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Downloaded from
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX

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ITALICO SANDRO MUSSOLINI
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

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See you tomorrow, girls!

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MILAN, MAY 1938

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No, don't run or I'll look bad. Come on!

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Liliana, sorry. Come.

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I want to set up your bud.

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-That's it.
-Thanks.

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Maestra Cesarina, do you have children?

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No, I don't.

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I'm nubile.
But fortunately I have you, girls.

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And I love you as you were my children.

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But Mom has the others.

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True.

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So it means I love you
more than the others.

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-Liliana.
-Dad!

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-Hello, Dr. Segre.
-Hello.

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How did it go today? Were you good?

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Sure, very good as always.

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Shall we go?

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-Goodbye.
-Goodbye.

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-Goodbye, Maestra Cesarina.
-Bye, Liliana, see you tomorrow.

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In Milan, at school, Liliana waited
all morning for that moment.

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The time when your father would arrive
and take you by the hand.

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Before the racial laws I was just a girl.

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In a small family.

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Petty bourgeois, lay.

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So it was a Jewish family

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but with no particular rites.

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Or particular friendships.

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I didn't even know I was Jewish.

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NAPLES, JUNE 1938

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Guys, it's ready in half an hour, eh!

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Okay, Ma'!

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Let's make the teams then.

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There are five of us, but four Kahns.

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-You go play with them and that's it.
-Okay.

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In Naples
Tullio loved the streets of Vomero Hill,

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the sea and soccer matches
against the Kahn brothers

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with whom he'd share far more
than passion for football.

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We were a bourgeois family

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composed of Dad, Mom and five siblings.

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And I was the youngest.

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We were a peaceful family, if you like.

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PISA, JULY 1938

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In Pisa Guido had a dream.

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To become a man like his father,
good and brave.

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And with his dad he'd discover

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a child's courage could be bigger
than an adult's.

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Come on, Augusto!
Why don't you come work here too?

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-Why are you still in Rail?
-Rail is a safe job.

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It's nice, but we'll have to see the end.

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And you like trains, don't you, Guido?

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Uncle, but writing is gold, right?

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When it's there,
I will consider working here.

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-Nice.
-Good work, Uncle.

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Most shops used to be Jews'.

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That included my uncles' shops,
let's say my family's.

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It was my gran's shop, but family.

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ROME, SEPTEMBER 1938

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In Rome Lia really loved reading
children's books and making up things.

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She was a good singer too.

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Lia, will you do this homework?

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Yes, now I will.

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Enough! I'm switching it off.

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No, no, wait! Let the song finish.

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No, no.

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Dad's coming. Do the homework and fast.

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Okay, then I'll finish it at home.

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I know anyway.

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For sure.

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And what can you do, Signora?
Lia is better than the radio.

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I belonged to a bourgeois family.

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Let's say, quite well off

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with Jewish values.

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But it wasn't completely observant
apart from tradition.

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It being quite an informed family

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I picked up on anxiety
even before the racial laws.

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World Jewishness was,

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during 16 years and despite our politics,

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an enemy irreconcilable with fascism!

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One needs a clear,

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severe,

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racial conscience

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to fix not only differences

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but very clear superiority!

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On 5 September 1938,
in Tenuta di San Rossore in Pisa,

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King Vittorio Emanuele signed
the first decree of the laws

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to forbid in a few months Jews
from performing most jobs

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and especially Jewish children
from going to school.

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It's the start
of an out and out persecution

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of 50,000 Italians' civil rights
whose only crime was being Jewish.

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It's a disgrace! A disgrace!
It's impossible!

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I don't understand.
I don't know what's with Mussolini.

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Where are you going, eh?
Amedeo, won't you talk?

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And what can I say, eh?
And Mussolini was different before.

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Mussolini is Mussolini!

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What's got into you? He's Hitler's ally!
What were you thinking?

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The Germans didn't ask him
to do what he's doing!

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It's his initiative, his idea!

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-Enough, leave me in peace!
-Yes, go, go. Go!

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Roberto,
you shouldn't take it out on your brother.

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What's he to do with it?

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Yes, but that's too easy!
Now what will we tell Liliana?

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What happened?

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Huh? What's up, what did I do?

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Nothing, you did nothing.

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Listen,
maybe you'd better talk there a minute.

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To understand
the terrible impact of the racial laws

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00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:14,480
towards those guys of '38

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you also need to understand
the betrayal they suffered.

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They were Italian,

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deeply immersed
in the culture of the time.

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They were boys feeling fascist 100%.

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And overall,
their Jewish culture was just marginal.

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But the introduction of the racial laws

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throws their Jewishness in their face.

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They make them feel Jewish
because others force them to.

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The State Central Archive, in Rome,

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is almost bursting
with notes and texts by Mussolini

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relating to the anti-Jewish law writings.

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It's clear this person
who applied himself, studied,

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and the laws that finally came out,
given that he's the dictator,

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are the fruit of work and a considered,
if we can use this term,

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"serious" and deep thinking
from his point of view, obviously.

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From October 1938

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Tullio Foà, Lia Levi,
Guido Cava and Liliana Segre

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will no longer be children
like all the rest.

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-They expelled you.
-Expelled?

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You cannot go back to school.

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-What did I do?
-Nothing, you did nothing.

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It's the…

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The government made laws, new laws,

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prohibiting Jewish children from going
to school with the others.

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But why me?

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We're Jews, Liliana.

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Yes, but so what?

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I'm Italian.
Did they expel Italian children?

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Not Catholic Italians,
who they call "Aryan".

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The word "expelled"
from the elementary school,

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where I was in first and second year,

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was very bad news.

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I could hardly bear it.

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Because even a child knows

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being expelled from school
means you did something bad.

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And I started with that question

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"Why? Why? Why?"

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that I could never answer.

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I still can't.

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It doesn't make sense.

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Does it mean we are worth less?

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For them.

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Not so. Not so at all.

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For me you are worth
the same as all children, more, in fact!

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What'll we do now?

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Now I'll see and find a school
that takes Jewish children too.

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But you won't see Maestra Cesarina again.

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00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:29,240
How can we tell her?

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00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:32,800
She likes me so much.

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JEWISH TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
EXPELLED FROM SCHOOL

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FROM THE 16TH OCTOBER

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THE FATHER AND THE MOTHER
DO NOT BELONG TO THE JEWISH RACE

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The racial laws took us all by surprise.

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After a bit of muttering
I heard at home, my mother

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took me aside and said,
"I have to talk to you".

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The whole talk was
that I wouldn't go back to school.

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There, that was the start of my upset,
albeit unaware.

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"From tomorrow
you two won't go back to school."

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I was eight, my brother 11.

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So I said, "But why, Pa?

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We studied a lot, we got good marks.
Why won't we go back to school?"

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"Because. Just because, okay, you won't."

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The children do not just have
to bear this new reality striking them.

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They also see their families
plunge into chaos and desperation.

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Isn't it nice, Guido?

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Augusto, what's up?

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Augusto?

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-I don't know how to say it, Cinzia.
-Come, Guido.

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You stay with the little one, eh.

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There, with your little sister.

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00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:04,920
Augusto, what's wrong?

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00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:08,680
I lost my job, Cinzia.

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I was fired this morning. Laws.

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But Rail can't.

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Yes, they can fire me. Must, in fact.

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And soon there'll be no more
school for Guido.

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The office boss called my pa and said

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00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:27,720
"Cava, I'm glad you've become a father.

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00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:33,040
But I have to give you…

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The good news is
that you had a third daughter.

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00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:40,200
But I have to give you more news."

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He opened the drawer
and gave him the firing letter.

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My pa knew about the racial laws
and had expected it.

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And they fired him.

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00:13:49,720 --> 00:13:53,360
-But why us?
-"Why"? Because we're Jewish.

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Just Jewish.

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00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:15,920
-Pa, what's going on?
-I don't know, Guido.

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00:14:17,840 --> 00:14:18,880
I don't know.

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00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:21,840
Especially for the youngest children

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00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:26,080
the world starts with the awareness
given from their parents,

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00:14:26,160 --> 00:14:28,600
the security parents imbue in children.

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00:14:28,680 --> 00:14:33,880
So to see, without even knowing
what was happening,

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00:14:33,960 --> 00:14:37,520
seeing their parents weakened, in tears,

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00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:40,160
unable to reassure children

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00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:43,400
was the first sense of uncertainty

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00:14:43,480 --> 00:14:47,000
and loss of a child's world.

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00:14:56,840 --> 00:15:00,240
We know the great lines of the racial laws

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00:15:00,320 --> 00:15:02,080
that destroyed Jews' lives

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00:15:02,160 --> 00:15:06,800
and made them not second class citizens,
but "not citizens".

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00:15:06,880 --> 00:15:12,080
But all the minor,
even incompressible, worries

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00:15:12,160 --> 00:15:14,240
struck daily life.

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00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:16,520
I'm hardly going!

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00:15:16,600 --> 00:15:19,280
They said it other times,
but it never happened.

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00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:22,920
It was okay till then
because my brother-in-law was a war hero.

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00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,160
That protected us.

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00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:29,080
But now it's not enough.
We can't keep you in service any more.

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00:15:31,920 --> 00:15:33,320
But why?

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00:15:34,280 --> 00:15:35,440
Because you are Aryan.

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00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:37,560
Aryan?

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00:15:38,240 --> 00:15:41,720
I'm Aryan? I'm from Tivoli.
What does it mean?

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00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:43,320
For the State you're Aryan.

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00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:46,400
And Jews can no longer have Aryans
in service.

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00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:51,320
Over the years,
the serving lady was like family.

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00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:55,880
And for us it was like removing a pillar,

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00:15:55,960 --> 00:15:58,200
a home character.

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00:15:58,280 --> 00:16:03,280
So we experienced it
as almost incommensurable,

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00:16:03,360 --> 00:16:04,720
not possible.

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00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:07,000
What will Lia do without me?

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00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:12,120
Actually there may be a solution,
as long as you agree.

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00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:15,760
-Mrs. Colatei.
-The neighbor?

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00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:18,600
I spoke to her.
She seems willing to pretend to hire you.

