1
00:00:07,298 --> 00:00:09,426
<i>[narrator] </i>In September of 2017,

2
00:00:09,509 --> 00:00:12,137
<i>Hurricane Maria</i>
<i>churned across the Caribbean</i>

3
00:00:12,220 --> 00:00:14,431
<i>and slammed into Puerto Rico.</i>

4
00:00:14,514 --> 00:00:16,266
<i>[thunder rumbling]</i>

5
00:00:19,144 --> 00:00:23,064
<i>[woman 1] That hurricane actually</i>
<i>sounded like a beast.</i>

6
00:00:23,982 --> 00:00:27,277
<i>Like a preying, growling beast</i>

7
00:00:28,028 --> 00:00:29,362
<i>destroying everything.</i>

8
00:00:29,988 --> 00:00:33,616
<i>[woman 2] It's horrible to be in</i>
<i>that situation when you can't do anything.</i>

9
00:00:33,700 --> 00:00:36,745
<i>[woman 3] I saw my entire 20 years of work</i>

10
00:00:36,828 --> 00:00:37,787
<i>destroyed.</i>

11
00:00:37,871 --> 00:00:40,707
<i>[reporter] Tell me what the last 24 hours</i>
<i>have been like.</i>

12
00:00:40,790 --> 00:00:44,377
<i>Hell. This has just been horrible.</i>
<i>Horrible.</i>

13
00:00:46,546 --> 00:00:51,009
<i>I had never lived something like that</i>
<i>before ever in my life,</i>

14
00:00:51,092 --> 00:00:53,553
<i>and I hope I won't live through it again.</i>

15
00:00:54,888 --> 00:00:58,558
<i>[man] I got into San Juan</i>
<i>two days after the hurricane passed.</i>

16
00:00:58,641 --> 00:01:02,604
<i>There was no water, no electricity,</i>
<i>for the entire time I was there.</i>

17
00:01:02,687 --> 00:01:04,898
<i>I can tell you firsthand</i>

18
00:01:04,981 --> 00:01:07,650
<i>that going through a hurricane,</i>

19
00:01:07,734 --> 00:01:11,821
<i>where you're afraid for your home,</i>
<i>or you're afraid for your loved ones,</i>

20
00:01:11,905 --> 00:01:16,785
<i>that leaves a mark on your spirit</i>
<i>for the rest of your life.</i>

21
00:01:19,579 --> 00:01:22,373
<i>[narrator] </i>More and more people
are living in the path of hurricanes<i>,</i>

22
00:01:22,457 --> 00:01:26,127
<i>and a warming planet will likely</i>
<i>make these storms more destructive.</i>

23
00:01:26,211 --> 00:01:28,963
<i>Even though we may not necessarily</i>
<i>see more hurricanes,</i>

24
00:01:29,047 --> 00:01:31,132
<i>the ones we do see will probably be</i>

25
00:01:31,216 --> 00:01:33,468
<i>much more dangerous</i>
<i>and much more damaging.</i>

26
00:01:33,551 --> 00:01:36,471
<i>[narrator] </i>So, what can we do
to make our communities safer

27
00:01:36,554 --> 00:01:38,848
<i>in the face of this cataclysmic power?</i>

28
00:01:41,643 --> 00:01:44,729
<i>Can we learn to withstand</i>
<i>the oncoming storms?</i>

29
00:01:45,355 --> 00:01:48,024
<i>[man 1] Big storm right in the center</i>
<i>of the field of view.</i>

30
00:01:48,525 --> 00:01:52,237
<i>[man 2] Hurricanes are accompanied</i>
<i>by violent, destructive winds,</i>

31
00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:54,155
<i>heavy rains, and high tides.</i>

32
00:01:54,906 --> 00:01:57,867
<i>[man 3] Ships are helpless</i>
<i>before the typhoon's fury.</i>

33
00:01:57,951 --> 00:02:00,829
<i>[man 4] Those west of New Orleans</i>
<i>are so far lucky,</i>

34
00:02:00,912 --> 00:02:03,123
<i>but for many people,</i>
<i>the memories of the big storms</i>

35
00:02:03,206 --> 00:02:05,208
<i>of the '60s are all too real.</i>

36
00:02:05,917 --> 00:02:07,460
<i>[man 5] I'm 61 years old,</i>

37
00:02:07,544 --> 00:02:10,130
<i>you know what I mean,</i>
<i>so all of them are really scary, you know.</i>

38
00:02:10,213 --> 00:02:11,965
<i>They ought to be taken seriously.</i>

39
00:02:19,013 --> 00:02:20,348
<i>[playful music]</i>

40
00:02:20,431 --> 00:02:23,101
<i>[Elizondo] </i>In 1959,
with the Cold War simmering,

41
00:02:23,184 --> 00:02:25,562
<i>hundreds of scientists</i>
<i>gathered in San Francisco</i>

42
00:02:25,645 --> 00:02:27,897
<i>to try and answer a simple question.</i>

43
00:02:28,439 --> 00:02:31,860
{\an8}<i>"Isn't there anything nice we can do</i>
<i>with all these nuclear weapons?"</i>

44
00:02:32,527 --> 00:02:34,070
{\an8}<i>They had a bunch of ideas.</i>

45
00:02:34,154 --> 00:02:37,323
<i>Turning a series of blast craters</i>
<i>into a shipping canal.</i>

46
00:02:37,824 --> 00:02:40,785
<i>Harnessing a bomb's heat</i>
<i>to distill seawater.</i>

47
00:02:41,578 --> 00:02:44,831
{\an8}<i>And detonating a nuke</i>
<i>in the eye of a hurricane</i>

48
00:02:44,914 --> 00:02:46,916
{\an8}<i>to try and derail the storm.</i>

49
00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:48,751
{\an8}<i>[explosion]</i>

50
00:02:50,003 --> 00:02:52,547
{\an8}<i>That idea has remained</i>
<i>incredibly tempting,</i>

51
00:02:52,630 --> 00:02:55,717
{\an8}<i>so much so the US agency</i>
<i>that studies hurricanes</i>

52
00:02:55,800 --> 00:02:58,052
{\an8}<i>addresses the issue on their FAQ page.</i>

53
00:02:59,888 --> 00:03:03,266
<i>A major problem is, we just don't have</i>
<i>a bomb that is big enough.</i>

54
00:03:03,975 --> 00:03:07,812
<i>This is rare footage</i>
<i>of the most powerful nuke ever detonated,</i>

