1 00:00:05,299 --> 00:00:07,801 - Today's episode explores corruption. 2 00:00:07,843 --> 00:00:09,845 - (mafia-themed music) - Call me cynical, 3 00:00:09,887 --> 00:00:13,515 but I feel like we're living in very corrupt times. 4 00:00:13,557 --> 00:00:17,269 Everywhere you look, people in lofty positions are using those positions 5 00:00:17,311 --> 00:00:19,104 - to enrich themselves. - (sirens blaring) 6 00:00:19,146 --> 00:00:22,441 Sometimes, the powerful steer important government contracts 7 00:00:22,483 --> 00:00:24,109 to their cronies. 8 00:00:24,193 --> 00:00:27,321 Sometimes, they charge bribes for essential services. 9 00:00:27,362 --> 00:00:30,991 And sometimes, they preside over the gross misuse of funds 10 00:00:31,033 --> 00:00:33,243 intended, sorry, can we just cut for a second, please? 11 00:00:33,285 --> 00:00:35,704 Um, do we really not have the budget 12 00:00:35,746 --> 00:00:39,082 for a nicer backdrop or like a location or something? 13 00:00:39,124 --> 00:00:40,459 - What about the plant? 14 00:00:45,005 --> 00:00:46,340 - What about the plant? 15 00:00:46,381 --> 00:00:47,716 - It's a very expensive plant! 16 00:00:47,758 --> 00:00:49,301 Ow, what are you? 17 00:00:49,343 --> 00:00:51,845 No, shiny, like this one. 18 00:00:51,887 --> 00:00:54,890 (suspenseful music) 19 00:00:56,642 --> 00:00:59,019 (man munching) 20 00:00:59,061 --> 00:01:00,354 - Okay, sorry, my bad. 21 00:01:00,395 --> 00:01:01,730 I, I'm being an asshole. 22 00:01:01,772 --> 00:01:03,440 Sorry, sorry, everybody! 23 00:01:05,526 --> 00:01:07,694 - Don't worry about it. 24 00:01:07,736 --> 00:01:10,155 My mouth, no, not a twenty. 25 00:01:11,824 --> 00:01:14,785 - Mm, yeah, there we go. - (bills rustling) 26 00:01:16,745 --> 00:01:18,539 Aight, from the top, what's his name? 27 00:01:18,622 --> 00:01:20,290 Kal, baby. 28 00:01:21,708 --> 00:01:23,293 - This is corruption. 29 00:01:23,293 --> 00:01:26,171 - (text explodes) - (text creaks) 30 00:01:26,213 --> 00:01:28,549 - (rock music) - Whether you like it or not, 31 00:01:28,590 --> 00:01:31,677 we're all connected by money. 32 00:01:31,718 --> 00:01:35,556 I'm Kal Penn, exploring this giant beast 33 00:01:35,597 --> 00:01:37,933 that is the global economy. 34 00:01:39,184 --> 00:01:40,394 (ducks quacking) 35 00:01:43,856 --> 00:01:45,941 There is a lot of corruption in the world. 36 00:01:47,734 --> 00:01:49,653 Across the globe, corruption costs 37 00:01:49,695 --> 00:01:53,115 an estimated $2.6 trillion each year, 38 00:01:53,156 --> 00:01:57,244 skimming 5% off the planet's GDP. 39 00:01:57,286 --> 00:01:58,704 And according to the World Bank, 40 00:01:58,745 --> 00:02:00,998 corruption is one of the main reasons 41 00:02:01,039 --> 00:02:03,792 the rich get richer, while the poor stay poor. 42 00:02:03,834 --> 00:02:05,210 - (people clamoring) - (camera snaps) 43 00:02:05,252 --> 00:02:07,129 Part of what makes fighting corruption hard 44 00:02:07,170 --> 00:02:10,215 is that it isn't just one thing, like bribery. 45 00:02:10,257 --> 00:02:13,719 It's a whole party platter of slimy activities, 46 00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:15,512 from selling Senate seats, 47 00:02:15,554 --> 00:02:18,599 to taking joyrides on taxpayer-funded planes. 48 00:02:19,933 --> 00:02:23,020 But how does corruption affect the economy? 49 00:02:23,061 --> 00:02:25,105 To find out, I'm going back to school, 50 00:02:25,147 --> 00:02:27,357 to talk to a guy who has spent years 51 00:02:27,399 --> 00:02:29,276 studying that very question-- 52 00:02:29,318 --> 00:02:33,030 Former U.S. Secretary of Labor, Robert Reich. 53 00:02:33,071 --> 00:02:34,865 Thank you so much for doing this. 54 00:02:34,907 --> 00:02:36,617 I have been a fan of yours for a while. 55 00:02:36,658 --> 00:02:37,868 Any chance that when the show comes out 56 00:02:37,910 --> 00:02:39,661 you can, uh, you can mention it 57 00:02:39,703 --> 00:02:41,830 to your 2.5 million Facebook followers? 58 00:02:41,872 --> 00:02:43,498 - Well, we'll see. 59 00:02:43,540 --> 00:02:47,044 I would like to help, sure, in any way I can. 60 00:02:47,085 --> 00:02:52,132 - Okay, well, what if I gave you an origami box? 61 00:02:52,174 --> 00:02:55,344 (sneaky music) 62 00:02:55,385 --> 00:02:57,554 - It's beautiful, absolutely beautiful. 63 00:02:57,596 --> 00:02:58,972 Look, and there's even something inside. 64 00:02:59,014 --> 00:03:00,140 - Oh, well yeah, that is money. 65 00:03:00,182 --> 00:03:02,017 Now will you mention us? 66 00:03:02,059 --> 00:03:03,602 - Uh, (chuckles) no, no. 67 00:03:03,644 --> 00:03:06,063 - Damn! - (Robert chuckling) 68 00:03:06,104 --> 00:03:09,274 Robert Reich apparently is a man of integrity. 69 00:03:09,316 --> 00:03:11,109 That's a refreshing quality in a guy 70 00:03:11,151 --> 00:03:13,403 who has spent a lot of time in the White House, 71 00:03:13,445 --> 00:03:15,197 three White Houses actually. 72 00:03:15,238 --> 00:03:17,783 He worked as Labor Secretary under Clinton, 73 00:03:17,824 --> 00:03:21,328 for Carter before that, and for Ford before that. 74 00:03:21,370 --> 00:03:24,039 Now, Reich focuses on how corruption on Wall Street 75 00:03:24,081 --> 00:03:26,959 and in political lobbying is hurting America. 76 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:28,585 He even made a movie about it. 77 00:03:30,379 --> 00:03:33,298 How would you define corruption? 78 00:03:33,340 --> 00:03:38,553 - Corruption is the payment for things 79 00:03:38,595 --> 00:03:41,390 that are deemed illegitimate by society, 80 00:03:41,431 --> 00:03:45,769 that should not, according to most people, 81 00:03:45,811 --> 00:03:47,604 be bought or sold. 82 00:03:47,646 --> 00:03:52,818 The guide is, would most people feel that this is wrong? 83 00:03:52,859 --> 00:03:55,821 If it's a payment that you and I are involved in, 84 00:03:55,862 --> 00:03:58,115 and I say, hmm, I don't know, let's, you know, 85 00:03:58,156 --> 00:03:59,408 you know, let's talk about it like this-- 86 00:03:59,449 --> 00:04:01,326 - (Kal chuckles) - And by the way, 87 00:04:01,368 --> 00:04:04,287 my hand is under the table, and don't tell anybody else, 88 00:04:04,329 --> 00:04:06,331 it's obvious we're getting away with something 89 00:04:06,373 --> 00:04:08,083 that is, if not against the law, 90 00:04:08,125 --> 00:04:09,710 certainly against the spirit of the law. 91 00:04:09,751 --> 00:04:11,545 - Okay, I would love if you could talk me 92 00:04:11,586 --> 00:04:13,547 through some of the more egregious examples of corruption, 93 00:04:13,588 --> 00:04:15,924 but then, also maybe, some of the everyday ones 94 00:04:15,966 --> 00:04:19,594 that we don't even think of as being corrupt practices. 95 00:04:19,636 --> 00:04:20,762 - One example is kickbacks. 96 00:04:20,804 --> 00:04:25,767 Suppose you are a doctor and the drug company 97 00:04:25,809 --> 00:04:29,146 is giving you a little tip based upon 98 00:04:29,187 --> 00:04:32,733 how much you prescribe my drug. 99 00:04:32,774 --> 00:04:35,318 That's not good for the person who is your patient. 100 00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:37,446 Your obligation should be to the patient, 101 00:04:37,487 --> 00:04:38,905 not to the drug company. 102 00:04:38,947 --> 00:04:41,700 - So, if that is definitely corruption, 103 00:04:41,742 --> 00:04:43,660 then is our political system corrupt? 104 00:04:43,702 --> 00:04:47,748 And I'm thinking of industries paying lobbyists 105 00:04:47,789 --> 00:04:50,250 or making donations directly to candidates themselves, 106 00:04:50,292 --> 00:04:52,836 those candidates then propose bills 107 00:04:52,878 --> 00:04:55,547 or vote in the interest of these companies, is that corruption? 108 00:04:55,589 --> 00:04:57,507 - That's a quid pro quo, that's corruption. 109 00:04:57,549 --> 00:04:59,760 A lot of Americans look at that and they say, 110 00:04:59,801 --> 00:05:01,803 hey, the game is rigged in favor of the people 111 00:05:01,845 --> 00:05:04,514 with a lot of money and big corporations and Wall Street. 112 00:05:04,556 --> 00:05:06,308 - And are there smaller forms of that? 113 00:05:06,349 --> 00:05:08,310 - Are there things that-- - Yes. 114 00:05:08,351 --> 00:05:13,148 Petty bribery sends a signal to an entire populace 115 00:05:13,190 --> 00:05:16,610 that it's okay to be on the take, 116 00:05:16,651 --> 00:05:22,199 it's okay to pilfer, it's okay to take from the employer. 