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Forests at first sight

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may seem quiet and tranquil.

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But today we can explore them
in new ways...

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..and from a new perspective.

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And, in fact, they're full of
unexpected connections,

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relationships

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and even secret messages.

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Only now are we discovering

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how strange and complex

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forests actually are.

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The rainforest of Borneo.

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A pair of oriental pied hornbills
are renewing their partnership.

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They mate for life.

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And this year's nesting season
is just starting.

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Before they face
the challenges ahead,

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they reaffirm their bond.

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And they do so with an
unusual ritual...

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..at the entrance to a bat cave
that they know well.

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This rather curious gift

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isn't normally on their menu.

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But it both demonstrates devotion

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and reassures the female that
her mate will provide for her.

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In the coming weeks,
she will depend on him

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in the most extraordinary way.

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Nesting is a dangerous time
for any bird.

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The hole in this tree trunk

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will provide vital protection.

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Just what she wants.

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Once settled inside...

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..the female does something
truly bizarre.

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She pulls out her flight feathers.

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She is not going to need them

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because she will be staying
in here for quite some time.

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It's not only a little cramped,

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it also lacks basic amenities.

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Now her partner brings her
a beakful of mud.

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And she begins to seal herself in.

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She has turned the tree hole

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into a predator-proof fortress.

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But it's also...

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..a prison.

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Her partner, however,
is a regular visitor.

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For the next two months,
he will deliver all her food

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directly to her door.

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But she can be fussy.

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He's going to have his work cut out.

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Delicious.

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It may seem that he has been
doing all the work...

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..But she, too,
has been fully occupied.

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The food he has brought
has enabled her to produce

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two precious eggs.

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She will keep them safe
for another six weeks

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until the young have grown
and fledged.

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And then, both she and they

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will break out of their confinement.

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But until then...

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..this devoted couple are
going to be very busy indeed.

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The warmth and the moisture
of rainforests

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enables their inhabitants
to flourish

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in both numbers and variety.

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And here, in the Amazon,
live many strange species.

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This is a treehopper.

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One of hundreds of different types
in this forest.

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They not only have
a bizarre appearance...

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..but they also communicate...

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...in a remarkable way.

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Vibrating their bodies,
they send signals

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through the forest plants
they live on.

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Most of these messages we can only
hear by using special microphones.

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Each treehopper species has
its own repertoire.

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And every sound...

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..has its own particular meaning.

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Whether it is to attract a mate...

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..share information about food...

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..or warn each other about the
arrival of predators.

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This treehopper mother
communicates with her young,

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encouraging them to stay together

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so that she can protect them.

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For there are plenty here
waiting to eat young treehoppers.

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Ants...

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..on the hunt.

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Treehoppers know how to
defend themselves.

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But not all threats are
so easily dealt with.

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An assassin bug.

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Armed with piercing mouthparts

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and sticky front legs...

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...capable of literally sucking
the life out of her entire brood.

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She can try to block
the assassin's path.

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But she can't guard them all.

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She needs help from friends
in high places.

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Bees.

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They're very aggressive.

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This is more than the assassin bug
bargained for.

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Mission accomplished.

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Her brood are safe.

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The bees don't protect
the treehoppers for free.

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A little tickle on
a treehopper's back...

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..and they exude a sugary liquid.

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Honeydew.

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A sweet reward for protecting them.

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It's just one of the countless ways

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in which forest species
work together.

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In the forests of India,

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you can hear a unique and truly
extraordinary sound.

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These are dholes...

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..wild dogs that whistle.

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Like treehoppers, they, too,
communicate in secret -

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but for a different reason.

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Hunting in a dense teak forest
is difficult...

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...especially so if your prey is
three times your own size.

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The only way for dholes to succeed

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is to work as a team.

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This family has four growing pups.

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A chital deer could feed
the entire pack.

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The pack must get close...

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...without being detected.

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But with eyes and ears everywhere...

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...the deer are soon aware
of the dogs' presence.

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The pack can't afford to give up.

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They may have better luck here.

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The vegetation is dense
and provides better cover.

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But the dholes could easily
lose track of one another.

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So they use their unique whistles.

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Only dholes can understand

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these quiet, unobtrusive calls.

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Now they take up their
hunting positions...

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...even though they can't
see each other.

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With the deer surrounded...

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...the dholes wait for the signal
to attack.

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Some of the dholes split the herd...

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..and drive a stag towards
others waiting in ambush.