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00:16:19,440 --> 00:16:22,360
-What does "pretend" mean?
-You continue working here.

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00:16:22,440 --> 00:16:24,520
But you'll go to bed at Colatei's.

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00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:28,280
-So I'll work for them?
-Oh no! You might do some chores.

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00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:31,320
You can lend them a hand, just to be kind.

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00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:33,200
You'll stay with us, right?

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00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:35,640
It looks a bit odd to me.

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00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:39,880
But if you say so, Signora, it's okay.

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00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:41,040
Hurrah!

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00:16:45,520 --> 00:16:47,080
The pact was that we paid her

242
00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:51,640
but she stayed with this family
and sometimes came to help in the home.

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00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:54,880
But as it happens in life,
she got swallowed up

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00:16:54,960 --> 00:16:57,360
and identified with the other family.

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00:16:57,440 --> 00:17:01,520
And as well as the deprivation,
we suffered enormous jealousy.

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00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:05,200
Because there were other girls there
and she tended to them.

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00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:15,040
Hello.

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00:17:15,119 --> 00:17:16,680
Hello.

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00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:32,800
There were heart-rending scenes too.

250
00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:34,680
Always in daily life, not big things.

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00:17:34,760 --> 00:17:38,560
But minor dramas do affect people's lives.

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00:17:42,120 --> 00:17:44,560
Children do not understand the reasons

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00:17:44,640 --> 00:17:49,080
everyone suddenly turns their backs
on them and on their parents.

254
00:17:53,040 --> 00:17:55,720
As for all motherless children,

255
00:17:55,800 --> 00:18:00,800
the teacher took on a special role

256
00:18:00,880 --> 00:18:06,840
in my small heart, in how I felt then.

257
00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:09,240
She was this female figure…

258
00:18:11,480 --> 00:18:17,960
in whom I invested affection and hope.

259
00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:21,840
Liliana has great trust in you.

260
00:18:21,920 --> 00:18:24,920
But she's restless.

261
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:29,080
Just think, she worries
more for you than herself.

262
00:18:29,160 --> 00:18:30,240
For me?

263
00:18:30,320 --> 00:18:33,840
I didn't know how to tell you,
I was scared I'd upset you.

264
00:18:33,920 --> 00:18:35,560
Sure.

265
00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:37,720
She's a very sensitive girl.

266
00:18:40,120 --> 00:18:42,600
But just see,
she'll understand in the end.

267
00:18:42,680 --> 00:18:44,040
Yes, I hope so.

268
00:18:44,120 --> 00:18:47,240
You're her teacher and…

269
00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:49,480
And as this has to happen,

270
00:18:49,560 --> 00:18:53,160
you may help make it easier.

271
00:18:53,240 --> 00:18:56,840
Me? Sorry, how?
What do I have to do with it?

272
00:18:56,920 --> 00:19:00,320
It's not up to me to decide
whether Liliana can go back to school.

273
00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:03,960
-I didn't make these laws.
-Of course, I know.

274
00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:07,640
But maybe you can help her understand,
support her in the first stages.

275
00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:10,480
Dr. Segre, you try to understand me.

276
00:19:11,440 --> 00:19:14,560
Getting involved in these matters
has become very dangerous.

277
00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:16,800
I am a civil servant.

278
00:19:17,920 --> 00:19:19,880
I also have to think of myself

279
00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:22,400
and all the other girls.

280
00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:28,960
It's not just you Jews.

281
00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:38,120
Now if you don't mind, I must go.

282
00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:56,720
-Goodbye.
-Goodbye.

283
00:20:02,720 --> 00:20:05,960
I remember
it was a great disappointment for me.

284
00:20:06,040 --> 00:20:10,880
Because I expected kisses
and hugs and great pain

285
00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:15,440
that she wouldn't have me at school
but she said:

286
00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:18,920
"I didn't make the racial laws.
How am I involved?"

287
00:20:20,160 --> 00:20:22,240
She didn't even send greeting to me.

288
00:20:23,920 --> 00:20:28,320
And it was… a very bad moment.

289
00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:41,760
I think there were 25 girls then.

290
00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:48,360
And only two were still my friends.

291
00:20:48,440 --> 00:20:52,480
They continued
inviting me to their little parties

292
00:20:52,560 --> 00:20:56,160
and coming round to play.

293
00:20:56,240 --> 00:21:01,960
The others didn't notice
I'd stopped going to school.

294
00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:08,720
School is just the first step.

295
00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:12,400
The regime wants to eliminate Jews
from all areas of public life

296
00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:14,520
and all institutions,

297
00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:17,080
even at the cost of paying a big price.

298
00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:19,560
In fact it finally sacks
professors, professionals

299
00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:23,760
and our country's
high profile intellectuals.

300
00:21:25,040 --> 00:21:26,600
Like scientists Emilio Segré,

301
00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:29,680
Bruno Pontecorvo
and the two Nobel Prizewinners.

302
00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:32,600
Physicist Enrico Fermi, married to a Jew.

303
00:21:32,680 --> 00:21:35,320
And economist Franco Modigliani.

304
00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:45,040
Italian society does not protest publicly.

305
00:21:45,120 --> 00:21:46,960
The King does not protest.

306
00:21:47,040 --> 00:21:51,920
The other real, great and different power
does not protest,

307
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:56,760
even counter power, that is the Holy See.

308
00:21:56,840 --> 00:22:02,160
The 1938 laws are accompanied
by a consensus,

309
00:22:02,240 --> 00:22:08,600
or these blessed formulas
of quite high tacit consent.

310
00:22:12,120 --> 00:22:16,920
The government that issued the laws
on 5 September 1938

311
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,320
altered the law.

312
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:25,200
And said that if it was possible
to organize, just for elementary school,

313
00:22:25,280 --> 00:22:29,520
a class of ten girls and boys
from first to fifth year of elementary

314
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:33,000
they would authorize them
to go to a state school.

315
00:22:39,120 --> 00:22:40,520
Sir, sorry, but I didn't…

316
00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:47,440
Totò, be so kind, come here.

317
00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:55,000
Can you get me a coffee? But not out here.

318
00:22:55,080 --> 00:22:57,040
-Go to the piazza. It's better.
-Fine.

319
00:23:12,640 --> 00:23:15,160
Mrs. Foà, we have a problem.

320
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:27,800
The law allows
forming a special class for Judeans

321
00:23:27,880 --> 00:23:30,720
if there are
at least ten six-year-old kids.

322
00:23:32,240 --> 00:23:35,880
Here at Scuola Vanvitelli
we only have nine.

323
00:23:37,240 --> 00:23:40,200
I know, my children study here.

324
00:23:40,280 --> 00:23:43,840
-Remo and Mario.
-Yes, I know.

325
00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:46,760
I'm interested in the other one.
That's why I called for you.

326
00:23:46,840 --> 00:23:48,080
What's his name?

327
00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:51,480
-Tullio.
-Tullio.

328
00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:55,760
-And how old is Tullio?
-Five.

329
00:23:55,840 --> 00:23:58,360
You're quite sure he's five?

330
00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:07,680
No.

331
00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:10,600
He's six.

332
00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:12,680
Fine, quite fine.

333
00:24:12,760 --> 00:24:15,120
We'll join him to the other nine
and form the class.

334
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,960
If he'd been five,
it would have been impossible.

335
00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:20,560
But if that's the way.

336
00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:24,640
Thank you, Sir. Thank you.

337
00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:30,200
-Did you hear?
-Do I have to go to school a year early?

338
00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:33,320
-And I have to thank you too?
-Tullio.

339
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:36,040
-Thank you.
-You're welcome.

340
00:24:39,640 --> 00:24:41,200
-Goodbye.
-Goodbye.

341
00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:43,960
Goodbye, little one.

342
00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:46,160
-Goodbye.
-Goodbye.

343
00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:49,040
Thank you.

344
00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:52,520
All great, I was very content,

345
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,320
I went to school with my elder brother
and the friends

346
00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:58,880
I met in our place of worship,
called a synagogue.

347
00:24:58,960 --> 00:25:02,000
I had my outfit too, my black apron,

348
00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:05,160
my starched white collar and nice red bud.

349
00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:08,440
But a few days later
I started to notice something strange.

350
00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:09,560
One.

351
00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:11,240
Two.

352
00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:15,840
Scuola Vanvitelli has a very big gate

353
00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:18,520
and very small side gate.

354
00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:23,240
All the boys and girls went in
by the main gate.

355
00:25:23,320 --> 00:25:29,000
And just the ten of us, only us,
we went in by this secondary gate

356
00:25:29,080 --> 00:25:31,280
fifteen minutes before the others.

357
00:25:31,360 --> 00:25:35,720
We also left by this gate
15 minutes after the others.

358
00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:41,320
There, that's when it was clear
we were the abnormal ones.

359
00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:48,960
What are they doing?

360
00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:52,640
They're Jews.
They can't do gym with us normal ones.

361
00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:00,520
We couldn't have contacts
with the other children.

362
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:03,920
And clearly they said:
"They're Jews! They're Jews!"

363
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:06,520
But even they didn't know what it meant.

364
00:26:12,440 --> 00:26:16,560
All the minor,
even incompressible, worries

365
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:19,160
struck everyday life.

366
00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:22,880
For example, the fact
that Jews couldn't have a radio.

367
00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:26,240
Even then, I thought and said,

368
00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:28,320
"It isn't a broadcasting radio."

369
00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:30,840
If it were one,

370
00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:35,880
you could pass information to the enemy
but you could only listen to this radio.

371
00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:40,520
And that did hit me, because it was like
denying children a TV.

372
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:47,640
And things got worse rapidly.

373
00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:51,200
A series of circulars
increasingly hardens the racial laws.

374
00:26:56,040 --> 00:26:59,640
It's a gust of discrimination
and prohibitions of all kinds.

375
00:27:05,920 --> 00:27:10,320
And it doesn't matter that most
of the constrictions are totally absurd.

376
00:27:11,040 --> 00:27:12,840
What's prohibited doesn't count.

377
00:27:12,920 --> 00:27:17,560
Because life is what they want
to make impossible for Jews.

378
00:27:17,640 --> 00:27:24,160
By that, the regime gets
two results at the same time.

