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<i> Narrator: The mighty</i>
<i> spanish armada.</i>

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<i> Fights the navy of queen</i>
<i> elizabeth during a</i>
<i> bloody campaign</i>

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<i> That will echo</i>
<i> through history.</i>

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Dr. Delgado: It's a sea battle
that changed the balance

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Of world power for
three hundred years.

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<i> Narrator: For many centuries</i>
<i> evidence of the armada</i>

7
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<i> And its shocking fate has</i>
<i> been lying undiscovered</i>
<i> on the sea floor.</i>

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<i> Imagine if we could</i>
<i> empty the oceans.</i>

9
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<i> Letting the water drain away.</i>

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<i> To reveal the secrets</i>
<i> of the sea floor.</i>

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<i> Now we can.</i>

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<i> Using accurate data.</i>

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<i> And astonishing technology.</i>

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<i> To bring light once</i>
<i> again to a lost world.</i>

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<i> Can these twisted timbers</i>
<i> reveal why two kingdoms</i>
<i> went to war?</i>

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Prof. Grove: These ships
provided the vital sea
lines of communication

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For the first great
maritime empire.

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<i> Narrator: Can evidence</i>
<i> from an iconic ship wreck</i>
<i> explain a naval revolution?</i>

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<i> And does a mysterious</i>
<i> discovery off the</i>
<i> coast of ireland.</i>

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<i> Explain the armada's</i>
<i> grizzly fate?</i>

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Dr. Martin: It is treasure.
All of it.

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Because it tells us so much.

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<i> Narrator: Fiery beacons</i>
<i> spread the warning.</i>

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<i> The day of reckoning</i>
<i> has dawned.</i>

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<i> The spanish and</i>
<i> english battle for</i>
<i> command of the seas.</i>

26
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<i> For nine tumultuous days.</i>

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<i> When the smoke clears</i>

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<i> A proud empire is humbled and</i>
<i> a new super power is born.</i>

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<i> Rivalry between England and</i>
<i> Spain began many years before.</i>

30
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<i> And is shrouded in mystery.</i>

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<i> For centuries archaeologists</i>
<i> struggled to find evidence</i>
<i> from this time.</i>

32
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<i> That changes with</i>
<i> a discovery,</i>

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<i> Not in europe but two</i>
<i> and a half thousand</i>
<i> miles away in red bay.</i>

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<i> A remote harbor in the far,</i>
<i> frozen north of canada.</i>

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<i> That opens onto</i>
<i> the wild atlantic.</i>

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<i> Led by clues found in</i>
<i> sixteenth century documents,</i>

37
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<i> Maritime archaeologist</i>
<i> robert grenier</i>

38
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<i> Comes here looking for</i>
<i> evidence of a spanish ship.</i>

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Robert: I got in the water.

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I could see that there
was something there.

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I went down and started
to fan with my hands,
moving the water.

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That clears the mud
over what was there.

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I could see some faint lines
about a quarter inch thick

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But couldn't figure
out what they were.

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<i> Narrator: If these icy waters</i>
<i> do conceal a spanish ship</i>
<i> wreck, why would it be here?</i>

46
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<i> Two and a half thousand</i>
<i> miles from home?</i>

47
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<i> Robert assembles a</i>
<i> team to investigate.</i>

48
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<i> They meticulously record</i>
<i> the size and shape of</i>
<i> every piece of wreckage.</i>

49
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<i> And realize that they've found</i>
<i> something extraordinary.</i>

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Robert: We knew we had
something of great interest,

51
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Finding a wreck of that
importance as remote as here.

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As far as here.

53
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<i> Narrator: Using all the data</i>
<i> gathered by the dive team</i>

54
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<i> It's now possible to</i>
<i> drain red bay dry.</i>

55
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<i> To expose the nearly complete</i>
<i> remains of a sailing ship.</i>

56
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<i> Her decks have collapsed but</i>
<i> her hull is almost intact.</i>

57
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<i> Robert's first</i>
<i> task is to date it.</i>

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<i> Deep inside the drained</i>
<i> wreck a single clue.</i>

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<i> Nestled among the timbers.</i>

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<i> The delicate fragments</i>
<i> of an hour glass.</i>

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<i> It's an incredibly</i>
<i> rare discovery.</i>

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<i> Used from medieval times</i>
<i> to measure time on ships.</i>

63
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<i> And there's more treasure.</i>

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<i> A compass.</i>

65
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<i> And an astrolabe, a device</i>
<i> for measuring latitude.</i>

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<i> Instruments that helped</i>
<i> sailors to use the</i>
<i> stars to navigate.</i>

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<i> All commonly found on</i>
<i> sixteenth century</i>
<i> european ships.</i>

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Robert: We have quite a
complete navigation system.

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It was the oldest ever found
on a ship wreck at the time.

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<i> Narrator: The discoveries</i>
<i> confirm that the wreck is</i>
<i> over four hundred years old.</i>

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<i> And a closer look at the</i>
<i> ships remains uncovers a</i>
<i> new and remarkable detail.</i>

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<i> Removing the collapsed decks</i>
<i> reveals that the entire</i>
<i> length of the hull</i>

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<i> Is made up of v</i>
<i> shaped timbers.</i>

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<i> But these timbers have</i>
<i> not been joined together.</i>

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<i> They have been carefully</i>
<i> grown into the perfect shape.</i>

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<i> Discovering such a usual</i>
<i> ship building style</i>
<i> gives the team a lead.</i>

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<i> And takes them two and a</i>
<i> half thousand miles east,</i>

78
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<i> Across the atlantic ocean to</i>
<i> Spain and the port of pasaia.</i>

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<i> This bustling town in the</i>
<i> basque region of Spain</i>
<i> carries on a tradition</i>

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<i> Of ship building that began</i>
<i> over five hundred years ago.</i>

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<i> It's here they make</i>
<i> the first vessels that</i>
<i> circumnavigate the globe.</i>

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<i> And secure the america's</i>
<i> for their king.</i>

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<i> Today master builder</i>
<i> xabier agote is keeping</i>
<i> the tradition alive.</i>

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<i> He and his team are</i>
<i> building a sixteenth</i>
<i> century basque galleon.</i>

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<i> Using the materials and</i>
<i> methods of the time.</i>

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Xabier: Our oak forests were
especially managed to provide
the right timbers

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With the exact shape
for ship building.

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As a result they would
obtain timbers like this
one with a very nice grain

89
00:08:15,412 --> 00:08:20,482
And that was very
necessary to sail across
the atlantic ocean

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And to reach north america.

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<i> Narrator: The timbers still</i>
<i> grown and worked in pasaia</i>
<i> are the exact same design</i>

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<i> And shape as those on the</i>
<i> wreck in red bay.</i>

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<i> Historical records held nearby</i>
<i> at the ancient university of</i>
<i> oñati complete the story.</i>

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<i> A sixteenth century document</i>
<i> with details of a ship that</i>
<i> sailed to northern canada.</i>

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<i> Her name was san juan.</i>

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00:09:02,709 --> 00:09:07,345
<i> She left pasaia in 1565.</i>

97
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<i> And never returned.</i>

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00:09:10,934 --> 00:09:13,602
Dr. Delgado: Finding
archaeological evidence of
Spain's maritime activities,

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00:09:13,637 --> 00:09:18,807
Particularly as it entered
the world stage, is rare.

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When we do find those traces
they can be very revealing.