117 00:05:22,240 --> 00:05:24,367 All of that is bad. 118 00:05:24,409 --> 00:05:29,122 I mean, economic terms, corruption is a huge negative. 119 00:05:29,164 --> 00:05:31,750 The countries that are most corrupt 120 00:05:31,792 --> 00:05:34,544 are growing the slowest and having the hardest time 121 00:05:34,586 --> 00:05:36,171 getting out of poverty. 122 00:05:36,213 --> 00:05:38,381 Once you open the door to corruption, 123 00:05:38,423 --> 00:05:40,050 everything flies through it. 124 00:05:40,092 --> 00:05:42,177 The door gets wider and wider and wider, 125 00:05:42,219 --> 00:05:44,596 and the economy has a very hard time growing. 126 00:05:45,972 --> 00:05:48,183 - You could fill a whole library 127 00:05:48,225 --> 00:05:50,185 with the different ways corruption creeps in 128 00:05:50,227 --> 00:05:51,853 and stunts economies. 129 00:05:51,895 --> 00:05:54,356 But sometimes, it starts small. 130 00:05:54,397 --> 00:05:56,525 - (horns blaring) - (motor engines roaring) 131 00:05:56,566 --> 00:05:58,276 (upbeat music) 132 00:06:00,153 --> 00:06:03,323 In India, low-level corruption, known as petty corruption, 133 00:06:03,365 --> 00:06:06,284 is rampant in the form of bribery. 134 00:06:06,326 --> 00:06:08,120 According to an Ernst & Young survey 135 00:06:08,161 --> 00:06:09,871 of international business leaders, 136 00:06:09,913 --> 00:06:12,541 83% said that bribery is a deterrent 137 00:06:12,582 --> 00:06:15,293 to foreign investment in the country. 138 00:06:15,335 --> 00:06:17,712 I'm meeting with a group of middle-class professionals 139 00:06:17,754 --> 00:06:19,714 in Pune to find out what living 140 00:06:19,756 --> 00:06:23,718 with widespread low-level corruption is like. 141 00:06:23,760 --> 00:06:25,053 I understand how corruption works. 142 00:06:25,095 --> 00:06:26,471 I've worked in India before, 143 00:06:26,513 --> 00:06:27,681 so, I've had a taste of it. 144 00:06:27,722 --> 00:06:29,432 As a kid, I remember coming in, 145 00:06:29,474 --> 00:06:31,601 and there would be a long line to go through customs, 146 00:06:31,643 --> 00:06:32,644 - and it was basically-- - (group laughing) 147 00:06:32,686 --> 00:06:34,104 It was a shakedown. 148 00:06:34,146 --> 00:06:35,522 My mom is really tough and she's like, 149 00:06:35,564 --> 00:06:37,691 "I'm not paying you for this! 150 00:06:37,732 --> 00:06:40,402 I'm not coming in to sell!" Like, she is a badass. 151 00:06:40,443 --> 00:06:45,157 She's awesome. She's yelling back at these corrupt customs officials 152 00:06:45,198 --> 00:06:47,826 who are trying to shake her down for money. 153 00:06:47,868 --> 00:06:49,494 - I am the kind of person who is like your mother, 154 00:06:49,536 --> 00:06:50,871 I'll be like, "I'm not paying you for this nonsense 155 00:06:50,912 --> 00:06:52,164 because I haven't done anything wrong." 156 00:06:52,205 --> 00:06:53,665 And if I have done something wrong, 157 00:06:53,707 --> 00:06:55,250 then I would rather just pay the fine. 158 00:06:55,292 --> 00:06:56,835 - Has that actually happened? 159 00:06:56,877 --> 00:06:58,503 Yes, I fought with multiple police, 160 00:06:58,545 --> 00:07:00,630 men and women 161 00:07:00,672 --> 00:07:02,757 and my mother's had to just step in, 162 00:07:02,799 --> 00:07:04,843 and usually she just pays them off. 163 00:07:04,885 --> 00:07:06,678 - What are you scared of? Is there something you're scared of 164 00:07:06,720 --> 00:07:08,221 - if you don't pick which one? - Yeah. 165 00:07:08,263 --> 00:07:10,891 Maybe they'll start just abusing you, 166 00:07:10,932 --> 00:07:13,560 or they'll start talking in a rash language or something, 167 00:07:13,602 --> 00:07:14,769 and I'm always in a hurry. 168 00:07:14,811 --> 00:07:16,229 I've tried the excuse, 169 00:07:16,271 --> 00:07:18,648 "I'm going on a, you know, emergency." 170 00:07:18,690 --> 00:07:20,483 Then they tell me, "You are a doctor, no? 171 00:07:20,525 --> 00:07:22,611 Okay, instead of 400, just give us 200." 172 00:07:22,652 --> 00:07:23,987 - So, they'll ask you straight up. 173 00:07:24,029 --> 00:07:26,448 - Yeah, that happens. 174 00:07:26,489 --> 00:07:27,908 - You have a similar experience? 175 00:07:27,949 --> 00:07:29,868 - Yeah, I have a experience with my family. 176 00:07:29,910 --> 00:07:32,787 One of my cousins, he met with an accident. 177 00:07:32,829 --> 00:07:35,498 They're not that rich, so they went to a public hospital, 178 00:07:35,540 --> 00:07:36,875 which is government. 179 00:07:36,917 --> 00:07:39,002 His leg is fractured. He is not able to stand. 180 00:07:39,044 --> 00:07:41,087 He asks the ward-boy to help him 181 00:07:41,129 --> 00:07:42,714 to shift him on the second floor 182 00:07:42,756 --> 00:07:44,799 because he had to get it plastered. 183 00:07:44,841 --> 00:07:46,968 He's asking for the bribe before he'll give you the wheelchair 184 00:07:47,010 --> 00:07:49,346 and then take you upstairs. 185 00:07:49,387 --> 00:07:51,848 - That has serious ramifications for people's health. 186 00:07:51,890 --> 00:07:54,935 Do you set money aside for that? 187 00:07:54,976 --> 00:07:56,561 Like a rainy day for corruption? 188 00:07:56,603 --> 00:07:58,104 - Yeah, people do. 189 00:07:58,146 --> 00:07:59,856 - My friend's dad is a lawyer. 190 00:07:59,898 --> 00:08:01,483 He's gotten people who come to him and say, 191 00:08:01,524 --> 00:08:02,984 "We wanna set up a restaurant and we've done 192 00:08:03,026 --> 00:08:05,070 "all the work that needs to be done legally. 193 00:08:05,111 --> 00:08:08,031 Now they just want us to pay them under the table." 194 00:08:08,073 --> 00:08:10,283 And, and my friend's dad just said, 195 00:08:10,325 --> 00:08:12,452 "Pay them. You know, you could give me 196 00:08:12,494 --> 00:08:15,163 "all the money you want, and we still wouldn't be able to fight them. 197 00:08:15,205 --> 00:08:16,289 Just pay them." 198 00:08:16,331 --> 00:08:18,458 - I think mentally we are prepared. 199 00:08:18,500 --> 00:08:20,502 Only thing is, we don't know the exact amount 200 00:08:20,543 --> 00:08:22,170 how much we'll have to pay. 201 00:08:22,212 --> 00:08:24,005 - So, that's why there's no line item 202 00:08:24,047 --> 00:08:27,133 in your budget for bribery, but mentally, you are prepared-- 203 00:08:27,175 --> 00:08:28,802 - Mentally we are prepared. 204 00:08:28,843 --> 00:08:33,223 - And I would imagine, constantly in a state of anxiety. 205 00:08:33,265 --> 00:08:35,642 (upbeat music) 206 00:08:35,684 --> 00:08:39,354 It's not hard to imagine how small-scale corruption like petty bribery 207 00:08:39,396 --> 00:08:42,023 becomes commonplace. 208 00:08:42,065 --> 00:08:44,526 But bribery is just one of the many types of corruption 209 00:08:44,567 --> 00:08:47,028 the global economy can dish out. 210 00:08:47,070 --> 00:08:48,655 Here's what else is on the menu. 211 00:08:49,990 --> 00:08:51,491 (cheerful music) 212 00:08:51,533 --> 00:08:53,994 - Corruption can take various forms, 213 00:08:54,035 --> 00:08:57,914 but all of them are connected to power. 214 00:08:57,956 --> 00:09:00,625 Imagine if the person running your cafeteria 215 00:09:00,667 --> 00:09:05,046 exploited her power for more than just free tater-tots. 216 00:09:05,088 --> 00:09:06,840 There'd be rampant bribery, 217 00:09:06,881 --> 00:09:09,884 where people pay to be in my good graces. 218 00:09:09,926 --> 00:09:12,846 - (scanner beeps) - Can I have a tray? 219 00:09:12,887 --> 00:09:14,973 - Could I have a tway? 220 00:09:15,015 --> 00:09:17,517 I don't know, can you? 221 00:09:17,559 --> 00:09:19,561 (scanner beeps) 222 00:09:19,602 --> 00:09:20,937 Go right ahead. 223 00:09:24,649 --> 00:09:27,736 Nepotism is also a common form of corruption, 224 00:09:27,777 --> 00:09:29,904 like when I hired my brother, Derek, 225 00:09:29,946 --> 00:09:33,491 whose skill set includes being related to me. 226 00:09:33,533 --> 00:09:37,120 - (Derek sneezes) - (nursery music) 227 00:09:37,162 --> 00:09:38,955 - You're supposed to say "bless you." 228 00:09:38,997 --> 00:09:40,582 It's common courtesy. 229 00:09:40,623 --> 00:09:42,417 - There's also self-dealing, 230 00:09:42,459 --> 00:09:44,461 because why should we buy desserts 231 00:09:44,502 --> 00:09:48,381 from a reliable wholesaler when I can pay myself? 232 00:09:48,423 --> 00:09:51,009 - Excuse me, there's a Band-Aid in this. 233 00:09:51,051 --> 00:09:54,012 - Congratulations, Derek's just a little bit clumsy. 