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[man] A professional domino
artist is someone
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who can set up thousands and thousands
of dominoes
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to create structures, patterns, images.
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[narrator] In 2017, Steve Price led a team
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that built a domino display
of more than 76,000 pieces.
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Smashing a Guinness World Record.
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[Price] You can build
flat on the ground two-dimensional,
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or you can also do 3-D structures
like pyramids and walls
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and make certain
sort of curves and spirals.
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[narrator] And his YouTube videos
get millions of views.
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[Price] The pleasure of watching
the dominoes toppling
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just comes from knowing
how much went into the project.
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As the viewer, you get to just watch it
all fall into place.
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[narrator] Humans love looking
at all kinds of things.
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Why are millions of people watching
videos of cookies getting iced?
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Or enjoy looking at a collage made up
of 21 cutout images of pimples?
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Others like Gothic churches,
horses, synchronized swimming,
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and of course, other people.
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Where do these preferences come from?
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And why is beauty something
we seek at all?
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[man] Art is an individual
creative experience.
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The greater the knowledge one possesses,
the greater will be the experience.
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Many photographers owe
their success to specialization.
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It might be still life,
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babies, animals, or fashion.
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The Earth, I'm afraid,
is in a class by itself.
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[laughs]
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[man] The placement
is exact and symmetrical.
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Exactness in details helps in giving
the final impression of perfection.
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[narrator] For thousands of years,
philosophers have tried to explain beauty.
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Aristotle said, "Beauty depends
on magnitude and order."
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Confucius said, "I have not seen one
who loves virtue as he loves beauty."
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Kant said, "The beautiful is that
which pleases universally,
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without a concept."
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In the Renaissance,
the seeds of an answer were planted
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when an Italian mathematician named
a number the Divine Proportion
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in a book illustrated
by Leonardo da Vinci.
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Mathematicians have been fixated
on this number since ancient times,
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because it kept coming up in geometry.
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In the 1800s, a German psychologist
decided this number
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was the universal law of beauty,
and today it's known in popular culture
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as the golden ratio,
with people claiming to find it
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in all kinds of human masterpieces
all over the world.
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But, there's a problem with that.
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When people have tried
to study it directly,
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it's not so clear that everybody responds
specifically to the golden rectangle.
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[narrator] Study after study
has found little evidence
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that people are especially drawn
to rectangles with this exact proportion.
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We do like rectangles though.
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It's the best flowing configuration
for images from plane to brain.
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As in, the fastest shape
our brains can process.
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Pleasant to look at
because it's easy on the eyes.
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And many scientists today
believe the reason for this
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boils down to survival.
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More than 150 million years ago,
dinosaurs dominated the Earth.
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But to understand
how humans see the world,
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you have to look down
at the dinosaur's feet.
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That's where our ancestors,
small shrew-like mammals,
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spent their time and they had
a pretty dim view of the world.
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They perceived just two colors:
blue and red.
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They were also nocturnal to evade
their better-seeing predators
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and constantly scanned
their environment horizontally.
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And that may be the simple reason we make
so many things in that shape today.
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Visual beauty is based in vision,
of course,
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and our vision evolved
because it helped us survive.
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When the dinosaurs went extinct,
our ancestors came out into the light.
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And over time, their eyes developed,
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opening up all the colors of the rainbow
we know today.
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And many things
we're still visually drawn to
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are things that helped
our ancestors survive.
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Flowers indicated that something
might turn into fruit.
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Water sources signal
the possible bounty of nourishment.
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And places of refuge
helped us evade predators.
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We still like landscapes that resemble
where early humans evolved.
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Two artists conducted a survey
in the 1990s,
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to find the most desirable painting
in 14 different countries.
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They asked questions, like...
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"Would you rather see paintings
of outdoor or indoor scenes?"
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"Which one, if any, of the following types
of outdoor scenes appeals to you most?"
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and "Would you say
that you prefer paintings
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in which the people are nude
or fully clothed?"
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The resulting painting looked like this
in the United States.
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In France, like this.
This was Turkey's. This China's.
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This is sometimes referred to
as the African savanna hypothesis,
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because savanna's have those properties.
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[narrator] Blue skies,
a sheltering rock of some kind,
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something edible growing
in a big sweep of water.
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Turns out,
we're terribly unoriginal creatures.
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Part of beauty is just a desire to live.
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[chirping]
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But not everyone's sold
on some kind of explanation for beauty.
