

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different cultures,
different religions,

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bury people in different ways.

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However, all of these burials,

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regardless of where they occur,
have a few things in common.

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Perhaps the most important is
you don’t mess with the dead.

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Whether you believe
in Heaven and Hell or not,

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whether you believe in a god
or not, there’s something about

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honoring the deceased, that is
common throughout history.

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Our earliest burials
are about 100,000 years old.

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Probably some of the initial
reasons for burying the dead

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weren’t about ritual religion,
but practicality.

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We find a lot of early humans
buried in caves,

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places where people
were actually living.

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So, burying them as a way
to mark territory.

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This is where my ancestors
are buried.

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JOSEPH LAYCOCK:
A lot of burial traditions
revolve around the idea

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that this is not just
decaying flesh.

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This is a person. This is
someone whose life mattered.

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And this goes all the way back
to the Stone Age,

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where basically cave people
have been bound

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in the fetal position and buried

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with tools that they
would’ve used in life.

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So, these traditions are really
as old as humankind.

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SHATNER:
Over the course of
tens of thousands of years,

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burial practices
started to reflect

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the principles
of organized religion.

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Ancient cultures
around the world believed

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that a proper burial
involved showing respect,

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not just for
a dead person’s body,

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but also for their soul.

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In antiquity,
there were very specific rites

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that were used to help
the deceased’s soul

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navigate its way
into the afterlife.

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For instance, in ancient Egypt,
there was the famous

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Book of the Dead,
which is essentially

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a set of CliffsNotes

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that helps
the deceased’s soul navigate

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this series of tests
and gates and booby traps

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that are set to try
to keep the soul

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from entering
into the afterlife.

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The ancient Greeks believed
that the spirit

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left the body as a breath
of air.

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And it was important
to get the body itself

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to the afterlife
as quickly as possible

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to reunite with the spirit.

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To that end, they were often
buried with a coin in the mouth

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as payment to Charon,

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the ferryman
over the river Styx,

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to aid them on their journey

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and help them
locate their spirit.

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SHATNER:
Although many ancient
European societies

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like the Greeks believed
in burying the dead,

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oftentimes, they did not lay out
individual graves with nice,

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neat headstones for each body,
like we do today.

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KEITH EGGENER:
Historically speaking,
in Europe,

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people of all classes
were typically buried in,

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uh, mass graves.

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It was really only the people
of the highest levels

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of the aristocracy,

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who would receive
any kind of individual burial

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and individual marker
of their death.

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However, eventually, as we enter
into the early modern age,

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the 1400s-1500s and forward,
increasingly, people

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want to be remembered.

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Permanent burial for individuals

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of even the
non-aristocratic classes

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becomes increasingly common,

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and we see the rise
of gravestones.

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SHATNER:
As individual graves became
more common for the masses

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European and American
communities in the 19th century

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created new,
elaborate burial places

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that were located far away from
churches and residential areas.

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They were referred
to as garden cemeteries.

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Garden cemeteries are
an interesting development.

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They come in, at least
in the American context,

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in about the 1830s.

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They were a different place,
a place outside of the city.

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They have their own necropolis

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that we can visit
through big elaborate gates.

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EGGENER:
These cemeteries, such as
Mount Auburn in Cambridge,

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Laurel Hill in Philadelphia,

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Greenwood in Brooklyn,
and many others,

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were much larger than
the church burial grounds.

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They were also landscaped, um,
in a picturesque fashion,

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with winding paths and hills

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and all sorts
of varied plantings.

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So, you’re not thinking
of the oblivion of the grave,

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but rather,
you’re thinking of the departed

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as resting peacefully,

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surrounded by beautiful flowers
and those who love them.

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Death became widely seen
as a gentle sleep.

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SHATNER:
Today, it is estimated
that there are 144,000

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cemeteries in the United States,

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in which over one million people
are buried every single year.

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Since the practice of burial
is thousands of years old,

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perhaps it’s not surprising
that we have inherited

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a number of superstitions about

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how this ritual
should be performed.

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There is a superstition
of carrying the body

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out of the house feet first.

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And the idea was that, if you
carry the body out headfirst,

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the corpse gets
this backward glance,

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and that glance could
maybe invite someone

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to come with the deceased
into the afterlife.

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Another is
you can’t take the body

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in the family car,
you have to hire a hearse.

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The hearse can’t stop
on the way to the cemetery,

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because if it stops,
the house where it stops

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could perhaps get some
of that death energy.

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There’s a superstition of having
pallbearers wear gloves.

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And this is the same logic
that there could be some sort of

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lingering death energy
on the casket,

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and, if you have gloves,

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that will give you
some protection from it.

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All people are driven
to ritualize

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the process of death.

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So, when we think about
what are these rites and rituals

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doing for us,

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making sure that certain rules
are observed

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gives us some element of control

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in a realm that is,
by definition, uncontrollable.

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(crowd chanting)

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SHATNER:
Billions of people
all over the world believe

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that sacred rites and traditions

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are the proper way to prepare a
person’s soul for the afterlife.

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But on the other hand,
throughout history,

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there have also been customs
that were intended,

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not to benefit the soul
of the deceased,

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but rather to harm it.

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These practices are referred to
as deviant burials.

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The word "deviant burial"
comes from archaeology.

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When archaeologists
look at dead people,

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if someone has been buried
in a way

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that is different
from everyone else,

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that’s known
as a deviant burial.

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For example,
in this village in Poland,

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archaeologists discovered
about six buried corpses

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where there were sickles
that had been placed

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over the neck
or over the pelvis

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with the logic seeming to be,
if this corpse tries to get up,

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it will be cut with iron.

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And one possibility
is that these people

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did something really bad
while they were alive.

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They practiced
black magic or murder.

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And the idea is that, if we can
basically mutilate their body,

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this will stop them from
entering into the afterlife.

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It’s a little unnerving to think
that an improper burial

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could actually prevent
someone’s soul

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from reaching the afterlife.

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But perhaps even more concerning
is a burial that’s gone wrong

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because the deceased
was actually buried alive.

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SHATNER:
All over the world,

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human beings clearly
go to great lengths

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to ensure that the dead are
buried in a respectful manner.

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But on the other hand,
throughout history,

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people also took steps to
determine whether or not someone

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was actually ready
to be laid to rest

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in order to prevent people
from being

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buried alive.