55
00:03:07,896 --> 00:03:10,315
<i>the Soviet Union's </i>Tsar Bomba<i>.</i>

56
00:03:10,398 --> 00:03:12,567
<i>[man speaking Russian]</i>

57
00:03:15,069 --> 00:03:17,655
<i>[Elizondo]</i> It was a 50-megaton blast,

58
00:03:17,739 --> 00:03:19,991
<i>a jaw-dropping release of energy.</i>

59
00:03:21,159 --> 00:03:22,869
<i>But a fully-developed hurricane</i>

60
00:03:22,952 --> 00:03:25,830
<i>can unleash that amount of energy</i>
<i>every couple hours.</i>

61
00:03:25,914 --> 00:03:29,125
<i>If you nuked a hurricane,</i>
<i>the most likely result would be</i>

62
00:03:29,209 --> 00:03:30,919
<i>a radioactive hurricane.</i>

63
00:03:32,503 --> 00:03:34,339
<i>These storms are so powerful</i>

64
00:03:34,422 --> 00:03:37,258
<i>because they're working</i>
<i>on a completely different scale.</i>

65
00:03:37,342 --> 00:03:42,013
<i>They're fueled by enormous swaths of ocean</i>
<i>and the spinning of the planet.</i>

66
00:03:42,555 --> 00:03:45,808
{\an8}<i>The sun's rays heat water,</i>
<i>which evaporates and rises,</i>

67
00:03:45,892 --> 00:03:49,520
<i>forming towering thunderclouds,</i>
<i>and, down near the surface,</i>

68
00:03:49,604 --> 00:03:51,272
<i>a pocket of low pressure.</i>

69
00:03:52,023 --> 00:03:54,817
<i>Surrounding air</i>
<i>rushes in to fill this void,</i>

70
00:03:54,901 --> 00:03:57,570
<i>but it's deflected off course</i>
<i>by The Coriolis Effect.</i>

71
00:03:58,446 --> 00:04:02,492
<i>Air moving large distances</i>
<i>over Earth's surface appears to curve.</i>

72
00:04:03,243 --> 00:04:05,245
<i>That makes the whole system spin,</i>

73
00:04:05,328 --> 00:04:07,497
<i>counterclockwise</i>
<i>in the northern hemisphere,</i>

74
00:04:07,580 --> 00:04:09,040
<i>clockwise in the southern.</i>

75
00:04:10,208 --> 00:04:13,503
<i>The Coriolis Effect</i>
<i>is too weak near the equator,</i>

76
00:04:13,586 --> 00:04:15,964
<i>and the water's too cold near the poles.</i>

77
00:04:16,047 --> 00:04:19,509
<i>But in this zone,</i>
<i>conditions are just right.</i>

78
00:04:19,592 --> 00:04:23,346
<i>More than 100 million people</i>
<i>are affected by cyclones each year,</i>

79
00:04:23,429 --> 00:04:28,101
<i>and more than one in five people on Earth</i>
<i>are in their potential path.</i>

80
00:04:28,184 --> 00:04:31,271
<i>Technically,</i>
<i>these are all tropical cyclones,</i>

81
00:04:31,354 --> 00:04:33,439
<i>but here they're known as typhoons,</i>

82
00:04:33,523 --> 00:04:35,608
<i>and here hurricanes.</i>

83
00:04:35,692 --> 00:04:38,319
<i>One of their more common routes</i>
<i>cuts through the Caribbean,</i>

84
00:04:38,403 --> 00:04:41,864
<i>and Puerto Rico</i>
<i>gets hit every several years.</i>

85
00:04:41,948 --> 00:04:44,450
<i>But that doesn't mean</i>
<i>it was ready for the big one.</i>

86
00:04:45,451 --> 00:04:47,620
<i>This is September, 2017.</i>

87
00:04:47,704 --> 00:04:49,872
<i>A couple of hurricanes</i>
<i>are menacing the Caribbean,</i>

88
00:04:49,956 --> 00:04:51,874
<i>but Maria was just a gentle eddy</i>

89
00:04:51,958 --> 00:04:54,585
<i>in the river of air</i>
<i>spilling off the African Coast.</i>

90
00:04:55,169 --> 00:04:57,797
<i>Storm clouds formed and started spinning,</i>

91
00:04:57,880 --> 00:05:00,675
<i>and its eye emerged,</i>
<i>a center of eerie calm</i>

92
00:05:00,758 --> 00:05:03,803
<i>surrounded by winds</i>
<i>as fast as a high-speed train.</i>

93
00:05:04,387 --> 00:05:09,642
<i>They reached 173 miles an hour,</i>
<i>making Maria a Category 5 storm.</i>

94
00:05:09,726 --> 00:05:12,895
<i>It was Category 5,</i>
<i>and it had a route that seemed like</i>

95
00:05:12,979 --> 00:05:14,939
<i>it was going to hit Puerto Rico.</i>

96
00:05:15,523 --> 00:05:17,859
<i>[Elizondo]</i>{\an8} Tania runs Taller Salud.

97
00:05:17,942 --> 00:05:20,069
<i>It's a women's empowerment nonprofit,</i>

98
00:05:20,153 --> 00:05:22,905
<i>headquartered less than 20 miles</i>
<i>from Puerto Rico's capital</i>

99
00:05:22,989 --> 00:05:25,074
<i>in the coastal town of Loíza.</i>

100
00:05:25,158 --> 00:05:28,536
<i>[Rosario] It was founded</i>
<i>as a village of runaway slaves.</i>

101
00:05:29,037 --> 00:05:31,539
<i>Sixty percent of people living in Loíza</i>

102
00:05:31,622 --> 00:05:35,126
<i>identify themselves</i>
<i>as Black Afro-Puerto Ricans.</i>

103
00:05:35,710 --> 00:05:37,879
<i>[Elizondo] </i>The town is nestled
between two rivers,

104
00:05:37,962 --> 00:05:40,214
<i>the ocean, and a vast swamp,</i>

105
00:05:40,298 --> 00:05:43,968
<i>which helped its residents</i>
<i>protect their Afro-Puerto Rican culture.</i>

106
00:05:44,052 --> 00:05:46,012
<i>Loízeños invented </i>bomba<i>,</i>

107
00:05:46,095 --> 00:05:48,681
<i>a fusion of Spanish and African music.</i>

108
00:05:48,765 --> 00:05:54,771
<i>But Loíza's geography also isolated it</i>
<i>from the economic progress of San Juan.</i>

