1
00:00:08,048 --> 00:00:11,678
‎人类的演进与资源提取息息相关

2
00:00:13,430 --> 00:00:18,184
‎以铜矿为例 人类学会了开采铜矿
‎将其锤炼成铲子和其他工具

3
00:00:18,268 --> 00:00:20,478
‎并在铜中融入锡 形成青铜

4
00:00:21,855 --> 00:00:23,648
‎人类也提取煤炭和石油

5
00:00:23,732 --> 00:00:26,067
‎提取过程让人类学会了用火

6
00:00:26,985 --> 00:00:29,237
‎但要改变这个世界

7
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,573
‎我们首先必须生存下来

8
00:00:31,656 --> 00:00:35,452
‎而我们人类
‎赖以生存的珍贵资源就是…

9
00:00:36,453 --> 00:00:37,620
‎糖

10
00:00:37,704 --> 00:00:40,540
‎最接近纯粹能量的资源

11
00:00:40,623 --> 00:00:43,877
‎回想我们的祖先 他们擅长狩猎采集

12
00:00:43,960 --> 00:00:47,422
‎对他们而言 糖是最便捷的能量来源

13
00:00:47,505 --> 00:00:51,134
‎于是人类进化出嗜甜的本性
‎我们发现了糖就会吃

14
00:00:52,052 --> 00:00:54,679
‎只是人类祖先吃的糖不是这种糖

15
00:00:54,763 --> 00:00:56,973
‎他们吃的糖源自食物

16
00:00:57,057 --> 00:01:00,143
‎例如蔬果和坚硬的蔗茎

17
00:01:00,226 --> 00:01:02,479
‎超过一千年前

18
00:01:02,562 --> 00:01:05,315
‎某些有开创能力的人

19
00:01:05,397 --> 00:01:09,819
‎学会了如何从甘蔗中提取糖分

20
00:01:09,903 --> 00:01:12,530
‎将其蒸发后形成晶体

21
00:01:13,156 --> 00:01:16,367
‎然后转化成一种
‎能够添加到任何物质中的成分

22
00:01:16,993 --> 00:01:17,869
‎我们做到了

23
00:01:18,328 --> 00:01:22,040
‎如今这种白色物质唾手可得

24
00:01:22,123 --> 00:01:23,458
‎问题是

25
00:01:23,541 --> 00:01:27,295
‎我们的大脑和身体仍旧与原始人一样

26
00:01:27,378 --> 00:01:31,299
‎如今我们活在一个
‎科技2.0和蔗糖5.0的环境中

27
00:01:31,382 --> 00:01:33,676
‎但人体和人脑仍然追不上进步

28
00:01:34,260 --> 00:01:37,222
‎我们曾经赖以生存的卡路里

29
00:01:37,305 --> 00:01:39,265
‎如今称为健康公害

30
00:01:39,349 --> 00:01:44,395
‎糖是导致肥胖、糖尿病
‎心脏疾病和癌症的一大因素

31
00:01:44,479 --> 00:01:45,563
‎必须受到严格管控

32
00:01:45,647 --> 00:01:47,398
‎摄取含糖饮料

33
00:01:47,482 --> 00:01:50,902
‎是导致美国肥胖问题肆虐的主要根源

34
00:01:50,985 --> 00:01:51,945
‎糖容易上瘾

35
00:01:52,028 --> 00:01:54,697
‎吃糖相等于毒害人体

36
00:01:54,781 --> 00:01:57,325
‎于是科学家展开了一段漫长的征途

37
00:01:57,408 --> 00:02:00,203
‎他们要打造出一种能取代糖的物质

38
00:02:00,286 --> 00:02:02,580
‎这种物质要能带来甜味和欢愉

39
00:02:02,664 --> 00:02:05,500
‎却没有不必要的卡路里

40
00:02:05,583 --> 00:02:09,963
‎有时候我们忘了糖不仅带来甜味

41
00:02:10,045 --> 00:02:12,423
‎糖也带来能量

42
00:02:12,507 --> 00:02:15,260
‎也带来幸福感

43
00:02:15,343 --> 00:02:17,345
‎以及口感

44
00:02:17,428 --> 00:02:20,765
‎许多食品中都含有糖分

45
00:02:20,849 --> 00:02:22,934
‎我们可以取代糖

46
00:02:23,017 --> 00:02:25,436
‎但可以取代心吗？

47
00:02:26,521 --> 00:02:30,400
‎我们能不能在满足
‎内心深处对糖的古老欲望之余

48
00:02:30,483 --> 00:02:31,985
‎不给人体带来伤害？

49
00:02:32,652 --> 00:02:35,738
‎我们能不能健康和美味兼得？

50
00:02:37,657 --> 00:02:39,576
‎NETFLIX 原创纪录片系列

51
00:02:40,076 --> 00:02:41,786
‎盖上一层金黄色的糖

52
00:02:41,870 --> 00:02:43,788
‎这个太好吃了 小妖精不适合吃

53
00:02:43,872 --> 00:02:45,623
‎傻兔子 TRIX麦片是给孩子吃的

54
00:02:45,707 --> 00:02:48,251
‎糖不具任何营养价值

55
00:02:48,334 --> 00:02:50,712
‎我甚至觉得糖不足以称为营养成分

56
00:02:50,795 --> 00:02:52,630
‎部分糖分会转化成脂肪

57
00:02:53,214 --> 00:02:57,385
‎他不能以糖果和甜食来取代正常饮食

58
00:02:57,927 --> 00:02:59,429
‎我的小肚肚需要填满好吃的

59
00:03:04,475 --> 00:03:08,938
‎剧名：糖

60
00:03:12,734 --> 00:03:14,944
‎这是用糖雕刻成的雕像

61
00:03:15,695 --> 00:03:19,199
‎这些复杂的雕塑
‎完全采用糖雕刻而成

62
00:03:19,282 --> 00:03:21,492
‎有时高达600公分以上

63
00:03:21,576 --> 00:03:23,870
‎通常在中古世纪的皇家宴会上展示

64
00:03:25,413 --> 00:03:27,165
‎糖雕也叫“精品”