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<i> Narrator: Discovering the name</i>
<i> of the ship leads to the most</i>
<i> important question of all.</i>

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<i> Why would she</i>
<i> cross the atlantic.</i>

103
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<i> To the frozen wastes</i>
<i> of north america?</i>

104
00:09:43,850 --> 00:09:47,636
<i> More clues lie inside</i>
<i> the drained wreck.</i>

105
00:09:47,671 --> 00:09:52,774
<i> The hull is covered in small</i>
<i> thin pieces of timber.</i>

106
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<i> And scattered</i>
<i> around metal hoops.</i>

107
00:09:56,947 --> 00:10:00,282
<i> The broken remains</i>
<i> of barrels.</i>

108
00:10:01,301 --> 00:10:08,373
Robert: I passed my hand
over the little planks and
it was a greasy deposit.

109
00:10:08,408 --> 00:10:09,741
And I was puzzled by this.

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00:10:13,347 --> 00:10:19,734
<i> Narrator: The san juan seems</i>
<i> to be a cargo ship packed</i>
<i> with barrels full of grease,</i>

111
00:10:19,770 --> 00:10:22,971
<i> Something nearby helps</i>
<i> explain what it is.</i>

112
00:10:26,777 --> 00:10:30,078
<i> Removing the collapsed</i>
<i> decks of the ship,</i>

113
00:10:30,113 --> 00:10:33,648
<i> Exposes the fragments of</i>
<i> four smaller crafts.</i>

114
00:10:35,969 --> 00:10:40,438
<i> One of them, a specialized</i>
<i> hunting boat called a chalupa.</i>

115
00:10:41,475 --> 00:10:44,776
Robert: Never expected to
find a complete chalupa
because normally

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00:10:44,811 --> 00:10:47,912
They are very quickly
eaten away by the worms.

117
00:10:47,948 --> 00:10:49,914
They vanish.

118
00:10:49,950 --> 00:10:54,703
So to finding, to find
a complete chalupa
like this was amazing.

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00:10:54,738 --> 00:10:57,372
<i> Narrator: Chalupas are</i>
<i> fast and maneuverable.</i>

120
00:10:57,407 --> 00:11:01,443
<i> Specially designed to carry</i>
<i> men wielding harpoons.</i>

121
00:11:01,478 --> 00:11:06,247
<i> Evidence of their prey</i>
<i> is scattered across</i>
<i> the drained sea bed.</i>

122
00:11:11,104 --> 00:11:14,873
<i> Whale bones.</i>

123
00:11:14,908 --> 00:11:19,177
<i> These chalupas are</i>
<i> used to catch whales.</i>

124
00:11:19,212 --> 00:11:21,846
<i> Their blubber is then</i>
<i> processed into oil.</i>

125
00:11:21,882 --> 00:11:25,400
<i> Loaded into barrels</i>
<i> and shipped to europe.</i>

126
00:11:28,138 --> 00:11:31,873
<i> The full astonishing</i>
<i> story is now clear.</i>

127
00:11:31,908 --> 00:11:36,277
<i> In the sixteenth century red</i>
<i> bay is no quiet back water.</i>

128
00:11:36,329 --> 00:11:40,014
<i> She's a global center</i>
<i> for whale oil production.</i>

129
00:11:40,049 --> 00:11:43,234
<i> Robert grenier hasn't</i>
<i> just found a ship wreck.</i>

130
00:11:43,270 --> 00:11:49,541
<i> He's discovered evidence of</i>
<i> one of the first industrial</i>
<i> sites in north america.</i>

131
00:11:49,576 --> 00:11:51,643
Robert: It was an
important trade.

132
00:11:51,678 --> 00:12:00,368
Provision of whale oil
which was very important for
lighting the houses, soap.

133
00:12:00,404 --> 00:12:04,472
This was the equivalent of
saudi arabia of the time.

134
00:12:08,311 --> 00:12:11,646
<i> Narrator: The san juan</i>
<i> carries the whale oil</i>
<i> back to europe.</i>

135
00:12:11,681 --> 00:12:15,934
<i> Her crew call it liquid gold.</i>
<i> And with good reason.</i>

136
00:12:15,969 --> 00:12:20,705
<i> Each successful trip</i>
<i> nets over eight million</i>
<i> dollars in today's money.</i>

137
00:12:20,741 --> 00:12:26,177
<i> And fifteen ships just</i>
<i> like the san juan make</i>
<i> this trip each year.</i>

138
00:12:26,213 --> 00:12:31,466
<i> But this is just one tiny</i>
<i> fortune on a continent</i>
<i> packed with treasure.</i>

139
00:12:32,869 --> 00:12:37,772
<i> After columbus discovers</i>
<i> the america's in 1492,</i>

140
00:12:37,807 --> 00:12:42,877
<i> The spanish develop a huge</i>
<i> network of trade routes.</i>

141
00:12:42,913 --> 00:12:48,233
<i> With tobacco plantations in</i>
<i> cuba, sugar from brazil.</i>

142
00:12:48,268 --> 00:12:54,639
<i> And vast quantities of silver</i>
<i> and gold looted and mined</i>
<i> from mexico and peru.</i>

143
00:12:54,674 --> 00:12:58,276
<i> Made possible by forcing</i>
<i> the locals into slavery.</i>

144
00:12:58,311 --> 00:13:02,781
<i> And shipping over more</i>
<i> enslaved men and women</i>
<i> from west africa.</i>

145
00:13:08,004 --> 00:13:11,272
Prof. Grove: Spain was
the great super power of
the sixteenth century.

146
00:13:11,308 --> 00:13:14,809
It was kept going by a
very large fleet of ships.

147
00:13:14,845 --> 00:13:18,379
These ships are the sinews
of the spanish empire.

148
00:13:19,749 --> 00:13:25,336
<i> Narrator: The trade in gold</i>
<i> and silver alone is worth</i>
<i> ten trillion dollars</i>

149
00:13:25,372 --> 00:13:27,438
<i> In today's money.</i>

150
00:13:27,474 --> 00:13:32,911
<i> Making Spain one of the</i>
<i> wealthiest and most powerful</i>
<i> countries in europe.</i>

151
00:13:32,946 --> 00:13:38,766
<i> So rich she guilds her</i>
<i> churches in silver and gold.</i>

152
00:13:38,802 --> 00:13:42,570
<i> All made possible by</i>
<i> ships like the san juan.</i>

153
00:13:48,445 --> 00:13:51,379
Prof. Grove: Without these
ships Spain would not be rich

154
00:13:51,414 --> 00:13:56,868
And making money was what the
spanish empire was all about.

155
00:13:56,903 --> 00:14:01,539
<i> Narrator: But Spain's</i>
<i> fabulous wealth attracts</i>
<i> greedy rivals.</i>

156
00:14:01,575 --> 00:14:03,875
<i> Ready to muscle in.</i>

157
00:14:08,782 --> 00:14:15,169
<i> Including one with plans</i>
<i> to break Spain's monopoly</i>
<i> on atlantic trade.</i>

158
00:14:15,205 --> 00:14:16,504
<i> England.</i>

159
00:14:17,507 --> 00:14:20,475
<i> Ruled by elizabeth the first.</i>

160
00:14:20,510 --> 00:14:24,812
<i> She bans spanish imports</i>
<i> including whale oil.</i>

161
00:14:24,848 --> 00:14:29,767
<i> And raises the stakes even</i>
<i> higher risking everything</i>
<i> in a showdown</i>

162
00:14:29,803 --> 00:14:32,770
<i> With the world's most</i>
<i> powerful empire.</i>

163
00:14:42,315 --> 00:14:45,767
<i> Queen elizabeth is</i>
<i> making England rich.</i>

164
00:14:45,802 --> 00:14:47,769
<i> With a new policy.</i>

165
00:14:47,804 --> 00:14:54,242
<i> She gives sea captains</i>
<i> a license to attack</i>
<i> spanish merchant ships.</i>

166
00:14:54,277 --> 00:14:56,110
(explosion)

167
00:14:56,146 --> 00:14:58,646
<i> And steal their cargo's.</i>

168
00:14:58,682 --> 00:15:03,434
<i> Then she takes a healthy</i>
<i> cut of the profits.</i>

169
00:15:03,470 --> 00:15:09,807
<i> One expedition alone makes</i>
<i> her enough money to pay off</i>
<i> the entire national debt.</i>

170
00:15:09,843 --> 00:15:12,610
<i> It's state piracy.</i>

171
00:15:12,646 --> 00:15:16,214
(explosion)

172
00:15:16,249 --> 00:15:18,048
Prof. Grove: English maritime
affairs was dominated

173
00:15:18,068 --> 00:15:20,668
By what I sometimes
call the pirate mafia.