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DONNELLY:
The fear of being buried alive
was a fairly common fear

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up until 20th century
medical practices meant

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fewer people were,
in fact, buried alive.

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It was most common
in 18th and 19th century

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Europe and America,

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mostly due
to the medical practices

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and the burial practices
at the time.

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This was when medical diagnoses
could get things wrong,

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and people were,
in fact, buried alive,

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and stories of that
became sensationalized,

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and therefore,
the panic would spread.

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LAYCOCK:
In the 19th century,
the great fear

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of being buried alive

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was partly because
this was the age of cholera.

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Cholera causes severe diarrhea,

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which can deplete all
the electrolytes in your body

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and, in extreme cases,
can induce a coma.

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So, sometimes
people appear dead,

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and they’re actually in this
sort of vegetative state,

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and they can come out of it.

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But if you bury them,
then you’ve buried them alive,

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and that is a terrible death.

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SHATNER:
Historically,
the thought of being trapped

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in a wooden box, beneath
thousands of pounds of dirt,

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with no possibility of escape,
was so widespread,

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that this fear
was actually given a name.

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It’s called taphophobia.

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Taphophobia is the idea
of simply just the fear

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of being buried alive.

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Edgar Allan Poe, who wrote about

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premature burial was terrified
of being buried alive.

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Frédéric Chopin, the composer,

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wanted to be stabbed
in the heart and bled out

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to make sure that he was dead

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when doctors believed
that he was.

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And even George Washington was
so afraid of being buried alive

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that he had written in his will
that his body had to remain

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in bed for three days
after they thought he was dead

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to make sure
that he didn’t come back.

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EGGENER:
It was estimated by the 1890s

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that some two percent of people
being buried were buried alive.

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Now, this is a gross
exaggeration, no doubt.

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But it was believed at the time,

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enough so that
organizations like

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the London Association for the
Prevention of Premature Burial

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was founded in 1896.

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And they lobbied parliament
for greater diligence

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on the part of doctors
to make sure

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that doctors
were verifying death.

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SHATNER:
Despite doctors’ best efforts,

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it was simply difficult
at the time

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to determine whether a person
was alive or dead.

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And so, in order
to ease people’s minds,

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authorities in Europe were
forced to take drastic measures.

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Within this storied city lies
the Vienna Central Cemetery,

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the second largest cemetery
in the entire world.

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In the heart of the cemetery,
stands a small building

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that, today, houses a museum.

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But, in the 19th century,
it was referred to

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00:13:45,908 --> 00:13:49,118
as a Leichenhaus.

246
00:13:49,203 --> 00:13:53,123
The Leichenhaus was
a kind of mortuary where

247
00:13:53,207 --> 00:13:57,547
corpses were kept for a period,
typically about three days,

248
00:13:57,670 --> 00:13:59,300
and watched over by attendants

249
00:13:59,380 --> 00:14:02,170
to make sure that
a person was truly dead

250
00:14:02,258 --> 00:14:06,718
and wouldn’t be buried alive
in a state of coma or catalepsy.

251
00:14:33,790 --> 00:14:36,380
SHATNER: In modern times,
it may sound a little disturbing

252
00:14:36,459 --> 00:14:39,089
to hear that doctors
once stabbed their patients

253
00:14:39,212 --> 00:14:42,132
in order to determine
whether they were alive or dead.

254
00:14:42,256 --> 00:14:44,546
But the truth is
that the hysteria

255
00:14:44,634 --> 00:14:46,764
about being buried alive
was so prevalent

256
00:14:46,844 --> 00:14:50,264
that an entire industry sprang
up to help calm such fears

257
00:14:50,390 --> 00:14:52,390
by producing
bizarre contraptions

258
00:14:52,475 --> 00:14:56,195
that were known as
safety coffins.

259
00:14:56,270 --> 00:14:58,310
LAYCOCK:
If you were afraid
of being buried alive,

260
00:14:58,439 --> 00:15:00,569
the solution
was the safety coffin.

261
00:15:00,650 --> 00:15:03,530
And this began very simply
with a bell

262
00:15:03,611 --> 00:15:07,621
tied to a string that went down
under the earth into the coffin.

263
00:15:07,698 --> 00:15:10,528
And, if you were buried alive,
and you woke up in a coffin,

264
00:15:10,618 --> 00:15:12,908
you could pull that string,
the bell would ring, and

265
00:15:12,995 --> 00:15:15,825
hopefully, somebody would
hear it and come dig you out.

266
00:15:15,957 --> 00:15:17,577
And this tradition
is where we get

267
00:15:17,667 --> 00:15:20,337
the expression
"saved by the bell."

268
00:15:20,461 --> 00:15:23,301
And if you had more money,
safety coffins

269
00:15:23,381 --> 00:15:24,511
could get more elaborate.

270
00:15:24,632 --> 00:15:26,262
They could add air tubes,

271
00:15:26,342 --> 00:15:28,972
they could add windows,
so you would have some lights

272
00:15:29,095 --> 00:15:30,645
inside the-the coffin.

273
00:15:30,763 --> 00:15:32,813
And there were even cases
of people buried

274
00:15:32,932 --> 00:15:35,432
with a key in their pocket,
so they could unlock

275
00:15:35,518 --> 00:15:38,308
the casket from the inside
if-if this happens.

276
00:15:38,396 --> 00:15:41,396
EGGENER:
There were loads
of patents taken up

277
00:15:41,482 --> 00:15:43,282
for these safety coffins.

278
00:15:43,359 --> 00:15:45,779
And they would
include devices like

279
00:15:45,862 --> 00:15:47,862
little flags
that could be raised.

280
00:15:47,989 --> 00:15:50,199
Sometimes
safety coffins included

281
00:15:50,324 --> 00:15:53,124
food or water,
they would have breathing tubes,

282
00:15:53,202 --> 00:15:55,662
they might even
include periscopes.

283
00:15:56,706 --> 00:15:58,956
One of the best-known
ones really

284
00:15:59,041 --> 00:16:02,001
belonged to a doctor named
Timothy Clark from Vermont.

285
00:16:02,128 --> 00:16:07,008
He came up with his own
safety coffin device.

286
00:16:07,091 --> 00:16:10,341
He had a-a set
of stone stairs installed

287
00:16:10,470 --> 00:16:13,180
next to his grave
that could be opened up

288
00:16:13,306 --> 00:16:15,716
by a concrete block
that was sitting beside it.