379
00:27:24,240 --> 00:27:28,080
One is simple and pure,
to persecute the Jews.

380
00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:31,800
The other is to incite their leaving.

381
00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:36,240
Dad was vice director of a bank.

382
00:27:36,320 --> 00:27:40,160
And he was told that from today
he would no longer be part of the bank

383
00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:41,960
because he was fired.

384
00:27:42,040 --> 00:27:45,800
Dad asked for the reason
and they said it was because he is Jewish.

385
00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:52,880
And Dad emigrated to Africa,
Asmara to be precise,

386
00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:56,200
where it was thought
that there was work for Italians.

387
00:27:56,280 --> 00:28:00,480
And because there the racial laws
were not as rigid

388
00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:02,240
as they were becoming in Italy.

389
00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:16,360
JEWS

390
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,200
-When did it happen?
-Tonight.

391
00:28:26,280 --> 00:28:28,120
Cowards.

392
00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:30,640
Better that way.
Imagine if you were inside.

393
00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:33,360
Yes. Now we even have
to be thankful for what happened.

394
00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:35,560
Franco, listen.

395
00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:38,200
Is your offer to me still valid?

396
00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:40,920
Are you sure? Now it's more dangerous.

397
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:45,760
-We really don't know how it'll end.
-They took my job from me. And know what?

398
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:48,920
I'll get a new job.
I don't care if it is dangerous.

399
00:28:49,840 --> 00:28:51,320
Is that okay for you?

400
00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:53,400
Of course, Augusto. Great!

401
00:28:59,920 --> 00:29:01,720
Come on then, let's get busy.

402
00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:10,240
And I don't even know why,
I just felt like it,

403
00:29:10,320 --> 00:29:16,840
I picked up a shard from the window.

404
00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:21,880
Who knows why?
I just felt like it, let's say.

405
00:29:21,960 --> 00:29:23,520
And I put it in my pocket.

406
00:29:24,520 --> 00:29:28,600
And I even kept it after the war.
I'm sorry I later lost it.

407
00:29:29,640 --> 00:29:33,000
You know, cannon shots, bombardments…

408
00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:36,320
Anyway I kept it,
I remember I had it after the war.

409
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:38,560
People of Italy!

410
00:29:39,320 --> 00:29:41,120
Run to arms!

411
00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:45,640
And show…

412
00:29:45,720 --> 00:29:46,960
ROME, 10 JUNE 1940

413
00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:48,640
…your tenacity!

414
00:29:50,320 --> 00:29:52,320
Your courage!

415
00:29:53,840 --> 00:29:55,840
Your value!

416
00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:00,960
At home, Mom looked worried.

417
00:30:01,040 --> 00:30:04,800
Worried grandparents, aunts
and uncles, elder brothers too.

418
00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:21,120
When I went home,
I always noticed one less picture

419
00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:23,320
or table or carpet.

420
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:26,400
To feed these four kids

421
00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:28,920
Mom sold all she could.

422
00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:35,240
We practically became poor.

423
00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:37,440
But being poor is no disgrace.

424
00:30:37,520 --> 00:30:40,960
It's a condition.

425
00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:47,240
So Mom made a decision
after consulting with us.

426
00:30:47,320 --> 00:30:49,240
To let a room.

427
00:30:49,320 --> 00:30:54,640
A room was let to a very tall gentleman
whom I remember very well.

428
00:30:54,720 --> 00:30:56,240
This man came.

429
00:30:56,320 --> 00:31:01,760
And we realized
that he listened to Radio London.

430
00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:05,360
It was practically a very important radio,

431
00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:10,600
with an Italian speaker
sending strange messages to Italy.

432
00:31:10,680 --> 00:31:13,320
Felice is not felicitous.

433
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:15,800
It meant nothing to normal people.

434
00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:18,680
The cow doesn't give milk.

435
00:31:18,760 --> 00:31:22,720
But for the partisans
getting organized against the Germans

436
00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:24,040
it meant a lot.

437
00:31:24,120 --> 00:31:29,320
It meant the planes
would probably parachute medicines,

438
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:30,520
arms, money.

439
00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:34,440
But when Mom realized
this man was listening to Radio London

440
00:31:34,520 --> 00:31:36,520
she told him,
"You can't stay here any more".

441
00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:40,800
"I have four young children
and we're at the nub of the cyclone.

442
00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:42,680
Be kind, you must go away."

443
00:31:42,760 --> 00:31:47,040
The gentleman left.
His name was Piero Calamandrei.

444
00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:52,360
He was one of the characters
who wrote the Constitution.

445
00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:56,640
Who removed the seal?

446
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:02,720
Maybe, I don't know,
listen to Radio London.

447
00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:08,960
That's torn it.

448
00:32:09,040 --> 00:32:10,480
Do you know?

449
00:32:11,120 --> 00:32:14,840
Sorry, it must have been the service lady
who hit it while cleaning.

450
00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:17,200
I think it's easy to repair.

451
00:32:18,240 --> 00:32:20,240
I think it can be repaired!

452
00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:23,640
Give the other rooms a look.

453
00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:06,320
Please, Comrade, check our documents.

454
00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:09,000
-You'll see we're decent.
-Documents?

455
00:33:09,720 --> 00:33:11,320
I know who you are.

456
00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:16,720
Please, check anyway.

457
00:33:42,240 --> 00:33:43,640
That's fine.

458
00:33:45,120 --> 00:33:46,960
Let's go!

459
00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:49,760
Come on then!

460
00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:53,160
-What, we just go away?
-Yes, you do.

461
00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:55,360
Take that and good night.

462
00:34:02,240 --> 00:34:03,840
That way you won't be tempted.

463
00:34:05,520 --> 00:34:07,200
Right?

464
00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:09,520
Thank me then.

465
00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:13,920
Thank you.

466
00:34:32,840 --> 00:34:34,440
Nothing has happened.

467
00:34:34,920 --> 00:34:38,320
Nothing, it's over. It's over, my girl.

468
00:34:39,639 --> 00:34:42,159
There is also a form of violence,

469
00:34:42,239 --> 00:34:45,239
I mean
the bureaucratic application of these laws

470
00:34:45,320 --> 00:34:48,520
recently discovered
by the Anselmi Commission.

471
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:50,400
It's read in the confiscation reports.

472
00:34:50,480 --> 00:34:53,480
Imagine the police
entering the Jews' homes

473
00:34:53,560 --> 00:34:58,360
to confiscate brushes,
chamber pots, tools for everyday life.

474
00:34:59,440 --> 00:35:04,280
There are two phases
in the ownership of goods.

475
00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:09,960
In an initial period,
from 1938 to 1943,

476
00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:12,560
the tips are polished off.

477
00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:16,160
I mean a ceiling is placed,
quite low actually,

478
00:35:16,240 --> 00:35:20,120
on the goods a Jew can own.

479
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:24,600
Beyond that ceiling
he is forced to cede them

480
00:35:24,680 --> 00:35:30,560
and undergo expropriation
receiving in exchange certificates

481
00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:35,880
at a rate quite lower
than the market one then.

482
00:35:36,840 --> 00:35:41,440
So buying and reselling Jews' houses
was a manna for the State.

483
00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:46,000
After 8 September 1943

484
00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:50,160
it goes to the generalized confiscation

485
00:35:50,240 --> 00:35:54,200
of all Jewish owned goods.

486
00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:05,800
Very few were able
to understand the necessity to flee.

487
00:36:11,120 --> 00:36:14,960
And understanding that was not enough,
they also needed knowledge,

488
00:36:15,040 --> 00:36:19,000
they needed to get visas,
the documents for expatriation.

489
00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:23,080
Most countries closed their borders
to fleeing Jews.

490
00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:27,200
So many saw the chance to go away
denied too.

491
00:36:30,520 --> 00:36:35,160
And there was also the random element,
the decision to trust a neighbor

492
00:36:35,240 --> 00:36:37,160
rather than a stranger.

493
00:36:37,240 --> 00:36:40,040
Because sometimes
it could be the neighbor who betrayed

494
00:36:40,120 --> 00:36:43,560
and vice versa,
the stranger who helped keep you safe.

495
00:37:01,920 --> 00:37:03,920
Tell me what's up, Mom.

496
00:37:17,320 --> 00:37:18,160
Mrs. Foà?

497
00:37:21,440 --> 00:37:25,040
Salvatore Pace, Public Safety.
Let's continue walking, please.

498
00:37:26,040 --> 00:37:30,840
Let's treat this like a nice conversation.
Smile.

499
00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:34,560
A report reached us.

500
00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:38,120
And when this happens,
as I'm police, I'm forced to verify.

501
00:37:40,240 --> 00:37:44,040
-What report?
-They're after you. Understand?

502
00:37:45,520 --> 00:37:48,960
And in your position tracing you is easy.

503
00:37:49,040 --> 00:37:52,840
That's the problem.
It's dangerous for you and your family.

504
00:37:52,920 --> 00:37:54,720
And what do you want from me?

505
00:37:57,840 --> 00:37:59,840
Is there anyone,

506
00:37:59,920 --> 00:38:02,880
some friend of yours who's not your race

507
00:38:02,960 --> 00:38:07,800
and ready to put your house in his name?

508
00:38:07,880 --> 00:38:09,720
Your bills, the water, the light.

509
00:38:10,520 --> 00:38:13,160
I don't know, I'll have to think. Why?

510
00:38:13,240 --> 00:38:14,440
Do it at once.

511
00:38:15,640 --> 00:38:17,680
Then you'll finally disappear.

512
00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:21,320
Maybe you'll become ghosts for us.

513
00:38:22,240 --> 00:38:24,240
We don't know each other.

514
00:38:30,440 --> 00:38:32,840
Thank you. Let's go.

515
00:38:35,160 --> 00:38:37,960
We are very grateful
to Commissioner Salvatore Pace

516
00:38:38,040 --> 00:38:39,360
for helping us.

517
00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:42,720
But we didn't know who he was,
and he didn't know us either.

518
00:38:42,800 --> 00:38:46,520
So it was a remarkable act of altruism.