174
00:15:20,704 --> 00:15:22,437
Which began with the queen.

175
00:15:22,472 --> 00:15:25,740
The only way the english
could expand their
maritime activities

176
00:15:25,775 --> 00:15:29,344
Was to engage in this kind
of armed robbery at sea.

177
00:15:31,014 --> 00:15:36,968
<i> Narrator: The english defend</i>
<i> the policy in the name of</i>
<i> their protestant religion.</i>

178
00:15:37,003 --> 00:15:40,171
<i> Meaning philip the</i>
<i> second of Spain,</i>

179
00:15:40,206 --> 00:15:46,477
<i> Protector of the catholic</i>
<i> faith in europe now has two</i>
<i> reasons to settle the score.</i>

180
00:15:46,513 --> 00:15:49,380
<i> Money and god.</i>

181
00:15:49,416 --> 00:15:52,166
<i> His admirals prepare</i>
<i> a massive fleet.</i>

182
00:15:52,202 --> 00:15:54,969
<i> "la grande y</i>
<i> felicisima armada".</i>

183
00:15:55,005 --> 00:15:57,955
<i> The great and</i>
<i> fortunate armada".</i>

184
00:15:57,990 --> 00:16:02,977
<i> Brimming with confidence and</i>
<i> carried out with the blessing</i>
<i> of the catholic church,</i>

185
00:16:03,013 --> 00:16:06,214
<i> One hundred and</i>
<i> thirty ships set sail.</i>

186
00:16:06,249 --> 00:16:11,569
<i> Among them a flotilla of</i>
<i> the empires best galleons.</i>

187
00:16:11,604 --> 00:16:15,039
<i> On board, one hundred</i>
<i> and eighty priests.</i>

188
00:16:15,075 --> 00:16:21,980
<i> And nineteen thousand</i>
<i> soldiers, armed with</i>
<i> over two thousand guns.</i>

189
00:16:22,015 --> 00:16:26,401
<i> For centuries historians</i>
<i> puzzled over king</i>
<i> phillips plans.</i>

190
00:16:26,436 --> 00:16:31,506
<i> Is he simply out to crush</i>
<i> England's pirates or does</i>
<i> he have something far more</i>

191
00:16:31,541 --> 00:16:34,375
<i> Devastating in mind?</i>

192
00:16:38,314 --> 00:16:40,515
<i> Eight hundred miles to</i>
<i> the north of Spain.</i>

193
00:16:43,370 --> 00:16:47,538
<i> At kinnagoe bay,</i>

194
00:16:47,574 --> 00:16:50,174
<i> Along the wild northern</i>
<i> coast of ireland.</i>

195
00:16:54,848 --> 00:17:00,568
<i> Can a remarkable discovery</i>
<i> cast light on the real</i>
<i> story of the armada?</i>

196
00:17:00,603 --> 00:17:05,673
<i> When local divers find what</i>
<i> looks like ships timbers.</i>

197
00:17:05,709 --> 00:17:10,478
<i> They call in expert marine</i>
<i> archaeologist colin martin.</i>

198
00:17:10,513 --> 00:17:14,348
<i> And he immediately</i>
<i> understands their excitement.</i>

199
00:17:14,383 --> 00:17:18,202
Dr. Martin: What I saw as my
head went under the water

200
00:17:18,238 --> 00:17:22,073
Was this enormous bronze gun.

201
00:17:22,108 --> 00:17:26,444
With the full alms of
philip the second of Spain.

202
00:17:26,479 --> 00:17:31,199
And it was almost as though
I'd been transported back
in time four hundred years.

203
00:17:35,138 --> 00:17:40,675
<i> Narrator: Colin and the</i>
<i> dive team search for more</i>
<i> clues beneath the water.</i>

204
00:17:40,710 --> 00:17:45,213
<i> Carefully logging</i>
<i> every detail.</i>

205
00:17:45,248 --> 00:17:49,801
<i> Archaeologists have</i>
<i> had little chance to</i>
<i> study armada wrecks.</i>

206
00:17:49,836 --> 00:17:51,469
<i> Could this be one?</i>

207
00:17:53,573 --> 00:17:58,276
<i> By using the dive team's data,</i>
<i> it's possible to see clearly</i>

208
00:17:58,311 --> 00:18:02,747
<i> What lies beneath kinnagoe</i>
<i> bay for the first time.</i>

209
00:18:06,736 --> 00:18:09,203
<i> The wild atlantic</i>
<i> drains away.</i>

210
00:18:10,740 --> 00:18:13,007
<i> Exposing a mass of wreckage.</i>

211
00:18:16,780 --> 00:18:20,548
<i> Ships timbers spread</i>
<i> along the sea floor.</i>

212
00:18:20,583 --> 00:18:24,836
<i> And lost for hundreds</i>
<i> of years, more guns.</i>

213
00:18:27,373 --> 00:18:31,375
Dr. Martin: Among the finds
were three magnificent
bronze cannons.

214
00:18:31,411 --> 00:18:32,910
All slightly different.

215
00:18:32,946 --> 00:18:37,782
Still lying on the
sea bed very visibly.

216
00:18:37,817 --> 00:18:43,104
<i> Narrator: Every canon is</i>
<i> stamped with a unique mark</i>
<i> that records its weight.</i>

217
00:18:43,139 --> 00:18:46,040
Dr. Martin: These guns were
listed in spanish documents.

218
00:18:46,075 --> 00:18:50,812
And each one of them
was identified by
its exact weight.

219
00:18:52,182 --> 00:18:56,400
<i> Narrator: Comparing the weight</i>
<i> of the recovered guns with</i>
<i> details in the spanish naval</i>

220
00:18:56,436 --> 00:19:01,606
<i> Inventory, reveals the name</i>
<i> of this mystery vessel.</i>

221
00:19:03,910 --> 00:19:05,710
<i> La trinidad valencera.</i>

222
00:19:11,317 --> 00:19:17,371
<i> A large mediterranean</i>
<i> merchant vessel pressed</i>
<i> into service by king philip.</i>

223
00:19:18,174 --> 00:19:22,343
<i> She's one of the most</i>
<i> important ships in</i>
<i> the armada.</i>

224
00:19:22,378 --> 00:19:25,213
<i> Armed with forty-two guns.</i>

225
00:19:26,349 --> 00:19:31,035
<i> Carrying two hundred</i>
<i> and eighty-one soldiers</i>
<i> and seventy-nine crew,</i>

226
00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:33,571
<i> Weighting eleven</i>
<i> hundred tons.</i>

227
00:19:33,606 --> 00:19:36,340
<i> One of the biggest</i>
<i> ships in the fleet.</i>

228
00:19:36,376 --> 00:19:38,576
<i> It's an amazing discovery.</i>

229
00:19:38,611 --> 00:19:43,714
<i> And it gives historians</i>
<i> a unique insight into</i>
<i> philips plans.</i>

230
00:19:50,840 --> 00:19:55,042
<i> At the drained wreck site,</i>
<i> something surprising.</i>

231
00:19:55,078 --> 00:19:59,747
<i> Next to the bronze</i>
<i> canons lie the wheels</i>
<i> of their gun carriages.</i>

232
00:19:59,782 --> 00:20:01,732
<i> They are heavy and unwieldy.</i>

233
00:20:01,768 --> 00:20:05,970
<i> Clearly not designed</i>
<i> for use at sea.</i>

234
00:20:06,005 --> 00:20:08,606
Dr. Martin: The main
reason we knew that the
guns weren't to be used

235
00:20:08,641 --> 00:20:14,178
In the naval battle was that
they were stowed complete
with their carriages.