65
00:03:27,248 --> 00:03:30,627
‎因为是展现财富和权力的低调手法

66
00:03:31,711 --> 00:03:33,171
‎只是说低调也并不低调

67
00:03:34,255 --> 00:03:37,091
‎糖曾经是非常珍贵稀有的物质

68
00:03:38,551 --> 00:03:41,304
‎但大概150到200年之前
‎情况彻底改变了

69
00:03:41,387 --> 00:03:44,933
‎因为人类开始学会提炼甜菜糖和蔗糖

70
00:03:45,016 --> 00:03:47,518
‎将其转化成加工程度极高的高浓缩糖

71
00:03:48,436 --> 00:03:50,605
‎糖不再是权力的象征

72
00:03:51,189 --> 00:03:54,943
‎糖成了健康和能量的食物来源

73
00:03:56,236 --> 00:04:01,157
‎内科医生喜称
‎糖具有超乎想象的提神成分

74
00:04:01,241 --> 00:04:05,078
‎走在时尚尖端的女性
‎受促多摄取含糖饮料

75
00:04:05,161 --> 00:04:09,040
‎含糖饮料被视为骑过自行车后
‎唯一对人体有益的饮料

76
00:04:09,666 --> 00:04:12,710
‎士兵对糖的效力惊讶不已
‎称之为神效饮料

77
00:04:12,794 --> 00:04:15,296
‎能减轻疲劳和解渴

78
00:04:16,047 --> 00:04:19,007
‎当时没人寻找能够替代糖的物质

79
00:04:19,091 --> 00:04:21,552
‎代糖的出现完全是意外

80
00:04:24,138 --> 00:04:26,391
‎1878年的某个夜晚

81
00:04:26,474 --> 00:04:28,810
‎一名化学研究员正在享用晚餐

82
00:04:28,893 --> 00:04:32,397
‎他咬了一口圆面包 感受到某种甜味

83
00:04:32,480 --> 00:04:34,190
‎甜味并非来自面包

84
00:04:34,274 --> 00:04:35,942
‎而是来自他的手

85
00:04:36,025 --> 00:04:39,279
‎那天早上
‎他的双手不小心沾到了某种溶液

86
00:04:40,571 --> 00:04:44,701
‎那是一种煤焦油衍化物
‎如今我们称之为糖精

87
00:04:44,784 --> 00:04:48,621
‎糖精的甜度比糖高出300倍
‎而且零卡路里

88
00:04:48,705 --> 00:04:52,208
‎后来这种物质填满了
‎这个粉色包装的纤而乐

89
00:04:52,292 --> 00:04:55,795
‎那个年代 纤而乐最大的客户群体
‎是糖尿病患者

90
00:04:55,878 --> 00:04:58,798
‎以及急欲寻找
‎廉价防腐剂的罐头食品生产商

91
00:04:59,924 --> 00:05:04,095
‎在那之后 美国人的摄糖量开始飙升

92
00:05:04,178 --> 00:05:07,307
‎唯独世界大战期间
‎糖受到配额管理导致摄糖量下降

93
00:05:07,390 --> 00:05:09,058
‎但战争后 美国摄糖量极速恢复

94
00:05:09,642 --> 00:05:12,562
‎美国人的腰围也因此不断增加

95
00:05:12,645 --> 00:05:14,230
‎心脏病发病率也相对提高

96
00:05:15,106 --> 00:05:16,649
‎到了六十年代

97
00:05:16,733 --> 00:05:21,029
‎在美国去世的人之中
‎死于心脏病的占三分之一

98
00:05:22,322 --> 00:05:25,908
‎医生开始怀疑糖很可能是主因

99
00:05:25,992 --> 00:05:28,578
‎不少美国人开始实施减糖

100
00:05:29,370 --> 00:05:32,957
‎所幸在那个年代
‎实验室安全守则并不严格

101
00:05:33,041 --> 00:05:37,295
‎科学家才得以不断地
‎在无意识下发现新的甜味剂

102
00:05:37,795 --> 00:05:40,715
‎在三十年代
‎一名药物研究员在抽烟时

103
00:05:40,798 --> 00:05:44,719
‎无意间尝到残留在手指上的物质
‎也就发明了甜蜜素

104
00:05:45,345 --> 00:05:48,598
‎这种甜味剂的甜味虽然不比糖精
‎但仍旧比糖还要甜

105
00:05:48,681 --> 00:05:51,726
‎于是零卡路里汽水面市了

106
00:05:51,809 --> 00:05:54,896
‎零卡路里汽水 瓶瓶充满欢乐

107
00:05:54,979 --> 00:05:58,232
‎这是前所未有的最佳无糖汽水

108
00:05:59,192 --> 00:06:01,027
‎到了六十年代

109
00:06:01,110 --> 00:06:05,531
‎又有一名药物研究员舔了手指
‎感受到某种甜味

110
00:06:05,615 --> 00:06:07,492
‎这种事是常有的吗？

111
00:06:07,575 --> 00:06:10,995
‎科学家忘记洗手 然后舔了手指？

112
00:06:11,621 --> 00:06:12,747
‎现在没有了

113
00:06:12,830 --> 00:06:14,415
‎但多亏了这个家伙

114
00:06:14,499 --> 00:06:17,835
‎阿斯巴甜面市了
‎其卡路里与糖不相上下

115
00:06:17,919 --> 00:06:20,755
‎但甜度比糖多出200倍
‎因此只需要放一点

116
00:06:21,923 --> 00:06:23,925
‎到了七十年代

117
00:06:24,008 --> 00:06:27,345
‎一名科学家正在研究
‎一种糖和氯的化合物

118
00:06:27,428 --> 00:06:30,223
‎据说他当时受到指示
‎要给该物质做“测试”