519
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:50,920
Like Marcello Magrì too,
who was a family friend,

520
00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:56,960
who put the deeds and rent in his name,
even facing dangers

521
00:38:57,040 --> 00:39:01,240
deriving from the penalties
the Party meted out.

522
00:39:06,840 --> 00:39:11,320
After the USA entered the war,
the wind started to change.

523
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:16,360
On 10 July 1943 the Allies land in Sicily.

524
00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:22,800
Soon after, on 25 July,
Mussolini is deposed and arrested.

525
00:39:24,240 --> 00:39:28,200
On 8 September
General Badoglio proclaims armistice.

526
00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:30,520
Many Italians think the war is over.

527
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:32,480
Not so.

528
00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:39,280
Italy precipitates into chaos.

529
00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:41,800
The King and government
flee from Rome to Brindisi

530
00:39:41,880 --> 00:39:44,920
leaving the Italian army without orders.

531
00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:49,000
Hundreds of thousands of soldiers
are caught by Germans

532
00:39:49,080 --> 00:39:50,720
and deported into Northern Europe.

533
00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:55,480
The country splits in two.

534
00:39:55,560 --> 00:39:57,320
The South is controlled by the Allies

535
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:01,680
while the center and North
are occupied by Nazi fascist forces.

536
00:40:07,040 --> 00:40:11,880
When Livorno was navally bombarded,

537
00:40:11,960 --> 00:40:16,520
Pisa citizens were fraught with worry too.

538
00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:43,440
What have we here?

539
00:40:46,440 --> 00:40:50,760
-Where is the Jewish capitalist?
-He lives there, in that house.

540
00:40:56,320 --> 00:40:57,320
Break the door down!

541
00:41:03,640 --> 00:41:04,640
Help!

542
00:41:05,440 --> 00:41:07,040
Help! Let go!

543
00:41:07,120 --> 00:41:08,120
Help!

544
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:10,640
Let go! Help!

545
00:41:13,840 --> 00:41:15,720
Move! You, dirty Jew, get up!

546
00:41:15,800 --> 00:41:19,280
Get up, come on! I've no time to lose!

547
00:41:20,760 --> 00:41:22,240
Where's the gold?

548
00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:25,880
Where's the gold?

549
00:41:29,720 --> 00:41:31,200
Where's the gold?

550
00:41:38,480 --> 00:41:40,280
Guido, get away from the window!

551
00:41:49,560 --> 00:41:51,480
We have to go, we must leave.

552
00:41:52,720 --> 00:41:53,800
We'll do this…

553
00:41:55,240 --> 00:41:58,040
You take Flora and go to your aunt.

554
00:41:58,120 --> 00:42:02,440
Guido and I can go
to my brother in Calci, okay?

555
00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:12,640
Mussolini, freed by the Nazis,
returns to power

556
00:42:12,720 --> 00:42:14,720
and is placed at the head
of the Republic of Salò

557
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:18,440
which goes from Lazio,
including Rome, to all the center-North.

558
00:42:20,120 --> 00:42:24,080
While the allied forces
support King Vittorio Emanuele III

559
00:42:24,160 --> 00:42:26,840
in the Kingdom of Italy,
made up of all the South,

560
00:42:26,920 --> 00:42:30,800
Mussolini chooses
to adhere totally to Hitler's fury.

561
00:42:32,760 --> 00:42:34,400
Those belonging to the Jewish race

562
00:42:34,480 --> 00:42:37,720
are officially declared
foreign and enemies.

563
00:42:38,320 --> 00:42:41,080
Jews, all Jews, must be arrested

564
00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:45,160
and deported to concentration camps
in Germany and Poland.

565
00:42:45,240 --> 00:42:47,560
Freedom and peace seemed to be close.

566
00:42:47,640 --> 00:42:51,640
But for Italian Jews it is the start
of the most atrocious nightmare.

567
00:42:52,920 --> 00:42:59,480
The Carta di Verona is a document
approved in mid-November 1943.

568
00:42:59,560 --> 00:43:04,800
It holds a series of objectives
on the social field.

569
00:43:04,880 --> 00:43:06,560
And its contents declare

570
00:43:06,640 --> 00:43:10,640
that those belonging to the Jewish race
are foreign

571
00:43:10,720 --> 00:43:14,560
and during this war
belong to enemy nationality.

572
00:43:14,640 --> 00:43:20,880
At that moment citizenship
for Italian Jews is revoked.

573
00:43:25,640 --> 00:43:26,640
Breathe.

574
00:43:48,520 --> 00:43:49,880
Will you come out with me for a moment?

575
00:44:04,240 --> 00:44:05,640
The child has pneumonia.

576
00:44:07,080 --> 00:44:08,640
He must be hospitalized now.

577
00:44:11,160 --> 00:44:12,400
No, that's impossible.

578
00:44:12,480 --> 00:44:14,760
-It's impossible.
-Why?

579
00:44:14,840 --> 00:44:16,240
Because we are Jewish.

580
00:44:18,640 --> 00:44:20,440
That's why we're hiding here.

581
00:44:20,520 --> 00:44:26,480
My pa said,
"Doctor, look, we're a family of Jews.

582
00:44:26,560 --> 00:44:31,400
We can't go to the hospital
as the Germans would take us away."

583
00:44:32,560 --> 00:44:33,640
I understand.

584
00:44:48,640 --> 00:44:50,400
He's a fascist.

585
00:44:51,320 --> 00:44:52,800
What if he reports us?

586
00:45:02,240 --> 00:45:05,040
He starts the engine and goes.

587
00:45:06,960 --> 00:45:08,240
He goes.

588
00:45:08,320 --> 00:45:10,640
After barely an hour…

589
00:45:13,240 --> 00:45:14,080
It was the doctor.

590
00:45:16,960 --> 00:45:18,760
The fever is still high.

591
00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:32,440
Here.

592
00:45:33,480 --> 00:45:36,120
One tablet every six hours.

593
00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:38,440
Every six hours, mind.

594
00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:41,520
Tomorrow tell me how he is.

595
00:45:42,240 --> 00:45:45,120
-Thank you.
-Thank you, Doctor.

596
00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:48,960
Back then there was no penicillin,
just medicine like that.

597
00:45:49,040 --> 00:45:52,560
And for a week he came twice a day.

598
00:45:52,640 --> 00:45:53,960
Morning and night.

599
00:46:13,800 --> 00:46:19,240
Families have brothers, sisters,

600
00:46:19,320 --> 00:46:24,120
sometimes even twins

601
00:46:24,200 --> 00:46:29,000
whose destiny is sealed.

602
00:46:29,680 --> 00:46:31,880
Everything will be fine, Guido.

603
00:46:31,960 --> 00:46:38,360
The two Segre brothers,
Amedeo and Alberto, were a year apart.

604
00:46:38,440 --> 00:46:41,720
The two were very different.

605
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:45,040
One winner.

606
00:46:45,120 --> 00:46:46,960
It was my uncle.

607
00:46:47,040 --> 00:46:50,480
One loser. It was my dad.

608
00:46:54,480 --> 00:46:59,240
When the moment came to flee,

609
00:46:59,320 --> 00:47:02,560
the hardest moment for everyone,

610
00:47:02,640 --> 00:47:07,320
my uncle, now married to a Catholic,

611
00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:12,160
fled to the mountain with his wife.

612
00:47:12,240 --> 00:47:17,560
Just like that, he left my dad
with the two parents.

613
00:47:17,640 --> 00:47:21,480
Granddad, very ill with Parkinson's,

614
00:47:21,560 --> 00:47:24,520
and Gran, who was losing it a bit

615
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:27,480
over all the fear and shock.

616
00:47:27,560 --> 00:47:32,840
My dad, an extraordinary son and father,

617
00:47:32,920 --> 00:47:36,160
was so scarily conflicted.

618
00:47:36,240 --> 00:47:38,920
He wanted to keep me safe.

619
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:43,080
But how could he leave
his parents alone? How?

620
00:47:59,240 --> 00:48:04,360
The Nazi fascist forces immediately
implement their deportation plan

621
00:48:04,440 --> 00:48:06,520
and choose the city to start from.

622
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:11,240
The deportations would start from Naples.

623
00:48:11,320 --> 00:48:14,080
The Germans had organized everything
very well.

624
00:48:14,160 --> 00:48:16,000
Colonel Scholl,

625
00:48:16,080 --> 00:48:20,920
commander of the Campania region
and positioned at Naples,

626
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:23,520
organized everything very meticulously.

627
00:48:23,600 --> 00:48:27,880
He even chose music to accompany the Jews.

628
00:48:27,960 --> 00:48:30,560
To ease the Jewish march.

629
00:48:30,640 --> 00:48:34,920
It was "Lacrimosa",
from Mozart's Requiem Mass in D Minor.

630
00:48:43,920 --> 00:48:50,720
But Colonel Scholl underestimated
the Neapolitans.

631
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:55,440
Because in four days the Neapolitans
managed to quash the Germans.

632
00:49:06,880 --> 00:49:11,240
Amid partisans, lads and lasses,

633
00:49:11,320 --> 00:49:13,960
the Germans fled in these four days.

634
00:49:14,040 --> 00:49:17,560
And, if we like,
Naples is the only city in the world

635
00:49:17,640 --> 00:49:21,400
that was liberated alone
without help from any army.

636
00:49:25,840 --> 00:49:30,520
On 9 October in Trieste
and 16 October 1943 in Rome

637
00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:33,040
thousands of Jews are arrested

638
00:49:33,120 --> 00:49:36,520
and after some checks
are loaded onto livestock trucks

639
00:49:36,600 --> 00:49:39,600
and sent to concentration camps
in Central Europe.

640
00:49:43,440 --> 00:49:50,000
The 1,259 people arrested in the capital
include 207 children.

641
00:49:50,080 --> 00:49:55,000
But only 15 men and one woman
will return from Auschwitz.

642
00:49:55,080 --> 00:49:57,320
Many in Rome manage to save themselves

643
00:49:57,400 --> 00:50:01,600
hiding in those convents
that bravely open their doors.

644
00:50:04,640 --> 00:50:06,840
These are the documents of a girl
who studied here

645
00:50:06,920 --> 00:50:08,920
and because of the war
has not yet returned.