109
00:05:54,854 --> 00:05:57,857
<i>[Rosario] It was kind of left out</i>
<i>of urban planning,</i>

110
00:05:57,940 --> 00:05:59,609
<i>back in the '50s and '60s.</i>

111
00:05:59,692 --> 00:06:01,944
<i>Racism played a big part.</i>

112
00:06:02,028 --> 00:06:05,531
<i>Nothing was done</i>
<i>to provide physical, concrete access</i>

113
00:06:05,615 --> 00:06:09,619
<i>to hospitals, universities,</i>
<i>infrastructure in general.</i>

114
00:06:09,702 --> 00:06:12,038
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Poverty and all that water

115
00:06:12,121 --> 00:06:16,167
<i>made Loíza particularly vulnerable</i>
<i>when Maria made landfall.</i>

116
00:06:17,251 --> 00:06:19,796
<i>Hurricanes pile the ocean up</i>
<i>in front of them,</i>

117
00:06:19,879 --> 00:06:21,631
<i>creating mountainous waves.</i>

118
00:06:21,714 --> 00:06:25,051
{\an8}<i>And this storm surge</i>
<i>gnawed away at Loíza's coast.</i>

119
00:06:25,134 --> 00:06:29,180
<i>At the same time, the clouds</i>
<i>unleashed their stockpiles of ocean water,</i>

120
00:06:29,263 --> 00:06:32,266
<i>overfilling rivers</i>
<i>and flooding whole neighborhoods.</i>

121
00:06:32,892 --> 00:06:37,480
<i>[Rosario] In some places,</i>
<i>the flood was five, six feet high,</i>

122
00:06:37,563 --> 00:06:39,148
<i>so it was covering homes.</i>

123
00:06:39,232 --> 00:06:41,484
<i>Some of the flood was sewage water.</i>

124
00:06:42,026 --> 00:06:45,446
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Loíza was one
of the hardest-hit towns in Puerto Rico.

125
00:06:45,530 --> 00:06:47,865
<i>Three thousand houses were destroyed.</i>

126
00:06:49,617 --> 00:06:52,120
<i>And Loíza is part of a global pattern.</i>

127
00:06:52,203 --> 00:06:55,123
<i>Poorer communities</i>
<i>are often in more flood-prone areas.</i>

128
00:06:55,206 --> 00:06:57,375
<i>That's true in Vietnam cities</i>

129
00:06:57,458 --> 00:06:59,252
<i>and in southwest Bangladesh.</i>

130
00:06:59,794 --> 00:07:02,463
<i>Or they're closer to industrial plants,</i>

131
00:07:02,547 --> 00:07:04,424
<i>like in Houston, Texas.</i>

132
00:07:04,507 --> 00:07:08,469
<i>In 2017, Hurricane Harvey</i>
<i>dumped several feet of rain on the region,</i>

133
00:07:08,553 --> 00:07:10,888
<i>breaching its toxic waste sites.</i>

134
00:07:10,972 --> 00:07:14,851
<i>[Newkirk] Hurricane floods can carry</i>
<i>contamination to surrounding communities.</i>

135
00:07:15,435 --> 00:07:17,562
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Poor areas are more vulnerable

136
00:07:17,645 --> 00:07:19,981
<i>and they're less likely</i>
<i>to get help right away.</i>

137
00:07:20,064 --> 00:07:21,649
<i>Puerto Rico was a key example.</i>

138
00:07:22,233 --> 00:07:24,277
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Satellite images show
the island's lights

139
00:07:24,360 --> 00:07:26,404
<i>before the storm and after.</i>

140
00:07:27,196 --> 00:07:29,574
<i>As months passed</i>
<i>and San Juan regained power,</i>

141
00:07:29,657 --> 00:07:33,453
<i>more remote areas, including</i>
<i>much of Loíza, remained in the dark.</i>

142
00:07:34,036 --> 00:07:35,872
<i>The former governor of Puerto Rico</i>

143
00:07:35,955 --> 00:07:39,208
<i>tweeted a photo of surgery</i>
<i>performed by flashlight.</i>

144
00:07:39,292 --> 00:07:41,377
<i>Kidney patients had to take a plane</i>
<i>three times a week</i>

145
00:07:41,461 --> 00:07:43,713
<i>to reach a working dialysis center.</i>

146
00:07:43,796 --> 00:07:46,424
<i>Diabetics couldn't refrigerate</i>
<i>their insulin.</i>

147
00:07:46,924 --> 00:07:48,217
<i>[in Spanish] It's incredible.</i>

148
00:07:48,301 --> 00:07:51,721
<i>It's a crisis affecting</i>
<i>the whole of the country.</i>

149
00:07:51,804 --> 00:07:53,723
<i>[Elizondo] </i>In the weeks
and months after Maria,

150
00:07:53,806 --> 00:07:56,058
<i>the death toll continued to climb.</i>

151
00:07:56,684 --> 00:07:58,978
<i>[Rosario] There were lives that were lost</i>

152
00:07:59,061 --> 00:08:02,565
<i>that should have been protected.</i>

153
00:08:02,648 --> 00:08:04,901
<i>Events are natural,</i>

154
00:08:04,984 --> 00:08:07,195
<i>and disasters are political.</i>

155
00:08:07,778 --> 00:08:09,947
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Puerto Rico is
a territory of the US,

156
00:08:10,031 --> 00:08:12,617
<i>so they looked</i>
<i>to their federal government for help.</i>

157
00:08:12,700 --> 00:08:15,453
{\an8}<i>Without help,</i>
<i>the ongoing humanitarian crisis</i>

158
00:08:15,536 --> 00:08:17,747
{\an8}<i>will only get worse.</i>

159
00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:20,500
{\an8}<i>The residents of Puerto Rico</i>
<i>are American citizens.</i>

160
00:08:20,583 --> 00:08:22,585
<i>This is a job for the federal government.</i>

161
00:08:22,668 --> 00:08:24,795
<i>[Elizondo] </i>But the feds were slow
to send aid,

162
00:08:25,421 --> 00:08:28,299
<i>and then the island government</i>
<i>mismanaged its distribution.</i>

163
00:08:28,382 --> 00:08:32,887
<i>[Rosario] A few people</i>
<i>that don't face those risks</i>