289
00:16:15,850 --> 00:16:18,230
That way anyone could get down
to rescue him

290
00:16:18,352 --> 00:16:20,312
if he needed to be rescued.

291
00:16:20,396 --> 00:16:23,516
But the real kicker
to the whole thing

292
00:16:23,608 --> 00:16:26,318
was that he had
a glass window installed

293
00:16:26,402 --> 00:16:29,702
directly over his face,
set into the stone.

294
00:16:29,822 --> 00:16:32,282
However, he died in 1893,

295
00:16:32,366 --> 00:16:34,196
and the doctors
did not make a mistake.

296
00:16:34,285 --> 00:16:36,255
He really was dead.

297
00:16:36,370 --> 00:16:38,910
SHATNER:
Safety coffins may seem
like a quaint fad

298
00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:44,040
from a bygone era that has
no relevance in our world today.

299
00:16:44,170 --> 00:16:46,050
But believe it or not,

300
00:16:46,172 --> 00:16:47,972
there have been some
recent cases in which people

301
00:16:48,049 --> 00:16:53,179
appear to have been
mistakenly buried alive.

302
00:16:53,262 --> 00:16:57,562
Being buried alive
is very, very rare, uh,

303
00:16:57,683 --> 00:16:59,023
at least in our own time,

304
00:16:59,101 --> 00:17:01,351
but it does still
occasionally happen.

305
00:17:01,437 --> 00:17:05,267
As recently as 2018,
there was a case in Brazil

306
00:17:05,399 --> 00:17:08,529
where a woman woke up
in her grave and is thought

307
00:17:08,611 --> 00:17:11,071
to have survived
for 11 days there.

308
00:17:11,155 --> 00:17:14,905
TAYLOR:
Being buried alive doesn’t
happen nearly as often

309
00:17:14,992 --> 00:17:16,702
as it used to, but,

310
00:17:16,786 --> 00:17:18,826
if you think about it,
waking up in a coffin

311
00:17:18,913 --> 00:17:21,043
would be probably one
of the most terrifying things

312
00:17:21,123 --> 00:17:23,083
that could ever happen to you.

313
00:17:23,167 --> 00:17:25,747
The thought of being
buried alive is like

314
00:17:25,836 --> 00:17:27,416
something out of a nightmare.

315
00:17:27,505 --> 00:17:31,265
But there’s another scenario
that many might find

316
00:17:31,342 --> 00:17:32,932
just as disturbing.

317
00:17:33,010 --> 00:17:34,930
It’s a method
of preserving the deceased

318
00:17:35,054 --> 00:17:47,824
that takes embalming
to the extreme.

319
00:17:47,942 --> 00:17:50,692
SHATNER:
On the morning after
the bloodiest battle

320
00:17:50,778 --> 00:17:54,908
of the Civil War,
thousands of dead soldiers

321
00:17:54,991 --> 00:17:58,121
lay strewn across
the blood-soaked battlefield.

322
00:17:58,244 --> 00:18:01,414
The Union Army brings
the remains of the deceased

323
00:18:01,497 --> 00:18:04,827
back to their field hospital
at Camp Letterman.

324
00:18:04,959 --> 00:18:08,799
But curiously, there is one
tent in which bodies are

325
00:18:08,921 --> 00:18:11,671
not prepared for burial,
but rather

326
00:18:11,799 --> 00:18:16,139
injected with chemicals
to stop them from decaying,

327
00:18:16,220 --> 00:18:19,930
a process that is known
as embalming.

328
00:18:20,016 --> 00:18:22,266
MONICA TORRES:
The history of modern embalming

329
00:18:22,351 --> 00:18:24,521
began during the Civil War when

330
00:18:24,645 --> 00:18:28,225
surgeons at the time
were able to embalm soldiers to

331
00:18:28,316 --> 00:18:30,106
be able to have them delivered
back to their families.

332
00:18:31,319 --> 00:18:32,949
The process of embalming

333
00:18:33,029 --> 00:18:35,159
requires the embalmer
to arterially

334
00:18:35,281 --> 00:18:37,831
inject a preservative,
such as formaldehyde.

335
00:18:37,950 --> 00:18:43,830
So, the bodies were embalmed and
sent home for their loved ones.

336
00:18:43,914 --> 00:18:46,834
SHATNER: All told,
it is estimated that some

337
00:18:46,959 --> 00:18:51,089
40,000 soldiers were embalmed
during the Civil War.

338
00:18:51,172 --> 00:18:53,922
The practice
became so widespread,

339
00:18:54,008 --> 00:18:56,638
that it caught the attention
of U.S. President

340
00:18:56,719 --> 00:18:58,509
Abraham Lincoln.

341
00:18:58,638 --> 00:19:01,638
TORRES:
President Lincoln
was so impressed

342
00:19:01,724 --> 00:19:03,684
by the embalming process that

343
00:19:03,768 --> 00:19:07,348
he himself chose
and wanted to be embalmed

344
00:19:07,438 --> 00:19:10,148
and was actually embalmed

345
00:19:10,232 --> 00:19:13,532
and taken on a tour across
the United States on a train.

346
00:19:13,611 --> 00:19:16,661
And he is actually
the one who made it

347
00:19:16,739 --> 00:19:18,659
pretty popular here in America,

348
00:19:18,741 --> 00:19:22,201
created a whole
American tradition

349
00:19:22,286 --> 00:19:24,536
that is still
being practiced today.

350
00:19:26,082 --> 00:19:29,592
SHATNER:
Today, experts estimate
that 50% of all corpses

351
00:19:29,710 --> 00:19:32,710
in the United States
undergo some sort of embalming

352
00:19:32,797 --> 00:19:35,167
so that the body can be viewed

353
00:19:35,257 --> 00:19:37,887
during mourning rituals.

354
00:19:37,968 --> 00:19:40,638
And it begs the question,

355
00:19:40,721 --> 00:19:42,971
why do human beings
take these steps to preserve

356
00:19:43,057 --> 00:19:44,387
the remains of the dead?

357
00:19:44,475 --> 00:19:47,565
The fact that we pump the body
full of chemicals

358
00:19:47,645 --> 00:19:50,945
and paint it with makeup and
act like they’re just asleep,

359
00:19:51,065 --> 00:19:54,905
not actually dead
is about processing grief

360
00:19:54,985 --> 00:19:57,735
and creating social,
emotional space

361
00:19:57,822 --> 00:19:59,282
that’s deemed appropriate

362
00:19:59,407 --> 00:20:02,527
for people to have outward
expressions of that grief.