646
00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:14,680
Now they are yours.
It says Maria Cristina Cataldi.

647
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:18,640
This will be your name from now on.

648
00:50:18,720 --> 00:50:21,640
You will only answer
if they use that name.

649
00:50:21,720 --> 00:50:26,240
Lia no longer exists. Forget her for now.

650
00:50:26,320 --> 00:50:30,280
They gave me an 11-year-old girl's name

651
00:50:30,360 --> 00:50:32,880
called Maria Cristina Cataldi.

652
00:50:32,960 --> 00:50:36,960
And the best thing for a Jew is
to be called Maria Cristina--

653
00:50:37,040 --> 00:50:38,480
The surname doesn't matter.

654
00:50:38,560 --> 00:50:41,320
I know that for many Jewish children

655
00:50:41,400 --> 00:50:44,360
this business of losing their name
was a tragedy.

656
00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:46,120
For me it wasn't like a tragedy.

657
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:51,720
For me it was like becoming another,
let's say, like in a play.

658
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:56,240
Before eating, the girls in the refectory
always make the sign of the cross.

659
00:50:56,320 --> 00:51:01,960
Maria Cristina, you should too,
or the others will understand.

660
00:51:02,720 --> 00:51:04,640
-Can you do it?
-Yes.

661
00:51:09,920 --> 00:51:11,560
Yes, more or less like this.

662
00:51:11,640 --> 00:51:14,120
Just that you did it the wrong way.

663
00:51:14,200 --> 00:51:18,960
Catholics do it like this,
from left to right.

664
00:51:19,040 --> 00:51:21,800
You did it like an Orthodox,
from right to left.

665
00:51:25,960 --> 00:51:28,640
Very good, that's it.

666
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:31,760
Fiamma!

667
00:51:31,840 --> 00:51:33,440
Come here, please.

668
00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:38,280
-Yes, Mother.
-This is Maria Cristina.

669
00:51:38,360 --> 00:51:41,080
From now on
she'll be in the room with you.

670
00:51:41,160 --> 00:51:43,400
Accompany her,
so she can settle her things.

671
00:51:45,640 --> 00:51:47,040
Go.

672
00:51:47,920 --> 00:51:50,400
I'm Fiamma. Do you like it here?

673
00:51:50,480 --> 00:51:52,280
I don't know, maybe.

674
00:51:52,360 --> 00:51:54,520
You'll be fine, you'll see.

675
00:51:54,600 --> 00:51:58,360
If you like, you can sleep
with me and my sister Fioretta.

676
00:51:58,440 --> 00:51:59,440
-Hi.
-Hi.

677
00:52:01,440 --> 00:52:06,960
In the convent, even there,
danger was close by.

678
00:52:07,040 --> 00:52:09,360
Because the Germans came
twice, three times.

679
00:52:09,440 --> 00:52:11,280
And once…

680
00:52:11,360 --> 00:52:14,960
I heard a year ago from a sister
who's still alive.

681
00:52:15,040 --> 00:52:16,400
And once they were looking for Jews.

682
00:52:16,480 --> 00:52:19,560
But they made do
with the first two floors.

683
00:52:19,640 --> 00:52:21,000
Over a type of miracle,

684
00:52:21,080 --> 00:52:24,840
just as they were about to go
up the third flight

685
00:52:24,920 --> 00:52:27,880
where Jews were hiding, they left.

686
00:52:36,880 --> 00:52:38,040
If you're in the North,

687
00:52:38,120 --> 00:52:41,880
where the dominium is firmly
in the hands of the Nazi fascist forces

688
00:52:41,960 --> 00:52:46,840
the only true hope is to stay hidden
or to flee to Switzerland.

689
00:52:52,840 --> 00:52:56,040
My father found a system,

690
00:52:56,120 --> 00:53:00,480
that then seemed a way
to salvation for the grandparents.

691
00:53:00,560 --> 00:53:04,320
A permit from Como Station.

692
00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:07,520
Given his age and health,

693
00:53:07,600 --> 00:53:13,440
Como Station issued this permit
for two old people

694
00:53:13,520 --> 00:53:18,480
where it said they were unable
to harm the German Reich.

695
00:53:24,040 --> 00:53:29,120
And that's when we tried
to flee to Switzerland.

696
00:53:51,920 --> 00:53:53,720
Are we there? Are we in Switzerland?

697
00:53:54,800 --> 00:53:55,920
Not yet.

698
00:53:56,000 --> 00:53:58,880
And from here on it's more dangerous.

699
00:53:58,960 --> 00:54:00,200
It's full of patrols.

700
00:54:01,800 --> 00:54:04,480
-So?
-So it's another thousand lire.

701
00:54:04,560 --> 00:54:07,160
How come, another thousand lire?
I already gave you 1,000 lire.

702
00:54:07,240 --> 00:54:09,760
Then you'll find Switzerland yourselves.

703
00:54:11,320 --> 00:54:13,240
No, wait. Wait.

704
00:54:22,720 --> 00:54:25,400
This is gold.
It's worth more than a thousand lire.

705
00:54:41,840 --> 00:54:43,240
We were…

706
00:54:45,040 --> 00:54:48,720
Two small, petty bourgeois
facing the mountain.

707
00:54:48,800 --> 00:54:51,600
Incapable, grotesque.

708
00:54:51,680 --> 00:54:56,960
My dad had always said,
"We'll never do it".

709
00:54:57,040 --> 00:55:02,440
Me, "Yes, we absolutely must.
Let's go, let's go".

710
00:55:02,520 --> 00:55:07,440
And I felt like some kind of heroine

711
00:55:07,520 --> 00:55:10,160
on the mountains behind Varese.

712
00:55:10,960 --> 00:55:13,040
Behind the smugglers who would say,

713
00:55:13,120 --> 00:55:16,440
"Quick, or a patrol will pass and shoot!"

714
00:55:23,120 --> 00:55:25,920
Over that crest. That's Switzerland there.

715
00:55:29,240 --> 00:55:30,640
Aren't you coming?

716
00:55:32,040 --> 00:55:34,040
You have to go to Switzerland, not me.

717
00:55:34,120 --> 00:55:37,560
-Baggage.
-There!

718
00:55:47,320 --> 00:55:49,320
It'll arrive before you, you'll see.

719
00:55:58,840 --> 00:56:01,360
When we arrived in Switzerland,
we were happy.

720
00:56:01,440 --> 00:56:06,640
I said, "See, Dad? We did it!"
And we hugged happily.

721
00:56:07,640 --> 00:56:08,520
Not so.

722
00:56:08,600 --> 00:56:10,280
Stop! Hands up!

723
00:56:11,160 --> 00:56:12,240
Who are you?

724
00:56:13,240 --> 00:56:15,760
Jews. Italian Jews.

725
00:56:15,840 --> 00:56:17,240
Documents.

726
00:56:18,640 --> 00:56:20,560
Thank goodness you came.

727
00:56:20,640 --> 00:56:23,120
Our lives are in danger.
You know that, right?

728
00:56:23,200 --> 00:56:25,400
What I know is you could be a deserter.

729
00:56:25,480 --> 00:56:28,080
It was a terrible character.

730
00:56:28,160 --> 00:56:33,520
He despised us, said we were liars,

731
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:39,680
that it wasn't true
that Jews were persecuted in Italy.

732
00:56:39,760 --> 00:56:43,240
That, at the age of 43,
my dad wanted to escape the call up,

733
00:56:43,320 --> 00:56:47,200
forgetting
that due to the fascist racial laws

734
00:56:47,280 --> 00:56:52,480
Jews couldn't participate in army duty.

735
00:56:52,560 --> 00:56:55,240
If you take us to your superior,
we can explain.

736
00:56:55,320 --> 00:56:58,240
I won't take you anywhere!
Go back to where you cam from!

737
00:56:58,320 --> 00:57:01,480
Please, you don't understand
what it means for us.

738
00:57:01,560 --> 00:57:05,560
You don't understand!
If we go back, they'll kill us!

739
00:57:05,640 --> 00:57:07,680
I beg you! Please!

740
00:57:09,040 --> 00:57:13,480
I threw myself to the ground, pleaded.

741
00:57:13,560 --> 00:57:18,080
He sent us back at gunpoint.

742
00:57:18,160 --> 00:57:21,640
When we were arrested
there on the border…

743
00:57:24,160 --> 00:57:29,040
I still didn't understand at that moment,

744
00:57:29,120 --> 00:57:31,520
why I was there with my dad,

745
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:36,400
what would happen later,
it was impossible to imagine.

746
00:57:38,480 --> 00:57:41,160
I was simply in my thoughts of then,

747
00:57:41,240 --> 00:57:44,640
albeit prematurely aged by what happened.

748
00:57:51,640 --> 00:57:54,200
But when I first entered…

749
00:57:56,120 --> 00:57:58,120
Varese woman's prison,

750
00:57:58,200 --> 00:58:01,000
the digital fingerprints,
the photography…

751
00:58:01,840 --> 00:58:03,160
Why?

752
00:58:03,240 --> 00:58:07,920
Why? Why? Why?

753
00:58:08,000 --> 00:58:12,440
I had that obsessive question inside
toward the void

754
00:58:12,520 --> 00:58:15,720
of why I was there.

755
00:58:19,600 --> 00:58:22,720
Then they took me to Como Prison

756
00:58:22,800 --> 00:58:27,800
and after,
the great Milanese San Vittore Jail.

757
00:58:27,880 --> 00:58:32,680
I was born in Milan and would always ride
my bike round the prison.

758
00:58:32,760 --> 00:58:37,000
But I never thought
I'd see it from inside.

759
00:58:37,080 --> 00:58:41,320
The prison I saw from outside.

760
00:58:46,120 --> 00:58:49,640
And after 40 days

761
00:58:49,720 --> 00:58:54,560
of imprisonment in cell 202, fifth block,

762
00:58:54,640 --> 00:58:56,560
where my dad and I stayed…

763
00:58:58,200 --> 00:59:02,000
After standing the anguish

764
00:59:02,080 --> 00:59:05,120
of seeing him taken away twice,
three times a week

765
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:09,280
for terrible GESTAPO interrogations…

766
00:59:11,320 --> 00:59:14,320
Well, I grew old.