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The dholes' ability to
communicate so quietly

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enables them to stay connected,

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and so hunt successfully in
the tangle of their jungle.

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The mountainous forests
of central China.

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Until recently, these were among
the least known of forests.

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They're full of swirling mists,

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and few outsiders had any idea

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of what they might contain.

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Living in such dense vegetation,

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it's difficult to make
yourself seen...

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..even when you want to be.

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And that's a problem for this
male Temminck's tragopan.

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He has lived most of his life alone.

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And this is his first mating season.

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He needs to make himself conspicuous
in the gloom of the forest floor,

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and he's found a clearing
where he might do so.

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A female.

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She, too, is looking for a mate.

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This could be his moment.

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Oh, dear.

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Stage fright.

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And who is this?

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A male golden pheasant.

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He, too, has come to
this clearing...

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...to attract a female.

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And he seems a little
more confident.

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So that is how it's done.

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The tragopan might still
have a chance.

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Here is a new female.

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But is she interested?

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It's time to be bold.

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He pumps up a pair of horns

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and a multicoloured bib.

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It's a sight to be wondered at.

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And it has never before been
filmed in the wild.

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Not today.

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How deflating.

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The temperate rainforests
of western Canada.

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Some of the trees here
are 1,000 years old.

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It's autumn, and the beginning
of a spectacle that each year

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transforms this forest
and all that lives in it.

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After years at sea,
thousands of Pacific salmon

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are returning to these streams
to breed.

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And they attract the forest's
rarest resident.

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A spirit bear.

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A white variant of the black bear.

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Fewer than 150 exist,

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and they're found only here.

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This female has fished for salmon
here for 20 years.

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Get your timing right...

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..and there can be great rewards.

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In her youth, she was, in fact,
even more successful

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than the black bears.

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Perhaps her pale coat makes it
difficult for the fish to see her

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against the bright sky,

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and that could give her
an advantage.

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But now she is old,

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and this year she's finding it hard.

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Her fishing skills, however,
haven't totally deserted her.

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This annual feast helps
her to fatten,

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ready for the winter ahead.

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But it also helps the patch of
forest where she lives.

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This female has an unusual
relationship with the forest.

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Every fish carcass
she leaves behind decays,

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releasing nutrients that soak
into the soil.

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00:31:50,760 --> 00:31:52,480
And there...

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..they are collected by
a network of fungi.

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00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:19,080
The threads attach themselves
to the trees' roots.

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00:32:22,640 --> 00:32:25,799
And nutrients from the fish,
collected by the fungi,

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are then passed on to the trees.

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00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:33,759
As a consequence,
the forest around the river

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grows three times faster
than elsewhere.

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00:32:46,800 --> 00:32:52,160
And some trees here become
as tall as any in the world...

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..and provide spirit bears
with a healthy forest home.

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00:33:21,880 --> 00:33:28,320
We now know that such relationships
exist in forests all over the world.

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00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:35,839
At the heart of these
many connections

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stand giant trees, like this one.

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A kapok.

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00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:50,200
It started life as a seed
some 200 years ago.

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00:33:53,360 --> 00:33:58,040
Now it towers 60 metres above
the forest floor...

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00:33:59,840 --> 00:34:04,719
..and transports 1,000 litres
of nutrient-filled water

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00:34:04,720 --> 00:34:10,600
from its roots up to its canopy
every day.

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00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:21,080
So this giant gives life to others.

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00:34:29,960 --> 00:34:33,199
A whole community of animals
and plants

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00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:37,080
depends on the wellbeing
of this one tree.

217
00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:26,439
A single cut made in
just a few moments

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00:35:26,440 --> 00:35:31,040
has broken thousands of
long-established connections.

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00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:42,599
Across the world's forests,

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00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:47,440
this story is being repeated
endlessly.

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00:36:00,720 --> 00:36:03,879
15 billion trees

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00:36:03,880 --> 00:36:07,320
are cut down every year.

223
00:36:17,840 --> 00:36:21,519
Every one of these trees is,
in itself,

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00:36:21,520 --> 00:36:24,360
an intricate ecosystem.

225
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:40,599
But here in Brazil,
they're being replaced

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00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:45,000
by plantations of a single
species of tree.

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00:36:54,080 --> 00:36:56,520
Originally from Australia...

228
00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:01,519
..these eucalypts are unable
to build relationships

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00:37:01,520 --> 00:37:05,080
with most of the native plants
and animals.