236
00:20:15,682 --> 00:20:17,815
These were not ship guns.

237
00:20:17,850 --> 00:20:23,437
They were guns for land
campaigning, siege artillery.

238
00:20:25,141 --> 00:20:29,010
<i> Narrator: La trinidad</i>
<i> valencera hasn't just</i>
<i> come to shoot it out</i>

239
00:20:29,045 --> 00:20:30,711
<i> In the english channel.</i>

240
00:20:30,747 --> 00:20:35,800
<i> The canons in her hold point</i>
<i> to a much more ambitious plan.</i>

241
00:20:40,006 --> 00:20:44,375
<i> And the drained sands</i>
<i> of kinnagoe bay offer</i>
<i> up another clue.</i>

242
00:20:46,746 --> 00:20:50,448
<i> Half embedded in</i>
<i> the sandy seabed.</i>

243
00:20:56,639 --> 00:21:00,508
Dr. Martin: This to me
is the most remarkable
and precious thing

244
00:21:00,543 --> 00:21:02,677
That was found on the wreck.

245
00:21:02,712 --> 00:21:06,814
It's a chinese porcelain
bowl of the ming dynasty.

246
00:21:06,849 --> 00:21:12,770
Shipped all the way to
seville and from there into
the hands of a spanish

247
00:21:12,805 --> 00:21:20,344
Nobleman, who would be taking
it as part of his household
effects to England.

248
00:21:20,380 --> 00:21:23,648
<i> Narrator: A status symbol</i>
<i> to grace an elegant home.</i>

249
00:21:23,683 --> 00:21:27,868
<i> Whoever owns it clearly</i>
<i> plans to stay in England.</i>

250
00:21:30,340 --> 00:21:36,477
<i> Along with the siege canons</i>
<i> it's clear evidence that the</i>
<i> armada has come to invade,</i>

251
00:21:36,512 --> 00:21:39,180
<i> Conquer and occupy.</i>

252
00:21:42,018 --> 00:21:46,537
Prof. Grove: Only regime
change would stop the
english engaging

253
00:21:46,572 --> 00:21:48,372
In their piratical raids.

254
00:21:48,408 --> 00:21:49,940
And that was the aim.

255
00:21:51,577 --> 00:21:55,780
<i> Narrator: After over</i>
<i> two years of preparation</i>
<i> and eight days at sea,</i>

256
00:21:55,815 --> 00:21:58,299
<i> The armada nears</i>
<i> the english channel.</i>

257
00:21:59,035 --> 00:22:06,707
<i> One hundred and thirty</i>
<i> spanish ships including the</i>
<i> mighty trinidad valencera.</i>

258
00:22:06,743 --> 00:22:11,145
<i> Their objective is to</i>
<i> storm the beaches of</i>
<i> southern England.</i>

259
00:22:11,180 --> 00:22:16,901
<i> But first they must join</i>
<i> forces with twenty-seven</i>
<i> thousand invasion troops,</i>

260
00:22:16,936 --> 00:22:18,936
<i> Waiting in northern France.</i>

261
00:22:20,807 --> 00:22:26,610
<i> The english commanders know</i>
<i> that if the all-powerful</i>
<i> spanish army gets ashore.</i>

262
00:22:26,646 --> 00:22:29,413
<i> King philip will be</i>
<i> halfway to victory.</i>

263
00:22:30,817 --> 00:22:35,770
<i> To stop him they have</i>
<i> just sixty fighting ships.</i>

264
00:22:35,805 --> 00:22:39,974
<i> A life or death battle</i>
<i> for queen and country</i>
<i> is about to begin.</i>

265
00:22:43,046 --> 00:22:45,846
<i> How will elizabeth's</i>
<i> captains fight back?</i>

266
00:22:45,882 --> 00:22:51,369
<i> The answer lies inside</i>
<i> one of the most famous</i>
<i> ship wrecks of all time.</i>

267
00:23:01,714 --> 00:23:07,334
<i> Narrator: England's</i>
<i> land army is no match</i>
<i> for the spanish.</i>

268
00:23:07,370 --> 00:23:09,770
<i> And her fleet is outnumbered.</i>

269
00:23:13,743 --> 00:23:17,311
<i> But her sea captains do have</i>
<i> two things in their favor.</i>

270
00:23:17,346 --> 00:23:20,781
<i> New weapons and</i>
<i> radical new tactics.</i>

271
00:23:24,871 --> 00:23:30,708
<i> Just how radical can be</i>
<i> seen one hundred and forty</i>
<i> miles away near portsmouth.</i>

272
00:23:30,743 --> 00:23:34,845
<i> On board one of the</i>
<i> most famous ship wrecks</i>
<i> ever discovered.</i>

273
00:23:36,516 --> 00:23:40,101
<i> The mary rose.</i>

274
00:23:40,136 --> 00:23:46,373
<i> The favorite war</i>
<i> ship of queen elizabeth's</i>
<i> father, henry the eighth.</i>

275
00:23:46,409 --> 00:23:49,610
<i> She is lost in battle in 1545.</i>

276
00:23:49,645 --> 00:23:53,247
<i> The cause a mystery</i>
<i> for many centuries.</i>

277
00:23:55,601 --> 00:24:00,704
<i> When she's found</i>
<i> archaeologists uncover a</i>
<i> treasure trove of information</i>

278
00:24:00,740 --> 00:24:02,606
<i> About the english navy.</i>

279
00:24:02,642 --> 00:24:08,779
<i> From more than forty</i>
<i> years before the</i>
<i> armada even set sail.</i>

280
00:24:08,815 --> 00:24:14,335
<i> Now the dive teams research</i>
<i> and the underwater scan data</i>
<i> is combined with ongoing</i>

281
00:24:14,370 --> 00:24:19,173
<i> Archaeological work after</i>
<i> she is famously raised</i>
<i> from the depths.</i>

282
00:24:19,208 --> 00:24:25,446
<i> Making it possible to</i>
<i> reveal the mary rose exactly</i>
<i> as she was first discovered.</i>

283
00:24:28,568 --> 00:24:35,439
<i> As the sea flows away,</i>
<i> it opens a remarkable</i>
<i> window into the past.</i>

284
00:24:39,145 --> 00:24:41,712
<i> The mary rose.</i>

285
00:24:41,747 --> 00:24:44,148
<i> Extraordinarily</i>
<i> well preserved.</i>

286
00:24:46,903 --> 00:24:51,672
<i> And buried within her</i>
<i> clues that reveal how the</i>
<i> english are changing</i>

287
00:24:51,707 --> 00:24:54,375
<i> The way they fight</i>
<i> sea battles.</i>

288
00:24:55,178 --> 00:24:59,780
<i> Her exposed port side is worn</i>
<i> away to reveal the decks.</i>

289
00:24:59,815 --> 00:25:04,835
<i> Scattered around</i>
<i> long thin chests.</i>

290
00:25:04,871 --> 00:25:10,307
<i> When the dive team opened</i>
<i> them, they make a near</i>
<i> miraculous discovery.</i>

291
00:25:10,343 --> 00:25:14,979
<i> English long bows, one of</i>
<i> the most feared weapons</i>
<i> of the medieval age.</i>

292
00:25:19,168 --> 00:25:20,801
<i> In perfect condition.</i>

293
00:25:29,695 --> 00:25:32,580
Dr. Hildred: So
here they are.