234 00:09:54,054 --> 00:09:55,513 (cutlery clatters) 235 00:09:56,890 --> 00:09:59,642 Oh, and I almost forgot, 236 00:09:59,684 --> 00:10:02,062 extortion and blackmail. 237 00:10:02,103 --> 00:10:04,856 It would be a shame if the wrestling coach 238 00:10:04,898 --> 00:10:07,984 knew that you broke your diet to have that yummy dessert. 239 00:10:09,152 --> 00:10:12,155 (chuckles) 240 00:10:12,197 --> 00:10:14,532 Go in peace! 241 00:10:14,574 --> 00:10:16,618 - (cashier rings) - Also, there's embezzlement, 242 00:10:16,659 --> 00:10:19,746 which is basically just theft. 243 00:10:19,788 --> 00:10:21,581 Derek, put that under the mattress. 244 00:10:21,623 --> 00:10:23,124 - You got it, Sis. 245 00:10:23,166 --> 00:10:26,294 - Corruption never tasted so sweet. 246 00:10:26,336 --> 00:10:29,714 (crunches) 247 00:10:29,756 --> 00:10:31,549 Is that a toenail? 248 00:10:31,591 --> 00:10:32,926 Damn it, Derek! 249 00:10:35,095 --> 00:10:37,806 - Corruption is easy to spot when it's just a few bad apples 250 00:10:37,847 --> 00:10:39,891 running independent shakedowns. 251 00:10:39,933 --> 00:10:41,559 - (sirens blaring) - But how do you know 252 00:10:41,601 --> 00:10:42,894 when it's a bigger problem, 253 00:10:42,936 --> 00:10:45,855 one that has worked its way into the system? 254 00:10:45,897 --> 00:10:47,982 To find out, I'm back in New York 255 00:10:48,024 --> 00:10:52,070 to consult New Yorker Reporter Adam Davidson. 256 00:10:52,112 --> 00:10:53,822 Since Adam's also a producer on this show, 257 00:10:53,863 --> 00:10:55,448 I don't think he'll mind if I just pop in. 258 00:10:58,034 --> 00:10:59,911 - What's up? - What's up, man? 259 00:10:59,953 --> 00:11:01,371 - How would you define corruption? 260 00:11:01,413 --> 00:11:02,914 Is corruption like pornography? 261 00:11:02,956 --> 00:11:04,457 You know it when you see it? 262 00:11:04,499 --> 00:11:06,626 - Corruption, we think about it today 263 00:11:06,668 --> 00:11:10,463 as this perversion, this bad thing 264 00:11:10,505 --> 00:11:13,508 that happens to otherwise well-functioning economies. 265 00:11:13,550 --> 00:11:15,593 But that idea is so new. 266 00:11:15,635 --> 00:11:18,012 If you think of a feudal monarch, 267 00:11:18,054 --> 00:11:22,100 where the king has absolute power 268 00:11:22,142 --> 00:11:25,562 and peasants are essentially property of the king, 269 00:11:25,603 --> 00:11:28,398 that is so corrupt that the word corruption is meaningless, 270 00:11:28,440 --> 00:11:30,150 'cause it's, there's nothing being corrupted, it's just-- 271 00:11:30,191 --> 00:11:32,652 - It's just how it is. - It's just how it is. 272 00:11:32,694 --> 00:11:36,281 So, to actually think of it as corruption, 273 00:11:36,322 --> 00:11:42,162 you first need to build a functioning middle-class economy 274 00:11:42,203 --> 00:11:44,622 that can be corrupted. 275 00:11:44,664 --> 00:11:47,625 I would say it's a helpful rule of thumb 276 00:11:47,667 --> 00:11:51,212 to establish, is a country fundamentally corrupt 277 00:11:51,254 --> 00:11:54,007 as opposed to just sometimes corrupt, 278 00:11:54,048 --> 00:11:58,052 is to ask the president or prime minister, 279 00:11:58,094 --> 00:12:01,514 who's the biggest person in concrete in this country? 280 00:12:01,556 --> 00:12:04,350 And if that person knows or, even more likely, 281 00:12:04,392 --> 00:12:07,645 if that person is in active business with that person, 282 00:12:07,687 --> 00:12:10,607 that is a sign it's an extremely corrupt country. 283 00:12:10,648 --> 00:12:12,567 - That's so interesting, okay. 284 00:12:12,609 --> 00:12:16,529 - Concrete is, in many ways, the perfect substance 285 00:12:16,571 --> 00:12:18,907 through which to look at this issue of corruption, 286 00:12:18,948 --> 00:12:22,076 both how it works and also, how it hurts people. 287 00:12:22,118 --> 00:12:24,579 - [Kal] Hold on, let me do some creative visualization. 288 00:12:24,621 --> 00:12:27,081 - Sure. - (upbeat music) 289 00:12:27,123 --> 00:12:30,585 (machines clanking) 290 00:12:30,627 --> 00:12:34,088 - (clattering) - (laughs) Yeah! 291 00:12:34,130 --> 00:12:35,507 - Okay, go ahead. - [Adam] So-- 292 00:12:35,548 --> 00:12:37,091 - Hell yeah! - Anything made of concrete 293 00:12:37,133 --> 00:12:41,095 has three components, what they call aggregates, 294 00:12:41,137 --> 00:12:42,430 sand and little stones-- 295 00:12:42,472 --> 00:12:45,099 (machine buzzing) 296 00:12:45,141 --> 00:12:48,811 Cement, and water. 297 00:12:48,853 --> 00:12:52,232 The cement, in a properly-built concrete structure, 298 00:12:52,273 --> 00:12:55,109 is about 15% of the overall material, 299 00:12:55,151 --> 00:12:57,487 but it's the vast majority of the cost. 300 00:13:01,824 --> 00:13:05,328 So, there's a huge incentive to not use as much cement 301 00:13:05,370 --> 00:13:07,080 and build a building. 302 00:13:07,121 --> 00:13:10,416 It'll stay up, but it'll eventually fall down. 303 00:13:17,590 --> 00:13:21,010 - When you hear on the news, 250,000 people died 304 00:13:21,052 --> 00:13:24,347 in an earthquake, it is not an earthquake disaster, 305 00:13:24,389 --> 00:13:26,975 - it's a concrete disaster. - Wow. 306 00:13:27,016 --> 00:13:31,563 In 2010, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake hit Haiti, 307 00:13:31,604 --> 00:13:34,315 causing $8.5 billion in damage 308 00:13:34,357 --> 00:13:37,860 and killing over 200,000 people. 309 00:13:37,902 --> 00:13:40,613 Many survivors pointed to poorly-made concrete 310 00:13:40,655 --> 00:13:43,575 as the reason the destruction was so bad. 311 00:13:43,616 --> 00:13:48,496 Bad concrete also had deadly consequences in Turkey in 1999, 312 00:13:48,538 --> 00:13:54,085 in Sichuan in 2008, and in Mexico in 2017. 313 00:13:54,127 --> 00:13:57,714 In some of these cases, the same contractors who profited 314 00:13:57,755 --> 00:14:01,968 from putting up bad concrete benefited from the rebuilding. 315 00:14:02,010 --> 00:14:04,429 In Haiti, many of the construction contracts 316 00:14:04,470 --> 00:14:07,599 went to a relative of the Prime Minister's wife, 317 00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:10,393 which raised a lot of questions. 318 00:14:10,435 --> 00:14:12,979 - What we see in corrupt countries is 319 00:14:13,021 --> 00:14:17,025 the basic material of life, things like concrete, 320 00:14:17,066 --> 00:14:21,154 potable water, electricity, telephone lines, boring stuff, 321 00:14:21,195 --> 00:14:24,115 become sources of enormous wealth for the elite. 322 00:14:24,157 --> 00:14:27,410 That's, that's, prevents a society from developing. 323 00:14:27,452 --> 00:14:30,622 That prevents an economy from growing in a healthy way. 324 00:14:30,663 --> 00:14:32,832 - [Kal] Oh, and just in case you think it couldn't happen 325 00:14:32,874 --> 00:14:37,253 in America, in 2006, six contractors were arrested 326 00:14:37,295 --> 00:14:40,298 for their role in Boston's Big Dig. 327 00:14:40,340 --> 00:14:43,259 It was the most expensive highway project in history, 328 00:14:43,301 --> 00:14:45,970 costing $243 billion 329 00:14:46,012 --> 00:14:48,723 and 15 years of traffic jams, 330 00:14:48,765 --> 00:14:51,684 not counting the damages paid for the leaks, the flaws, 331 00:14:51,726 --> 00:14:53,061 and one death. 332 00:14:54,062 --> 00:14:57,774 - Corruption is also a draw away 333 00:14:57,815 --> 00:15:00,276 from legitimate enterprise. 334 00:15:00,318 --> 00:15:04,822 It's a terrible force that really strikes 335 00:15:04,864 --> 00:15:09,285 at the very heart of what makes the modern world good. 336 00:15:09,327 --> 00:15:11,746 (dramatic music) 337 00:15:11,788 --> 00:15:13,498 - I'm starting to understand 338 00:15:13,539 --> 00:15:16,459 how serious the consequences of corruption can be. 339 00:15:16,501 --> 00:15:18,878 Now, I wanna see this beast up close. 340 00:15:21,214 --> 00:15:23,925 Perhaps somewhere, I can experience first-hand 341 00:15:23,966 --> 00:15:25,635 a wide range of corrupt businesses 342 00:15:25,677 --> 00:15:27,845 or maybe even see the pristine habitats 343 00:15:27,887 --> 00:15:29,180 of cronies in the wild. 344 00:15:29,222 --> 00:15:31,057 (cheerful jazz music) 345 00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:34,602 Conveniently, those are the exact things 346 00:15:34,644 --> 00:15:38,564 offered by what might be Prague's oddest tourist attraction, 347 00:15:38,606 --> 00:15:40,024 the Corrupt Tour. 348 00:15:41,693 --> 00:15:43,861 - (door slams) - Alright. 