164
00:08:32,970 --> 00:08:35,806
{\an8}<i>decide over communities</i>

165
00:08:35,890 --> 00:08:41,103
{\an8}<i>with a lot of accumulated expertise</i>
<i>on disaster preparedness and management.</i>

166
00:08:41,187 --> 00:08:44,106
{\an8}<i>It's so condescending and also so cruel.</i>

167
00:08:44,690 --> 00:08:47,026
<i>[Elizondo] </i>The aftermath of Maria
{\an8}was a tragedy,

168
00:08:47,610 --> 00:08:50,696
<i>but before the storm hit,</i>
<i>there was a small triumph.</i>

169
00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:53,533
<i>Thanks to decades of human ingenuity,</i>

170
00:08:53,616 --> 00:08:56,327
<i>the people of Puerto Rico</i>
<i>knew it was coming.</i>

171
00:08:57,328 --> 00:09:00,248
<i>The indigenous people of the Caribbean,</i>
<i>like the Taino,</i>

172
00:09:00,331 --> 00:09:03,334
<i>had learned to recognize</i>
<i>the early signs of these storms.</i>

173
00:09:03,417 --> 00:09:04,794
<i>High, feathery clouds</i>,

174
00:09:04,877 --> 00:09:08,798
<i>and frigate birds coming home to roost</i>
<i>at unusual times.</i>

175
00:09:09,423 --> 00:09:12,176
<i>Newcomers to the islands</i>
<i>were ignorant of these warnings.</i>

176
00:09:12,885 --> 00:09:15,721
<i>In 1780, a hurricane</i>
<i>cut through the Caribbean</i>

177
00:09:15,805 --> 00:09:18,891
<i>and, in a few short days, killed 22,000.</i>

178
00:09:19,850 --> 00:09:23,062
{\an8}<i>But in 1928,</i>
<i>when a similarly powerful storm</i>

179
00:09:23,145 --> 00:09:26,607
{\an8}<i>cut a familiar path across Puerto Rico,</i>
<i>barometers in San Juan</i>

180
00:09:26,691 --> 00:09:30,319
<i>picked up the drop in atmospheric pressure</i>
<i>that precedes a massive storm</i>.

181
00:09:30,861 --> 00:09:33,864
<i>Telegraph cables sent alerts</i>
<i>to every district on the island,</i>

182
00:09:34,407 --> 00:09:36,617
<i>and radios broadcast a warning.</i>

183
00:09:36,701 --> 00:09:40,121
{\an8}<i>As a result, the storm had</i>
<i>a fraction of the death toll.</i>

184
00:09:40,204 --> 00:09:42,915
{\an8}<i>And our forecasting</i>
<i>has only gotten better.</i>

185
00:09:42,999 --> 00:09:45,334
<i>[man 1] From every corner</i>
<i>of the Caribbean,</i>

186
00:09:45,418 --> 00:09:48,421
<i>weather information</i>
<i>is received 24 hours a day</i>

187
00:09:48,504 --> 00:09:50,214
<i>from island weather stations,</i>

188
00:09:50,298 --> 00:09:54,802
<i>and from planes of the Air Force</i>
<i>and Navy reconnaissance squadrons.</i>

189
00:09:55,845 --> 00:09:57,555
<i>[Elizondo] </i>And then, in 1961,

190
00:09:57,638 --> 00:10:00,474
<i>came a pioneering news report</i>
<i>on Hurricane Carla.</i>

191
00:10:01,017 --> 00:10:05,354
<i>For the first time ever, TV audiences</i>
<i>were shown radar images of a hurricane.</i>

192
00:10:05,938 --> 00:10:08,691
<i>[man 2] There is the eye</i>
<i>of the hurricane right there.</i>

193
00:10:08,774 --> 00:10:12,236
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Just seeing the sheer size
of the storm on a map

194
00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:14,822
<i>inspired thousands to flee to safety.</i>

195
00:10:14,905 --> 00:10:17,199
<i>And on that same exact day</i>

196
00:10:17,283 --> 00:10:19,410
<i>came another huge first.</i>

197
00:10:19,493 --> 00:10:22,997
<i>The TIROS-3 satellite</i>
<i>spotted a hurricane from space</i>

198
00:10:23,080 --> 00:10:25,458
<i>before humans on the ground</i>
<i>knew it existed.</i>

199
00:10:25,541 --> 00:10:29,670
<i>[man 3] It is just the pathfinder for more</i>
<i>advanced weather forecasts to come.</i>

200
00:10:31,172 --> 00:10:32,548
<i>[Elizondo] </i>A decade later,

201
00:10:32,632 --> 00:10:35,718
<i>two-day forecasts were off</i>
<i>by about 300 miles,</i>

202
00:10:35,801 --> 00:10:39,847
<i>and that number has steadily dropped,</i>
<i>down to about 50 miles today.</i>

203
00:10:39,930 --> 00:10:41,891
<i>So fewer people are dying.</i>

204
00:10:42,350 --> 00:10:45,144
<i>In the 1960s, you might have</i>
<i>tens of thousands of people</i>

205
00:10:45,227 --> 00:10:46,896
<i>drowning each year in storm waters.</i>

206
00:10:46,979 --> 00:10:49,815
<i>Now, the typical number</i>
<i>is in the hundreds.</i>

207
00:10:49,899 --> 00:10:53,611
<i>As well as the forecast has been,</i>
<i>all the steps of preparation,</i>

208
00:10:53,694 --> 00:10:56,364
<i>it does not mean</i>
<i>there will not be damages.</i>

209
00:10:56,447 --> 00:10:59,283
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Craig Fugate
{\an8}was the administrator of FEMA,

210
00:10:59,367 --> 00:11:02,244
{\an8}<i>the US agency</i>
<i>that responds to natural disasters.</i>

211
00:11:02,328 --> 00:11:05,748
<i>We've seen track forecast</i>
<i>improve tremendously.</i>

212
00:11:05,831 --> 00:11:07,958
<i>Intensity forecast has been lagging.</i>

213
00:11:08,042 --> 00:11:11,379
<i>[Elizondo] </i>There are sometimes
sudden leaps in a hurricane's strength,

214
00:11:11,462 --> 00:11:14,632
<i>and it can catch meteorologists</i>
<i>by surprise.</i>

215
00:11:14,715 --> 00:11:16,592
<i>Yesterday, it was just a tropical storm.</i>