363
00:20:02,618 --> 00:20:05,408
It’s celebrating life.

364
00:20:06,831 --> 00:20:08,711
SHATNER:
Most people are familiar

365
00:20:08,791 --> 00:20:11,081
with commonly used
embalming practices.

366
00:20:11,168 --> 00:20:14,758
But what’s less well-known,
is that there have been

367
00:20:14,839 --> 00:20:16,719
some strange cases
in recent history

368
00:20:16,799 --> 00:20:20,299
in which embalming was used
to preserve the deceased,

369
00:20:20,428 --> 00:20:22,548
not for days or weeks,
but rather

370
00:20:22,638 --> 00:20:24,348
for decades.

371
00:20:32,398 --> 00:20:35,898
At 8:25 p.m., activity
throughout this bustling city

372
00:20:35,985 --> 00:20:37,365
came to an abrupt halt

373
00:20:37,445 --> 00:20:40,785
when government officials
interrupted radio broadcasts

374
00:20:40,865 --> 00:20:42,125
to announce the death of

375
00:20:42,241 --> 00:20:45,621
Argentina’s First Lady,
Eva Perón.

376
00:20:45,745 --> 00:20:48,125
Or, as she was more
affectionately known,

377
00:20:48,205 --> 00:20:49,915
Evita.

378
00:21:31,540 --> 00:21:34,540
SHATNER:
Evita’s casket
drew so many mourners,

379
00:21:34,668 --> 00:21:38,668
that the funeral lasted
for an astonishing 16 days.

380
00:21:38,756 --> 00:21:42,506
But what’s even more remarkable,
is that Evita’s corpse

381
00:21:42,593 --> 00:21:47,433
maintained an uncanny, lifelike
appearance the entire time

382
00:21:47,515 --> 00:21:50,935
because her husband,
President Juan Perón,

383
00:21:51,018 --> 00:21:53,018
had gone
to extraordinary lengths

384
00:21:53,145 --> 00:21:54,515
to keep her beauty intact

385
00:21:54,605 --> 00:21:58,155
by hiring a renowned embalmer

386
00:21:58,234 --> 00:22:00,694
known as Dr. Pedro Ara.

387
00:22:40,359 --> 00:22:43,239
SHATNER:
Evita’s burial monument
was never built because

388
00:22:43,320 --> 00:22:46,660
on September 19th, 1955

389
00:22:46,740 --> 00:22:50,200
Juan Perón was overthrown
in a military coup,

390
00:22:50,286 --> 00:22:52,496
and Argentina’s
new government chose

391
00:22:52,580 --> 00:22:57,210
to hide Evita’s embalmed body
from the public.

392
00:22:58,544 --> 00:23:03,804
The location of Evita’s remains
was a mystery for 16 years,

393
00:23:03,924 --> 00:23:08,054
until it was revealed in 1971
that the Argentinian government

394
00:23:08,137 --> 00:23:13,267
had secretly buried Evita
in Milan, Italy in 1955.

395
00:23:14,810 --> 00:23:17,940
After this discovery,
Evita’s remains were exhumed

396
00:23:18,063 --> 00:23:22,443
and brought to Spain, where
Juan Perón was living in exile.

397
00:23:44,715 --> 00:23:47,975
SHATNER:
Juan Perón eventually
returned to Argentina,

398
00:23:48,052 --> 00:23:52,062
and at long last,
on October 22, 1976,

399
00:23:52,139 --> 00:23:53,889
more than 20 years
after her death,

400
00:23:53,974 --> 00:23:58,104
Evita Perón was finally
laid to rest in a family crypt

401
00:23:58,187 --> 00:24:01,897
at Recoleta Cemetery
in Buenos Aires.

402
00:24:01,982 --> 00:24:04,322
While the saga
of Evita’s embalming

403
00:24:04,443 --> 00:24:08,243
is certainly a bizarre
and unusual tale,

404
00:24:08,322 --> 00:24:12,782
in recent years, a number
of people have undergone

405
00:24:12,868 --> 00:24:15,828
a similarly radical form
of preservation

406
00:24:15,955 --> 00:24:20,335
that is referred to
as extreme embalming.

407
00:24:20,417 --> 00:24:22,917
Extreme embalming
is like it sounds like,

408
00:24:23,003 --> 00:24:25,843
embalming individuals,
but taking it to a place

409
00:24:25,923 --> 00:24:28,513
beyond just having them lay
in repose in a coffin

410
00:24:28,592 --> 00:24:30,972
and actually recreating
the sort of poses

411
00:24:31,053 --> 00:24:33,433
they might have found
themselves in in life.

412
00:24:33,514 --> 00:24:35,644
And this allows
their family members

413
00:24:35,724 --> 00:24:39,314
and loved ones to actually
take photos with them

414
00:24:39,395 --> 00:24:42,275
and act like they’re people
who are still alive.

415
00:24:42,356 --> 00:24:45,686
TAYLOR:
Extreme embalming could be
a lot of different things.

416
00:24:45,776 --> 00:24:48,356
It’s as varied
as the person who died.

417
00:24:48,445 --> 00:24:50,275
They will put them
in a situation

418
00:24:50,364 --> 00:24:52,204
of-of what they loved
during life.

419
00:24:52,282 --> 00:24:56,582
They might be reading a book,
playing music, driving a car.

420
00:24:56,704 --> 00:24:59,544
And when their loved ones come
to see them for the last time,

421
00:24:59,665 --> 00:25:03,045
they remember them
how they were.

422
00:25:03,127 --> 00:25:07,457
Extreme embalming
is trying to preserve

423
00:25:07,548 --> 00:25:11,338
that last moment in time before
that person was gone forever.

424
00:25:11,427 --> 00:25:16,057
The art of extreme embalming
offers the living

425
00:25:16,181 --> 00:25:18,391
a way to hold on to
their deceased loved ones

426
00:25:18,517 --> 00:25:20,017
a while longer.

427
00:25:20,102 --> 00:25:23,442
But is there a way to,
not just preserve the body,

428
00:25:23,564 --> 00:25:25,654
but actually bring
the dead back to life?