294
00:25:32,615 --> 00:25:34,682
Beautifully preserved.
You can see the condition.

295
00:25:34,717 --> 00:25:37,935
I mean they look new.
They honestly look new.

296
00:25:37,970 --> 00:25:42,907
The only collection of
archery equipment we have
from the medieval period

297
00:25:42,942 --> 00:25:45,309
Is here on the mary rose.

298
00:25:45,344 --> 00:25:49,079
<i> Narrator: The long bows</i>
<i> show that the mary rose was</i>
<i> equipped for a traditional</i>

299
00:25:49,115 --> 00:25:52,900
<i> Sea battle.</i>

300
00:25:52,935 --> 00:25:55,703
Prof. Grove: In the medieval
period in northern waters,

301
00:25:55,738 --> 00:25:57,571
The classic form
of naval warfare

302
00:25:57,607 --> 00:26:00,808
Was to put castles on
basically merchant ships.

303
00:26:00,843 --> 00:26:06,847
These became fortresses
and you put archers
in the, on the castles.

304
00:26:06,882 --> 00:26:09,867
And it was very much
a land battle at sea.

305
00:26:12,204 --> 00:26:18,542
<i> Narrator: Each archer can</i>
<i> fire up to twelve armor</i>
<i> piercing arrows a minute.</i>

306
00:26:18,578 --> 00:26:25,299
<i> Clearing the way for</i>
<i> soldiers to grapple</i>
<i> and board enemy ships.</i>

307
00:26:25,334 --> 00:26:33,607
<i> For over a thousand years</i>
<i> this has been the standard</i>
<i> form of naval warfare.</i>

308
00:26:33,643 --> 00:26:39,013
<i> And it's exactly how the</i>
<i> admirals of the spanish armada</i>
<i> planned to attack the english.</i>

309
00:26:43,502 --> 00:26:48,639
<i> Their nineteen thousand</i>
<i> elite troops stand ready</i>
<i> to grapple and board.</i>

310
00:26:54,447 --> 00:27:00,234
<i> But the mary rose contains</i>
<i> key evidence that the</i>
<i> english navy is changing.</i>

311
00:27:01,437 --> 00:27:03,771
<i> And embracing new technology.</i>

312
00:27:04,573 --> 00:27:08,075
<i> Specifically, these.</i>

313
00:27:08,110 --> 00:27:12,379
<i> The mary rose is carrying</i>
<i> ninety-one canons.</i>

314
00:27:12,415 --> 00:27:15,399
<i> Fifteen made of bronze.</i>

315
00:27:15,434 --> 00:27:17,868
Dr. Hildred: We have these
finest cast bronze guns.

316
00:27:17,903 --> 00:27:20,838
This has a bore of about a
hundred millimetres or so.

317
00:27:20,873 --> 00:27:24,742
So, it would have taken
a shot that would have
weighed up to ten pounds.

318
00:27:24,777 --> 00:27:28,512
This probably weighs
just over a ton.

319
00:27:28,547 --> 00:27:31,932
<i> Narrator: Bronze guns are</i>
<i> powerful but a shortage</i>
<i> of the right metal</i>

320
00:27:31,967 --> 00:27:34,802
<i> Forces king henry to adapt.</i>

321
00:27:34,837 --> 00:27:40,007
<i> And it's these other weapons</i>
<i> found on the mary rose</i>
<i> that are more significant.</i>

322
00:27:40,843 --> 00:27:46,547
<i> A range of firearms from</i>
<i> canons to hand guns.</i>

323
00:27:46,582 --> 00:27:50,968
<i> All made in a new way.</i>

324
00:27:51,003 --> 00:27:55,172
Dr. Hildred: Here we have
the first attempts to mass
produce a gun in cast iron.

325
00:27:55,207 --> 00:27:57,808
You can see there's
a cast line round it.

326
00:27:57,843 --> 00:27:59,309
But what this is
saying is henry was

327
00:27:59,345 --> 00:28:02,746
A, trying to come up with
cheaper guns in cast iron.

328
00:28:02,782 --> 00:28:06,900
And b, just attempt to
harness the technology.

329
00:28:06,936 --> 00:28:12,072
<i> Narrator: As well as cast</i>
<i> iron hand guns, the tudors</i>
<i> developed wrought iron canons.</i>

330
00:28:15,611 --> 00:28:19,146
Prof. Grove: They
discovered ways of making
iron that was strong enough

331
00:28:19,181 --> 00:28:21,648
To stand the stresses
of a gun being fired.

332
00:28:21,701 --> 00:28:26,704
And this was a huge
improvement in that
it made powerful guns

333
00:28:26,739 --> 00:28:28,839
A good deal cheaper.

334
00:28:32,545 --> 00:28:38,015
<i> Narrator: Each wrought iron</i>
<i> gun is less than a tenth of</i>
<i> the cost of a bronze gun.</i>

335
00:28:43,372 --> 00:28:48,175
<i> Meaning henry's favorite war</i>
<i> ship can pack a bigger punch.</i>

336
00:28:49,645 --> 00:28:54,882
<i> The tudor navy calls their</i>
<i> new iron guns port pieces.</i>

337
00:28:54,917 --> 00:28:58,618
<i> The mary rose has</i>
<i> twelve of them.</i>

338
00:28:58,637 --> 00:29:05,242
<i> Each one mounted on a small</i>
<i> low-profile carriage.</i>

339
00:29:05,277 --> 00:29:07,478
<i> Easy to reload.</i>

340
00:29:07,513 --> 00:29:10,147
<i> All made to the same</i>
<i> standard.</i>

341
00:29:10,182 --> 00:29:13,534
<i> They require a change</i>
<i> in ship design.</i>

342
00:29:13,569 --> 00:29:17,237
<i> With decks specifically</i>
<i> strengthened to hold</i>
<i> weighty canons.</i>

343
00:29:26,782 --> 00:29:32,636
<i> When the mary rose is built</i>
<i> in 1511, records show she</i>
<i> hasn't got a single</i>

344
00:29:32,671 --> 00:29:36,006
<i> Port piece on board.</i>

345
00:29:36,041 --> 00:29:41,779
<i> But in the drained wreck there</i>
<i> are port pieces scattered</i>
<i> across two of her decks.</i>

346
00:29:41,814 --> 00:29:45,732
<i> Evidence that henry was so</i>
<i> serious about naval gunnery,</i>

347
00:29:45,768 --> 00:29:48,368
<i> He made his ship builders</i>
<i> increase the fire</i>

348
00:29:48,404 --> 00:29:52,172
<i> Power and strength of one</i>
<i> of his best warships.</i>

349
00:29:55,277 --> 00:30:00,247
Dr. Hildred: It's on that
brink of change of ships
from being troop carriers

350
00:30:00,282 --> 00:30:02,232
To gun platforms.

351
00:30:02,268 --> 00:30:07,404
It has certainly some
of the most sophisticated
modern weapons of its time.

352
00:30:07,439 --> 00:30:10,307
Dr. Delgado: The gun
changes war at sea.

353
00:30:10,342 --> 00:30:13,610
Ships go from being floating
castles to being vessels

354
00:30:13,646 --> 00:30:16,079
Capable of destroying
another ship.

355
00:30:20,836 --> 00:30:25,372
<i> Narrator: But embracing</i>
<i> new ideas too quickly</i>
<i> can be dangerous.</i>

356
00:30:25,407 --> 00:30:32,312
<i> When the french attack the</i>
<i> english coast in 1545, the</i>
<i> mary rose sails into battle.</i>

357
00:30:32,348 --> 00:30:35,232
<i> She fires one salvo.</i>

358
00:30:35,267 --> 00:30:37,868
<i> Turns and immediately sinks.</i>

359
00:30:39,138 --> 00:30:42,873
Dr. Hildred: You do get a
number of reports that say
suddenly a wind came up.