216
00:11:16,676 --> 00:11:19,428
<i>The intensity forecast</i>
<i>showing some big changes.</i>

217
00:11:19,512 --> 00:11:22,181
<i>Nobody really anticipated it</i>
<i>being as strong as it was.</i>

218
00:11:22,264 --> 00:11:25,893
<i>These rapid intensifiers,</i>
<i>they are extremely dangerous</i>

219
00:11:25,976 --> 00:11:28,604
{\an8}<i>from the standpoint</i>
<i>of the public's perception of,</i>

220
00:11:28,688 --> 00:11:30,773
{\an8}<i>"Well, it was only a Cat 1."</i>

221
00:11:30,856 --> 00:11:33,109
{\an8}<i>And then 24 hours later, it's a Cat 5.</i>

222
00:11:33,192 --> 00:11:35,611
{\an8}<i>"If I knew it was gonna be a Cat 5,</i>
<i>I'd have evacuated."</i>

223
00:11:36,278 --> 00:11:40,324
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Scientists think this rapid
intensification is becoming more common,

224
00:11:40,950 --> 00:11:42,660
<i>thanks to climate change.</i>

225
00:11:43,744 --> 00:11:47,164
<i>I like to say climate change with a "D."</i>
<i>It's already changed,</i>

226
00:11:47,248 --> 00:11:51,210
<i>and we're already measuring</i>
<i>significant increases in sea level rise.</i>

227
00:11:51,293 --> 00:11:52,920
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Almost ten inches.

228
00:11:53,003 --> 00:11:55,631
<i>Many major cities</i>
<i>are already close to sea level,</i>

229
00:11:55,715 --> 00:11:58,217
<i>and the ocean is likely to rise</i>
<i>another foot,</i>

230
00:11:58,300 --> 00:12:01,095
<i>maybe several feet,</i>
<i>by the end of the century.</i>

231
00:12:01,178 --> 00:12:04,432
<i>Every extra inch</i>
<i>adds to a future storm surge.</i>

232
00:12:04,515 --> 00:12:07,727
<i>And that makes the flooding</i>
<i>from coastal storms,</i>

233
00:12:07,810 --> 00:12:10,730
<i>but particularly hurricanes,</i>
<i>much more devastating.</i>

234
00:12:11,397 --> 00:12:14,942
<i>[Elizondo] </i>And warmer waters
are likely fueling faster winds,

235
00:12:15,025 --> 00:12:17,027
<i>and rainier storms.</i>

236
00:12:17,570 --> 00:12:19,780
<i>And as water heats up closer to the poles,</i>

237
00:12:19,864 --> 00:12:23,701
<i>there's some evidence</i>
<i>the world's cyclone zones will expand.</i>

238
00:12:23,784 --> 00:12:25,202
<i>But we don't know for sure.</i>

239
00:12:25,286 --> 00:12:27,371
<i>Global warming can have strange effects.</i>

240
00:12:27,455 --> 00:12:31,417
{\an8}<i>For example, it seems to be</i>
<i>making hurricanes travel more slowly.</i>

241
00:12:31,500 --> 00:12:33,335
{\an8}<i>[Fugate] You go back to Hurricane Dorian</i>

242
00:12:33,419 --> 00:12:36,881
{\an8}<i>that literally</i>
<i>sat on Grand Bahama for days</i>

243
00:12:36,964 --> 00:12:38,841
{\an8}<i>as a major hurricane.</i>

244
00:12:38,924 --> 00:12:43,053
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Tropical cyclones have been
causing more and more dollars of damage,

245
00:12:43,137 --> 00:12:45,890
<i>and climate change</i>
<i>will likely make that worse.</i>

246
00:12:45,973 --> 00:12:48,601
<i>But the trend we've seen so far</i>
<i>is mainly driven</i>

247
00:12:48,684 --> 00:12:52,396
<i>by more people building more stuff</i>
<i>in the path of destruction.</i>

248
00:12:52,480 --> 00:12:54,815
<i>From 1970 to 2010,</i>

249
00:12:54,899 --> 00:12:57,193
<i>while the world's population</i>
<i>almost doubled</i>,

250
00:12:57,276 --> 00:13:01,113
<i>the population in cyclone-prone</i>
<i>coastlines nearly tripled.</i>

251
00:13:01,822 --> 00:13:04,450
<i>But not everyone will be able to stay.</i>

252
00:13:04,533 --> 00:13:06,952
<i>You see more and more people</i>
<i>have to make decisions about</i>

253
00:13:07,036 --> 00:13:08,871
<i>whether they're gonna leave altogether.</i>

254
00:13:08,954 --> 00:13:11,499
<i>These frontline communities,</i>
<i>they're pragmatic.</i>

255
00:13:11,582 --> 00:13:14,168
<i>They understand</i>
<i>it's not gonna be physically livable,</i>

256
00:13:14,251 --> 00:13:17,588
<i>but they also are demanding recognition</i>

257
00:13:17,671 --> 00:13:19,673
<i>for what the land means to them.</i>

258
00:13:19,757 --> 00:13:23,969
<i>[Rosario] Loíza is actually called</i>
<i>the capital of traditions in Puerto Rico,</i>

259
00:13:24,053 --> 00:13:27,848
<i>and it's a stronghold</i>
<i>of Afro-Puerto Rican identity.</i>

260
00:13:27,932 --> 00:13:29,725
<i>[Newkirk] It connects them</i>
<i>to their ancestors.</i>

261
00:13:29,809 --> 00:13:32,311
<i>It is more than just</i>
<i>a plot of real estate.</i>

262
00:13:33,229 --> 00:13:34,855
<i>Should we let climate change</i>

263
00:13:34,939 --> 00:13:38,025
<i>drive us away from our communities?</i>

264
00:13:38,108 --> 00:13:42,696
<i>In some parts of the country,</i>
<i>rebuilding is just not gonna make sense.</i>

265
00:13:42,780 --> 00:13:46,575
<i>In other parts of the country,</i>
<i>it may be an engineering solution.</i>

266
00:13:47,117 --> 00:13:49,787
<i>[Elizondo] </i>We're getting better
at building wind-resistant homes,

267
00:13:49,870 --> 00:13:51,539
<i>thanks to controlled experiments</i>

268
00:13:53,374 --> 00:13:55,376
<i>and real-world experience.</i>

269
00:13:56,126 --> 00:13:59,713
<i>This is Mexico Beach, Florida,</i>
<i>before Hurricane Michael hit.</i>