429
00:25:26,817 --> 00:25:31,237
Well, according to the practices
of Haitian voodoo,

430
00:25:31,321 --> 00:25:34,701
there may be a way to do it,
but there’s a catch.

431
00:25:34,783 --> 00:25:37,203
It will cost you

432
00:25:37,286 --> 00:25:45,416
your soul.

433
00:25:45,544 --> 00:25:47,464
SHATNER:
In this small village,

434
00:25:47,588 --> 00:25:50,418
Angelina Narcisse
was going about her day,

435
00:25:50,549 --> 00:25:52,799
when she was approached by a man
claiming to be her brother,

436
00:25:52,926 --> 00:25:54,216
Clairvius.

437
00:25:54,303 --> 00:25:56,973
It may sound like
a heartwarming tale of reunion,

438
00:25:57,097 --> 00:25:59,637
but there was just one problem.

439
00:25:59,767 --> 00:26:03,307
Clairvius Narcisse
had been dead and buried

440
00:26:03,437 --> 00:26:05,937
for nearly 20 years.

441
00:26:06,065 --> 00:26:09,325
DONNELLY:
Clairvius was a Haitian man
born in 1922.

442
00:26:09,443 --> 00:26:12,863
In the year 1962,

443
00:26:12,946 --> 00:26:15,316
he went to, uh, a hospital.

444
00:26:15,449 --> 00:26:18,699
His symptoms had been
a severe fever,

445
00:26:18,786 --> 00:26:21,656
fatigue, and he’d been
coughing up blood.

446
00:26:21,789 --> 00:26:24,709
His heart stopped,
and he stopped breathing,

447
00:26:24,792 --> 00:26:27,632
and was declared dead
and buried.

448
00:26:28,712 --> 00:26:32,342
20 years later,
a man claiming to be Clairvius

449
00:26:32,466 --> 00:26:35,966
showed up at his village
and approached his family.

450
00:26:36,095 --> 00:26:40,475
In many respects,
his story did check out.

451
00:26:40,557 --> 00:26:44,847
He bared a physical resemblance
to the deceased.

452
00:26:44,978 --> 00:26:48,148
He went by a nickname
that was only known to him

453
00:26:48,232 --> 00:26:50,402
and his sister when they
were very little kids.

454
00:26:50,484 --> 00:26:54,404
And so, he was able
to relate certain details

455
00:26:54,488 --> 00:26:58,408
of his former life
that seemed to add up.

456
00:26:58,492 --> 00:27:02,792
SHATNER:
But if Clairvius Narcisse
died and was buried,

457
00:27:02,871 --> 00:27:05,541
then how on earth was he alive
and able to track down

458
00:27:05,666 --> 00:27:08,036
his sister
almost 20 years later?

459
00:27:08,168 --> 00:27:13,008
Well, according to Clairvius,
the reason he was not lying dead

460
00:27:13,090 --> 00:27:17,510
in his grave,
was that a voodoo priest

461
00:27:17,636 --> 00:27:21,096
had transformed him
into a zombie.

462
00:27:21,181 --> 00:27:23,681
In Haiti,
a zombie is an individual

463
00:27:23,809 --> 00:27:26,729
who’s had their soul
stolen by sorcery

464
00:27:26,854 --> 00:27:30,444
causing them to be sort of flung
into a perpetual, uh, place

465
00:27:30,524 --> 00:27:35,204
of purgatory through this
incredible transition

466
00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:38,910
of death, rebirth,
and return to the living,

467
00:27:39,032 --> 00:27:42,792
induced by the folk poison
known as a Pudzombie.

468
00:27:42,870 --> 00:27:44,410
It was a plethora
of ingredients,

469
00:27:44,538 --> 00:27:47,668
including various plants

470
00:27:47,749 --> 00:27:50,459
and the toxin from a fish.

471
00:27:50,544 --> 00:27:53,214
It selectively blocks
sodium channels and nerves,

472
00:27:53,297 --> 00:27:57,337
bringing on paralysis
until the moment of death.

473
00:27:57,426 --> 00:28:01,096
And yet, critically,
if you get through that,

474
00:28:01,221 --> 00:28:04,221
you have nothing to worry about.

475
00:28:04,349 --> 00:28:07,389
This fascinating poison

476
00:28:07,477 --> 00:28:11,817
had made people
appear to be dead.

477
00:28:11,899 --> 00:28:14,359
According to Clairvius, um,

478
00:28:14,443 --> 00:28:17,323
he had been paralyzed
by a voodoo priest.

479
00:28:17,404 --> 00:28:21,074
This was a result
of being drugged, um,

480
00:28:21,158 --> 00:28:25,698
and this paste mixture
that he was forced to consume

481
00:28:25,787 --> 00:28:28,667
kept him in this
death-like toper.

482
00:28:30,042 --> 00:28:32,252
Narcisse is buried,

483
00:28:32,336 --> 00:28:36,756
and the priest then dug him up
from his grave

484
00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:41,590
and enslaved him on a sugarcane
plantation for 20 years.

485
00:28:43,096 --> 00:28:46,266
DAVIS:
From the Haitian point of view,
the fate of a zombie is said

486
00:28:46,391 --> 00:28:49,691
to become an indentured servant.

487
00:28:49,770 --> 00:28:52,190
And losing your soul,
losing your identity,

488
00:28:52,272 --> 00:28:53,612
your personal autonomy,

489
00:28:53,690 --> 00:28:58,110
combined to make this
a fate worse than death.

490
00:28:58,237 --> 00:29:02,277
SHATNER:
The story of Clairvius Narcisse
being buried and then revived

491
00:29:02,407 --> 00:29:04,617
as an un-dead zombie
made headlines

492
00:29:04,701 --> 00:29:06,621
around the world.

493
00:29:06,745 --> 00:29:09,285
Numerous experts
investigated the case

494
00:29:09,373 --> 00:29:13,963
in hopes of shedding light
on what exactly took place.

495
00:29:14,044 --> 00:29:18,924
The first question on everyone’s
mind was whether Clairvius

496
00:29:19,007 --> 00:29:21,837
had only appeared to be dead
because he was drugged,

497
00:29:21,969 --> 00:29:25,049
or if there was some truth

498
00:29:25,138 --> 00:29:28,218
to the idea
that he actually died

499
00:29:28,308 --> 00:29:32,848
and was then revived
by the power of voodoo.