349 00:15:43,903 --> 00:15:45,988 So, this is the Corrupt Tour. 350 00:15:46,030 --> 00:15:48,366 - Actually, what we show here in Prague 351 00:15:48,408 --> 00:15:51,536 is the best of the worst. 352 00:15:51,577 --> 00:15:53,413 - [Kal] Petr Sourek was inspired 353 00:15:53,454 --> 00:15:55,707 to start the Corrupt Tour in 2012. 354 00:15:55,748 --> 00:15:57,834 Since then, the Czech Republic's Parliament 355 00:15:57,875 --> 00:15:59,168 has never stopped serving up 356 00:15:59,210 --> 00:16:01,421 heaping portions of graft and sleaze 357 00:16:01,462 --> 00:16:03,005 for him to work with. 358 00:16:03,047 --> 00:16:04,924 Like in 2013, when the Prime Minister, 359 00:16:04,966 --> 00:16:07,552 who ran on an anti-corruption platform, 360 00:16:07,593 --> 00:16:09,846 resigned amidst a bribery scandal. 361 00:16:09,887 --> 00:16:12,974 - As a corrupt tour, we like corruption. 362 00:16:13,015 --> 00:16:15,768 We like that they do dodgy deals, 363 00:16:15,810 --> 00:16:18,855 and that they do it openly, in the public. 364 00:16:18,896 --> 00:16:20,440 - (laughs) So, that gives you more to work with. 365 00:16:20,481 --> 00:16:21,733 Yeah, of course. 366 00:16:21,774 --> 00:16:24,110 - Prague is a city that never stops 367 00:16:24,152 --> 00:16:27,071 giving Petr material, like Blanka Tunnel, 368 00:16:27,113 --> 00:16:29,824 a giant over-budget construction pit, 369 00:16:29,866 --> 00:16:33,202 basically, Eastern Europe's version of the Big Dig, 370 00:16:33,244 --> 00:16:35,413 and Motol Public Hospital, 371 00:16:35,455 --> 00:16:37,749 where doctors were accused of giving preferential care 372 00:16:37,790 --> 00:16:39,625 to VIP patients. 373 00:16:39,667 --> 00:16:42,003 Actually, the tour doesn't go there anymore 374 00:16:42,044 --> 00:16:43,504 because administrators told Petr he could only come around 375 00:16:43,546 --> 00:16:44,922 if he paid them. 376 00:16:44,964 --> 00:16:49,051 So, what do you love about what you do? 377 00:16:49,093 --> 00:16:52,138 What do you, what do you love most about giving these tours? 378 00:16:52,180 --> 00:16:57,143 - Typically, corruption feeds on business. 379 00:16:57,185 --> 00:16:59,896 Now we're a business that feeds on corruption. 380 00:16:59,937 --> 00:17:01,189 - That's cool. - In a legal way. 381 00:17:01,230 --> 00:17:03,274 - I hear you. - Okay, okay? 382 00:17:03,316 --> 00:17:06,444 - [Kal] Petr's Corrupt Tour is a lighthearted slap back 383 00:17:06,486 --> 00:17:09,655 at the power players who have ripped off the Czech people. 384 00:17:09,697 --> 00:17:11,032 Snacks are included. 385 00:17:11,073 --> 00:17:12,200 - And now you can bite it. 386 00:17:12,241 --> 00:17:13,785 - For the photo. - I can bite it? 387 00:17:13,826 --> 00:17:15,453 Are there nuts in it? Okay. 388 00:17:15,495 --> 00:17:17,914 There's even a graduation ceremony at the end. 389 00:17:17,955 --> 00:17:19,665 (hands clapping) 390 00:17:19,707 --> 00:17:22,460 I just handed over money for this MFA in Corruption, 391 00:17:22,502 --> 00:17:23,961 which seems about right. 392 00:17:24,003 --> 00:17:26,631 (upbeat music) 393 00:17:26,672 --> 00:17:27,757 For a deeper understanding, 394 00:17:27,799 --> 00:17:30,051 I need to learn from someone 395 00:17:30,092 --> 00:17:31,552 with a more serious approach to the topic. 396 00:17:34,764 --> 00:17:37,099 Hi, I'm here to see David Ondracka. 397 00:17:37,141 --> 00:17:39,060 - Please, come upstairs. - Thank you. 398 00:17:40,394 --> 00:17:42,396 - [Kal] Transparency International 399 00:17:42,438 --> 00:17:44,899 is the world's leading anti-corruption organization, 400 00:17:44,941 --> 00:17:47,235 with 100 offices around the globe, 401 00:17:47,276 --> 00:17:48,945 and David Ondracka is part 402 00:17:48,986 --> 00:17:52,073 of its crack corruption-fighting team of experts. 403 00:17:52,114 --> 00:17:55,201 Even though David's dead serious about fighting corruption, 404 00:17:55,243 --> 00:17:56,744 like everyone else I've met in Prague, 405 00:17:56,786 --> 00:17:58,788 he also has a little weird fun with it, 406 00:17:58,830 --> 00:18:02,166 like this educational corruption board game. 407 00:18:02,208 --> 00:18:05,962 - The aim of the game is really to get rich 408 00:18:06,003 --> 00:18:08,339 and to get as many politicians as you can. 409 00:18:08,381 --> 00:18:11,384 So you're using money to buy their influence. 410 00:18:11,425 --> 00:18:13,135 - I think a lot of people who are watching 411 00:18:13,177 --> 00:18:15,930 are gonna say, well, we're just screwed. 412 00:18:15,972 --> 00:18:17,682 - No. - There's no way 413 00:18:17,723 --> 00:18:19,267 that I could ever make a difference in anything. 414 00:18:19,308 --> 00:18:21,185 - No. - And clearly, you don't 415 00:18:21,227 --> 00:18:22,395 believe that, otherwise, you wouldn't be working here. 416 00:18:22,436 --> 00:18:24,939 - Being an anti-corruption activist 417 00:18:24,981 --> 00:18:27,066 is not a simple thing to do. 418 00:18:27,108 --> 00:18:29,986 We are facing very strong opponents 419 00:18:30,027 --> 00:18:32,154 financially and power-wise. 420 00:18:32,196 --> 00:18:34,824 But, we still can actually make a difference. 421 00:18:34,866 --> 00:18:37,660 But in many parts of the world, it's a very 422 00:18:37,702 --> 00:18:40,413 dangerous exercise, right. 423 00:18:40,454 --> 00:18:42,206 And you're risking your life. 424 00:18:42,248 --> 00:18:46,294 I'm a political person so I like to play this role, 425 00:18:46,335 --> 00:18:50,798 and it's something which still keeps me excited. 426 00:18:50,840 --> 00:18:54,010 - One of the strategies Transparency International 427 00:18:54,051 --> 00:18:57,471 uses to stop corruption is its Corruption Perception Index, 428 00:18:57,513 --> 00:18:59,724 which surveys international business people 429 00:18:59,765 --> 00:19:03,102 and then ranks 180 countries around the world 430 00:19:03,144 --> 00:19:05,479 on their reputation for trustworthiness, 431 00:19:05,521 --> 00:19:06,981 with number one being the best 432 00:19:07,023 --> 00:19:09,901 and number 180 being the worst. 433 00:19:09,942 --> 00:19:11,694 So, what's the cost of corruption 434 00:19:11,736 --> 00:19:13,988 and why should people care? 435 00:19:14,030 --> 00:19:16,616 - Well, the simple answer is money, of course. 436 00:19:16,657 --> 00:19:19,744 The public money that should be targeted on 437 00:19:19,785 --> 00:19:22,663 specific public services are being used to 438 00:19:22,705 --> 00:19:25,416 someone's pocket, that's very simple. 439 00:19:25,458 --> 00:19:27,919 If you dig deeper, you will find out 440 00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:31,464 some unbelievable stories and unbelievable processes. 441 00:19:31,505 --> 00:19:36,260 Government deals are being manipulated at an enormous level. 442 00:19:36,302 --> 00:19:40,973 At the end of the day, it's the highest form of corruption. 443 00:19:41,015 --> 00:19:44,060 - Well, that's all well and good, but it's not funny. 444 00:19:44,101 --> 00:19:46,020 How do we make it funny? 445 00:19:46,062 --> 00:19:47,396 (dramatic music) 446 00:19:47,438 --> 00:19:49,982 - There's nothing funny about corruption, 447 00:19:50,024 --> 00:19:51,901 especially at high levels of government. 448 00:19:51,943 --> 00:19:53,986 That is grand corruption. 449 00:19:55,446 --> 00:19:57,698 The ruler of my nation keeps an iron grip 450 00:19:57,740 --> 00:19:59,742 on his power and wealth, and he demands 451 00:19:59,784 --> 00:20:01,410 to be treated like a god. 452 00:20:01,452 --> 00:20:03,871 Plus, he spies on everyone! 453 00:20:03,913 --> 00:20:06,290 So, his inner circle continues to get fat and rich, 454 00:20:06,332 --> 00:20:10,127 while the rest of us just toil in factories. 455 00:20:10,169 --> 00:20:12,171 He even gave himself a ridiculous title, 456 00:20:13,839 --> 00:20:15,383 Santa Claus. 457 00:20:16,968 --> 00:20:18,678 - (power zaps) - (switches to Christmas music) 458 00:20:18,719 --> 00:20:20,846 - (hands clap) - (toy train horn blares) 459 00:20:20,888 --> 00:20:23,391 See, it all started when dear Santa seized control 460 00:20:23,432 --> 00:20:27,103 of a vital resource, Christmas gifts. 461 00:20:27,144 --> 00:20:30,272 Now, people have to bribe him with milk and cookies. 