767
00:59:15,640 --> 00:59:19,800
When he came back and we hugged…

768
00:59:22,080 --> 00:59:24,400
I was his mom.

769
00:59:24,480 --> 00:59:26,800
I was his sister.

770
00:59:26,880 --> 00:59:30,680
He was my child to console.

771
00:59:32,320 --> 00:59:34,960
Then the day came

772
00:59:35,040 --> 00:59:39,880
when a German official entered the block

773
00:59:39,960 --> 00:59:45,360
and said we were to prepare to leave
for an unknown destination the next day.

774
01:00:03,240 --> 01:00:07,520
How can you look in the wagon?
How do you feel?

775
01:00:07,600 --> 01:00:09,080
How do you…

776
01:00:09,160 --> 01:00:11,920
How do you accept it?

777
01:00:12,000 --> 01:00:14,120
What do you wonder?

778
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:16,480
Why? Who did this?

779
01:00:16,560 --> 01:00:19,160
Who organized this?

780
01:00:19,240 --> 01:00:22,320
They are men like us. They aren't crazy.

781
01:00:27,520 --> 01:00:31,400
At first everyone in the wagon cries.

782
01:00:31,480 --> 01:00:34,600
These tears that no one wipes away.

783
01:00:35,440 --> 01:00:39,880
This terror of being locked inside.

784
01:00:39,960 --> 01:00:42,400
And then no one cries any more.

785
01:00:46,920 --> 01:00:48,920
And there's the prayer.

786
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:53,200
The prayer of those gathered
in the center of the wagon

787
01:00:53,280 --> 01:00:55,240
who thank God.

788
01:00:57,240 --> 01:00:59,320
We look at them in envy.

789
01:01:00,720 --> 01:01:03,720
They even praise God in that situation.

790
01:01:05,080 --> 01:01:07,040
Where was God?

791
01:01:07,120 --> 01:01:08,760
I don't know.

792
01:01:22,080 --> 01:01:24,120
There was Jewish Easter.

793
01:01:24,200 --> 01:01:27,960
The family of two girls in the group,
I mean two Jewish girls

794
01:01:28,040 --> 01:01:33,800
decided that for one day,
to have Jewish Easter

795
01:01:33,880 --> 01:01:37,640
they could go back home.

796
01:01:37,720 --> 01:01:38,720
Just one day.

797
01:01:38,800 --> 01:01:41,120
Actually, they said,
"The Germans don't know everything".

798
01:01:41,200 --> 01:01:44,240
And these words hit me
so I said to my mom,

799
01:01:44,320 --> 01:01:47,560
"Listen, it's true,
why don't we go for a day too?"

800
01:01:47,640 --> 01:01:50,120
My mother said,
"Don't even think about it".

801
01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:53,320
The Germans did know everything,

802
01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:56,400
because the neighbors grassed.

803
01:01:56,480 --> 01:02:01,160
And these children were taken away
together with all the family.

804
01:02:01,240 --> 01:02:03,240
And we waited for them.

805
01:02:03,320 --> 01:02:06,800
We waited for them to return the next day.

806
01:02:09,560 --> 01:02:11,880
Yes? Tell me.

807
01:02:14,160 --> 01:02:15,120
Oh no.

808
01:02:16,800 --> 01:02:18,640
When did it happen?

809
01:02:18,720 --> 01:02:19,960
And the girls?

810
01:02:23,080 --> 01:02:24,320
Thank you.

811
01:02:27,080 --> 01:02:28,640
Is there news?

812
01:02:30,000 --> 01:02:31,560
A grass.

813
01:02:31,640 --> 01:02:34,120
They took them. All.

814
01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:36,400
Even Fiamma and Fioretta?

815
01:02:37,360 --> 01:02:40,400
Yes, the girls too.

816
01:02:47,240 --> 01:02:49,440
The nun had to tell us.

817
01:02:49,520 --> 01:02:53,520
And everybody cried terribly.

818
01:02:54,800 --> 01:02:59,200
A drama that hit to the bone.

819
01:03:10,120 --> 01:03:14,400
In January 1944,
the worst year in the war,

820
01:03:14,480 --> 01:03:18,400
the Americans land in Anzio,
60 km from Rome.

821
01:03:18,480 --> 01:03:22,160
But it will take them six months
to free the capital.

822
01:03:22,240 --> 01:03:24,840
In the territories
already under Allied control

823
01:03:24,920 --> 01:03:28,320
20 January sees the start of
the repeal of the racial laws.

824
01:03:28,400 --> 01:03:31,800
But the road will be slow and hard.

825
01:03:44,240 --> 01:03:45,600
-I'll kill you.
-Drop dead!

826
01:03:49,840 --> 01:03:52,160
-I'll kill you.
-Drop dead!

827
01:04:17,720 --> 01:04:21,440
-Stop! What are you doing? Stop!
-Who are you?

828
01:04:22,560 --> 01:04:25,960
Get away! He's a fascist, to be executed!

829
01:04:26,040 --> 01:04:29,560
I'm a Jew!
And this man saved my son's life.

830
01:04:30,240 --> 01:04:33,240
-If you kill him, where is justice?
-Here.

831
01:04:33,320 --> 01:04:37,240
And if you don't go away,
you'll have to worry about your life.

832
01:04:39,240 --> 01:04:43,200
No, it's true!
We're Jews, but he still saved my life.

833
01:04:43,280 --> 01:04:45,920
What does that mean? He's still a fascist!

834
01:04:46,000 --> 01:04:48,800
And you? Want to be like him?

835
01:04:50,640 --> 01:04:55,120
He was fascist like 90% of Italians,
let's say, no?

836
01:04:55,200 --> 01:04:58,560
Seventy percent were antifascist,
let's say.

837
01:04:58,640 --> 01:05:00,960
Twenty percent were mini fascists.

838
01:05:01,040 --> 01:05:04,040
And then there were 10%
who were foolish, dirty, crooks

839
01:05:04,120 --> 01:05:06,000
doing what they were doing.

840
01:05:09,360 --> 01:05:12,520
Meanwhile, despite the Allied advance,

841
01:05:12,600 --> 01:05:17,000
as many as 7,172 Italian Jews,
including almost 1,000 children,

842
01:05:17,080 --> 01:05:21,960
are deported to Germany and Poland,
mostly to Auschwitz.

843
01:05:22,040 --> 01:05:24,760
Only a few hundred will survive.

844
01:05:26,440 --> 01:05:31,240
Rather than turn military resources
to slowing the enemy advance

845
01:05:31,320 --> 01:05:35,120
the Nazis and their allies
actually accelerate the implementation

846
01:05:35,200 --> 01:05:38,640
of the Final Solution against the Jews.

847
01:05:41,640 --> 01:05:43,640
Auschwitz is reached.

848
01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:49,000
Whistles, barks, shouts in German.

849
01:05:49,080 --> 01:05:53,320
We hurl ourselves down
from those wagons, our legs stiff.

850
01:05:53,400 --> 01:05:58,760
People who just cannot get out
are thrown out of the wagon.

851
01:06:03,920 --> 01:06:08,040
And there, on that "Judenrampe",

852
01:06:08,120 --> 01:06:12,120
that long since prepared,
artificial station,

853
01:06:12,200 --> 01:06:14,080
you came to a world that is not a world.

854
01:06:14,160 --> 01:06:18,000
You came to a nightmare.

855
01:06:18,080 --> 01:06:21,680
You're part of a diabolical design

856
01:06:21,760 --> 01:06:26,360
you're not ready for and you wonder why.

857
01:06:33,040 --> 01:06:37,800
And then I let go of my father's hand
forever.

858
01:06:43,920 --> 01:06:48,640
And I hope he also thought
we would meet again that night.

859
01:06:48,720 --> 01:06:49,560
But…

860
01:06:50,640 --> 01:06:52,360
we never would.

861
01:06:52,440 --> 01:06:54,800
But then we didn't know.

862
01:06:54,880 --> 01:06:58,120
I hope
he didn't know at that moment either.

863
01:07:11,920 --> 01:07:13,800
In the first hovel…

864
01:07:14,920 --> 01:07:16,800
you're stripped.

865
01:07:22,640 --> 01:07:25,160
You're shaven, razored.

866
01:07:25,240 --> 01:07:29,240
Your number is tattooed on your left arm.

867
01:07:29,960 --> 01:07:34,200
You're no longer the one who got down
from the wagon two hours ago.

868
01:07:41,440 --> 01:07:42,840
How can you…

869
01:07:44,360 --> 01:07:46,960
not go mad at 13?

870
01:07:47,520 --> 01:07:50,640
I saw this world…

871
01:07:52,040 --> 01:07:59,040
in which order, severity, and terror

872
01:07:59,120 --> 01:08:04,920
applied to every human being
as long as they remained alive

873
01:08:05,000 --> 01:08:09,040
turned you into a number.

874
01:08:09,120 --> 01:08:12,920
They turned you into a "Stück", a piece

875
01:08:13,000 --> 01:08:16,439
just like your murderers wanted you to be.

876
01:08:24,640 --> 01:08:30,560
Fortunately I looked older than I was.

877
01:08:30,640 --> 01:08:33,560
Both because I was very tall

878
01:08:33,640 --> 01:08:37,439
and because the journey dried me.

879
01:08:37,520 --> 01:08:41,319
So no one asked for my age.

880
01:08:41,399 --> 01:08:46,800
Later I discovered they could consider
me a 15-year-old

881
01:08:46,880 --> 01:08:48,680
or a 16-year-old.

882
01:08:48,760 --> 01:08:51,720
Because at 13 you went to the gas chamber.

883
01:09:13,279 --> 01:09:18,520
A few days later
I was taken to work in a factory.

884
01:09:21,720 --> 01:09:24,720
We made chests for machine guns.

885
01:09:24,800 --> 01:09:27,800
It was a factory working for the war.

886
01:09:29,640 --> 01:09:34,560
And at the machine
there was a French girl called Janine.

887
01:09:34,640 --> 01:09:37,319
She was a pretty girl.