500
00:29:32,980 --> 00:29:35,690
What made the case
of Narcisse unique

501
00:29:35,816 --> 00:29:39,736
was one single thing,
he had been pronounced dead

502
00:29:39,820 --> 00:29:43,870
in an American-directed
philanthropic institution,

503
00:29:43,991 --> 00:29:45,531
the Schweitzer Hospital.

504
00:29:45,659 --> 00:29:49,579
And his family members
had witnessed the death

505
00:29:49,663 --> 00:29:53,043
and authenticated it
at the time.

506
00:29:53,166 --> 00:29:58,546
So, all these lines of evidence
led scientists to go public

507
00:29:58,672 --> 00:30:00,172
in the 1980s,

508
00:30:00,299 --> 00:30:02,379
saying they felt
they had found the first

509
00:30:02,509 --> 00:30:06,009
medically verifiable instance
of zombification.

510
00:30:06,096 --> 00:30:11,056
SHATNER:
There are many theories as to
what caused Clairvius Narcisse

511
00:30:11,184 --> 00:30:14,734
to be declared dead and then
seemingly brought back to life.

512
00:30:14,855 --> 00:30:17,575
Ultimately, what happened to him
remains a mystery,

513
00:30:17,691 --> 00:30:21,401
but many Haitians are convinced

514
00:30:21,528 --> 00:30:25,528
that Clairvius did, in fact,
rise from the grave.

515
00:30:27,284 --> 00:30:30,624
And for some,
his story is a reminder

516
00:30:30,704 --> 00:30:33,214
that the distinction
between the living and the dead

517
00:30:33,332 --> 00:30:37,592
may not be as clear-cut
as we commonly think.

518
00:30:37,711 --> 00:30:40,841
Narcisse never doubted
that he’d become a zombie.

519
00:30:40,922 --> 00:30:44,682
In Haiti,
a zombie is a complete pariah

520
00:30:44,760 --> 00:30:46,720
who walks the edge
between life and death

521
00:30:46,845 --> 00:30:50,215
and will do so for
the rest of their existence.

522
00:30:50,307 --> 00:30:54,057
And so, this idea that a person

523
00:30:54,144 --> 00:30:56,734
could be brought back to life

524
00:30:56,855 --> 00:31:01,725
fills all of us with mystery
and trepidation and dread.

525
00:31:02,944 --> 00:31:07,624
Can a combination of fish toxin
and poisonous plants

526
00:31:07,741 --> 00:31:13,251
actually transform the recently
deceased into an undead slave?

527
00:31:14,247 --> 00:31:16,747
(scoffs)
It may sound far-fetched,

528
00:31:16,875 --> 00:31:19,585
but the truth is that,
for centuries,

529
00:31:19,711 --> 00:31:22,131
some people have believed
in the possibility

530
00:31:22,255 --> 00:31:25,585
of what is known as reanimation.

531
00:31:25,717 --> 00:31:30,007
And there are many experts
who claim that, someday soon,

532
00:31:30,097 --> 00:31:32,767
modern medicine
will finally figure out

533
00:31:32,849 --> 00:31:42,479
how to bring back the dead.

534
00:31:42,609 --> 00:31:45,239
SHATNER: Scientists
at the University of Utah

535
00:31:45,320 --> 00:31:47,280
publish a study
in the journal Nature

536
00:31:47,364 --> 00:31:51,704
announcing the results
of an extraordinary experiment.

537
00:31:51,785 --> 00:31:56,795
The team took eye cells
from a deceased person

538
00:31:56,915 --> 00:31:59,745
and then,
using electrical stimulation,

539
00:31:59,835 --> 00:32:02,385
they reanimated the dead cells

540
00:32:02,462 --> 00:32:06,222
and brought them back to life.

541
00:32:06,299 --> 00:32:10,349
Experiments like this highlight
the fact that, uh, death

542
00:32:10,470 --> 00:32:14,060
is not always absolute
when it comes to understanding

543
00:32:14,141 --> 00:32:17,481
what is happening in this field
of the biology of death.

544
00:32:17,561 --> 00:32:20,191
Death is still defined,

545
00:32:20,313 --> 00:32:24,573
per what is known as the Harvard
ad hoc brain death definition,

546
00:32:24,651 --> 00:32:27,741
as irreversible coma.

547
00:32:27,821 --> 00:32:30,621
But will death be irreversible
for the foreseeable future?

548
00:32:30,699 --> 00:32:31,869
Not at all.

549
00:32:31,992 --> 00:32:35,292
SHATNER: It seems that,
after centuries of using

550
00:32:35,370 --> 00:32:38,410
sacred rites to show reverence
for the deceased,

551
00:32:38,498 --> 00:32:42,668
humanity may be on the cusp
of harnessing modern technology

552
00:32:42,794 --> 00:32:46,464
to make death itself
a thing of the past.

553
00:32:49,342 --> 00:32:53,052
While that may seem like a
bizarre possibility to consider,

554
00:32:53,180 --> 00:32:56,680
the truth is that, since
the 19th century, many people

555
00:32:56,766 --> 00:33:01,146
have tried to use science
to reanimate the dead,

556
00:33:01,229 --> 00:33:04,109
rather than perform rituals
to honor them.

557
00:33:04,191 --> 00:33:06,781
One of the first
of these scientists

558
00:33:06,860 --> 00:33:12,200
was an Italian doctor
named Giovanni Aldini.

559
00:33:12,282 --> 00:33:16,662
Giovanni Aldini used a-a battery
to make frog legs twitch

560
00:33:16,745 --> 00:33:21,125
and then moved on to, um, sheep
and pig and cow and ox.

561
00:33:22,542 --> 00:33:24,962
But, naturally, he wanted to see

562
00:33:25,045 --> 00:33:28,015
what it would do
to human tissue.

563
00:33:28,089 --> 00:33:32,759
He managed to acquire a body,
and he hooked up his battery

564
00:33:32,886 --> 00:33:37,386
and was able to make, uh,
the facial muscles contort.

565
00:33:37,474 --> 00:33:42,734
The left eye opened,
and it even took a deep breath.

566
00:33:43,897 --> 00:33:47,647
As it happens,
a friend of Aldini’s

567
00:33:47,734 --> 00:33:51,284
had a daughter by the name
of Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin,

568
00:33:51,404 --> 00:33:56,034
who remembered the story
and was inspired by it.