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00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:16,519
And, worse, these newcomers
grow so rapidly

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00:37:16,520 --> 00:37:19,359
they extract nutrients from the soil

232
00:37:19,360 --> 00:37:22,520
faster than they can be replaced.

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00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:34,960
And what was once a rich
and complex world...

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00:37:37,240 --> 00:37:42,320
..becomes little more than
a green desert.

235
00:38:16,360 --> 00:38:18,960
And at just five years of age...

236
00:38:20,160 --> 00:38:22,360
..their lives are ended.

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00:38:25,120 --> 00:38:29,000
They're felled and taken away.

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00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:45,080
Their wood is then pulped
to make paper.

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00:38:56,200 --> 00:39:00,319
And all that remains of
the rich rainforest

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00:39:00,320 --> 00:39:03,720
are a few tiny patches.

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00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:17,039
Patches so small that few of
the original inhabitants

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00:39:17,040 --> 00:39:20,440
are able to survive in them.

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00:39:27,440 --> 00:39:30,680
Uganda, East Africa.

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00:39:41,960 --> 00:39:44,959
This small group of chimpanzees

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00:39:44,960 --> 00:39:48,279
have a detailed knowledge
of the forest territory

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00:39:48,280 --> 00:39:52,640
that they inherited from
previous generations.

247
00:40:02,520 --> 00:40:06,119
They know the best places
to shelter,

248
00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:08,000
to raise their young...

249
00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:13,080
..and to feed.

250
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:35,519
This fruiting tree

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00:40:35,520 --> 00:40:40,640
cannot by itself sustain
the chimps for long.

252
00:40:58,160 --> 00:41:02,879
The alpha male signals
that it's time to move on.

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00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:12,320
Where he goes, others will follow.

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00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:34,400
He leads them not to
another fruiting tree...

255
00:41:36,360 --> 00:41:39,720
..but into a new world.

256
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:02,759
This road, only recently built,

257
00:42:02,760 --> 00:42:05,880
has cut through their territory.

258
00:42:14,920 --> 00:42:18,280
The alpha male is cautious.

259
00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:30,320
His own mother was killed
on this road.

260
00:42:52,400 --> 00:42:55,199
He makes sure it's clear
before crossing

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00:42:55,200 --> 00:42:58,480
with the slower members
of his family.

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00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:20,920
If the group is to get
what they need...

263
00:43:24,320 --> 00:43:28,080
..they will have to go against
their natural instincts...

264
00:43:30,440 --> 00:43:33,600
..and approach humans.

265
00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:05,840
But their new neighbours
are friendly.

266
00:44:11,600 --> 00:44:15,400
And they allow the chimps
to collect...

267
00:44:17,520 --> 00:44:19,519
..jackfruit,

268
00:44:19,520 --> 00:44:22,600
the largest of all tree fruits.

269
00:44:28,920 --> 00:44:33,920
Jackfruit grow all year round
in people's gardens.

270
00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:49,079
And they're more nutritious

271
00:44:49,080 --> 00:44:51,799
than the limited amount of wild food

272
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:56,520
the chimps can now find in what
remains of their forest.

273
00:45:07,960 --> 00:45:10,520
But this is a new world...

274
00:45:11,840 --> 00:45:14,640
..and a new relationship.

275
00:45:19,280 --> 00:45:23,160
New boundaries need to be
established.

276
00:45:26,080 --> 00:45:28,839
Some of the chimps start
to help themselves

277
00:45:28,840 --> 00:45:31,000
to people's crops.

278
00:46:04,640 --> 00:46:07,199
They have outstayed their welcome,

279
00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:11,239
and the alpha male decides
that it's time to leave.

280
00:46:31,520 --> 00:46:35,920
The chimps make this dangerous
journey every day.

281
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,599
But these highly
intelligent animals,

282
00:46:56,600 --> 00:46:59,119
our closest living relatives,

283
00:46:59,120 --> 00:47:01,679
have managed, just about,

284
00:47:01,680 --> 00:47:04,119
to carve out a place
for themselves

285
00:47:04,120 --> 00:47:06,960
in this changing world.

286
00:47:12,040 --> 00:47:14,519
Animals have maintained

287
00:47:14,520 --> 00:47:17,720
a long-established relationship
with forests.

288
00:47:22,040 --> 00:47:26,239
But as we continue to break
our connections with them,

289
00:47:26,240 --> 00:47:28,999
the question is,

290
00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:31,480
for how much longer will
they survive?

