So, one of the things we do
is we'll just play them this sound sequence.
[rapid dripping]
And then we ask them to rate on a scale from one to five... how much it sounded exactly like environmental sound
or exactly like music.
[rapid dripping]
[Margulis] The first time it sounds pretty straightforwardly
like environmental sound to them.
It's like three or four repetitions in and everyone starts laughing.
-[laughter] -The mean rating just gets higher and higher.
[narrator] Music starts as sound,
but something happens in the brain and it transforms.
Repetition is one thing that can flick the switch.
[Margulis] The sound signal's exactly the same,
yet the experience feels really different.
[narrator] But this is just the start of the mystery of music.
It can help people relearn how to speak.
[both] ♪ How are you? ♪
[narrator] It can help patients with movement disorders,
like Parkinson's disease,
move more fluidly.
I just naturally respond to the music.
[narrator] Music behaves like a powerful drug on the rest of us, too.
[Margulis] Similar areas activated
that are activated during highly pleasurable experiences
pertaining to food or sex or illicit drugs.
[narrator] And it has a deep connection to our feelings.
[squeals]
[Margulis] Music itself, seems to be a cultural universal.
We don't know about any known human culture
that doesn't have something that we think about as music.
[narrator] And we've found musical instruments
as old as human cave paintings.
Nearly every person is born with a taste for music.
But, as far as we know, other primates don't really share our sense of beat.
They just don't seem to get rhythm the same way we do.
[narrator] So, what is music?
Why is it so universal among humans?
How does sound become something more?
[upbeat music]
[narrator] A world without music is hard to imagine.
[woman] As we live our lives,
there's always music around us.
[radio] It's very important to us...
[woman] Whether it's something playing out of someone's car stereo on the street,
the coffee house you're going to,
the mall, the radio...
it's always around us.
It's strange when it doesn't exist at all.
[narrator] Jennifer Lee is a music producer and DJ known as TOKiMONSTA,
and she's one of extraordinarily few hearing people
who's ever experienced a world without music.
I couldn't tell that there was a melody.
It just sounded like... white noise
or like loud, metallic noise. It was sharp.
If you can't understand music, it just becomes noise.
[narrator] To understand why this experience is so rare,
let's go back to before Jen lost music.
[gentle electronic music]
This one of the most simple songs I've ever made.
[narrator] But hearing a simple song isn't simple at all.
Listening to music, and especially making music
draws on all kinds of different faculties.
[narrator] Before we hear it,
all music is just air.
[Patel] Sound starts as air vibrations,
which then move our eardrums
and then little bones and then finally fluid in the cochlea,
and that triggers hair cells to fire.
It's really wonderfully complicated.
[narrator] And a repeating sound
creates one of the most basic aspects of music: rhythm.
I had it looping, and then it created an energy or a vibe.
I was like, "This sounds deep."
Many parts of our auditory system are very ancient
and are shared with a lot of other animals.
[narrator] Our reptilian brain, the brain stem and cerebellum,
help us create the rhythmic patterns necessary to walk.
That's widespread.
But what's incredibly rare,
is our ability to feel a beat... tempo, beats per minute.
[Jen] It is the most simple, most basic rhythm in our life.
It is how our heart beats.
Higher BPM songs that are faster
tends to make us move faster,
raises our heartbeat.
Like, it goes back to the core of who we are.
[narrator] Try tapping along.
[Patel] We predict the timing of the metronome clicks, right,
where taps are like very close in time to the metronome.
You can't do that by waiting for the click.
You'd be reacting. You'd be late.
[narrator] Rhesus monkeys just can't do it.
With lots of training, monkeys always seem to still react
rather than predict.
[narrator] Feeling a beat requires strong connections between parts of the brain,
which are very rare in the animal world.
In fact, scientists weren't sure
that any other animals could move to a beat like we do...
until 2009.
I was just amazed when I saw this video
of a cockatoo seeming to move to the beat of music.
[pulsating music] [narrator] Put on the Backstreet Boys and... bam!
[pulsating beat]
[audience hums along]
[narrator] So Patel put together an experiment.
Could Snowball match the song played at different tempos?
[Patel] And the bottom line was he did.
And this provided the first experimental evidence
that another animal could move to the beat of music.
[narrator] And now Snowball isn't alone.
["Boogie Wonderland" playing]
[narrator] Ronin, a sea lion in California,
is the first non-human mammal
confirmed to really groove to Earth, Wind & Fire. Bonobos, our close evolutionary cousins,
can tell if there is a beat.
Though the jury's out if they can synchronize to it.
But the ability to tap out a beat is only one part of music.
[rapidly increasing beat]
[narrator] If a sound repeats fast enough, we hear it as pitch.
Sure, many other animals seem to perceive pitch.
In terms of individual tones,
they probably perceive them like we do.
[narrator] Many species' brains, including ours,
have neurons that fire at the exact frequency of the sound coming in.
If you place electrodes on these three spots on your head
and listen to this...
[rich-toned beat]
the electrical signal from those electrodes would sound like this.
[duller, tinnier beat]
[narrator] Playing multiple pitches at the same time
unlocks another feature of music: harmony.
