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Beneath the Yucatan Peninsula
of Mexico...

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..lies another world.

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A labyrinth of caves...

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..carved by freshwater...

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..and essential for life on Earth.

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Freshwater shapes the land
and the creatures that live in it...

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..in the most surprising ways.

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The rainforest of Costa Rica.

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As you might expect,
it rains most days.

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But it's only during the wet season

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that the rains become torrential.

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And with them...

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..comes a most remarkable creature.

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Gliding tree frogs.

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Thousands drop in...

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..to gather at this
newly-formed pond.

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They all have an urgent need.

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To breed.

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This female needs to find a leaf

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and lay her eggs.

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The breeding frenzy
will only last one day...

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..so she needs to get a move on.

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There are lots of eager males.

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Nine for every female.

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And all are ready to
spring into action.

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So, for her, getting
a partner is no problem.

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But the other males are desperate.

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For this female,
mating is rather chaotic.

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Things are getting out of hand.

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There is one way to deal with this.

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A few well-placed kicks...

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..usually does the job.

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Problem solved.

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She and her partner can now
finally mate...

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..in relative peace.

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The eggs are positioned perfectly...

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..directly overhanging the pond.

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This is the ideal nursery
for tadpoles.

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For now, her work here is done.

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She'll be back next year
when the heavy rains return.

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As quickly as freshwater appears...

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..it can vanish.

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Southeast Sri Lanka.

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It's the middle of the dry season.

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This is the only remaining
water hole for miles around.

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Mugger crocodiles -

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giants, five metres long.

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Dozens are hiding...

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..beneath the surface.

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And others...

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..are on their way.

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This male has been
travelling for hours.

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The water hole is the only place
where he has a chance

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to catch a deer.

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A single adult would be enough to
feed him for the entire dry season.

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But hunting prey that
knows you're here...

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..requires something
truly remarkable.

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He creates...

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..a trap.

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He digs down into the mud...

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..deep enough to hide
beneath the vegetation.

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Perfect camouflage.

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He has built his trap
right on the water's edge...

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..so it's the first place that
thirsty deer will come to drink.

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These crocodiles
have learned to exploit

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the deer's desperate need
for freshwater.

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Freshwater transforms not only
the lives of animals...

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..but entire landscapes.

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Every year,
over a trillion litres of water

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flow into the Kalahari Desert.

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It has travelled a thousand miles
from where it fell as rain.

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And on arrival...

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..it turns the Kalahari...

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..into a vast oasis.

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The Okavango Delta.

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These waters attract
millions of animals.

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And for some, now is
the perfect time to raise a family.

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A lily-trotter.

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And he is a father...

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..on duty.

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He has not just one...

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..but four newly-hatched chicks.

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They won't be able to fly
for another six weeks...

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..so, until then, he alone
is their protector.

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Walking on water
is not straightforward...

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..so he must show them how
to be a lily-trotter.

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The floodwaters make the perfect
training ground.

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And in two weeks...

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..his chicks not only
double in size...

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..they grow in confidence.

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But this is a dangerous place
to stray.

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He sounds the alarm,

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and his chicks instantly freeze.

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They can't yet fly to safety.

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But there is one thing
he can do to protect them.

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And it's risky.

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Get close enough to distract...

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..and hopefully divert
the crocodile.

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Mission accomplished.

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He signals the all clear.

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But one chick is missing.

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His calls...

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..go unanswered.

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A little bedraggled
but alive and well.

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His chick just hadn't heard
his call.

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And when danger threatens,

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its always better
to be safe than sorry.

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He's brought his chicks,
all four of them,

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to the verge of independence.

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Whilst lily-trotters
are well adapted

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to life in this flooded world...

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..these residents of the delta
are not.

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African painted dogs.

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Normally, they are remarkably
successful hunters.

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But this pack of five
hasn't eaten in days.

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Finding prey isn't the problem.

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This herd of lechwe is only
a few hundred metres away.