888
01:09:37,399 --> 01:09:40,319
And though it was totally forbidden

889
01:09:40,399 --> 01:09:44,399
we always exchanged a few words
in this coming and going.

890
01:09:44,960 --> 01:09:50,560
After we'd worked together
for several months

891
01:09:50,640 --> 01:09:55,520
the machine sliced two phalanxes
off two of her fingers.

892
01:09:56,120 --> 01:10:00,400
And in the following days
there was a selection.

893
01:10:00,480 --> 01:10:06,440
A terrible one, as they sometimes did
to get rid of all the sick,

894
01:10:06,520 --> 01:10:10,720
all those no longer able to work,
and send them to the gas chamber.

895
01:10:10,800 --> 01:10:14,640
They were moments of total terror.

896
01:10:20,040 --> 01:10:24,080
You had an overwhelming fear
arriving there,

897
01:10:24,160 --> 01:10:26,240
your heart beating like mad.

898
01:10:26,320 --> 01:10:30,120
"I want to live.
I want to live. I want to live."

899
01:10:31,480 --> 01:10:36,320
We had to line up in single file,

900
01:10:36,400 --> 01:10:41,040
arrive where there were two officials.

901
01:10:41,120 --> 01:10:42,360
And they…

902
01:10:42,440 --> 01:10:47,040
Imagine a nude woman before uniformed men

903
01:10:47,120 --> 01:10:50,640
looking at her in front,
behind, in the mouth.

904
01:10:52,920 --> 01:10:56,240
Then they make that fantastic gesture…

905
01:10:58,120 --> 01:11:01,480
"Go, you live this time."

906
01:11:06,840 --> 01:11:11,360
You feel grateful to your killer,
you're still alive, you're happy.

907
01:11:11,440 --> 01:11:14,840
Behind me they stop Janine.

908
01:11:14,920 --> 01:11:17,280
And decide to send her to the gas.

909
01:11:18,240 --> 01:11:20,480
It was horrible.

910
01:11:20,560 --> 01:11:26,000
I became a hungry, selfish wolf

911
01:11:26,080 --> 01:11:28,400
no longer willing to love anyone

912
01:11:28,480 --> 01:11:32,680
or to stand distances.

913
01:11:36,920 --> 01:11:40,800
I didn't turn. I didn't say, "Bye, Janine.

914
01:11:40,880 --> 01:11:42,800
I love you.

915
01:11:42,880 --> 01:11:44,880
Be brave."

916
01:11:44,960 --> 01:11:46,920
Or even just, "Janine".

917
01:11:49,080 --> 01:11:50,840
I got dressed again.

918
01:11:53,120 --> 01:11:57,000
And the next day
there was another worker in her place.

919
01:12:01,040 --> 01:12:04,480
I never forgave myself.

920
01:12:05,600 --> 01:12:09,000
Janine didn't grow old…

921
01:12:10,480 --> 01:12:12,640
because she was born.

922
01:12:20,640 --> 01:12:25,040
Meanwhile the allied troops on one side,
the Soviet army on the other

923
01:12:25,120 --> 01:12:28,840
advance and get closer and closer
to the concentration camps.

924
01:12:29,800 --> 01:12:33,800
In Poland the Nazis leave the camps
that are about to be conquered

925
01:12:33,880 --> 01:12:37,200
and start to transfer
the deported Jews to Germany.

926
01:12:37,280 --> 01:12:41,560
Auschwitz is liberated on 27 January 1945.

927
01:12:41,640 --> 01:12:44,840
A date now celebrated as Memory Day.

928
01:12:47,480 --> 01:12:51,520
The order came to leave the factory,

929
01:12:51,600 --> 01:12:55,160
and start walking.

930
01:12:55,240 --> 01:12:58,920
This march would later be called
"the march of death".

931
01:13:06,720 --> 01:13:11,840
And how do you walk first through Poland

932
01:13:11,920 --> 01:13:13,840
and then Germany?

933
01:13:13,920 --> 01:13:19,240
You did over 700 km.

934
01:13:19,320 --> 01:13:21,600
One foot and then the next.

935
01:13:22,480 --> 01:13:23,440
How do you do it?

936
01:13:23,520 --> 01:13:27,320
If you fall,
you're killed by an escort guard

937
01:13:27,400 --> 01:13:30,280
ordered to shoot in the head
anyone falling.

938
01:13:33,520 --> 01:13:38,800
"You can't die on that road
with the bloody snow.

939
01:13:39,840 --> 01:13:40,840
You must live."

940
01:13:40,920 --> 01:13:44,040
And one foot before the next,
one before the next.

941
01:13:44,120 --> 01:13:47,560
And you walk, walk, walk.

942
01:13:47,640 --> 01:13:51,480
You see people die on the streets,
you see them fall.

943
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:07,200
And when I think of that girl

944
01:14:07,280 --> 01:14:11,880
walking on the snow,
unable to lean on anyone,

945
01:14:11,960 --> 01:14:15,720
alone, completely alone,

946
01:14:15,800 --> 01:14:18,640
in that universe of evil,

947
01:14:18,720 --> 01:14:22,240
who coped with everything
that happened to her,

948
01:14:22,320 --> 01:14:25,240
with the things she saw…

949
01:14:26,720 --> 01:14:29,080
my pain is infinite.

950
01:14:29,160 --> 01:14:31,040
How did she manage?

951
01:14:31,120 --> 01:14:37,000
How did she manage?
How did she manage to be here, now, old?

952
01:14:37,080 --> 01:14:38,400
How?

953
01:14:45,920 --> 01:14:50,560
On 1 May the Red Army enters
the Malchow Concentration Camp

954
01:14:50,640 --> 01:14:54,400
north of Berlin,
where Liliana Segre is found prisoner.

955
01:15:01,640 --> 01:15:04,240
The Nazis, in terror, start to flee

956
01:15:04,320 --> 01:15:06,720
and try to camouflage themselves
as prisoners.

957
01:15:10,720 --> 01:15:15,800
Then I saw the commander of the last camp,

958
01:15:15,880 --> 01:15:18,240
a terrible SS officer,

959
01:15:18,320 --> 01:15:24,800
whipping the moribund women
we have become

960
01:15:24,880 --> 01:15:29,720
smacks just to prove himself a monster.

961
01:15:29,800 --> 01:15:35,240
I had dreamt of revenge for over a year,

962
01:15:35,320 --> 01:15:38,760
I had hate and desperation inside.

963
01:15:39,320 --> 01:15:44,240
So when I saw him
cast his weapon to the ground…

964
01:15:47,320 --> 01:15:51,720
I was sorely tempted.

965
01:15:51,800 --> 01:15:58,600
I thought,
"Now I'll take the pistol and shoot him".

966
01:16:02,600 --> 01:16:05,600
It felt like the right finale

967
01:16:05,680 --> 01:16:10,360
for all the violence
I suffered and saw others suffer.

968
01:16:13,120 --> 01:16:15,160
But it was a moment.

969
01:16:15,240 --> 01:16:18,880
I understood I was unlike my assassin.

970
01:16:18,960 --> 01:16:23,720
That I chose life
and couldn't take it from anyone.

971
01:16:24,440 --> 01:16:28,800
From that moment on,
I was the free woman

972
01:16:28,880 --> 01:16:31,720
and the woman of peace I am now.

973
01:17:32,480 --> 01:17:36,960
MILAN, SEPTEMBER 1945

974
01:17:54,640 --> 01:17:56,640
-Hi.
-Hello.

975
01:17:59,360 --> 01:18:00,880
Go, go from here.

976
01:18:00,960 --> 01:18:03,000
We have nothing to give.

977
01:18:05,400 --> 01:18:06,640
Antonio.

978
01:18:08,480 --> 01:18:09,840
Don't you recognize me?

979
01:18:11,600 --> 01:18:14,120
I'm Liliana. Liliana Segre.

980
01:18:15,640 --> 01:18:17,640
Oh, Lord.

981
01:18:17,720 --> 01:18:20,320
Liliana. Liliana!

982
01:18:27,640 --> 01:18:28,680
I knew.

983
01:18:29,520 --> 01:18:32,000
I knew you were alive.

984
01:18:32,080 --> 01:18:34,320
Look here, look.

985
01:18:37,840 --> 01:18:41,880
It's the Red Cross card
I sent you from Germany.

986
01:18:43,880 --> 01:18:45,800
Sorry, it was the only address I had.

987
01:18:45,880 --> 01:18:47,320
"Sorry"?

988
01:18:48,800 --> 01:18:52,240
As soon as it arrived,
I called your Uncle Amedeo.

989
01:18:53,240 --> 01:18:56,640
No one lives here now,
but they left me your phone.

990
01:18:58,640 --> 01:19:01,640
Come to the lodge,
we'll call at once, come.

991
01:19:04,720 --> 01:19:07,120
Return and home.

992
01:19:09,320 --> 01:19:11,880
I think
both concepts are impossible in this case.

993
01:19:16,640 --> 01:19:21,200
At the moment you are welcomed back

994
01:19:21,280 --> 01:19:24,240
by surviving relatives

995
01:19:24,320 --> 01:19:27,760
and you try to start living again…

996
01:19:29,080 --> 01:19:34,080
Often, even in good faith,
you are told to forge.

997
01:19:34,160 --> 01:19:37,440
So paradoxically, for many,

998
01:19:37,520 --> 01:19:41,920
the survival and silence that come later
are the real trauma.

999
01:19:42,000 --> 01:19:46,240
Not being able to tell,
or being heard or understood.

1000
01:19:46,320 --> 01:19:47,960
So closing oneself in silence.

1001
01:19:58,440 --> 01:20:02,240
The face of my relatives
when they saw me…

1002
01:20:02,320 --> 01:20:06,720
It was disappointment
written on their countenance.

1003
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:12,320
They were so overwhelmed before that being

1004
01:20:12,400 --> 01:20:17,240
so unlike the one
they imagined they would meet.

1005
01:20:18,440 --> 01:20:25,000
So unlike the nice little girl
of their final memory.

1006
01:20:31,040 --> 01:20:32,560
Was it good, dear?

1007
01:20:34,800 --> 01:20:36,720
Eat, eat. You do well.