291
00:47:33,560 --> 00:47:38,600
Surely, the time has come
to rebuild them.

292
00:48:01,480 --> 00:48:03,599
Over many years,

293
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:06,759
I've been lucky enough to watch
chimps in their natural home,

294
00:48:06,760 --> 00:48:10,160
such as here in the thick forests
of West Africa.

295
00:48:11,480 --> 00:48:13,799
Chimpanzees.

296
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:16,640
A peaceful scene of jungle harmony.

297
00:48:18,200 --> 00:48:20,719
The experienced male...

298
00:48:20,720 --> 00:48:23,119
..is sitting right there.

299
00:48:23,120 --> 00:48:26,319
But the lives of
many chimpanzees

300
00:48:26,320 --> 00:48:28,800
are now changing dramatically.

301
00:48:44,160 --> 00:48:47,959
Here, in Uganda,
over the last decade,

302
00:48:47,960 --> 00:48:52,280
they have lost over 80%
of their forest home.

303
00:48:58,840 --> 00:49:02,600
They don't live in a protected area.

304
00:49:04,640 --> 00:49:08,679
To survive here,
they have to live alongside

305
00:49:08,680 --> 00:49:13,040
the 200 or so human families
who farm here.

306
00:49:14,760 --> 00:49:17,520
The chimps always come
from the forest.

307
00:49:18,720 --> 00:49:21,120
They come to eat jackfruit
from my land.

308
00:49:22,760 --> 00:49:25,559
They know us by our faces,

309
00:49:25,560 --> 00:49:28,880
as we know them by their faces,
as well.

310
00:49:30,120 --> 00:49:33,519
To tell the story of this
remarkable chimp group,

311
00:49:33,520 --> 00:49:37,760
the Planet Earth team are working
with these residents.

312
00:49:43,360 --> 00:49:44,959
Who was that, Tom?

313
00:49:44,960 --> 00:49:46,920
This one was Araali.

314
00:49:48,800 --> 00:49:53,880
Tom is part of the Bulindi
Chimpanzee and Community Project.

315
00:49:55,760 --> 00:50:00,440
He's been studying the chimps every
day for the last 15 years...

316
00:50:01,680 --> 00:50:04,920
..and has seen the change
first-hand.

317
00:50:06,000 --> 00:50:08,039
Very many things have changed.

318
00:50:08,040 --> 00:50:11,799
When chimpanzees were seeing people,
they would run.

319
00:50:11,800 --> 00:50:13,799
Run very quickly and go.

320
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:16,399
But now they just stand.

321
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:18,479
Because everywhere they go,

322
00:50:18,480 --> 00:50:20,640
they find a person.

323
00:50:23,160 --> 00:50:27,479
Chimps are normally tricky
to film in the wild.

324
00:50:27,480 --> 00:50:31,079
But in this human world,
the crew are surprised

325
00:50:31,080 --> 00:50:33,960
by how easy it is to approach them.

326
00:50:36,960 --> 00:50:39,480
Another one
coming up the path.

327
00:50:42,840 --> 00:50:44,839
But back in the forest,

328
00:50:44,840 --> 00:50:47,200
it's a different story.

329
00:50:50,240 --> 00:50:54,200
Here, the chimps seem wary
of the newcomers.

330
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:05,040
There's a ditch there.

331
00:51:12,720 --> 00:51:15,160
All the crew get to see...

332
00:51:17,800 --> 00:51:20,000
..is a lot of bottoms.

333
00:51:21,720 --> 00:51:26,559
This afternoon, the chimps have been
taking us on a wild-goose chase.

334
00:51:26,560 --> 00:51:29,479
They've crossed the river
and then they've crossed back,

335
00:51:29,480 --> 00:51:31,879
gone past us
while we're in the woods,

336
00:51:31,880 --> 00:51:34,240
and then now
they've disappeared again.

337
00:51:35,840 --> 00:51:38,999
When we don't have chimps...

338
00:51:39,000 --> 00:51:42,000
..we film goats!

339
00:51:48,840 --> 00:51:51,559
Here, in the chimps' forest home,

340
00:51:51,560 --> 00:51:54,959
it's going to take time
to earn the group's trust...

341
00:51:58,080 --> 00:51:59,960
I think they found Moses.

342
00:52:01,120 --> 00:52:03,039
..and get to know one another.

343
00:52:03,040 --> 00:52:04,960
This is Jack.