360
00:30:42,908 --> 00:30:48,645
She then turned and in
turning was, you know, gust
of wind heeled her over.

361
00:30:48,681 --> 00:30:53,600
<i> Narrator: When a ship</i>
<i> heels its side tips</i>
<i> towards the waterline.</i>

362
00:30:53,636 --> 00:30:58,305
<i> That's only a problem if sea</i>
<i> water can enter the ship.</i>

363
00:30:58,340 --> 00:31:04,044
<i> And on board the mary rose</i>
<i> there's one very obvious</i>
<i> way that can happen.</i>

364
00:31:07,550 --> 00:31:11,401
Prof. Grove: To put big
guns into ships you had
to put them in the hull.

365
00:31:11,437 --> 00:31:13,403
And so the gun port was born.

366
00:31:17,276 --> 00:31:24,281
The problem with gun ports
was how low down in the
ship could you put them?

367
00:31:24,316 --> 00:31:29,069
If the gun ports are too close
to the water line and the ship
heels and sailing ships heel,

368
00:31:29,104 --> 00:31:32,072
Because of their sails,
then there's the danger

369
00:31:32,107 --> 00:31:34,975
That water can come in
through the gun ports.

370
00:31:35,811 --> 00:31:39,212
<i> Narrator: And at the</i>
<i> drained wreck site a clue.</i>

371
00:31:39,248 --> 00:31:42,733
<i> The gun ports are</i>
<i> clearly visible.</i>

372
00:31:42,768 --> 00:31:45,335
<i> And they are all open.</i>

373
00:31:49,608 --> 00:31:53,710
<i> Piecing together the evidence</i>
<i> what happens is now clear.</i>

374
00:31:54,747 --> 00:31:58,081
<i> The mary rose heads into</i>
<i> battle against the french.</i>

375
00:31:58,117 --> 00:32:00,500
<i> Her high castles</i>
<i> packed with archers.</i>

376
00:32:05,307 --> 00:32:07,574
<i> She fires her starboard guns.</i>

377
00:32:13,849 --> 00:32:17,000
<i> She turns to fire from</i>
<i> her port side guns.</i>

378
00:32:18,237 --> 00:32:21,471
<i> A gust of wind</i>
<i> makes her heel over.</i>

379
00:32:22,341 --> 00:32:28,679
<i> Unstable from</i>
<i> so many soldiers, guns and</i>
<i> ammunition, she heels too far.</i>

380
00:32:28,714 --> 00:32:31,848
<i> Water pours into</i>
<i> the open gun ports.</i>

381
00:32:33,035 --> 00:32:35,736
<i> In minutes she capsizes.</i>

382
00:32:37,072 --> 00:32:42,409
<i> Taking all but thirty of</i>
<i> her four hundred and fifteen</i>
<i> crew to their deaths.</i>

383
00:32:46,048 --> 00:32:52,135
<i> Forty-three years later</i>
<i> as the spanish armada</i>
<i> approaches plymouth,</i>

384
00:32:52,171 --> 00:32:58,075
<i> The english fleet is about to</i>
<i> show that they have built on</i>
<i> the legacy of the mary rose.</i>

385
00:32:58,110 --> 00:33:00,610
<i> They ditch hand to</i>
<i> hand combat.</i>

386
00:33:00,646 --> 00:33:05,182
<i> And focus purely on the</i>
<i> firepower of their guns.</i>

387
00:33:05,217 --> 00:33:09,202
<i> Will it be enough to save</i>
<i> England from invasion?</i>

388
00:33:19,648 --> 00:33:25,969
<i> One hundred and thirty ships of</i>
<i> the armada come face to face</i>
<i> with England's one hundred.</i>

389
00:33:26,005 --> 00:33:29,606
<i> As the battle begins the</i>
<i> spanish try to get close,</i>

390
00:33:29,641 --> 00:33:32,876
<i> Looking to board and capture</i>
<i> the english warships.</i>

391
00:33:32,911 --> 00:33:35,712
<i> But elizabeth's captains</i>
<i> have other ideas.</i>

392
00:33:40,335 --> 00:33:46,139
Prof. Grove: In that piratical
operation the english develop
standoff gunnery warfare.

393
00:33:46,175 --> 00:33:48,809
Concentrating much
more on gunnery.

394
00:33:48,877 --> 00:33:50,310
And locking the
enemy to pieces.

395
00:33:57,269 --> 00:34:02,205
<i> Narrator: It's a test</i>
<i> of english tactics.</i>

396
00:34:02,241 --> 00:34:05,776
<i> If they get too close they</i>
<i> risk hand to hand combat</i>

397
00:34:05,811 --> 00:34:09,246
<i> With an overwhelming force</i>
<i> of spanish soldiers.</i>

398
00:34:09,281 --> 00:34:14,134
<i> If they stay too far, the</i>
<i> guns will do little damage.</i>

399
00:34:14,169 --> 00:34:16,536
<i> But they have the perfect</i>
<i> ships for the job.</i>

400
00:34:19,475 --> 00:34:26,213
<i> Transformed since the mary</i>
<i> rose the castles have gone.</i>

401
00:34:26,248 --> 00:34:29,966
<i> Instead they're</i>
<i> packed with guns.</i>

402
00:34:30,002 --> 00:34:32,869
<i> Sleek and maneuverable.</i>

403
00:34:32,905 --> 00:34:35,305
<i> The fastest war</i>
<i> ships in the world.</i>

404
00:34:42,581 --> 00:34:47,033
Dr. Delgado: The tactics
the english developed as
pirates to come in shooting,

405
00:34:47,069 --> 00:34:49,903
Prove effective against
the spanish armada.

406
00:34:55,344 --> 00:34:56,910
Prof. Grove: Ships would
charge at each other.

407
00:34:56,945 --> 00:34:58,311
A bit like cavalry.

408
00:34:58,347 --> 00:35:01,515
And then they would fire,
turn, fire again,

409
00:35:01,550 --> 00:35:05,836
Move away, reload and
come back.

410
00:35:05,871 --> 00:35:13,543
<i> Narrator: Making</i>
<i> elizabeth's navy fast</i>
<i> enough to hit. And run.</i>

411
00:35:17,716 --> 00:35:23,370
<i> They fire over two</i>
<i> thousand shots to Spain's</i>
<i> seven hundred and fifty.</i>

412
00:35:29,545 --> 00:35:34,247
<i> Shattering masts and</i>
<i> tearing holes through</i>
<i> splintered wooden hulls.</i>

413
00:35:34,283 --> 00:35:38,401
<i> Driving the armada</i>
<i> along the coast.</i>

414
00:35:38,437 --> 00:35:42,672
<i> Two days later there's</i>
<i> a second battle.</i>

415
00:35:42,708 --> 00:35:45,542
<i> Seventy-five miles</i>
<i> away at portland bill.</i>

416
00:35:47,379 --> 00:35:48,712
<i> It's a critical moment.</i>

417
00:35:53,402 --> 00:35:57,971
<i> And the english take more</i>
<i> risks they come in closer,</i>

418
00:35:58,006 --> 00:36:01,208
<i> Putting themselves at</i>
<i> risk of being boarded.</i>

419
00:36:03,412 --> 00:36:04,845
<i> But this time when they fire.</i>

420
00:36:09,401 --> 00:36:11,268
<i> They cause more damage.</i>

421
00:36:13,372 --> 00:36:15,505
<i> The spanish have</i>
<i> naval guns too.</i>

422
00:36:16,041 --> 00:36:18,141
<i> Plenty of them.</i>

423
00:36:18,177 --> 00:36:22,112
<i> And one of the biggest</i>
<i> mysteries of the armada is</i>
<i> why they're not as effective</i>