1008
01:20:57,320 --> 01:20:58,320
There.

1009
01:20:59,040 --> 01:21:00,440
So you read better.

1010
01:21:01,320 --> 01:21:02,960
Want to play Lotto with them too?

1011
01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:07,560
-Liliana, apologize to your aunt.
-Why?

1012
01:21:07,640 --> 01:21:11,320
It was her looking at me. Her face!

1013
01:21:11,400 --> 01:21:13,440
Liliana, this is wrong.

1014
01:21:13,520 --> 01:21:16,640
Amedeo, don't worry.
It doesn't matter, really.

1015
01:21:25,120 --> 01:21:29,720
Liliana, dear, for the apple…
Knife and fork.

1016
01:21:30,520 --> 01:21:32,120
What do you know about apples?

1017
01:21:32,200 --> 01:21:34,200
The apple is a gift from God.

1018
01:21:34,280 --> 01:21:37,320
Know how much I care
about your knife and fork?

1019
01:21:47,320 --> 01:21:49,000
I was a virgin.

1020
01:21:49,080 --> 01:21:51,480
It was my biggest problem.

1021
01:21:51,560 --> 01:21:54,040
They had me examined,
they didn't believe it.

1022
01:21:55,400 --> 01:21:57,240
It was humiliating.

1023
01:21:59,880 --> 01:22:03,240
Nothing happened in that way.

1024
01:22:03,320 --> 01:22:08,080
We weren't raped. That's all myth.

1025
01:22:08,160 --> 01:22:12,320
We were skeletal,
monstrous, dirty, with abscesses.

1026
01:22:12,400 --> 01:22:15,960
Would nice German soldiers choose us?

1027
01:22:16,040 --> 01:22:19,760
They went with their peers ready for use.

1028
01:22:29,720 --> 01:22:34,440
I was also different from my friends

1029
01:22:34,520 --> 01:22:40,160
who thought of boys,
new clothes, going dancing.

1030
01:22:40,240 --> 01:22:42,840
And I caught up at school.

1031
01:22:42,920 --> 01:22:46,000
In private I did five years in one.

1032
01:22:47,120 --> 01:22:49,520
And mainly I learnt…

1033
01:22:50,560 --> 01:22:54,520
to stop hoping to find my father.

1034
01:23:02,240 --> 01:23:05,680
Listeners, ladies and gentlemen,

1035
01:23:05,760 --> 01:23:09,560
our great New Voices contest continues.

1036
01:23:09,640 --> 01:23:13,720
Many letters already arrived,
but we expect many more.

1037
01:23:13,800 --> 01:23:18,280
Write to RAI, Radio Audizioni Italiane.

1038
01:23:18,360 --> 01:23:23,160
It was post war and we listened
to the radio we finally had back.

1039
01:23:23,240 --> 01:23:25,520
It was a game,

1040
01:23:25,600 --> 01:23:27,920
They asked questions
and children could write.

1041
01:23:28,000 --> 01:23:31,120
So I wrote a letter
to participate in the contest

1042
01:23:31,200 --> 01:23:32,800
and had my mother read it.

1043
01:23:50,840 --> 01:23:51,800
Mom!

1044
01:23:55,680 --> 01:23:58,480
The contest people said
they were expecting new letters.

1045
01:23:58,560 --> 01:24:00,480
If they choose you, they let you sing.

1046
01:24:00,560 --> 01:24:01,880
Let me read it.

1047
01:24:03,040 --> 01:24:06,640
"Dear radio, I'm Lia Levi, a Jewish girl."

1048
01:24:18,120 --> 01:24:20,880
Mom, what are you doing?

1049
01:24:20,960 --> 01:24:23,400
We'll rewrite this, eh.

1050
01:24:23,480 --> 01:24:27,680
You're not a Jewish girl. Understand?

1051
01:24:27,760 --> 01:24:31,080
You're a girl. Just a girl.

1052
01:24:34,640 --> 01:24:36,440
I didn't understand,
and then she repeated it.

1053
01:24:36,520 --> 01:24:40,280
"You're not a Jewish girl.
You're just a girl."

1054
01:24:41,040 --> 01:24:44,760
That was moving.

1055
01:24:44,840 --> 01:24:48,240
Because first you understand things
like that, vaguely.

1056
01:24:48,320 --> 01:24:52,600
But that's how it sinks in.
It's a concept, no longer just a word.

1057
01:24:59,240 --> 01:25:02,040
Luckily, three years after my return

1058
01:25:02,120 --> 01:25:06,240
I went to the sea with my grandparents,
one summer.

1059
01:25:06,320 --> 01:25:11,080
I joined a group of boys and girls
by the sea.

1060
01:25:11,160 --> 01:25:14,160
And the group accepted me.

1061
01:25:15,560 --> 01:25:18,240
I at once noticed a boy.

1062
01:25:18,320 --> 01:25:20,320
We started to chat.

1063
01:25:21,840 --> 01:25:24,520
And I took to him.

1064
01:25:33,440 --> 01:25:38,720
In fact, I had the thrill
of feeling feminine.

1065
01:25:38,800 --> 01:25:42,280
Because before that I was a poor girl.

1066
01:25:52,320 --> 01:25:54,720
He saw my tattooed arm and said…

1067
01:25:54,800 --> 01:25:56,200
I know what it is.

1068
01:25:59,640 --> 01:26:01,640
You must have suffered a lot.

1069
01:26:04,040 --> 01:26:07,760
I know because I was a prisoner too.

1070
01:26:11,720 --> 01:26:13,520
I saw many like you.

1071
01:26:15,720 --> 01:26:21,760
He was an IMI,
one of those 600,000 poor unarmed

1072
01:26:21,840 --> 01:26:26,160
who then chose the concentration camp

1073
01:26:26,240 --> 01:26:29,280
so as not to adhere
to the Republic of Salò.

1074
01:26:40,040 --> 01:26:41,080
Let's go.

1075
01:26:42,240 --> 01:26:44,280
Yes, let's.

1076
01:26:56,640 --> 01:27:00,640
And so we fell in love, greatly,
with each other.

1077
01:27:04,840 --> 01:27:08,560
He took me by the hand
and taught me it was I

1078
01:27:08,640 --> 01:27:15,240
who, having chosen to return
to the so-called civilized society,

1079
01:27:15,320 --> 01:27:17,640
it was I who had to adjust.

1080
01:27:17,720 --> 01:27:21,920
I couldn't demand that
others adjust to me.

1081
01:27:24,440 --> 01:27:30,080
And with his love,
with his hand tight on mine

1082
01:27:30,160 --> 01:27:33,400
it was the great miracle of my life.

1083
01:27:33,480 --> 01:27:34,680
It was him.

1084
01:27:43,240 --> 01:27:46,840
When I entered middle school…

1085
01:27:47,920 --> 01:27:50,320
my emotion was intense.

1086
01:27:51,200 --> 01:27:55,200
Because I understood I regained freedom.

1087
01:27:56,840 --> 01:27:59,640
But mostly I regained dignity.

1088
01:28:00,520 --> 01:28:03,080
And no one had destroyed me.

1089
01:28:07,240 --> 01:28:11,040
And everything went, bit by bit.

1090
01:28:11,120 --> 01:28:13,440
And in 1947 my dad died.

1091
01:28:13,520 --> 01:28:17,800
My mom brought up her three children
with relatives' help.

1092
01:28:17,880 --> 01:28:21,280
Basically, we returned to business
and it went on.

1093
01:28:21,360 --> 01:28:24,320
And here we are now relating
all these nice things.

1094
01:28:32,320 --> 01:28:38,600
Fortunately time was kind.

1095
01:28:39,240 --> 01:28:41,760
Time, the great soother.

1096
01:28:41,840 --> 01:28:45,160
A soother, not a healer.

1097
01:28:50,720 --> 01:28:52,360
What do I have left?

1098
01:28:52,440 --> 01:28:55,960
That I formed myself at that time.

1099
01:28:56,040 --> 01:28:59,280
I mean, it's not that I'm like this
and there's a distant memory.

1100
01:28:59,360 --> 01:29:01,760
My formation, my way of life…

1101
01:29:03,040 --> 01:29:06,240
Even something in
how I defend myself from life

1102
01:29:06,320 --> 01:29:08,080
I inherited from that part.

1103
01:29:08,160 --> 01:29:11,480
Even now there are difficulties

1104
01:29:11,560 --> 01:29:16,360
just like obstacles in life,
but I think…

1105
01:29:16,440 --> 01:29:21,120
"Okay, we did it then,
we can do it again."

1106
01:29:29,320 --> 01:29:33,760
Liliana, Lia, Tullio and Guido
are children of destiny.

1107
01:29:33,840 --> 01:29:37,240
In the years after the war
they worked, married

1108
01:29:37,320 --> 01:29:39,520
and built their families.

1109
01:29:39,600 --> 01:29:44,400
This has been their victory
over those they considered enemies.

1110
01:30:01,600 --> 01:30:05,160
Liliana Segre currently lives in Milan,
has three children and five grandchildren.

1111
01:30:05,240 --> 01:30:06,240
On 19th January 2018,

1112
01:30:06,320 --> 01:30:09,560
the President of Italy Sergio Mattarella
appointed her senator for life.

1113
01:30:12,360 --> 01:30:14,840
Tullio Foà now lives in Naples.
His mother died at 103 years old

1114
01:30:14,920 --> 01:30:17,360
and he visits his siblings regularly,
although they don't play

1115
01:30:17,440 --> 01:30:19,720
soccer matches against
the Kahn brothers anymore.

1116
01:30:22,480 --> 01:30:25,480
Guido Cava lives in Pisa.
He worked in the book trade

1117
01:30:25,560 --> 01:30:28,920
and was president of the
Jewish Community in his hometown.

1118
01:30:31,240 --> 01:30:34,960
Lia Levi didn't become a singer,
she became a writer and a journalist.

1119
01:30:35,040 --> 01:30:37,320
In 2018, she won
the Strega Ragazzi Prize.

1120
01:30:39,400 --> 01:30:45,960
"Dedicated to all the children that could
not become adults because of hatred."