All these kinds of cultures tend to recognize
that this relationship is special.
[ethereal, quivering notes]
If you ask men and women to sing in unison,
what typically happens is they actually sing an octave apart.
[narrator] Octaves are pitches with double or half the frequency of another.
That kind of sense of equivalence
is very widespread in human culture.
[narrator] And that special relationship
might explain why the opening of this song
is so memorable.
♪ Somewhere over the rainbow... ♪
[narrator] The first two notes are an octave.
[Judy Garland] ♪ Somewhere... ♪
♪ Somewhere... ♪
[narrator] Intervals like this one are crucial.
Every culture divides the space between octaves into scales.
Most of us remember melody by the relative pitch,
the space in between notes,
like this melody starting on C.
[Anderson .Paak] ♪ My new fire ♪
♪ You ought to come to light me... ♪
[narrator] Starting on an F, it still sounds like the same melody.
[higher] ♪ My new fire ♪
♪ You ought to come to light me... ♪
[narrator] It's just not like this for birds.
[Patel] You can train them to recognize melody A from melody B. No problem.
Transpose those melodies, move them up or down in pitch,
they have no idea what those things are.
They have to relearn them as if they're brand new melodies.
They don't recognize them anymore.
[narrator] Then there's timbre,
the quality of sound that distinguishes pitch
-if played on a bassoon... -[deep, warm note]
-baritone sax... -[lighter note]
or a bowl. [ringing note]
[narrator] Most people perceive timbre like they perceive color.
It's a thing you can name.
[voices harmonize]
[narrator] Lots of animals can process one or more of these components.
Some types of crabs and fireflies synchronize with each other,
but only at one tempo.
Some birds, like Snowball, can feel a beat,
but have no understanding of relative pitch.
Rhesus monkeys can understand octave equivalence,
but can't feel a beat.
Combined with our capacity for language and memory,
only humans put the entire puzzle together.
♪ And for realla, baby... ♪
[Jen] Give it up for Anderson .Paak, you guys.
[narrator] How musicians assemble these pieces
triggers another aspect of music
that's, as far as we know, uniquely human:
its deep connection to our feelings.
Take the song "Frère Jacques."
["Frère Jacques" playing]
[narrator] It's in the major scale, which, in Western music,
is associated with happy feelings.
Other cultures have their own ways of expressing those mood differences
that don't map on easily to our major and minor system.
[narrator] Listen to this Balinese scale.
[gentle chiming]
For a Balinese person, they will really think that is quite sad.
[narrator] Major meaning happy and minor meaning sad is not universal.
For a Western ear, it might sound pretty happy,
but Balinese will associate that with ceremonial rites
and particularly cremations.
[narrator] But meaning accumulating based on the scale system of your culture,
that is universal.
And that meaning is built over centuries.
[poignant string music]
[narrator] Monteverdi wrote his "Lamento della Ninfa" in the 1600s...
with a bass line simply descending the minor scale.
In the hundreds of years since,
composer after composer has used the exact same baseline
to express lament.
♪ Hit the road, Jack ♪
♪ And don't you come back no more, no more, no more, no more... ♪
[narrator] And with each repetition, its meaning grows.
♪ ...down in New Orleans... ♪
[narrator] So that whenever you hear it...
it just gets a little more powerful.
♪ ...you know how I feel... ♪
[narrator] There's something familiar about it, but something surprising, too.
♪ ...the love there that's sleeping... ♪
[narrator] We hear these melodies so often
that the effect becomes immediate and unconscious.
Music connects so many abilities that it's very hard to lose.
Only an estimated 1.5% of people are born having trouble differentiating pitches.
Far fewer have trouble feeling a beat.
And losing music perception altogether...
that's basically unheard of.
In 2015, Jen noticed her body was behaving strangely.
I had this weird symptom where I couldn't feel my foot,
as in it just didn't exist. It felt like I had a ghost foot.
Ten years prior, there was one neurologist that thought I could have Moyamoya.
[narrator] Moyamoya means "a puff of smoke."
It's a very rare condition where blood flow to the brain is constricted.
Here is the carotid artery... a little darker.
You see it coming up? You see how it almost disappears here?
It's almost clotted off completely,
and the artery that branched here is gone.
She's not getting enough blood flow to her brain.
They didn't know if I would die the next month
or ten years from that point, so...
I was diagnosed in December of 2015,
and in January of 2016,
I had two brain surgeries a week apart from each other.
[narrator] Two days after the first surgery,
Jen noticed something was wrong.
[Jen] When I woke up, I couldn't talk anymore.
I also lost my comprehension of speech,
so I couldn't talk, but also suddenly couldn't understand anyone else talking.
Imagine being in a foreign country
and not understanding a word that was being said to you.
I watched Portlandia a bunch when I was in recovery.
Through that show, I realized I didn't understand music,
because I couldn't understand the intro song.
See, cognitively, I knew that it was a song,
and I knew it was the"Washed Out" song, a song that I liked.
But it didn't register the same way.
I didn't recognize it as music.
[narrator] To cure Jen's Moyamoya disease,
Doctor Steinberg took an artery from each side of Jen's scalp
and placed it on top of each side of Jen's brain.