119
00:06:30,306 --> 00:06:33,226
‎但他听错指示 他以为要“品尝”
‎于是照着做了

120
00:06:33,851 --> 00:06:37,480
‎那个研究员没有因此死去
‎于是三氯蔗糖面市了

121
00:06:37,563 --> 00:06:39,816
‎零卡路里 甜得不得了

122
00:06:39,899 --> 00:06:42,527
‎以最强代糖的称号推出市面

123
00:06:42,610 --> 00:06:44,362
‎这是善品糖

124
00:06:44,445 --> 00:06:47,323
‎善品糖就是糖

125
00:06:48,449 --> 00:06:51,327
‎人工甜味剂就像某种魔法

126
00:06:51,953 --> 00:06:53,704
‎多亏了神奇的化学作用…

127
00:06:53,788 --> 00:06:57,625
‎我们得以在零卡路里负荷下
‎享受种种甜蜜感觉

128
00:06:57,708 --> 00:06:59,419
‎毫无罪恶感地享受欢愉

129
00:06:59,502 --> 00:07:01,796
‎好得太不真实了

130
00:07:03,464 --> 00:07:06,968
‎对许多人来说
‎甜味剂的确好得太不真实

131
00:07:07,635 --> 00:07:10,430
‎在六七十年代 有几项科学研究显示

132
00:07:10,513 --> 00:07:12,473
‎摄取甜味剂的白鼠患上了膀胱癌

133
00:07:12,557 --> 00:07:16,018
‎甜味剂致癌的消息引起一阵恐慌

134
00:07:16,102 --> 00:07:18,604
‎美国政府开始禁止甜蜜素

135
00:07:18,688 --> 00:07:20,690
‎阿斯巴甜审批也即刻喊停

136
00:07:20,773 --> 00:07:23,359
‎并规定糖精产品必须贴上警告标签

137
00:07:23,443 --> 00:07:25,987
‎声明该产品有可能危害健康

138
00:07:26,654 --> 00:07:29,574
‎对许多人来说 糖看似较安全的选择

139
00:07:30,366 --> 00:07:33,327
‎糖业在危机处理方面也下尽苦工

140
00:07:33,411 --> 00:07:35,705
‎糖业宣称糖其实是减肥食品

141
00:07:35,788 --> 00:07:38,207
‎是纤体瘦身的聪明食品

142
00:07:38,916 --> 00:07:41,419
‎每次想要大快朵颐时

143
00:07:41,502 --> 00:07:44,046
‎糖能立刻抑制食欲

144
00:07:44,130 --> 00:07:46,799
‎因为每一茶匙只含有18卡路里

145
00:07:46,883 --> 00:07:48,468
‎是纯能量

146
00:07:49,093 --> 00:07:51,387
‎多米诺牌精致糖甚至宣称

147
00:07:51,471 --> 00:07:55,558
‎一颗苹果比三大汤匙的糖更容易致胖

148
00:07:55,641 --> 00:08:00,354
‎然而 虽然糖的卡路里较低
‎但各种卡路里的效益不同

149
00:08:01,772 --> 00:08:05,776