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But between them is deep water.

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It's not safe to cross here.

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On dry land,
the dogs can run at over 40mph.

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But when threatened, lechwe always
seek the safety of water.

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With their splayed hooves
and long hind legs,

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they can power their way
through the water.

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The dogs can't.

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The pack won't be able
to outswim the lechwe.

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But they do have a strategy.

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The dogs drive the lechwe to
where they have the advantage.

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Back towards dry land.

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Now the pack can regain lost ground.

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Success today, but tomorrow
the pack will need to hunt again.

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In the Okavango,

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animals must always adapt to the
coming and going of freshwater.

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But there are a few rare places,
as here in Lake Malawi,

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where freshwater has lain
for millions of years.

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And that has enabled life to evolve

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into a dazzling diversity
of species.

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There are over a thousand
different kinds of fish here...

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..more than any other lake on Earth.

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Competition in these waters
is intense.

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Meet Nimbochromis livingstonii.

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A master of deception

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that tricks other fish
into thinking it's dead.

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Its mottled colouration
mimics decaying flesh.

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But to appear dead...

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..one must at least...

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..act dead.

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This juvenile is fooling no-one.

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Perhaps faking his death
will be more believable.

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Blown it.

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A more subtle performance
will be needed.

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This is more convincing.

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But his aim must be better
than that.

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Nearly.

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It seems he's overstayed
his welcome.

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In a final effort...

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..he appears to even
hold his breath.

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Success at last.

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All it took was a million years
of evolution...

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..and the unique stability
of this ancient lake.

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Off the western coast
of Equatorial Africa

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lies the volcanic island of Bioko.

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Freshwater here has
a turbulent nature.

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Few venture into such waters,

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but for those that do,
there can be great rewards.

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After months feeding and growing
out at sea,

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these gobies are ready to breed.

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And the safest place
to lay their eggs

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is somewhere that
ocean predators can't reach.

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The top of this waterfall.

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Surely an impossible journey
for a fish.

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But over the coming days,
the gobies transform themselves.

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They change colour.

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Their mouth rotates and acts
like a kind of suction cup...

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..which they will certainly need.

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Because the only way...is up.

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It is 30 metres to the top.

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They are only an inch long.

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This is the equivalent of
a human being scaling a waterfall

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over a mile high.

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Millions attempt the climb...

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..but less than 1% will make it.

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This goby has been
climbing for days.

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Made it!

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Those that reach the top
can now prepare to breed.

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And when the time comes, their young
will be washed back out to sea.

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The extraordinary power
of flowing water

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makes it our planet's
greatest architect.

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This may look like the surface
of an alien planet...

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..but these strange patterns
are channels of freshwater...

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.flowing towards the sea.

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For 3.8 billion years,

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ever since the first rains fell...

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..freshwater has been
making this journey.

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But today, two thirds
of our world's great rivers

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no longer reach the sea.

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There is a finite amount
of freshwater on Earth...

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..so humans have devised
extraordinary means

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to ensure that it is always
available to meet our every demand.

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We now control freshwater...

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..on a colossal scale.

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The largest irrigation system
on Earth

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has been built here in Pakistan.

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A vast network of dams and canals...

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..that diverts and drains
the great Indus River.

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It's used to irrigate an area
the size of England.

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00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,879
This man-made freshwater world

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provides water and a livelihood

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00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:51,999
for millions of people...

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..but at a cost
to the natural world.

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A rare creature has become stranded
in this irrigation canal.

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And the water will soon be gone,

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used to supply the surrounding land.

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Endangered, they number fewer
than 2,000 individuals.

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An Indus river dolphin.

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00:45:05,280 --> 00:45:11,040
This female dolphin is 150 miles
from the main river.

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00:45:14,760 --> 00:45:17,399
She can't return on her own,

217
00:45:17,400 --> 00:45:22,519
so the only option is for
this rescue team to take her.

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00:45:46,520 --> 00:45:50,359
Out of water,
she cannot survive for long.