462 00:20:30,314 --> 00:20:33,401 Meanwhile, those of us who actually make the gifts, 463 00:20:33,442 --> 00:20:34,860 well, we're so malnourished 464 00:20:34,902 --> 00:20:36,529 that we don't even grow to full-size. 465 00:20:37,655 --> 00:20:39,198 (slurps) 466 00:20:39,240 --> 00:20:41,450 I mean, there's no incentive for hard work 467 00:20:41,492 --> 00:20:45,663 or innovation because Claus Man will just take credit. 468 00:20:45,705 --> 00:20:47,415 I mean, you don't even realize 469 00:20:47,456 --> 00:20:50,376 how much control he has over people. 470 00:20:50,418 --> 00:20:53,212 Like parents, parents will buy a gift for their kids, 471 00:20:53,254 --> 00:20:54,630 with their own money, 472 00:20:54,672 --> 00:20:58,217 and still say that Santa brought it. 473 00:20:58,259 --> 00:21:01,679 Dumb fucking sheep. 474 00:21:01,721 --> 00:21:04,015 Wanna know another symptom of grand corruption? 475 00:21:04,056 --> 00:21:05,307 How about changing the rules 476 00:21:05,349 --> 00:21:07,101 to only reward people who are nice 477 00:21:07,143 --> 00:21:10,604 in the eyes of dear Santa, and then punishing everyone else 478 00:21:10,646 --> 00:21:12,064 with this crap. 479 00:21:12,106 --> 00:21:13,816 Son of a bitch keeps lists. 480 00:21:16,360 --> 00:21:17,987 People wait in line for hours, 481 00:21:18,029 --> 00:21:21,157 just for the privilege to beg at his feet. 482 00:21:21,198 --> 00:21:22,908 Guy doesn't do shit! 483 00:21:22,950 --> 00:21:24,910 He works, what, one day a year? 484 00:21:24,952 --> 00:21:27,621 Ho, ho, ho, hey, come sit on my lap! 485 00:21:27,663 --> 00:21:29,373 Alright, jolly son of a bitch! 486 00:21:29,415 --> 00:21:32,251 - He's in here! - Oh, shit, North police. 487 00:21:32,293 --> 00:21:33,419 Tell my story! 488 00:21:33,461 --> 00:21:35,046 Don't you put me on a shelf! 489 00:21:37,339 --> 00:21:39,717 - (mellow music) - (train rattling) 490 00:21:39,759 --> 00:21:41,927 - [Kal] One country that has had its economy rocked 491 00:21:41,969 --> 00:21:44,513 by grand corruption is number 62 492 00:21:44,555 --> 00:21:47,308 in Transparency International's ratings, 493 00:21:47,349 --> 00:21:49,185 Malaysia. 494 00:21:49,226 --> 00:21:51,437 Malaysia recently had the biggest corruption scandal 495 00:21:51,479 --> 00:21:53,314 in its history. 496 00:21:53,355 --> 00:21:54,774 - [Reporter] Prime Minister, you look happy. 497 00:21:54,815 --> 00:21:57,026 Can I ask you, sir, why you haven't resigned 498 00:21:57,068 --> 00:21:59,070 over personal involvement in the corruption scandal 499 00:21:59,111 --> 00:22:01,655 of global proportions, sir? 500 00:22:01,697 --> 00:22:03,532 - Well, I think the big headline grabber 501 00:22:03,574 --> 00:22:07,745 was the revelation that the Prime Minister 502 00:22:07,787 --> 00:22:11,791 had taken one $700 million payment 503 00:22:11,832 --> 00:22:14,543 into his own bank account on one transaction. 504 00:22:14,585 --> 00:22:16,212 - [Kal] This is Clare Rewcastle Brown, 505 00:22:16,253 --> 00:22:18,506 a Malaysian-born journalist who broke the story 506 00:22:18,547 --> 00:22:21,217 that Malaysia's Prime Minister Najib Razak 507 00:22:21,258 --> 00:22:24,178 was taking money from a state-owned investment fund 508 00:22:24,220 --> 00:22:26,639 called 1MDB. 509 00:22:26,680 --> 00:22:28,808 - There was a lot of positive publicity over it, 510 00:22:28,849 --> 00:22:30,935 how he was going to raise this money 511 00:22:30,976 --> 00:22:32,895 and he was going to invest it for Malaysia 512 00:22:32,937 --> 00:22:34,647 and it was going to make Malaysia very rich 513 00:22:34,688 --> 00:22:37,483 through all these profitable investments. 514 00:22:37,525 --> 00:22:39,944 - [Kal] 1MDB raised billions of dollars 515 00:22:39,985 --> 00:22:41,862 from investors all around the world, 516 00:22:41,904 --> 00:22:44,824 including Goldman Sachs and the Saudi royal family. 517 00:22:44,865 --> 00:22:48,244 But that money wasn't coming back to the Malaysian people. 518 00:22:48,285 --> 00:22:51,914 - The money went into the bank accounts 519 00:22:51,956 --> 00:22:55,668 of the proxy, Jho Low, who has now got himself 520 00:22:55,709 --> 00:22:57,545 an international reputation 521 00:22:57,586 --> 00:23:00,381 as the playboy of the Western world of that time. 522 00:23:00,422 --> 00:23:02,591 - ♪ Girl, I wanna ♪ - ♪ Do it ♪ 523 00:23:02,633 --> 00:23:05,886 (rap continues) 524 00:23:05,928 --> 00:23:08,305 - [Kal] Jho Low was Prime Minister Najib's 525 00:23:08,347 --> 00:23:10,057 money-laundering associate, 526 00:23:10,099 --> 00:23:13,894 and he allegedly used 1MDB money to finance yachts, 527 00:23:13,936 --> 00:23:17,398 a Picasso, and to party with the rich and famous, 528 00:23:17,439 --> 00:23:21,527 like Paris Hilton, Ludacris, and of course, Leo, 529 00:23:21,569 --> 00:23:24,613 whom he met while financing, ready? 530 00:23:24,655 --> 00:23:27,616 The Wolf of Wall Street movie with Najib's stepson, 531 00:23:27,658 --> 00:23:29,076 Riza Aziz. 532 00:23:30,411 --> 00:23:32,621 Jho Low even gave Leo a Picasso 533 00:23:32,663 --> 00:23:36,000 as a token of his friendship, you know, like friends do. 534 00:23:36,041 --> 00:23:38,627 - It's symptomatic of exactly what happens 535 00:23:38,669 --> 00:23:39,879 in these kleptocracy cases. 536 00:23:39,920 --> 00:23:41,881 The money has gone global. 537 00:23:41,922 --> 00:23:44,592 - While Jho Low partied across the globe, 538 00:23:44,633 --> 00:23:47,720 the Prime Minister and his wife, Rosmah Mansor, 539 00:23:47,761 --> 00:23:51,056 lived the high life, complete with mansions, 540 00:23:51,098 --> 00:23:53,392 fancy cars, and Birkin bags. 541 00:23:53,434 --> 00:23:55,311 - (text scraping) - (text chings) 542 00:23:55,352 --> 00:23:58,147 And all of this while Malaysia's national debt bloomed. 543 00:23:58,189 --> 00:23:59,732 (person shushing) 544 00:23:59,773 --> 00:24:01,275 It sounds like they gave you some 545 00:24:01,317 --> 00:24:03,194 pretty salacious stories, too. 546 00:24:03,235 --> 00:24:05,487 It's not like they were covertly doing this 547 00:24:05,529 --> 00:24:06,989 and hoping nobody noticed. 548 00:24:07,031 --> 00:24:09,325 - No journalist would write a critical piece 549 00:24:09,366 --> 00:24:10,910 about the government. 550 00:24:10,951 --> 00:24:12,703 In fact, they would be too frightened 551 00:24:12,745 --> 00:24:14,455 to look into a critical piece about the government. 552 00:24:14,496 --> 00:24:17,374 So, what I was doing was saying hey, that's, 553 00:24:17,416 --> 00:24:19,710 journalism is about criticizing authority, 554 00:24:19,752 --> 00:24:22,671 it's about holding authority to account, 555 00:24:22,713 --> 00:24:24,340 and this story rumbled on. 556 00:24:24,381 --> 00:24:25,841 He tried to crack down on it. 557 00:24:25,883 --> 00:24:27,760 He tried to crack down on me. 558 00:24:27,801 --> 00:24:30,638 From that point onwards, for the next two years, 559 00:24:30,679 --> 00:24:34,892 you had a prime minister pitching his sheer power 560 00:24:34,934 --> 00:24:39,230 to prevent his self being kicked out of office, 561 00:24:39,271 --> 00:24:42,691 and that just made people even more angry. 562 00:24:42,733 --> 00:24:45,277 - (mellow music) - (water splashing) 563 00:24:45,319 --> 00:24:47,613 - [Kal] One of the people who read about Najib's exploits 564 00:24:47,655 --> 00:24:50,783 and got a little fired up had a lot of spray paint 565 00:24:50,824 --> 00:24:52,409 and a lot of stickers. 566 00:24:52,451 --> 00:24:54,411 Street artist, Fahmi Reza. 567 00:24:56,330 --> 00:24:58,791 - I think how I got my political consciousness 568 00:24:58,832 --> 00:25:01,252 and this, this spirit of rebellion that I have, 569 00:25:01,293 --> 00:25:02,628 yeah, it comes from punk music. 570 00:25:02,670 --> 00:25:04,129 And for people who say that, 571 00:25:04,171 --> 00:25:08,634 "This punk is not in line with our Eastern values," 572 00:25:08,676 --> 00:25:09,927 I just say, "Fuck you!" 573 00:25:09,969 --> 00:25:11,679 (Kal laughs) 574 00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:13,806 - Fahmi was sick of his government stealing 575 00:25:13,847 --> 00:25:18,102 from the people, and he used that frustration to fuel art, 576 00:25:18,143 --> 00:25:22,314 making posters portraying Najib as a literal clown. 577 00:25:22,356 --> 00:25:24,483 This poster says, we're all corrupt down here. 578 00:25:24,525 --> 00:25:26,277 Can you tell me a little bit about 579 00:25:26,318 --> 00:25:29,905 how it affects everyday Malaysians on a daily basis? 