‎摄取一颗苹果后 血糖会缓慢地上升

150
00:08:05,860 --> 00:08:06,986
‎吃苹果不仅摄取了糖分

151
00:08:07,069 --> 00:08:11,491
‎也同时摄取了纤维、水分
‎以及大量营养素

152
00:08:12,325 --> 00:08:14,619
‎需要隔一阵子才能完全消化

153
00:08:14,702 --> 00:08:18,998
‎但纯糖是即时能量 大起大落

154
00:08:19,081 --> 00:08:22,126
‎因此吃糖后 饥饿感会更加强烈

155
00:08:22,210 --> 00:08:24,128
‎一旦吃得更多

156
00:08:24,212 --> 00:08:27,131
‎这种即时能量就会开始消耗体力

157
00:08:27,215 --> 00:08:30,885
‎这意味着胰岛素反应
‎长期处在高亢的状态中

158
00:08:31,636 --> 00:08:35,347
‎胰岛素是控制体内糖分的激素

159
00:08:35,431 --> 00:08:38,476
‎负责将糖分送入细胞内
‎为人体提供能量

160
00:08:38,558 --> 00:08:43,272
‎能量充足了
‎多余的能量就会储存起来 形成脂肪

161
00:08:43,356 --> 00:08:46,609
‎但是如果人体不断分泌出胰岛素

162
00:08:46,692 --> 00:08:50,321
‎细胞就会渐渐对胰岛素产生抵抗力
‎最终导致…

163
00:08:50,404 --> 00:08:52,532
‎胰脏分泌出…

164
00:08:52,615 --> 00:08:55,034
‎大量的胰岛素

165
00:08:55,117 --> 00:08:57,787
‎但胰岛素不再发挥作用

166
00:08:58,329 --> 00:09:01,082
‎于是就会患上二型糖尿病

167
00:09:01,165 --> 00:09:03,793
‎细胞无法取得所需的“燃料”

168
00:09:03,876 --> 00:09:07,672
‎不幸的是 这些大量的胰岛素

169
00:09:07,755 --> 00:09:12,802
‎仍然持续发挥其他应有的作用

170
00:09:12,885 --> 00:09:15,304
‎其中之一就是制造脂肪

171
00:09:16,013 --> 00:09:19,183
‎因此人要变胖很容易 瘦下来却很难

172
00:09:19,267 --> 00:09:21,435
‎胰岛素升高 血糖也相应升高

173
00:09:21,519 --> 00:09:24,564
‎足以损害内脏健康 例如心脏

174
00:09:26,983 --> 00:09:30,319
‎在六七十年代
‎糖的危害并不多人知晓

175
00:09:30,403 --> 00:09:33,698
‎人们对糖褒贬不一

176
00:09:33,781 --> 00:09:36,659
‎但有个信息非常明确

177
00:09:37,410 --> 00:09:41,414
‎心脏病祸害的罪魁祸首是饱和脂肪

178
00:09:42,707 --> 00:09:44,792
‎食品工业就此事做出了应对策略

179
00:09:44,875 --> 00:09:48,337
‎在各种食品包装上贴上“不含脂肪”