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00:45:57,040 --> 00:46:00,439
The journey back to the river
will take hours.

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00:46:10,040 --> 00:46:14,760
Her life now depends
on these people.

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00:48:05,760 --> 00:48:11,560
Nearly 30 dolphins had to be
rescued in one month alone.

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00:48:41,760 --> 00:48:46,280
Freshwater is not only
a resource for humans.

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00:48:52,280 --> 00:48:57,039
It is the home for
countless species

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that simply cannot survive
without it.

225
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Freshwater is the lifeblood

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of Planet Earth.

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To film the story of the most
endangered freshwater dolphin,

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00:49:53,520 --> 00:49:58,279
the Planet Earth team joined the
world's leading expert - Uzma Khan.

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00:49:58,280 --> 00:50:02,519
The first time I saw Indus dolphin,
I was just amazed.

230
00:50:02,520 --> 00:50:04,519
It's a beautiful creature, you know,

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it's like love at first sight.
It's so unique.

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00:50:08,760 --> 00:50:12,759
Uzma has been studying
the last remaining population

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00:50:12,760 --> 00:50:14,760
for over 20 years.

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00:50:16,280 --> 00:50:19,959
There's a dolphin that surfaced
just right there.

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00:50:19,960 --> 00:50:24,559
Indus river dolphin
can only live in freshwater.

236
00:50:24,560 --> 00:50:27,759
It is only found in Pakistan
and nowhere else.

237
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And we only have about 2,000
of them left in the Indus River.

238
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So, you know, each individual
is special.

239
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Following the dolphins in the murky
water is extremely challenging.

240
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They only surface for a split second

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and that makes protecting them
difficult, too.

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00:50:51,040 --> 00:50:57,040
Their greatest threat is becoming
trapped in the irrigation canals.

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00:50:58,040 --> 00:51:00,799
But Uzma may have a solution,

244
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:04,040
and teams up with a rescue unit...

245
00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:08,720
..to attempt something
never done before.

246
00:51:11,080 --> 00:51:14,039
This is the first time
we'll be putting satellite tags

247
00:51:14,040 --> 00:51:16,039
on river dolphins in Asia.

248
00:51:16,040 --> 00:51:19,039
Sensors has not been tested
on this species,

249
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there's a little bit of anxiety,
but if they work,

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then it's going to be a breakthrough
for conservation.

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00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:33,399
Uzma has been developing
a suitable tag for over ten years

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and hopes it will help her
collect critical data

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00:51:37,520 --> 00:51:41,040
on how the dolphins are moving
through the dams and canals.

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00:51:42,280 --> 00:51:47,279
But in order to tag, she will
first need a successful rescue.

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I'm usually very concerned
when a rescue is happening.

256
00:52:11,520 --> 00:52:14,039
You know, the divers,
they are very experienced,

257
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but a part of me is always
very worried.

258
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They are wild animals
that have never been handled.

259
00:52:23,440 --> 00:52:26,519
It's really quite a risky thing
that they're undertaking here.

260
00:52:26,520 --> 00:52:28,759
There's a good chance
the dolphin might die.

261
00:52:28,760 --> 00:52:31,519
But, of course, they're balancing
that against the fact

262
00:52:31,520 --> 00:52:34,039
that they definitely will die
if they stay in here,

263
00:52:34,040 --> 00:52:36,040
so it's a risk they have to take.

264
00:52:52,280 --> 00:52:55,200
Have they got the dolphin?
Yeah, I think so. They've got it.

265
00:52:58,520 --> 00:53:01,280
Now speed is key.

266
00:53:10,520 --> 00:53:13,999
We're now bombing across the field
on the way to the release site,

267
00:53:14,000 --> 00:53:16,519
and I think Uzma went ahead of us,
so I'm really hopeful

268
00:53:16,520 --> 00:53:19,039
that she'll get her opportunity
to tag the dolphin.