580 00:25:29,947 --> 00:25:33,492 - The prime minister and his wife live in 581 00:25:33,534 --> 00:25:35,869 this luxurious lifestyle. 582 00:25:35,911 --> 00:25:38,831 Carrying Birkin bags and diamonds, 583 00:25:38,872 --> 00:25:41,417 while people are still living in poverty, 584 00:25:41,458 --> 00:25:43,377 without running water, clean water, 585 00:25:43,419 --> 00:25:46,839 and without electricity and some without housing, 586 00:25:46,880 --> 00:25:51,385 and the 1MDB company committed a huge debt 587 00:25:51,427 --> 00:25:53,929 because of corruption and also because of bad investment, 588 00:25:53,971 --> 00:25:55,889 and who is forking over the money? 589 00:25:55,931 --> 00:25:58,851 It's us. It's the taxpayers. 590 00:25:58,892 --> 00:26:01,520 Back in 2015, the government introduced 591 00:26:01,562 --> 00:26:03,188 a new tax system, the GST. 592 00:26:03,230 --> 00:26:04,481 The Goods and Services Tax. 593 00:26:04,523 --> 00:26:06,150 Trying to take more money from us 594 00:26:06,191 --> 00:26:10,154 to pay for their debt, you know, their corruption. 595 00:26:10,195 --> 00:26:13,365 And after they introduced the GST, you can immediately 596 00:26:13,407 --> 00:26:15,534 see the higher cost of living. 597 00:26:15,576 --> 00:26:18,912 It's more expensive for people to just buy food. 598 00:26:18,954 --> 00:26:23,208 That's how, I think, it affects us every single day. 599 00:26:23,250 --> 00:26:27,755 I think for some of us who just won't take it anymore... 600 00:26:29,423 --> 00:26:31,258 We do this. We do this. 601 00:26:31,300 --> 00:26:32,634 - You need an outlet, sure, yeah. 602 00:26:32,676 --> 00:26:35,596 (rock music) 603 00:26:35,637 --> 00:26:37,806 - I came up with this image. 604 00:26:37,848 --> 00:26:38,932 That's the first poster I did. 605 00:26:38,974 --> 00:26:40,100 - Oh, cool. 606 00:26:40,142 --> 00:26:41,060 - So I just took Najib's portrait 607 00:26:41,101 --> 00:26:42,644 from his Facebook page, 608 00:26:42,686 --> 00:26:45,356 and just drew the clown face over... 609 00:26:45,397 --> 00:26:47,941 -over his face! -(Kal laughing) 610 00:26:47,983 --> 00:26:50,611 - [Fahmi] And I posted it on all my social media accounts. 611 00:26:50,652 --> 00:26:51,987 (gunshots) 612 00:26:52,029 --> 00:26:53,614 - I assume at some point that shit got real. 613 00:26:53,655 --> 00:26:56,367 - The culture of fear in Malaysia is real 614 00:26:56,408 --> 00:26:58,494 because the police, you know, and the authorities 615 00:26:58,535 --> 00:27:00,704 have so much power and can just arrest you, 616 00:27:00,746 --> 00:27:01,997 and that's what happened to me. 617 00:27:02,039 --> 00:27:05,542 I was found guilty and sentenced to prison 618 00:27:05,584 --> 00:27:08,003 over a simple tweet. 619 00:27:08,045 --> 00:27:10,589 - For how long? - One month jail 620 00:27:10,631 --> 00:27:12,007 and a thirty thousand ringgit fine. 621 00:27:12,049 --> 00:27:15,636 That's about $6-7,000 US dollars. 622 00:27:17,888 --> 00:27:21,433 Over the next one, two years, the clown caricature 623 00:27:21,475 --> 00:27:25,562 turned into a symbol of protest. 624 00:27:25,604 --> 00:27:27,940 It expanded into a whole movement 625 00:27:27,981 --> 00:27:29,566 of defiance and resistance 626 00:27:29,608 --> 00:27:32,569 against Najib and his corrupt government. 627 00:27:32,611 --> 00:27:34,571 - People like Fahmi and Clare 628 00:27:34,613 --> 00:27:38,242 used their voices to fan the flames of that resistance. 629 00:27:38,283 --> 00:27:41,995 And soon, the floodgates opened and new voices joined, 630 00:27:42,037 --> 00:27:45,541 rising up to take Najib down. 631 00:27:45,582 --> 00:27:47,543 Can you describe your political relationship 632 00:27:47,584 --> 00:27:49,169 to your father now? 633 00:27:49,211 --> 00:27:51,255 Who's your dad, why are we talking to you? 634 00:27:51,296 --> 00:27:53,674 - Who's my daddy? Um, okay, my father is-- 635 00:27:53,715 --> 00:27:55,676 - (laughs) I didn't mean who's your daddy, 636 00:27:55,717 --> 00:27:57,261 but I guess, sure, who's your daddy? 637 00:27:57,302 --> 00:27:58,929 (Nurul laughing) 638 00:27:58,971 --> 00:28:03,100 Nurul Izzah Anwar is a Malaysian member of Parliament 639 00:28:03,142 --> 00:28:06,395 who was arrested for speaking out against the ruling party. 640 00:28:06,437 --> 00:28:08,147 She was sticking up for her dad, 641 00:28:08,188 --> 00:28:10,732 an opposition leader who had been jailed multiple times 642 00:28:10,774 --> 00:28:12,609 by the Malaysian government on charges 643 00:28:12,651 --> 00:28:15,904 that many believed were politically motivated. 644 00:28:15,946 --> 00:28:17,781 Your father had spoken out against corruption 645 00:28:17,823 --> 00:28:19,241 for a very long time. 646 00:28:19,283 --> 00:28:21,660 - For Najib's coalition, it was just too much. 647 00:28:21,702 --> 00:28:23,704 It was just, like, in four face, you know, the corruption. 648 00:28:23,745 --> 00:28:27,833 It's like, this showcase of ostentatious wealth. 649 00:28:27,875 --> 00:28:31,378 My God, Birkin handbags. We have the record... 650 00:28:31,420 --> 00:28:32,880 ...we hold the record... 651 00:28:32,921 --> 00:28:36,049 ...for the most Birkin handbags in the world! 652 00:28:36,091 --> 00:28:38,010 People were also feeling the economic pinch. 653 00:28:38,051 --> 00:28:39,970 Remember, he decides to introduce 654 00:28:40,012 --> 00:28:41,388 the Goods & Services Tax regime. 655 00:28:41,430 --> 00:28:44,725 Prices went up, and their pay wasn't improving. 656 00:28:44,766 --> 00:28:46,435 So it came as a shock, 657 00:28:46,477 --> 00:28:49,646 because Malaysia's a welfare-based state, okay? 658 00:28:49,688 --> 00:28:52,316 You know, a lot of assistance, we really care 659 00:28:52,357 --> 00:28:55,486 about narrowing the gap between rich and poor. 660 00:28:56,820 --> 00:28:58,572 Poverty is an issue. 661 00:28:58,614 --> 00:29:02,451 I have kids in the low income housing in Kuala Lumpur, 662 00:29:02,493 --> 00:29:05,412 struggling to even eat more than once a day. 663 00:29:05,454 --> 00:29:08,081 The malnutrition is worse than Ghana. 664 00:29:09,458 --> 00:29:13,170 After a while, it was a perfect storm, right? 665 00:29:13,212 --> 00:29:16,757 Because people just could not swallow it anymore. 666 00:29:18,091 --> 00:29:20,552 - On Election Day 2018, all the polls said 667 00:29:20,594 --> 00:29:25,098 that Najib's ruling party was a shoo-in to retain power. 668 00:29:25,140 --> 00:29:27,851 But a fired up populace came out in record numbers 669 00:29:27,893 --> 00:29:31,480 to prove the polls wrong and voted him out of power. 670 00:29:31,522 --> 00:29:33,106 (people chanting in foreign language) 671 00:29:33,148 --> 00:29:35,150 The new Prime Minister was 92-year-old 672 00:29:35,192 --> 00:29:38,320 Mahatir Mohamed, and his new second-in-command? 673 00:29:38,362 --> 00:29:41,949 Anwar Ibrahim, Nurul's father, now released from prison 674 00:29:41,990 --> 00:29:44,785 in a turnaround that was compared to Nelson Mandela. 675 00:29:46,620 --> 00:29:48,080 Now, the people are looking to you 676 00:29:48,121 --> 00:29:50,666 for anti-corruption measures for progress. 677 00:29:50,707 --> 00:29:53,919 How do you sort through what's doable, 678 00:29:53,961 --> 00:29:56,755 what's important, what to use your political capital on? 679 00:29:56,797 --> 00:29:58,715 - It will be a tough time for Malaysia. 680 00:29:58,757 --> 00:30:00,259 Economically, we're going to take the hit 681 00:30:00,300 --> 00:30:04,096 from the debt, the ballooning debt, thanks to 1MDB. 682 00:30:04,137 --> 00:30:05,889 And we have to manage it properly 683 00:30:05,931 --> 00:30:09,268 to ensure the average Malaysian doesn't feel that. 684 00:30:09,309 --> 00:30:12,312 So, no matter what happens, we've got to finish this, right? 685 00:30:12,354 --> 00:30:16,817 - Najib and his Birkin-bag-loving wife had assets seized 686 00:30:16,858 --> 00:30:19,736 and were both charged with corruption. 687 00:30:19,778 --> 00:30:21,905 Charges were also filed against Jho Low, 688 00:30:21,947 --> 00:30:23,740 who went into hiding. 689 00:30:23,782 --> 00:30:27,494 To add insult to injury, Leo even rejected his gift, 690 00:30:27,536 --> 00:30:30,622 turning the Picasso over to the feds. 691 00:30:30,664 --> 00:30:33,458 With Nurul's father poised to lead the country, 692 00:30:33,500 --> 00:30:36,920 there's hope on the horizon for a corruption-free Malaysia. 