270
00:13:59,797 --> 00:14:01,507
<i>And here it is after.</i>

271
00:14:02,508 --> 00:14:04,718
<i>Scores of houses were flattened,</i>

272
00:14:04,802 --> 00:14:07,763
<i>but this one survived</i>
<i>pretty much unscathed.</i>

273
00:14:07,847 --> 00:14:11,559
<i>Its walls are poured concrete</i>
<i>woven through with rebar,</i>

274
00:14:11,642 --> 00:14:14,895
<i>which pushed</i>
<i>construction costs up 15 to 20%,</i>

275
00:14:15,479 --> 00:14:18,190
<i>But down the road,</i>
<i>some Habitat for Humanity houses</i>

276
00:14:18,274 --> 00:14:20,067
<i>also survived the storm,</i>

277
00:14:20,150 --> 00:14:22,862
<i>thanks to a few</i>
<i>much cheaper fortifications,</i>

278
00:14:22,945 --> 00:14:25,865
<i>like metal ties,</i>
<i>strategically placed nails,</i>

279
00:14:25,948 --> 00:14:27,449
<i>and sealed shutters,</i>

280
00:14:27,533 --> 00:14:30,578
<i>which added just</i>
<i>a few percentage points to building costs.</i>

281
00:14:31,328 --> 00:14:35,916
<i>It's a bit trickier and a little</i>
<i>more expensive to retrofit old houses,</i>

282
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:40,212
<i>and it's incredibly difficult</i>
<i>to retrofit old cities.</i>

283
00:14:40,963 --> 00:14:45,885
<i>Some wealthier metro areas are pouring</i>
<i>billions into building up their defenses.</i>

284
00:14:45,968 --> 00:14:51,098
<i>Osaka is raising its flood-prone airport</i>
<i>by adding layer after layer of pavement.</i>

285
00:14:51,181 --> 00:14:54,560
<i>Shanghai has resolved</i>
<i>to become a sponge city,</i>

286
00:14:54,643 --> 00:14:58,480
<i>filled with parks and waterways</i>
<i>that can absorb or redirect the flood.</i>

287
00:14:59,064 --> 00:15:01,901
<i>And New York City</i>
<i>is planning something bold.</i>

288
00:15:01,984 --> 00:15:03,903
{\an8}<i>We will initiate an effort that is</i>

289
00:15:03,986 --> 00:15:06,280
{\an8}<i>estimated to cost ten billion dollars</i>

290
00:15:06,363 --> 00:15:09,450
<i>to extend the shoreline of Lower Manhattan</i>

291
00:15:09,533 --> 00:15:11,368
<i>into the East River.</i>

292
00:15:11,452 --> 00:15:12,828
{\an8}<i>It is audacious,</i>

293
00:15:12,912 --> 00:15:15,247
{\an8}<i>but most of all it is necessary.</i>

294
00:15:15,331 --> 00:15:19,084
<i>[Elizondo] </i>A lot of these big city plans
include the construction of massive walls

295
00:15:19,168 --> 00:15:23,047
<i>to stop storm surges, something</i>
<i>we've been doing for more than a century.</i>

296
00:15:23,672 --> 00:15:26,425
<i>But it turns out the turbulence</i>
<i>these seawalls create</i>

297
00:15:26,508 --> 00:15:29,511
<i>causes the beaches around them</i>
<i>to wash away faster.</i>

298
00:15:29,595 --> 00:15:34,058
<i>They also cost a lot to build,</i>
<i>and they often need expensive repairs.</i>

299
00:15:34,141 --> 00:15:38,812
<i>There's a lot of human ingenuity at work,</i>
<i>but hurricanes still humble us.</i>

300
00:15:38,896 --> 00:15:43,442
<i>One thing that is gonna be way</i>
<i>more effective than building giant walls</i>

301
00:15:43,525 --> 00:15:45,527
<i>is wetland restoration.</i>

302
00:15:45,611 --> 00:15:50,115
<i>[Elizondo] </i>In 1999,
a cyclone made landfall in East India.

303
00:15:50,866 --> 00:15:54,787
<i>Houses in this village</i>
<i>had an average of 7,000 rupees of damage,</i>

304
00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:57,998
<i>nearly a third of what an average family</i>
<i>made in a year.</i>

305
00:15:58,082 --> 00:16:01,043
<i>But this village</i>
<i>saw only a fifth of that damage,</i>

306
00:16:01,126 --> 00:16:04,254
<i>because it was protected</i>
<i>by a mangrove forest.</i>

307
00:16:04,338 --> 00:16:09,343
<i>All over the world, mangroves act</i>
<i>like both a physical shield and a sponge,</i>

308
00:16:09,426 --> 00:16:10,886
<i>soaking up floodwaters</i>

309
00:16:10,970 --> 00:16:14,682
<i>and preventing 65 billion dollars</i>
<i>in property damage every year.</i>

310
00:16:15,349 --> 00:16:17,851
<i>Of course, cyclones damage mangroves too,</i>

311
00:16:17,935 --> 00:16:21,981
<i>but healthy forests are self-repairing,</i>
<i>unlike man-made seawalls,</i>

312
00:16:22,064 --> 00:16:25,734
<i>and they actually reverse erosion,</i>
<i>trapping sediments in their roots.</i>

313
00:16:26,318 --> 00:16:30,447
<i>The land around mangroves can gain up</i>
<i>to 10 millimeters of elevation every year,</i>

314
00:16:30,531 --> 00:16:32,408
<i>outpacing sea level rise.</i>

315
00:16:32,950 --> 00:16:36,495
<i>And our shorelines are endowed</i>
<i>with other kinds of natural barriers.</i>

316
00:16:36,578 --> 00:16:40,290
<i>Wetlands, which, like mangroves,</i>
<i>can hold millions of gallons of water,</i>

317
00:16:40,374 --> 00:16:44,044
<i>and reefs</i>,<i> that absorb</i>
<i>the physical blow of the storm surge.</i>

318
00:16:44,128 --> 00:16:46,505
<i>Dunes can take a beating for us too.</i>

319
00:16:47,089 --> 00:16:49,800
<i>Puerto Rico's coast</i>
<i>once had towering dunes,</i>

320
00:16:49,883 --> 00:16:53,095
<i>but back in the 1950s,</i>
<i>when San Juan was booming,</i>

321
00:16:53,178 --> 00:16:56,056
<i>a lot of that sand was taken</i>
<i>to build new airport runways.</i>