569
00:33:56,117 --> 00:34:00,157
And years later, she would write
the novel Frankenstein

570
00:34:00,247 --> 00:34:02,537
under her married name,
Mary Shelley.

571
00:34:02,624 --> 00:34:06,634
SHATNER:
Published in 1818,
Mary Shelley’s seminal novel

572
00:34:06,753 --> 00:34:09,763
tells the story of
Dr. Victor Frankenstein,

573
00:34:09,839 --> 00:34:14,089
who develops a method
to restore life to dead matter.

574
00:34:14,219 --> 00:34:16,599
He assembles a human
from various body parts,

575
00:34:16,680 --> 00:34:22,100
but, after bringing it to life,
he’s horrified by his creation.

576
00:34:23,478 --> 00:34:25,018
McNEILL:
Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

577
00:34:25,105 --> 00:34:27,195
does a very
interesting thing because

578
00:34:27,274 --> 00:34:31,074
we get our first incarnation
of a mad scientist,

579
00:34:31,152 --> 00:34:33,532
someone going too far,

580
00:34:33,613 --> 00:34:36,573
trying to act as a god

581
00:34:36,658 --> 00:34:38,528
in ways that maybe
shouldn’t be done,

582
00:34:38,618 --> 00:34:40,998
and we get
this resulting monster.

583
00:34:41,121 --> 00:34:43,871
SHATNER:
You would think
that the notoriety

584
00:34:43,957 --> 00:34:46,457
of Dr. Frankenstein
and his monstrous creation

585
00:34:46,585 --> 00:34:49,005
would dissuade scientists

586
00:34:49,129 --> 00:34:52,419
from trying to tamper
with corpses,

587
00:34:52,507 --> 00:34:54,427
but in the 1920s and ’30s,

588
00:34:54,509 --> 00:34:58,299
a Soviet scientist named
Sergei Brukhonenko

589
00:34:58,388 --> 00:35:01,808
conducted a series
of grisly experiments

590
00:35:01,891 --> 00:35:03,731
that seemed to ignore
the warnings

591
00:35:03,810 --> 00:35:06,400
of Mary Shelley’s novel.

592
00:35:29,878 --> 00:35:33,878
Sergei Brukhonenko
is maybe most famous for

593
00:35:34,007 --> 00:35:36,837
the process by which dogs,

594
00:35:36,926 --> 00:35:38,966
those are the main
experimental animals,

595
00:35:39,054 --> 00:35:41,014
were drained of blood,

596
00:35:41,097 --> 00:35:46,017
all the blood was taken out,
and they died.

597
00:35:46,144 --> 00:35:50,774
Then, the autojektor
put the oxygenated blood

598
00:35:50,857 --> 00:35:55,567
back into the dog,
and it came back to life.

599
00:35:56,780 --> 00:35:59,660
PASTOR:
Sergei Brukhonenko
set the stage for what

600
00:35:59,741 --> 00:36:02,411
we know as modern-day
heart and lung machines

601
00:36:02,535 --> 00:36:05,245
that we use nowadays,
and which potentially

602
00:36:05,372 --> 00:36:08,672
will use in the future for doing
more ambitious research.

603
00:36:08,750 --> 00:36:11,170
There’s a lot of cutting-edge
research out there

604
00:36:11,252 --> 00:36:14,172
that may have a bit
of a unpalatable feel to many.

605
00:36:14,255 --> 00:36:18,045
We’re talking about
the ability to regrow limbs,

606
00:36:18,134 --> 00:36:19,974
regrow major parts of the heart,
and, of course,

607
00:36:20,053 --> 00:36:23,683
significant parts of the brain,
as a way to reanimate life.

608
00:36:23,765 --> 00:36:27,315
SHATNER:
But if and when humanity
is finally able

609
00:36:27,394 --> 00:36:31,024
to reverse death,
what will be the consequences?

610
00:36:33,441 --> 00:36:36,031
Is it really
a good idea to break

611
00:36:36,111 --> 00:36:38,111
with thousands of years
of tradition,

612
00:36:38,238 --> 00:36:43,118
by not allowing the dead
to rest in peace?

613
00:36:43,243 --> 00:36:47,253
We have entered an era
where the questions

614
00:36:47,372 --> 00:36:51,712
of what science can do
versus what science should do

615
00:36:51,793 --> 00:36:53,633
is especially poignant.

616
00:36:53,753 --> 00:36:58,173
Funerary rites
are explicitly stated

617
00:36:58,258 --> 00:37:01,138
to be about shepherding the soul

618
00:37:01,261 --> 00:37:05,601
from life into death.

619
00:37:05,682 --> 00:37:09,602
But if a body is reanimated,

620
00:37:09,728 --> 00:37:11,688
where does the soul go?

621
00:37:11,771 --> 00:37:15,691
It changes how we understand

622
00:37:15,775 --> 00:37:18,985
the real pragmatics of death.

623
00:37:20,155 --> 00:37:22,915
Is it possible that science
will one day allow us

624
00:37:22,991 --> 00:37:27,291
to create living people out of
dead people’s body parts?

625
00:37:27,412 --> 00:37:30,372
The notion of millions of actual
Frankenstein monsters

626
00:37:30,457 --> 00:37:32,827
roaming the streets is certainly
difficult to fathom.

627
00:37:32,959 --> 00:37:37,759
But, as it turns out,
cemeteries are getting so full,

628
00:37:37,839 --> 00:37:40,259
they’re actually
running out of space,

629
00:37:40,341 --> 00:37:45,891
and this has led to a host
of new and strange methods

630
00:37:45,972 --> 00:37:48,472
for interring the dead.

631
00:37:54,856 --> 00:37:58,316
SHATNER:
The South Korean government
passes a controversial law

632
00:37:58,443 --> 00:38:00,953
declaring that people
can remain buried

633
00:38:01,029 --> 00:38:03,699
for only 60 years.

634
00:38:03,823 --> 00:38:05,203
After 60 years,

635
00:38:05,325 --> 00:38:08,125
their body must be exhumed
and disposed of

636
00:38:08,203 --> 00:38:11,213
in an environmentally friendly
manner.

637
00:38:11,331 --> 00:38:14,331
The idea of so-called
"temporary burials"

638
00:38:14,417 --> 00:38:17,297
may sound shocking,
but the fact is

639
00:38:17,378 --> 00:38:19,878
graveyard space
has been dwindling

640
00:38:20,006 --> 00:38:23,466
all around the world
for decades.