That piece of artery that is laying on top of your brain
grows down these roots,
and, essentially, now my brain is fed from the top... down
instead of from the bottom up.
[narrator] And these roots would've been growing all over the brain.
[Steinberg] So, the lower processing was intact.
The sounds were getting in, both for music and for language.
[narrator] But the higher levels of processing
to understand music, to speak,
that require the cortex, were gone.
[Steinberg] Putting together the higher-level circuits was not possible.
It was very, very disturbing...
and upsetting to her.
[narrator] But far more common than losing music
is using it to help recover something else that's been lost.
-What is it? -Phone?
Good try. This isn't a phone.
This what you tell time with.
[narrator] Former U.S. congresswoman Gabby Giffords had to relearn how to speak
after a gunshot tore through the left side of her head.
-With a... -Watch.
That's it! Nice!
[narrator] Areas critical for speech are right here...
but even if they're damaged,
it's possible to retrain the other side of the brain,
where more of musical processing happens, to take over.
[therapist] All right. Let's warm up with another little song. Okay?
[Patel] Some of these same patients who can't get two or three words into a phrase
can sometimes sing songs fluently.
You wouldn't know there was something wrong with them.
[both] ♪ You make me happy When skies are gray... ♪
People are taught to sing words while tapping
and then gradually kind of piggyback on that ability.
[narrator] And music connects to movement.
We actually register a beat in our brain's motor system.
That's likely why it can help people with movement disorders.
[woman] There's something about hearing the music
that enables me to move in a way that I wouldn't be able to on my own.
[narrator] These effects make music seem almost like a superpower.
That's led to some exuberant reporting about music.
[news anchor 1] Can listening to classical music make children smarter?
[news anchor 2] Why are hospitals handing out
a million Mozart recordings a month?
Why not a little Mozart to add a point or two to the IQ?
[narrator] It doesn't really work like that.
[Margulis] One of those myths out there about music perception
is that there's something magic about Mozart.
[narrator] But there is something magic about music's power over our mood.
It doesn't have to be Mozart.
It's been well-documented that music of any kind
can help get anyone,
including athletes at the very top of their field,
in the right frame of mind to perform.
And longer-term active participation in music can have incredible benefits.
Kids who learn to make music early have advantages learning language.
Our ability to remember music is also a fabulously effective teaching tool.
[class sings]
[narrator] And our love of synchronizing with music and each other
confers social benefits.
[Patel] There's a lot of interest in how music influences social cognition.
[Margulis] When you make music together with people or listen to music in a group,
then it feels like you have some kind of understanding
and that you're really together in some powerful way.
And there's experimental evidence that people treat each other better.
[narrator] These benefits and music's universality among humans
raise even bigger questions.
[Patel] Humans groups faced all kinds of challenges during evolution,
and anything that would help promote cooperation in the group
could potentially promote survival.
[narrator] Darwin had an evolutionary explanation for music, too.
Oh, this one. I love this one. Yeah.
"Musical notes and rhythm were first acquired
for the sake of charming the opposite sex."
[narrator] Like a peacock, that beautiful tail
isn't necessarily helping the bird survive.
But it might have signaled something like that at first.
[caws]
But often when that's the case,
you can see some kind of progression of an ability
as you get closer on the evolutionary tree to humans,
that maybe there'll be more musical ability.
But that really doesn't seem to be the case in some clear way.
[narrator] In the animal world, musicality is all over the map.
We're only just starting to find out
if our love for rhythm, repetition, and harmony
evolved gradually through the other primates.
And the search has connected researchers from an incredibly broad array of fields.
They mostly consider their search for answers to be in its infancy.
Jen didn't have to live too long without music.
Within a few weeks, her brain healed.
What we think, in a simplistic way,
is that the circuits are temporarily inhibited...
and that it takes the brain some readjusting or some learning.
Once I was back at home, I could understand music again.
Like, I could hear it, but I couldn't make music.
Procedurally, I still knew how to make music,
but I didn't know how to use my ears to navigate making a song.
I decided I would wait.
Then a couple of weeks later, I went back in,
overwhelmed with emotion, and made this song that was amazing.
And it wasn't that the song was just amazing.
I was able to mix it and make it sound good, too.
I never worked on a song for so long in my life.
But within three months, she was back performing at a very high level
and entertaining and producing.
I wanted to live every moment
like it was the last day I'd be able to make music again.
[fast, pulsating beat]
[narrator] It's easy to forget that all of us
have a superpower in having musicality.
We can use it to learn, feel, remember, and connect.
[Margulis] Just looking at the power that music does have, the universality,
means that regardless of its evolutionary history,
we can learn something really important about what it means to be human.
It still brings back all the joy I have
in being able to share it with people today.
[narrator] And the trick to making any sound music:
play it again and listen closer.
[Patel] The fact that music gives us such intense pleasure
may be telling us something.
Evolution wants us to do this.
Lightning In A Bottle! I had brain surgery two years ago.
I'm fucking here with you right now.
Let's all be glad to be alive.
♪ I wish I could be better ♪
♪ I wish I could do better ♪
♪ I hope this stays for better ♪