424
00:36:22,147 --> 00:36:25,415
<i> As the english guns.</i>

425
00:36:25,450 --> 00:36:30,737
<i> Nearly four hundred miles</i>
<i> away in ireland's kinnagoe</i>
<i> bay can the drained wreck</i>

426
00:36:30,772 --> 00:36:34,207
<i> Of la trinidad valencera</i>
<i> reveal the answer?</i>

427
00:36:37,246 --> 00:36:41,581
<i> Spread across the site</i>
<i> guns for a sea battle</i>
<i> and lots of ammunition.</i>

428
00:36:44,736 --> 00:36:46,069
<i> But how well was it used?</i>

429
00:36:50,642 --> 00:36:55,478
<i> Like many of the ships of</i>
<i> the armada the trinidad</i>
<i> valencera is requisitioned</i>

430
00:36:55,514 --> 00:36:57,714
<i> For war by king philip.</i>

431
00:36:57,749 --> 00:37:03,603
<i> Such a disparate fleet carries</i>
<i> a huge range of weapons.</i>

432
00:37:03,639 --> 00:37:08,174
Dr. Martin: When we
started to find quite large
quantities of canon balls,

433
00:37:08,210 --> 00:37:13,246
We were struck by the
wide range of calibres,
of diameters of the balls.

434
00:37:15,667 --> 00:37:20,637
Unlike their enemy
the spanish have no
standardized guns.

435
00:37:20,672 --> 00:37:27,043
It means in the heat of battle
it can be hard to find the
right shot for the right gun.

436
00:37:27,079 --> 00:37:30,313
So they rely on a
measuring gauge.

437
00:37:30,349 --> 00:37:34,334
Dr. Martin: You check against
a ball.

438
00:37:34,369 --> 00:37:37,938
And if it goes through just
nicely as this one does,

439
00:37:37,973 --> 00:37:41,474
Then you've got the right
shot for this particular gun.

440
00:37:41,510 --> 00:37:44,144
And at the level of the poor
gunners on board the ships,

441
00:37:44,179 --> 00:37:50,400
They were frequently
finding not this, where
they were the right size.

442
00:37:50,435 --> 00:37:54,204
But this where they weren't.

443
00:37:54,239 --> 00:37:59,676
<i> Narrator: And the spanish</i>
<i> captains face other problems.</i>

444
00:37:59,711 --> 00:38:03,913
Dr. Martin: We then started
to look at the way the
spaniards used their guns,

445
00:38:03,949 --> 00:38:05,548
Operated their guns.

446
00:38:05,584 --> 00:38:11,204
We were helped by the
discovery of the
carriages that the ships

447
00:38:11,239 --> 00:38:17,010
Had been using to mount
their guns for sea warfare.

448
00:38:18,113 --> 00:38:22,666
<i> Narrator: The gun and carriage</i>
<i> can span nineteen feet</i>

449
00:38:22,701 --> 00:38:26,236
<i> Over half the width</i>
<i> of a ships deck.</i>

450
00:38:26,271 --> 00:38:30,040
Dr. Martin: Spaniards seem
to have had cumbersome two
wheeled carriages

451
00:38:30,075 --> 00:38:36,246
With long trails, which
were quite difficult to
bring in to reload.

452
00:38:36,281 --> 00:38:42,002
<i> Narrator: All of this</i>
<i> means that the two sides</i>
<i> fight very differently.</i>

453
00:38:42,037 --> 00:38:44,771
Prof. Grove: The spanish
tend it would appear,

454
00:38:44,806 --> 00:38:49,943
Not to see the gun as
a powerful weapon for
sea born combat.

455
00:38:49,978 --> 00:38:54,614
Although they do have
guns at sea they don't
fire them very often.

456
00:38:56,435 --> 00:39:02,806
Dr. Martin: They, the
english were firing twice
as quickly as the spaniards.

457
00:39:09,781 --> 00:39:14,067
Like having twice as
many guns if you can fire
them in half the time.

458
00:39:18,240 --> 00:39:22,742
<i> Narrator: The second battle</i>
<i> lasts over two hours.</i>

459
00:39:22,778 --> 00:39:25,678
<i> The english inflict</i>
<i> the most damage.</i>

460
00:39:25,714 --> 00:39:28,581
<i> But the armada remains</i>
<i> largely intact.</i>

461
00:39:28,617 --> 00:39:31,835
<i> And its large galleons are</i>
<i> still a powerful threat.</i>

462
00:39:32,771 --> 00:39:38,775
Dr. Martin: It's extremely
difficult to sink a wooden
ship with canon fire.

463
00:39:38,810 --> 00:39:41,611
You need to batter
away at it.

464
00:39:43,415 --> 00:39:49,069
Insofar as breaking up the
actual fleet which held
together, protecting itself,

465
00:39:49,104 --> 00:39:54,107
The english effectively
were powerless.

466
00:39:54,142 --> 00:39:56,543
<i> Narrator: The armada</i>
<i> heads to northern France.</i>

467
00:39:56,578 --> 00:40:03,366
<i> Where twenty seven thousand</i>
<i> fresh and well trained</i>
<i> spanish soldiers await.</i>

468
00:40:03,402 --> 00:40:07,337
<i> Ready to join the fleet</i>
<i> and try to land in England.</i>

469
00:40:12,110 --> 00:40:16,279
<i> Back in kinnagoe bay</i>
<i> can the wreck of la</i>
<i> trinidad valencera</i>

470
00:40:16,314 --> 00:40:19,899
<i> Explain why that</i>
<i> invasion never happened?</i>

471
00:40:32,614 --> 00:40:34,848
<i> But the troops aren't</i>
<i> ready to board.</i>

472
00:40:37,135 --> 00:40:39,936
<i> So the spanish are</i>
<i> forced to wait.</i>

473
00:40:39,971 --> 00:40:44,974
<i> Close together in the</i>
<i> face of a gathering storm.</i>

474
00:40:45,010 --> 00:40:48,778
<i> This gives the english an</i>
<i> unexpected opportunity</i>

475
00:40:48,814 --> 00:40:53,099
<i> And they use it to unleash a</i>
<i> terrifying new weapon.</i>

476
00:40:53,135 --> 00:40:53,933
<i> Hell burners.</i>

477
00:40:59,107 --> 00:41:01,975
<i> Eight of their own ships</i>
<i> packed with explosives,</i>

478
00:41:02,010 --> 00:41:06,079
<i> Set on fire and aimed right</i>
<i> at the heart of the armada.</i>

479
00:41:10,001 --> 00:41:11,668
Prof. Grove: The english
took their opportunity,

480
00:41:11,703 --> 00:41:14,070
Sent in fire ships,

481
00:41:14,105 --> 00:41:17,440
Caused the armada
to break formation.