322
00:16:56,849 --> 00:16:59,393
<i>What was left</i>
<i>was degraded by human traffic</i>

323
00:16:59,476 --> 00:17:02,146
<i>and easily overwhelmed</i>
<i>by Maria's storm surge.</i>

324
00:17:03,147 --> 00:17:05,441
<i>Now scientists from the University</i>
<i>of Puerto Rico</i>

325
00:17:05,524 --> 00:17:08,569
<i>have teamed up with local communities</i>
<i>to assess the damage</i>

326
00:17:08,652 --> 00:17:09,778
<i>and restore the dunes.</i>

327
00:17:10,529 --> 00:17:13,240
<i>And similar projects</i>
<i>are happening all over.</i>

328
00:17:14,199 --> 00:17:18,370
<i>[Newkirk] More and more folks</i>
<i>are thinking about wetlands as places</i>

329
00:17:18,454 --> 00:17:22,833
<i>that are just as valuable to us</i>
<i>as high-rise skyscrapers.</i>

330
00:17:22,916 --> 00:17:24,460
<i>That will determine</i>

331
00:17:24,543 --> 00:17:28,088
<i>how much of the eastern and southeast</i>
<i>United States we can save.</i>

332
00:17:28,172 --> 00:17:29,757
<i>What I don't want to see</i>

333
00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:33,635
<i>is that the marginalized communities,</i>
<i>the poor communities,</i>

334
00:17:33,719 --> 00:17:36,055
<i>bear the brunt of having to be relocated,</i>

335
00:17:36,138 --> 00:17:38,932
<i>while more affluent communities</i>
<i>will get the seawalls</i>

336
00:17:39,016 --> 00:17:41,268
<i>and protection systems built for them,</i>

337
00:17:41,894 --> 00:17:45,355
<i>[Elizondo] </i>But that's logical if you're
a government with limited resources,

338
00:17:45,439 --> 00:17:47,066
<i>worried about your bottom line.</i>

339
00:17:47,733 --> 00:17:51,862
{\an8}<i>Say you have two families in two houses,</i>
<i>in two different neighborhoods.</i>

340
00:17:51,945 --> 00:17:54,490
{\an8}<i>The cheaper house</i>
<i>is likely more vulnerable,</i>

341
00:17:54,573 --> 00:17:58,285
<i>but if the government protects that house,</i>
<i>and the expensive house gets hit,</i>

342
00:17:58,368 --> 00:17:59,912
<i>repairs will cost more,</i>

343
00:17:59,995 --> 00:18:02,664
<i>the government may have to pay out</i>
<i>a lot more in aid,</i>

344
00:18:02,748 --> 00:18:05,918
<i>and if that family moves away,</i>
<i>they've lost wealthy taxpayers.</i>

345
00:18:06,001 --> 00:18:08,587
<i>So the crass calculation is simple.</i>

346
00:18:08,670 --> 00:18:11,006
<i>[Fugate] I'll save a lot more money</i>
<i>making that investment</i>

347
00:18:11,090 --> 00:18:12,549
<i>where those million-dollar homes are.</i>

348
00:18:13,092 --> 00:18:15,886
<i>The most unequal phase</i>

349
00:18:15,969 --> 00:18:18,430
<i>of any disaster is actually the recovery.</i>

350
00:18:19,014 --> 00:18:21,433
<i>[Elizondo] </i>One study
{\an8}of major natural disasters

351
00:18:21,517 --> 00:18:25,062
<i>found that Black and Hispanic households</i>
<i>tend to lose money in the aftermath.</i>

352
00:18:25,145 --> 00:18:27,564
<i>Makes sense. But surprisingly…</i>

353
00:18:27,648 --> 00:18:29,608
<i>[Newkirk] White folks in disaster zones</i>

354
00:18:29,691 --> 00:18:32,694
<i>tend to see their net worth increase.</i>

355
00:18:33,237 --> 00:18:36,949
<i>[Elizondo] </i>They actually gained an average
{\an8}of 126,000 dollars.

356
00:18:38,075 --> 00:18:41,870
<i>Wealthier families likely have</i>
<i>good home insurance to cover repairs,</i>

357
00:18:41,954 --> 00:18:44,832
<i>good health insurance</i>
<i>to help their bodies and minds heal,</i>

358
00:18:44,915 --> 00:18:47,835
<i>and the resources to successfully apply</i>
<i>for government aid.</i>

359
00:18:48,460 --> 00:18:52,172
<i>[Newkirk] Then they gain the benefits</i>
<i>of being able to be back in a place</i>

360
00:18:52,256 --> 00:18:53,423
<i>that is rebounding.</i>

361
00:18:54,591 --> 00:18:57,177
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Low income families,
on the other hand,

362
00:18:57,261 --> 00:18:59,179
<i>sometimes lose entire homes.</i>

363
00:18:59,888 --> 00:19:01,640
<i>[Newkirk] They have, say,</i>

364
00:19:01,723 --> 00:19:04,351
<i>property that was passed down</i>
<i>among family,</i>

365
00:19:04,434 --> 00:19:06,812
<i>so they don't always have documentation.</i>

366
00:19:06,895 --> 00:19:09,857
<i>[Rosario] There's a lot</i>
<i>of informal agreements.</i>

367
00:19:09,940 --> 00:19:13,443
<i>You need the deed</i>
<i>in order to file for certain assistance.</i>

368
00:19:13,527 --> 00:19:15,070
<i>So lots of people have lost</i>

369
00:19:15,154 --> 00:19:18,073
<i>houses and land that had been</i>
<i>in their families for generations</i>

370
00:19:18,157 --> 00:19:21,827
<i>on a couple hundred dollars of damage</i>
<i>from hurricanes. It's common.</i>

371
00:19:22,411 --> 00:19:24,621
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Families
{\an8}who can't afford to move

372
00:19:24,705 --> 00:19:26,582
{\an8}<i>find it too expensive to stay.</i>

373
00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:29,626
{\an8}<i>[Newkirk] If we're not giving people</i>
<i>aid and support in the present,</i>

374
00:19:29,710 --> 00:19:33,714
<i>how do we have faith that the government's</i>
<i>gonna give that recovery and relief aid</i>

375
00:19:33,797 --> 00:19:36,466
{\an8}<i>when a disaster hits? It's not.</i>

376
00:19:36,550 --> 00:19:38,677
{\an8}<i>We're glad that all of you are here</i>