344
00:52:06,240 --> 00:52:10,120
After two weeks, things are
improving on the ground.

345
00:52:11,840 --> 00:52:16,400
But what will the chimps think
of the crew up in the trees?

346
00:52:20,120 --> 00:52:23,839
I can see a bunch of
chimp faces looking up at me.

347
00:52:23,840 --> 00:52:25,599
This is a new experience
for them.

348
00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:28,759
I doubt they've ever seen a human
in a tree before.

349
00:52:28,760 --> 00:52:31,920
So, hopefully, they accept me.

350
00:52:56,280 --> 00:52:58,640
After hours of waiting...

351
00:52:59,800 --> 00:53:01,600
..success!

352
00:53:05,120 --> 00:53:07,679
All the chimps that were
on the ground looking up at me

353
00:53:07,680 --> 00:53:09,599
are now happily in the tree,

354
00:53:09,600 --> 00:53:12,640
which is a really good sign
that they've accepted me.

355
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:17,319
It's the first time that we've been
able to see at their level

356
00:53:17,320 --> 00:53:19,200
while they're feeding.

357
00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:42,559
For the crew,
it has taken a long time

358
00:53:42,560 --> 00:53:44,720
to gain the chimps' acceptance.

359
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:49,719
But, in fact, the chimps here
have shown that they can

360
00:53:49,720 --> 00:53:52,480
respond quickly to the presence
of people.

361
00:53:55,000 --> 00:53:58,719
Chimpanzees are highly intelligent.

362
00:53:58,720 --> 00:54:01,239
If you cut down the forest,

363
00:54:01,240 --> 00:54:04,239
well, chimps will start
eating human crops.

364
00:54:04,240 --> 00:54:09,079
If you divide their range up
with roads and, you know...

365
00:54:09,080 --> 00:54:12,680
Well, chimps will end up just
learning to cross the roads.

366
00:54:15,040 --> 00:54:18,879
The animals can adapt to an
increasingly human environment.

367
00:54:18,880 --> 00:54:23,600
The question is, can people
accommodate an animal like a chimp?

368
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:36,519
Chimpanzees can be dangerous.

369
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:43,280
Living alongside them is
a mixed experience.

370
00:54:58,280 --> 00:55:02,559
The local community and the project
have been working together

371
00:55:02,560 --> 00:55:06,240
to try to decrease the impact
of these problems.

372
00:55:11,160 --> 00:55:13,839
Over the last eight years,

373
00:55:13,840 --> 00:55:15,999
Lilian and her family

374
00:55:16,000 --> 00:55:18,759
have planted native seedlings
on her land

375
00:55:18,760 --> 00:55:21,320
and left her patch of forest
to regrow.

376
00:55:22,480 --> 00:55:25,919
If we cut it, they come and
sleep in our houses,

377
00:55:25,920 --> 00:55:28,680
so we should leave that place
for them.

378
00:55:31,280 --> 00:55:34,759
If you leave them and
you don't disturb them,

379
00:55:34,760 --> 00:55:37,400
they are peaceful animals.

380
00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:45,079
With other residents following suit,

381
00:55:45,080 --> 00:55:50,000
more of the forest is showing
positive signs of return.

382
00:55:53,680 --> 00:55:56,079
There is a long way to go,

383
00:55:56,080 --> 00:56:00,320
and the future for these chimps
remains uncertain.

384
00:56:03,600 --> 00:56:07,519
But where peaceful coexistence
can be built,

385
00:56:07,520 --> 00:56:09,680
there is hope.

386
00:56:19,040 --> 00:56:21,959
Next time...

387
00:56:21,960 --> 00:56:26,040
..animals battle the elements
in a world of extremes...

388
00:56:29,120 --> 00:56:31,800
..where life exists on
a knife edge...

389
00:56:34,840 --> 00:56:38,280
..in Earth's greatest
natural wonders.

390
00:56:44,120 --> 00:56:47,519
Habitat Explorer brings animals
and their habitats to life.

391
00:56:47,520 --> 00:56:51,319
Explore this free interactive,
and make origami animals.

392
00:56:51,320 --> 00:56:55,279
Go to bbc.co.uk/planetearth3

393
00:56:55,280 --> 00:56:57,239
and follow the links to
the Open University.

394
00:56:57,240 --> 00:56:59,479
Or to order a free printed version,

395
00:56:59,480 --> 00:57:03,640
visit the website or call
the numbers on the screen.