693 00:30:38,672 --> 00:30:41,800 But how realistic is it to totally eradicate corruption 694 00:30:41,842 --> 00:30:45,512 once it's infiltrated a society at the highest levels? 695 00:30:45,554 --> 00:30:47,139 I don't have to go far to find out. 696 00:30:47,180 --> 00:30:49,349 Because Malaysia's close neighbor, Singapore, 697 00:30:49,391 --> 00:30:52,436 which actually used to be part of Malaysia until 1965, 698 00:30:52,477 --> 00:30:56,982 has a reputation for being almost scarily corruption-free. 699 00:30:57,024 --> 00:30:59,276 But before we find out how this island nation 700 00:30:59,318 --> 00:31:01,778 got so squeaky clean, there are a few things 701 00:31:01,820 --> 00:31:03,280 I need to get out of my system. 702 00:31:03,322 --> 00:31:04,281 (urine splashing) 703 00:31:04,323 --> 00:31:06,325 Singapore is probably best-known 704 00:31:06,366 --> 00:31:08,869 for its extremely un-chill laws. 705 00:31:08,910 --> 00:31:10,954 For instance, not flushing a public toilet 706 00:31:10,996 --> 00:31:13,915 is a $150 fine. 707 00:31:13,957 --> 00:31:15,667 Or say I had some important business 708 00:31:15,709 --> 00:31:18,295 and I had to borrow my neighbor's wifi, 709 00:31:18,337 --> 00:31:20,881 in Singapore, that's hacking. 710 00:31:20,922 --> 00:31:23,258 I'm looking at a possible $10,000 fine 711 00:31:23,300 --> 00:31:26,136 and maybe three years in the pen. 712 00:31:26,178 --> 00:31:28,722 Or maybe I just want to enjoy a nice tropical breeze 713 00:31:28,764 --> 00:31:30,891 while I iron my pants. 714 00:31:30,932 --> 00:31:33,518 Being naked in your own home with the windows open 715 00:31:33,560 --> 00:31:37,856 can cost you up to $2,000 and three months in prison. 716 00:31:37,898 --> 00:31:40,776 (flute screeching) 717 00:31:40,817 --> 00:31:42,235 Playing a musical instrument 718 00:31:42,277 --> 00:31:44,279 in a way that causes public annoyance 719 00:31:44,321 --> 00:31:46,698 might cost you a grand. 720 00:31:46,740 --> 00:31:49,826 Other things to avoid, selling gum, 721 00:31:49,868 --> 00:31:54,539 drinking water on a train platform, feeding pigeons. 722 00:31:54,581 --> 00:31:57,834 Oh, and graffiti could mean jail time, a hefty fine, 723 00:31:57,876 --> 00:32:02,047 and between three and eight strokes of the cane. 724 00:32:02,089 --> 00:32:03,799 So, keep the onions, keep the mushrooms, 725 00:32:03,840 --> 00:32:05,884 and, and extra sauce but just no cheese. 726 00:32:05,926 --> 00:32:08,011 I know that's a little bit of a weird, 727 00:32:08,053 --> 00:32:10,472 uh, this is not illegal, I'm just ordering a pizza. 728 00:32:10,514 --> 00:32:13,642 - (horn blares) - Okay, I'm ready. 729 00:32:13,684 --> 00:32:16,228 (techno music) 730 00:32:20,691 --> 00:32:24,194 Singapore's strict laws are part of a bottom-up approach 731 00:32:24,236 --> 00:32:26,113 to fighting corruption. 732 00:32:26,154 --> 00:32:29,199 If everyone's too afraid to even think about small crimes, 733 00:32:29,241 --> 00:32:32,619 there's no way they'll risk trying the bigger stuff. 734 00:32:32,661 --> 00:32:35,372 I mean, would you take a bribe in a country with kiosks 735 00:32:35,414 --> 00:32:36,623 encouraging you to snitch 736 00:32:36,665 --> 00:32:38,542 on your corrupt friends and neighbors? 737 00:32:40,043 --> 00:32:43,672 - Corruption is something like a form of cancer. 738 00:32:43,714 --> 00:32:48,885 It will start small, but if you don't eradicate it 739 00:32:48,927 --> 00:32:52,097 at the early stage, it will spread to all parts of the body. 740 00:32:52,139 --> 00:32:55,142 When that happens, the whole body system will collapse. 741 00:32:55,183 --> 00:32:58,395 - Chin Wee Liam is the deputy director 742 00:32:58,437 --> 00:33:00,147 of Public Investigations, 743 00:33:00,188 --> 00:33:04,359 here at Singapore's Corrupt Practices Investigations Bureau, 744 00:33:04,401 --> 00:33:07,154 a government agency that is obviously very serious 745 00:33:07,195 --> 00:33:09,114 about corruption and very proud 746 00:33:09,156 --> 00:33:10,949 of being very serious about it. 747 00:33:10,991 --> 00:33:14,745 The CPIB Office even has an anti-corruption museum, 748 00:33:14,786 --> 00:33:18,165 which enshrines great moments at hardcore policing. 749 00:33:18,206 --> 00:33:21,418 - A domestic helper was found flouting the rules, 750 00:33:21,460 --> 00:33:23,628 by drinking water inside a station. 751 00:33:23,670 --> 00:33:27,382 The security officer caught her doing that, 752 00:33:27,424 --> 00:33:29,426 and he actually asked for $300 to let her go. 753 00:33:29,468 --> 00:33:32,929 For this case, we actually prosecuted the security officers. 754 00:33:32,971 --> 00:33:34,431 - Okay. 755 00:33:34,473 --> 00:33:36,641 - It seems to be a very, very petty offense, 756 00:33:36,683 --> 00:33:38,852 but if you allow this to happen, 757 00:33:38,894 --> 00:33:41,563 you can imagine the consequences. 758 00:33:41,605 --> 00:33:43,440 Our founding fathers, they were determined 759 00:33:43,482 --> 00:33:45,317 to stamp out corruption in Singapore. 760 00:33:46,234 --> 00:33:47,486 Right from the onset. 761 00:33:47,527 --> 00:33:49,905 So in Singapore, we basically adopted 762 00:33:49,946 --> 00:33:53,158 a zero-tolerance approach. 763 00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:54,910 - [Kal] The approach seemed to work. 764 00:33:54,951 --> 00:33:57,537 Singapore's anti-corruption reputation drew business 765 00:33:57,579 --> 00:34:01,249 and that led to real economic benefits. 766 00:34:01,291 --> 00:34:03,251 Foreigners felt safe investing here, 767 00:34:03,293 --> 00:34:05,295 making it one of the premier financial 768 00:34:05,337 --> 00:34:07,297 and banking centers of Asia. 769 00:34:07,339 --> 00:34:09,716 - Last year, in 2017 770 00:34:09,758 --> 00:34:13,428 we actually investigated a total of 103 cases. 771 00:34:13,470 --> 00:34:15,680 - Are there patterns in the types of corruption 772 00:34:15,722 --> 00:34:17,849 that you do see actually taking place? 773 00:34:17,891 --> 00:34:21,102 - The majority of it, they are petty offenses, 774 00:34:21,144 --> 00:34:25,065 but we do have a fair share of corruption involving 775 00:34:25,106 --> 00:34:27,359 a senior public servant or 776 00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:30,821 prominent business people in the private sector. 777 00:34:30,862 --> 00:34:32,030 - [Kal] It seems like we should note here 778 00:34:32,072 --> 00:34:33,865 that despite having a sterling 779 00:34:33,907 --> 00:34:35,826 Transparency International rank, 780 00:34:35,867 --> 00:34:39,788 Singapore's ranking for press freedom is abysmal, 781 00:34:39,830 --> 00:34:42,207 so, it's hard to get any unbiased insight 782 00:34:42,249 --> 00:34:44,000 into the types of grand corruption 783 00:34:44,042 --> 00:34:46,336 that may be going on unreported. 784 00:34:46,378 --> 00:34:49,422 But last year, a major scandal did break, 785 00:34:49,464 --> 00:34:52,843 that state-linked Singaporean oil rig-builder, Keppel Inc, 786 00:34:52,884 --> 00:34:56,763 was paying bribes to secure overseas business. 787 00:34:56,805 --> 00:34:59,099 The scandal shook Singapore's citizens, 788 00:34:59,140 --> 00:35:01,560 like business school professor, Eugene Tan. 789 00:35:01,601 --> 00:35:04,938 - What is very upsetting for Singaporeans 790 00:35:04,980 --> 00:35:07,899 when it came to the Keppel case, 791 00:35:07,941 --> 00:35:12,529 is that Keppel is a government-linked company. 792 00:35:12,571 --> 00:35:14,197 - Linked to the government of Singapore. 793 00:35:14,239 --> 00:35:17,033 - Yes. These companies would never dare to engage 794 00:35:17,075 --> 00:35:21,997 in blatant corrupt practices within Singapore. 795 00:35:22,038 --> 00:35:26,042 But it seems that they operate by a different set of rules... 796 00:35:26,084 --> 00:35:27,752 ...when they are abroad. 797 00:35:27,794 --> 00:35:32,007 - Is this idea of no corruption, being strict at every cost, 798 00:35:32,048 --> 00:35:34,509 is that sustainable for a country like Singapore? 799 00:35:34,551 --> 00:35:36,511 - It is a constant struggle. 800 00:35:36,553 --> 00:35:40,348 When we gained self-government from the British, 801 00:35:40,390 --> 00:35:42,684 corruption was fairly endemic, 802 00:35:42,726 --> 00:35:45,604 and there's nothing here, right. 803 00:35:45,645 --> 00:35:46,813 Most of our foods are imported 804 00:35:46,855 --> 00:35:48,899 our water is imported as well. 805 00:35:48,940 --> 00:35:50,942 - No natural resources. - No natural resources. 