269
00:53:22,760 --> 00:53:27,040
But rescue missions
don't always go to plan.

270
00:53:37,360 --> 00:53:39,040
A puncture.

271
00:53:46,520 --> 00:53:50,520
The dolphin is quickly moved
to the film crew's truck.

272
00:54:11,400 --> 00:54:14,039
But with no roof for shelter,

273
00:54:14,040 --> 00:54:17,759
the dolphin is at greater risk
of dehydration.

274
00:54:17,760 --> 00:54:20,360
The stakes are high, even right now.

275
00:54:21,360 --> 00:54:24,040
It's a cute little animal
and we don't want it to die.

276
00:54:29,440 --> 00:54:33,120
The team re-route
to the closest release site.

277
00:54:35,280 --> 00:54:37,360
There can be no more delay.

278
00:54:38,520 --> 00:54:41,000
Uzma calls off the tagging.

279
00:54:59,520 --> 00:55:02,199
It's unfortunate
because we were all prepared,

280
00:55:02,200 --> 00:55:05,279
we were very excited since morning,
all geared up,

281
00:55:05,280 --> 00:55:10,040
but hopefully we'll get an
opportunity to tag the next rescue.

282
00:55:20,760 --> 00:55:25,280
A few days later,
Uzma finally gets her chance.

283
00:55:31,320 --> 00:55:34,359
It's a very exciting day for us.

284
00:55:34,360 --> 00:55:36,279
It's OK.

285
00:55:36,280 --> 00:55:40,240
The moment that we have been
waiting for, over ten years.

286
00:55:41,240 --> 00:55:43,120
Just stay calm.

287
00:55:48,240 --> 00:55:50,280
OK, it's good to go.

288
00:55:54,120 --> 00:55:56,359
Congratulations.

289
00:55:56,360 --> 00:55:58,440
Well done.

290
00:56:02,760 --> 00:56:06,319
I am very happy, very happy.

291
00:56:06,320 --> 00:56:08,880
I think it's a great accomplishment.

292
00:56:11,040 --> 00:56:13,760
It's the happiest moment of my life.

293
00:56:20,520 --> 00:56:26,280
Within a few weeks, the tags begin
to reveal some new insights.

294
00:56:28,280 --> 00:56:32,119
They are moving quite a lot,
which we never expected.

295
00:56:32,120 --> 00:56:37,279
So one of the dolphins actually
went about 46km upstream

296
00:56:37,280 --> 00:56:40,839
from the release site, and the
other thing is that we thought

297
00:56:40,840 --> 00:56:43,279
that they will stay
in the main river stream,

298
00:56:43,280 --> 00:56:47,280
but they are using side channels.
It is extremely interesting.

299
00:56:48,280 --> 00:56:51,239
Tracking the movement
of the tagged dolphins

300
00:56:51,240 --> 00:56:53,519
will help Uzma better understand

301
00:56:53,520 --> 00:56:56,520
when and where
they become trapped...

302
00:56:57,760 --> 00:57:02,760
..helping safeguard the future
of this most endangered animal.

303
00:57:08,760 --> 00:57:10,520
Next time...

304
00:57:11,640 --> 00:57:13,240
..forests.

305
00:57:14,840 --> 00:57:17,079
A hidden world...

306
00:57:19,000 --> 00:57:22,520
..where lives are
intimately entwined...

307
00:57:24,360 --> 00:57:27,360
..in the most unexpected ways.

308
00:57:33,040 --> 00:57:37,239
Habitat Explorer brings animals
and their habitats to life.

309
00:57:37,240 --> 00:57:40,879
Explore this free interactive
and make origami animals.

310
00:57:40,880 --> 00:57:44,679
Go to bbc.co.uk/planetearth3

311
00:57:44,680 --> 00:57:47,119
and follow the links
to the Open University.

312
00:57:47,120 --> 00:57:49,519
Or to order a free printed version,

313
00:57:49,520 --> 00:57:52,760
visit the website or call
the number on the screen.