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I think scientists have been misled,
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by the fantastic experience
of explaining something,
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to think that those kinds of explanations
have broad power.
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[narrator] In 2017,
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Richard Prum published a book
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that caused a stir
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in the world of evolutionary biology.
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In it, he argues that not all beauty
is about survival or fitness.
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Some of it is arbitrary and even useless.
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Take the tail of the peacock...
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[Prum] The tail is covered
with hundreds of beautiful eye spots,
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each one of which includes
four or five different colors
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created by optical nanostructures
in the feathers
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that are made up of melanin granules
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organized in a crystalline fashion.
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[narrator] Female peacocks,
they're actually called peahens,
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are drawn to these tails.
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During courtship display,
a male peacock erects his tail
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and creates a huge sort of hemisphere
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that suspends
over the female as he displays.
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[narrator] But the tails are heavy
and make it harder
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for the male peacocks to run and fly.
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Their beauty, essentially,
is bad for their survival.
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[caws]
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This even stumped Charles Darwin
as he wrote in a letter to a colleague.
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[Prum] "Whenever I gaze at a feather
from the tail of a peacock,
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it makes me sick!"
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He was troubled by the fact
that adaptation by natural selection
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could not describe the evolution
of ornaments that would not help
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in the struggle for survival.
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He proposed the theory of sexual selection
and what he was hypothesizing,
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was that mate choice is really about
the subjective experiences of animals.
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[narrator] And it's not just the peacock
that has seemingly unhelpful ornaments.
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There's the flame bowerbird
and his waving cape.
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The sage grouse
and his inflatable yellow chest.
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The great frigatebird
and his ballooning red throat pouch.
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The shoebill and his bill
that looks like a shoe.
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[Prum] So, there aren't any birds
in the world today
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that don't exhibit the radiation,
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the elaboration,
the diversification of preference.
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It's about pleasure.
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Pleasure is the motivation that drives
the choices that animals make.
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[narrator] In the human brain,
that's what beauty is: pleasure.
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[Chatterjee] So our view, is that
the combined activation of visual cortex
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and these reward systems together
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is the biologic signature
of our response to beauty.
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[narrator] Three main
neurotransmitter systems are involved.
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First, the dopamine system.
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The dopamine system seems to be
about our desires and our wanting things.
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[narrator] A surge of dopamine
can literally move us.
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It is what motivates us to approach
things that we find attractive.
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[narrator] Beauty can also activate
our endocannabinoid and opioid systems.
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The same systems that are activated
by consuming cannabis or opioids.
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They seem to be
the core experience of pleasure.
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[narrator] But peahens evolved
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to find pleasure
in the same kind of peacock tail.
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Explaining all the pleasure
humans get from beauty is harder,
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because we don't all agree.
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It was once a sign of beauty in Japan
to dye your teeth black.
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It was once a sign of beauty in Europe
to pluck out all your eyelashes.
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In America today, some consider it
a sign of beauty to stain, spray,
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mist, burn, or mousse your skin bronze.
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We humans are deeply cultural creatures.
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We're influenced
by our social environment,
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and we take variation in that environment
and we incorporate it into ourselves.
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Aesthetic preferences are established
psychologically through development,
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through exposure,
and through individual innovation.
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[Stoller] Of course,
we're all kind of culturally conditioned
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depending on our context.
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But, I think I'm always trying
to ask myself,
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"Why do I think that?
Where does that come from?"
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[Price] The culture of domino art
is definitely based around the internet.
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There is a very big niche community
for people who enjoy this sort of thing.
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One hundred fifty years ago,
impressionist paintings,
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they had a hard time
breaking into the scene.
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Now, if you survey most Americans,
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people tend to say
they like impressionist artwork the most.
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Our brains haven't changed in 150 years,
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and yet these kinds of population-based
preferences have changed dramatically.
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Right? So, that has to be
from what we're exposed.
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[narrator] Take color.
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In the USA today,
pink is often associated with young girls.
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But it 1927, when Time magazine surveyed
ten major American department stores,
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half said pink was the color for boys.
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That shift happened
over the following decades.
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Thanks in part,
to toy marketing campaigns in the 1980s.
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I love you, My Little Pony.
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[narrator] And dark yellow.
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One study found that babies' eyes
linger the longest on this color.
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But adults around the world
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consistently rank
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this as their least popular color.