806 00:35:50,984 --> 00:35:53,236 That meant that we had to... 807 00:35:53,278 --> 00:35:56,656 to make ourselves relevant to the world 808 00:35:56,698 --> 00:35:59,492 on our own terms and what could work for us 809 00:35:59,534 --> 00:36:03,288 would be a place where people could come and do business... 810 00:36:03,330 --> 00:36:06,541 invest here, you know, explore the region as well. 811 00:36:06,583 --> 00:36:09,127 Corruption has to be non-negotiable 812 00:36:09,169 --> 00:36:11,338 because I think society would be 813 00:36:11,379 --> 00:36:15,050 dramatically impoverished and investors would avoid us. 814 00:36:15,091 --> 00:36:18,178 I mean, "trust" to me is, I think... 815 00:36:18,219 --> 00:36:21,139 ...our currency. 816 00:36:21,181 --> 00:36:23,642 So I think there is no room for complacency. 817 00:36:23,683 --> 00:36:25,936 If you talk about the fight against corruption, 818 00:36:25,977 --> 00:36:27,479 it means doing the right thing 819 00:36:27,520 --> 00:36:29,022 even when no one is watching. 820 00:36:29,064 --> 00:36:30,941 (marimba music) 821 00:36:30,982 --> 00:36:33,443 - But, if a hardcore zero-tolerance approach 822 00:36:33,485 --> 00:36:36,112 to corruption like Singapore's isn't fool-proof, 823 00:36:36,154 --> 00:36:38,740 what are some other ideas for stopping corruption? 824 00:36:38,782 --> 00:36:41,826 (rock music) 825 00:36:41,868 --> 00:36:44,037 (motors rumbling) 826 00:36:44,079 --> 00:36:46,539 To find out, I have to go back to India, 827 00:36:46,581 --> 00:36:51,169 where a maverick thinker has an unusual take. 828 00:36:51,211 --> 00:36:54,714 Professor Kaushik Basu was Chief Economist at the World Bank 829 00:36:54,756 --> 00:36:56,841 and was also the Chief Economic Advisor 830 00:36:56,883 --> 00:36:58,677 to the government of India. 831 00:36:58,718 --> 00:37:02,097 He says that we're handling corruption all wrong. 832 00:37:02,138 --> 00:37:04,349 Professor Basu thinks that the surest way 833 00:37:04,391 --> 00:37:07,769 to eliminate India's biggest corruption problem, bribery, 834 00:37:07,811 --> 00:37:10,397 is not to crack down on it Singapore-style, 835 00:37:10,438 --> 00:37:12,857 but to treat it like all human vices 836 00:37:12,899 --> 00:37:17,862 that metastasize in the dark, and legalize it. 837 00:37:17,904 --> 00:37:20,490 When you see India on the list of rankings 838 00:37:20,532 --> 00:37:22,534 of most- and least-corrupt countries, 839 00:37:22,575 --> 00:37:24,119 India is not at the top of that list. 840 00:37:24,160 --> 00:37:26,162 - No, right. - It is not the most corrupt-- 841 00:37:26,204 --> 00:37:27,872 - No. No. - Or anywhere near the most corrupt. 842 00:37:27,914 --> 00:37:31,418 - India is a country with very sophisticated laws, 843 00:37:31,459 --> 00:37:33,420 but a surfeit of that, 844 00:37:33,461 --> 00:37:36,006 so virtually everyone is violating some law, 845 00:37:36,047 --> 00:37:37,215 because it's so complex. 846 00:37:37,257 --> 00:37:38,717 You do want to clean that up 847 00:37:38,758 --> 00:37:41,344 and make it possible for people to be law-abiding. 848 00:37:41,386 --> 00:37:43,263 - Now, what was your solution to deal with this? 849 00:37:43,304 --> 00:37:45,682 - You see, it struck me there's something in the Indian law, 850 00:37:45,724 --> 00:37:49,310 Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. 851 00:37:49,352 --> 00:37:52,022 It says that, "For bribery is dreadful. 852 00:37:52,063 --> 00:37:55,316 If whether you give a bribe or take a bribe, 853 00:37:55,358 --> 00:37:57,193 you are equally guilty." 854 00:37:57,235 --> 00:38:00,238 - [Kal] So, by Indian law, all the people I met at dinner 855 00:38:00,280 --> 00:38:02,323 in Pune are technically criminals, 856 00:38:02,365 --> 00:38:04,325 just for paying a bribe. 857 00:38:04,367 --> 00:38:06,202 - The law makes it worse, 858 00:38:06,244 --> 00:38:08,121 because in the end you collude. 859 00:38:08,163 --> 00:38:09,706 After giving a bribe, you collude 860 00:38:09,748 --> 00:38:11,332 with the person who has taken it. 861 00:38:11,374 --> 00:38:15,420 If you make bribe-giving a legitimate activity, 862 00:38:15,462 --> 00:38:18,798 bribe-taking you're guilty... 863 00:38:18,840 --> 00:38:21,593 then after I give the bribe, I'm not guilty 864 00:38:21,634 --> 00:38:23,053 and I'm willing to speak. 865 00:38:23,094 --> 00:38:25,305 So I was being very much the economist 866 00:38:25,346 --> 00:38:27,640 and I thought this was a nerdy idea I'm posting, 867 00:38:27,682 --> 00:38:30,060 never anticipated the political fall out from that. 868 00:38:30,101 --> 00:38:32,270 - So, what was the fallout after you posted this? 869 00:38:32,312 --> 00:38:34,606 - People thought it was a dreadfully immoral suggestion 870 00:38:34,647 --> 00:38:36,649 that I had posted on a government website. 871 00:38:36,691 --> 00:38:39,319 I thought if that minimal step can be taken, 872 00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:41,446 and never was I deluded to think that 873 00:38:41,488 --> 00:38:42,989 this was going to take care of the problem, 874 00:38:43,031 --> 00:38:44,741 but it will immediately begin to rupture, 875 00:38:44,783 --> 00:38:46,785 and you'll begin to think of this as demeaning. 876 00:38:46,826 --> 00:38:48,745 "I won't put up with that." 877 00:38:48,787 --> 00:38:52,040 - [Kal] Like many legalize-it advocates before him, 878 00:38:52,082 --> 00:38:55,126 Basu was ridiculed for his anti-corruption strategy, 879 00:38:55,168 --> 00:38:57,295 and his idea was not put into law. 880 00:38:57,337 --> 00:39:00,256 (techno music) 881 00:39:00,298 --> 00:39:01,966 But does he have a point? 882 00:39:02,008 --> 00:39:03,718 Secrecy breeds corruption, 883 00:39:03,760 --> 00:39:06,638 and corruption requires secrecy. 884 00:39:06,679 --> 00:39:09,599 Corruption lives in the dark, preys on the poor, 885 00:39:09,641 --> 00:39:11,601 and refuses to die. 886 00:39:11,643 --> 00:39:15,522 It's a powerful, vitality-draining vampire. 887 00:39:15,563 --> 00:39:17,816 And heroes, like Fahmi and Clare, 888 00:39:17,857 --> 00:39:21,069 they're trying desperately to drag it into the light. 889 00:39:21,111 --> 00:39:23,196 Maybe just talking about it openly, 890 00:39:23,238 --> 00:39:25,198 without fear of the repercussions, 891 00:39:25,240 --> 00:39:27,742 robs the corruptors of some of their power. 892 00:39:30,453 --> 00:39:33,706 Corruption is kind of like the global economy itself, 893 00:39:33,748 --> 00:39:36,292 in our day-to-day lives, most of us only see 894 00:39:36,334 --> 00:39:39,420 tiny parts of it, extremely close up, 895 00:39:39,462 --> 00:39:43,675 so, we never get a full sense of what a huge, hulking, 896 00:39:43,716 --> 00:39:45,802 hungry fucker it really is. 897 00:39:47,804 --> 00:39:49,848 It's a giant beast, wrapped around us, 898 00:39:49,889 --> 00:39:53,184 guiding our moves, from what we buy to what we value 899 00:39:53,226 --> 00:39:56,604 to the bribes invisibly greasing the wheels around us. 900 00:39:56,646 --> 00:39:59,858 The only way you can get close to understanding it, 901 00:39:59,899 --> 00:40:03,194 let alone taming it is to stand back far enough 902 00:40:03,236 --> 00:40:05,488 to take in the whole hairy thing. 903 00:40:08,700 --> 00:40:12,287 - (laughs) Yeah. - (blowing raspberries) 904 00:40:12,328 --> 00:40:14,122 - Two and-- - (Elf inhales) 905 00:40:14,164 --> 00:40:18,334 - (cameraman faintly speaking) - (Elf loudly exhales) 906 00:40:18,376 --> 00:40:24,299 - Kal, sport, whatever, take it. 907 00:40:24,340 --> 00:40:26,217 What's your name? 908 00:40:26,259 --> 00:40:28,469 - (chuckles) Sorry. - (crew laugh) 909 00:40:30,096 --> 00:40:31,723 This has turned very weird. 910 00:40:31,764 --> 00:40:33,099 - [Man] How much was the-- 911 00:40:33,141 --> 00:40:35,351 (mellow music) 912 00:40:35,393 --> 00:40:38,313 (elevator beeping) 913 00:40:47,447 --> 00:40:49,532 (clown cries out, speaks gibberish) 914 00:40:49,574 --> 00:40:50,825 - (Kal yells) - (clown laughs) 915 00:40:50,867 --> 00:40:52,285 Oh, my God! 916 00:40:52,327 --> 00:40:55,246 (both speaking gibberish) 917 00:40:55,288 --> 00:40:56,956 - Oh, no, not this. 918 00:40:56,998 --> 00:40:58,249 - Not this one. - No? 919 00:40:58,291 --> 00:41:00,710 Okay, I'll-- Mmm. 920 00:41:00,752 --> 00:41:01,878 (both laugh) 921 00:41:05,006 --> 00:41:06,466 (whip cracks)