482
00:41:17,476 --> 00:41:20,810
<i> Narrator: Now the english</i>
<i> captains can pick their</i>
<i> enemies off</i>

483
00:41:20,846 --> 00:41:22,879
<i> One ship at a time.</i>

484
00:41:22,914 --> 00:41:25,114
<i> At daybreak they pounce.</i>

485
00:41:30,205 --> 00:41:34,908
<i> After the first two clashes</i>
<i> the english know they can</i>
<i> fire at a hundred feet</i>

486
00:41:34,943 --> 00:41:36,676
<i> Without being boarded.</i>

487
00:41:36,711 --> 00:41:39,913
<i> An advantage they now</i>
<i> exploit to the fore.</i>

488
00:41:43,869 --> 00:41:47,170
<i> Disabling four of</i>
<i> Spain's best galleons.</i>

489
00:41:47,205 --> 00:41:49,305
<i> And damaging many more.</i>

490
00:41:52,911 --> 00:41:54,844
<i> The battle rages for</i>
<i> nine hours.</i>

491
00:41:58,316 --> 00:42:03,836
<i> Nearly two thousand spanish</i>
<i> soldiers and sailors</i>
<i> are left dead or injured.</i>

492
00:42:07,042 --> 00:42:09,576
<i> Their invasion</i>
<i> attempt is over.</i>

493
00:42:16,801 --> 00:42:22,238
<i> Damaged by enemy fire, packed</i>
<i> with injured and dying men.</i>

494
00:42:22,274 --> 00:42:27,076
<i> The surviving ships of the</i>
<i> armada. Run for home.</i>

495
00:42:27,112 --> 00:42:31,915
<i> But only sixty ships</i>
<i> will ever make it back.</i>

496
00:42:37,973 --> 00:42:42,709
<i> In ireland the drained</i>
<i> wreck site of la trinidad</i>
<i> valencera reveals</i>

497
00:42:42,744 --> 00:42:48,248
<i> How one of the mightiest</i>
<i> ships of the armada</i>
<i> ended her days.</i>

498
00:42:48,283 --> 00:42:53,036
<i> The surviving timbers</i>
<i> are scattered and spread</i>
<i> across a rocky reef.</i>

499
00:42:53,071 --> 00:42:57,473
<i> It's a clue that helps to</i>
<i> explain what happened</i>
<i> after the epic battle</i>

500
00:42:57,509 --> 00:42:58,408
<i> Against the english.</i>

501
00:43:02,914 --> 00:43:04,480
Dr. Martin: Well the
spanish armada

502
00:43:04,516 --> 00:43:07,667
When it failed in it's
objective,

503
00:43:07,702 --> 00:43:10,670
Decided to return home
by sailing right round

504
00:43:10,705 --> 00:43:13,306
The top of the british isles.

505
00:43:13,341 --> 00:43:15,341
<i> Narrator: Thrusting the</i>
<i> spanish into the path</i>

506
00:43:15,377 --> 00:43:18,278
<i> Of a new and even more</i>
<i> formidable enemy.</i>

507
00:43:25,704 --> 00:43:27,403
<i> The weather.</i>

508
00:43:30,675 --> 00:43:33,643
<i> Summer storms roar</i>
<i> up the north sea.</i>

509
00:43:35,113 --> 00:43:37,680
<i> Battering the already</i>
<i> damaged galleons.</i>

510
00:43:39,150 --> 00:43:44,704
<i> To such religious men it</i>
<i> must feel like god himself</i>
<i> has turned against Spain.</i>

511
00:43:51,246 --> 00:43:56,265
<i> But what happened next to</i>
<i> the la trinidad valencera</i>
<i> is even more hellish.</i>

512
00:43:59,037 --> 00:44:02,105
Dr. Martin: She found herself
in a sinking condition.

513
00:44:02,140 --> 00:44:05,808
A decision was made
to run for the shore.

514
00:44:05,844 --> 00:44:09,345
<i> Narrator: La trinidad</i>
<i> valencera heads for the</i>
<i> irish coast</i>

515
00:44:09,381 --> 00:44:11,180
<i> Looking for a safe place to</i>
<i> land.</i>

516
00:44:15,403 --> 00:44:18,971
Dr. Martin: She grounded
some distance from the
shore on a sandy bottom.

517
00:44:19,007 --> 00:44:22,842
But with her bow
sitting on a reef.

518
00:44:22,877 --> 00:44:26,546
<i> Narrator: Almost all</i>
<i> the crew scramble</i>
<i> ashore unharmed.</i>

519
00:44:26,581 --> 00:44:31,601
Dr. Martin: They marched off
heading for the west coast
of ireland where they hoped

520
00:44:31,636 --> 00:44:36,673
They might make contact
with other armada ships
that would bring them home.

521
00:44:36,708 --> 00:44:44,447
Unfortunately for them
they were intercepted by a
force of english soldiers.

522
00:44:44,482 --> 00:44:47,150
<i> Narrator: What happens</i>
<i> next is savage.</i>

523
00:44:48,069 --> 00:44:50,603
<i> The english start to</i>
<i> execute their prisoners.</i>

524
00:44:58,980 --> 00:45:02,932
<i> Only a lucky few manage</i>
<i> to run to the hills.</i>

525
00:45:07,539 --> 00:45:14,844
<i> Through drowning or</i>
<i> execution over six thousand</i>
<i> men die along these shores.</i>

526
00:45:14,879 --> 00:45:19,282
<i> La trinidad valencera is one</i>
<i> of just six armada wrecks</i>

527
00:45:19,317 --> 00:45:22,402
<i> Found off the coast</i>
<i> of ireland.</i>

528
00:45:22,437 --> 00:45:27,340
<i> The rest, probably up</i>
<i> to twenty, have never</i>
<i> been discovered.</i>

529
00:45:27,375 --> 00:45:31,744
<i> What began as a battle</i>
<i> to crush the upstart</i>
<i> english has changed</i>

530
00:45:31,780 --> 00:45:34,580
<i> The global balance of power.</i>

531
00:45:34,616 --> 00:45:40,536
Prof. Grove: The weakness of
the spanish empire was its
actual dependence on wealth.

532
00:45:40,572 --> 00:45:47,877
And when other powers began
to rise like the dutch, like
the english, like the french,

533
00:45:47,912 --> 00:45:51,347
Then these powers had much
greater economic depth.

534
00:45:51,382 --> 00:45:56,235
Spain loses its sources
of wealth and it's got
nothing to fall back on.

535
00:45:56,271 --> 00:46:00,573
<i> Narrator: Within ten</i>
<i> years Spain is bankrupt.</i>

536
00:46:01,476 --> 00:46:07,447
<i> In red bay and beyond cargo</i>
<i> ships like the san juan no</i>
<i> longer hold the monopoly</i>

537
00:46:07,482 --> 00:46:09,665
<i> On new world trade routes.</i>

538
00:46:13,972 --> 00:46:18,107
<i> England with its mastery of</i>
<i> naval gunnery and its fast,</i>

539
00:46:18,143 --> 00:46:21,978
<i> Mobile warships is now</i>
<i> the rising force.</i>

540
00:46:22,013 --> 00:46:24,347
Dr. Delgado: In the aftermath
of the armada these new types

541
00:46:24,382 --> 00:46:29,502
Of ships and tactics will
dominate naval warfare for
the next two centuries.

542
00:46:35,610 --> 00:46:40,213
<i> Narrator: Within twenty</i>
<i> years England establishes</i>
<i> its first successful colony</i>

543
00:46:40,248 --> 00:46:41,981
<i> In the americas.</i>

544
00:46:42,016 --> 00:46:45,234
<i> English will become</i>
<i> the dominant language</i>
<i> in north america</i>

545
00:46:45,270 --> 00:46:48,437
<i> And much of the world beyond.</i>

546
00:46:48,473 --> 00:46:52,041
<i> And as England becomes great</i>
<i> britain, ships controlled</i>

547
00:46:52,076 --> 00:46:56,746
<i> In london will dominate</i>
<i> global trading routes.</i>

548
00:46:56,781 --> 00:47:03,102
<i> Britain will become the</i>
<i> undisputed ruler of the waves.</i>

549
00:47:03,137 --> 00:47:10,743
<i> Until she is finally eclipsed</i>
<i> by her own colonies, the</i>
<i> united states.</i>

550
00:47:10,778 --> 00:47:16,399
<i> A process all triggered</i>
<i> by the fight for the</i>
<i> riches of the americas.</i>

551
00:47:16,434 --> 00:47:19,836
<i> And the defeat of</i>
<i> the spanish armada.</i>

552
00:47:21,573 --> 00:47:22,438
Captioned by subtitlepro llc