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A leading theory is that as we grow up,
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we learn to associate this shade
with unpleasant things.
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There are complicated ways
in which our experiences, our education,
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and also the structure of a society
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can have an influence
on what one regards is attractive.
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You can look at a painting of a monarch
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and just be amazed
at the opulence or the beauty.
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On the other hand, if the whole notion
of monarchy is disturbing to you,
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then you're not going
to find it beautiful.
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How to get a sense of what certain people
find satisfying is really hard,
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which is why scientists
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generally tend to focus on the things
that most people get pleasure out of.
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[narrator] There isn't robust research yet
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to explain why some people
see beauty in this...
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or this...
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or this...
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But researchers studying the brain
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during moments
of peak aesthetic experience
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believe they may have found a clue
in an area of the brain called the DMN.
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The DMN is the Default Mode Network.
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So you can almost think of it
as the idling state of the brain.
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[narrator] In brain scans
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when people are asked to do
a task or think about something specific,
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this area of the brain quiets down.
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The DMN actually lights up
when we aren't doing a specific task
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and our minds turn inward.
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They probably reflect
a kind of internal state,
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when you're kind of spacing out,
when you're mind's wandering,
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when you're self-reflective.
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[narrator] In a few recent experiments,
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people were presented with images of art
from a variety of cultural traditions.
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And something surprising happened.
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The DMN region in their brains lit up.
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But, only when they were looking
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at the paintings
they said moved them the most.
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It is triggering
a whole set of associations
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and thoughts in our own brain,
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which is a kind of free play
of our own imagination.
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[narrator] The researchers
believe this is evidence
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that our experience of beauty
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involves connecting our senses
and emotions with something personal.
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Our sense of self.
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There's something
about being moved by paintings
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that forces us to be self-reflective.
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That may be the biologic signature
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of what it means
to feel moved by a painting.
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[narrator] Which could help explain
why we're draw to and moved by
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the same kind of images,
even as our memories slip away.
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There's been research that suggests
that people with dementia
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continue to have the same taste in art
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as they had all their lives.
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In an experiment from 2008,
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20 people with Alzheimer's disease
were shown a range of paintings.
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Some were representational,
like "People in the Sun" by Edward Hopper.
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Some, less so,
like Picasso's "Weeping Woman."
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And others were totally abstract,
like "Composition" by Mondrian.
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The patients were asked to rank
the paintings in order of preference.
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Two weeks later,
they were given the same task.
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When asked to rank the original paintings,
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they put them in largely
the same order as before.
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Our sense of beauty is deep.
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00:14:39,588 --> 00:14:41,924
[woman] I thought
that Randy's was beautiful.
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00:14:42,007 --> 00:14:45,010
-[applause]
-And she has a great sense of color.
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[narrator] And for people with dementia,
making art can be powerful therapy.
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[woman] I find the color is
the thing that sticks out the most for me.
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Then, the feeling of movement.
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00:14:56,980 --> 00:14:58,982
I love movement in painting.
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What else do we see in here?
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[woman 2] I see the sun.
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00:15:02,653 --> 00:15:04,529
I have Lewy body dementia.
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00:15:05,072 --> 00:15:08,825
And for me, it was a big shock.
I'm sure it is for everybody.
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00:15:09,993 --> 00:15:12,162
We all suffer from memory loss.
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00:15:12,829 --> 00:15:17,584
Different degrees depending on the person
and how long they've suffered with this.
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I think that, to the extent we retain
our preferences for certain kinds of art,
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or certain pieces of art,
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00:15:25,634 --> 00:15:28,595
it means that those pieces
speak to us in a deep way.
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00:15:29,096 --> 00:15:32,432
To me, it's so wonderful
to watch people painting.
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00:15:32,516 --> 00:15:33,517
-[applause]
-[woman] Whoo!
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[Mittelman]
Look at their faces. They come alive.
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People with dementia,
as well as the rest of us.
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Imagine a scenario where we were
all wearing exactly the same clothes.
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00:15:46,613 --> 00:15:48,240
Every meal had no taste.
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00:15:49,032 --> 00:15:51,952
That our houses were all uniform.
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00:15:52,035 --> 00:15:54,329
Is that a world anybody
would want to live in?
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The absence of beauty,
the absence of surrounding ourselves
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with aesthetic experiences,
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00:16:00,210 --> 00:16:03,505
I think, just makes
for a very impoverished life.
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Perfect.
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[theme music playing]