641
00:38:23,551 --> 00:38:26,471
Today, in most countries
in the world

642
00:38:26,554 --> 00:38:28,184
where burial is still practiced,

643
00:38:28,306 --> 00:38:31,016
people are buried
for a-a temporary period.

644
00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:34,650
You, in effect,
lease a grave site,

645
00:38:34,729 --> 00:38:36,859
and then, eventually,
your remains are removed.

646
00:38:36,981 --> 00:38:40,991
This is, in large part,
a response to

647
00:38:41,069 --> 00:38:43,149
the fact that there’s
a lot of people on Earth--

648
00:38:43,238 --> 00:38:44,528
over seven billion now--

649
00:38:44,656 --> 00:38:47,826
and we’re still dying,
as we always have.

650
00:38:47,909 --> 00:38:50,079
Eventually, we run out of land,

651
00:38:50,203 --> 00:38:52,043
and there’s no more space
for burial.

652
00:38:52,163 --> 00:38:56,383
And so, burial is becoming
less and less common.

653
00:38:56,501 --> 00:38:59,501
Cremation has become
more and more popular, uh,

654
00:38:59,587 --> 00:39:01,087
in many parts of the world.

655
00:39:01,214 --> 00:39:04,434
SHATNER:
In the last 65 years,

656
00:39:04,551 --> 00:39:07,551
cremations have risen
in the United States

657
00:39:07,679 --> 00:39:09,889
by over 1,000%.

658
00:39:10,014 --> 00:39:13,104
In fact, since 2015,
more than half of all Americans

659
00:39:13,226 --> 00:39:16,896
who passed away chose to have
their remains cremated.

660
00:39:16,980 --> 00:39:20,400
And many people are
experimenting with new ways

661
00:39:20,483 --> 00:39:23,903
to handle their ashes.

662
00:39:24,028 --> 00:39:26,158
In the past,
when someone was cremated,

663
00:39:26,239 --> 00:39:28,739
you put all of the ashes
in the urn.

664
00:39:28,867 --> 00:39:34,577
And yet, today, there are
all kinds of alternatives.

665
00:39:34,706 --> 00:39:37,036
People want to have
their ashes spread

666
00:39:37,125 --> 00:39:38,925
at all their favorite places.

667
00:39:39,002 --> 00:39:40,882
So, the body is spread out.

668
00:39:40,962 --> 00:39:44,422
LAYCOCK:
More recently,
as far as what people can do

669
00:39:44,507 --> 00:39:46,377
with those cremains,

670
00:39:46,467 --> 00:39:50,007
you can have your ashes
turned into a diamond.

671
00:39:50,096 --> 00:39:53,266
In Korea, there is a company
that turns your cremains

672
00:39:53,349 --> 00:39:58,309
into a jar of pellets
that look a bit like caviar.

673
00:39:58,438 --> 00:39:59,938
There have been people
having their ashes

674
00:40:00,023 --> 00:40:02,403
mixed with concrete
and dumped in the ocean

675
00:40:02,483 --> 00:40:06,243
where they can become
part of a coral reef.

676
00:40:06,321 --> 00:40:09,871
There’s so many things
that you can do with cremains.

677
00:40:09,949 --> 00:40:13,539
One of the strangest things
that I’ve seen

678
00:40:13,620 --> 00:40:18,750
in my career as an embalmer
and mortician

679
00:40:18,833 --> 00:40:21,843
is I did have someone request

680
00:40:21,961 --> 00:40:25,921
that I put their loved one’s

681
00:40:26,007 --> 00:40:29,297
cremated remains into buckshot,

682
00:40:29,385 --> 00:40:31,965
like shells,
and they wanted to be shot.

683
00:40:32,096 --> 00:40:35,136
SHATNER:
Being shot from a gun
certainly makes the notion

684
00:40:35,224 --> 00:40:38,484
of a traditional burial
feel rather mundane.

685
00:40:38,603 --> 00:40:40,983
However, one thing
most experts agree on is that,

686
00:40:41,105 --> 00:40:45,185
in the final analysis,
it ultimately doesn’t matter

687
00:40:45,318 --> 00:40:48,278
how we say farewell
to a person and their remains.

688
00:40:48,363 --> 00:40:51,823
Rather, it’s what we say

689
00:40:51,908 --> 00:40:55,158
that is of far greater
importance.

690
00:40:55,244 --> 00:40:58,794
These are moments
that would happen biologically

691
00:40:58,873 --> 00:41:01,383
without human interference,

692
00:41:01,501 --> 00:41:05,801
but we cluster our rituals
and our beliefs around them.

693
00:41:05,880 --> 00:41:08,800
And following these guidelines

694
00:41:08,883 --> 00:41:11,223
tells us one
very important thing,

695
00:41:11,344 --> 00:41:12,894
this person’s still here.

696
00:41:13,012 --> 00:41:16,022
If they weren’t still here,
if some element of them,

697
00:41:16,099 --> 00:41:18,519
their soul, their spirit
weren’t still here,

698
00:41:18,601 --> 00:41:20,351
we wouldn’t need
to do these things.

699
00:41:20,436 --> 00:41:22,186
So, the fact that we do them

700
00:41:22,271 --> 00:41:27,861
helps remind us that there’s
still something of that person.

701
00:41:27,986 --> 00:41:30,856
So, would you like your body
to be transformed

702
00:41:30,989 --> 00:41:32,699
into a piece of jewelry?

703
00:41:32,824 --> 00:41:35,374
Or planted with a tree?

704
00:41:35,493 --> 00:41:37,243
It may sound unusual,
but then again,

705
00:41:37,370 --> 00:41:39,870
how can we really say
for certain

706
00:41:39,956 --> 00:41:44,246
what is or is not
a proper burial?

707
00:41:44,377 --> 00:41:47,207
There’s no doubt
technology will play a role

708
00:41:47,338 --> 00:41:50,128
in how we are laid
to rest in the future,

709
00:41:50,216 --> 00:41:53,836
or perhaps it’ll be
hard drives and holograms

710
00:41:53,928 --> 00:41:56,808
that will allow us
to live forever.

711
00:41:56,889 --> 00:42:01,059
It’s an interesting notion,
but, for now, it remains

712
00:42:01,185 --> 00:42:03,515
unexplained.

713
00:42:03,604 --> 00:42:05,864
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