377
00:19:38,760 --> 00:19:42,931
{\an8}<i>to discuss preparations</i>
<i>for this year's hurricane season.</i>

378
00:19:43,015 --> 00:19:44,558
<i>[Elizondo] </i>Back in 2007,

379
00:19:44,641 --> 00:19:47,144
<i>Craig Fugate testified before Congress.</i>

380
00:19:47,227 --> 00:19:49,229
{\an8}<i>Here's the challenge I wanna talk about.</i>

381
00:19:49,313 --> 00:19:51,690
{\an8}<i>We look at a Category 5 hurricane</i>
<i>hitting South Florida</i>

382
00:19:51,773 --> 00:19:54,902
{\an8}<i>similar to the Great Miami Hurricane</i>
<i>that actually hit in 1926.</i>

383
00:19:54,985 --> 00:19:59,364
<i>[Elizondo] </i>That hurricane killed hundreds
{\an8}and left about 40,000 people homeless,

384
00:19:59,448 --> 00:20:01,825
{\an8}<i>nearly a third of the county's population.</i>

385
00:20:02,576 --> 00:20:04,578
<i>And Fugate had run a simulation.</i>

386
00:20:04,661 --> 00:20:08,332
<i>We said, "If it hit today,</i>
<i>what does that response look like?"</i>

387
00:20:08,415 --> 00:20:10,417
<i>And we started running the need,</i>

388
00:20:10,500 --> 00:20:13,921
<i>and we couldn't meet it.</i>
<i>We just did not have enough resources.</i>

389
00:20:14,588 --> 00:20:17,424
{\an8}<i>There was over six million people</i>
<i>in this impact area.</i>

390
00:20:17,507 --> 00:20:20,344
{\an8}<i>As we're going through this exercise,</i>
<i>I started realizing</i>

391
00:20:20,427 --> 00:20:23,472
{\an8}<i>we were treating every one of them</i>
<i>as a victim</i>

392
00:20:23,555 --> 00:20:26,266
{\an8}<i>who was waiting</i>
<i>for somebody to come rescue them.</i>

393
00:20:26,350 --> 00:20:30,020
<i>But every disaster I've ever been into,</i>
<i>people aren't waiting.</i>

394
00:20:30,729 --> 00:20:33,440
<i>Neighbors were the fastest response</i>
<i>helping neighbors.</i>

395
00:20:33,523 --> 00:20:37,319
<i>[Rosario] There were several women</i>
<i>that had set up community kitchens</i>

396
00:20:37,402 --> 00:20:39,655
<i>to cook for 30 to 60 people.</i>

397
00:20:39,738 --> 00:20:42,824
<i>So we asked,</i>
<i>"If we bring more food and more gas,</i>

398
00:20:42,908 --> 00:20:46,495
<i>can you cook for 300 instead of 30?"</i>

399
00:20:46,578 --> 00:20:47,746
<i>And they all said yes.</i>

400
00:20:48,413 --> 00:20:50,916
<i>[Elizondo] </i>In Loíza
and all over Puerto Rico,

401
00:20:50,999 --> 00:20:54,544
<i>neighbors delivered food and water,</i>
<i>kept tabs on the vulnerable,</i>

402
00:20:54,628 --> 00:20:56,338
<i>installed solar panels,</i>

403
00:20:56,421 --> 00:20:59,841
<i>and created a smartphone app</i>
<i>to share supplies.</i>

404
00:20:59,925 --> 00:21:03,595
<i>They were coming up</i>
<i>with these dramatically innovative ways</i>

405
00:21:03,679 --> 00:21:08,016
<i>of dealing with the lack</i>
<i>of government support on the ground.</i>

406
00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:12,562
<i>Government-centric problem-solving</i>
<i>is going to fail miserably</i>

407
00:21:12,646 --> 00:21:14,147
<i>in these large events.</i>

408
00:21:14,231 --> 00:21:16,566
<i>The more we can have</i>
<i>neighbors helping neighbors,</i>

409
00:21:16,650 --> 00:21:19,820
<i>the better we can focus</i>
<i>the limited government resources</i>

410
00:21:19,903 --> 00:21:21,947
<i>on the people that have the greatest need.</i>

411
00:21:22,030 --> 00:21:26,535
<i>[Rosario] We learned that recovery</i>
<i>has several dimensions.</i>

412
00:21:26,618 --> 00:21:30,956
<i>That joy and playfulness,</i>

413
00:21:31,039 --> 00:21:34,209
<i>it's a very central aspect</i>
<i>of general well-being.</i>

414
00:21:35,502 --> 00:21:38,630
<i>Loíza music is produced in community.</i>

415
00:21:38,714 --> 00:21:42,926
<i>This gives an opportunity for community</i>
<i>to come together and play music,</i>

416
00:21:43,010 --> 00:21:44,761
<i>and sing and dance,</i>

417
00:21:44,845 --> 00:21:47,264
<i>and just be together.</i>

418
00:21:47,347 --> 00:21:49,850
<i>Places that have done the best</i>
<i>in a disaster</i>

419
00:21:49,933 --> 00:21:53,228
<i>are the places</i>
<i>where we have fostered and nurtured</i>

420
00:21:53,312 --> 00:21:55,272
<i>those existing bonds of community.</i>

421
00:21:55,355 --> 00:21:58,775
<i>You see people drawing from that source</i>

422
00:21:58,859 --> 00:22:00,444
<i>to keep going.</i>

423
00:22:00,527 --> 00:22:02,738
<i>[Elizondo] </i>But every resource
has its limits.

424
00:22:03,322 --> 00:22:06,033
<i>Four years after Maria,</i>
<i>many roofs in Loíza</i>

425
00:22:06,116 --> 00:22:07,993
<i>are still shrouded in blue.</i>

426
00:22:08,076 --> 00:22:10,037
<i>And in the waters off Africa,</i>

427
00:22:10,120 --> 00:22:13,540
<i>a new catastrophe</i>
<i>could be spinning into existence.</i>

428
00:22:13,623 --> 00:22:18,211
<i>[Rosario] Everything is fragile,</i>
<i>and anything can collapse easily.</i>

429
00:22:19,296 --> 00:22:21,673
<i>We don't need another hurricane</i>
<i>is what I mean.</i>

430
00:22:29,681 --> 00:22:32,559
<i>[closing theme music playing]</i>