180
00:09:48,421 --> 00:09:49,964
‎或“对心脏有益”的标签

181
00:09:50,047 --> 00:09:53,884
‎只是去除了脂肪 食物就失去了味道

182
00:09:53,968 --> 00:09:55,595
‎因此大部分情况下

183
00:09:55,678 --> 00:09:58,139
‎公司以糖取代脂肪

184
00:09:59,098 --> 00:10:02,685
‎这时人工甜味剂也已渐渐恢复声誉

185
00:10:03,269 --> 00:10:05,563
‎一项又一项的研究显示

186
00:10:05,646 --> 00:10:08,983
‎没有证据能证明
‎人工甜味剂与癌症有直接关联

187
00:10:09,692 --> 00:10:11,944
‎早前研究中的那些白鼠

188
00:10:12,028 --> 00:10:16,324
‎每天的摄取量
‎相当于百多罐零热量汽水

189
00:10:17,033 --> 00:10:18,034
‎还有…

190
00:10:18,117 --> 00:10:20,328
‎白鼠和老鼠不是人类

191
00:10:20,411 --> 00:10:25,416
‎1993年 可口可乐公司推出了
‎一种以阿斯巴甜为主要成分的汽水

192
00:10:25,499 --> 00:10:27,209
‎那是一个历史性的大事

193
00:10:27,293 --> 00:10:29,712
‎健怡可乐首次面市

194
00:10:30,463 --> 00:10:34,008
‎非喝不可的美妙滋味

195
00:10:35,259 --> 00:10:36,135
‎在短短十年之内

196
00:10:36,218 --> 00:10:42,016
‎阿斯巴甜取代了美国食品生产业中
‎超过4.5亿公斤的糖

197
00:10:42,099 --> 00:10:46,062
‎但人工甜味剂并没有取代
‎糖在我们日常饮食中的地位

198
00:10:46,145 --> 00:10:49,273
‎而是成了吃更多的借口

199
00:10:49,357 --> 00:10:52,276
‎我们甚至发现了降低生产成本的方式

200
00:10:52,360 --> 00:10:53,861
‎也就是从玉米中提取糖分

201
00:10:53,944 --> 00:10:59,033
‎如今美国有75%包装食品都添了糖

202
00:10:59,116 --> 00:11:01,911
‎糖还有超过60个别名

203
00:11:01,994 --> 00:11:05,331
‎右旋糖、果糖、蔗糖、高果糖浆

204
00:11:05,414 --> 00:11:07,750
‎任何以“ose”为后缀的单词
‎都是指某种形态的糖

205
00:11:07,833 --> 00:11:11,420
‎糖还有一个婉称 这个我最喜欢了

206
00:11:11,504 --> 00:11:13,756
‎叫“蒸蔗汁”

207
00:11:13,839 --> 00:11:16,133
‎人工甜味剂永远不可能取代

208
00:11:16,217 --> 00:11:18,803
‎包装食品中的糖分

209
00:11:18,886 --> 00:11:21,055
‎任何尝过甜味剂的人知道

210
00:11:21,138 --> 00:11:23,724
‎我们并没有那么容易上当

211
00:11:23,808 --> 00:11:26,185
‎甜味剂和糖的味道的确有差

212
00:11:26,268 --> 00:11:28,979
‎我不喜欢假糖的味道

213
00:11:29,063 --> 00:11:31,857
‎假糖会在嘴里留下一种怪味

214
00:11:31,941 --> 00:11:34,193
‎-多难吃？
‎-像有甜味的化学物质

215
00:11:34,276 --> 00:11:36,737
‎甜得难以下咽

216
00:11:38,322 --> 00:11:41,158
‎我不喜欢人工甜味剂

217
00:11:41,242 --> 00:11:43,536
‎我喝过含糖精的汽水
‎也吃过含糖精的口香糖

218
00:11:43,619 --> 00:11:47,373
‎吃了口腔变得粗糙干燥
‎要喝更多的水

219
00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:51,502
‎王毕切致力于用更少的糖

220
00:11:51,585 --> 00:11:54,463
‎制造出不缺美味的甜点

221
00:11:54,547 --> 00:11:57,049
‎每次吃下含有阿斯巴甜的甜点时

222
00:11:57,133 --> 00:11:59,218
‎身体也会产生相同的反应

223
00:11:59,301 --> 00:12:02,388
‎味道就是怪怪的

224
00:12:03,347 --> 00:12:06,392
‎糖的一大特性在于其甜度时间变量

225
00:12:06,475 --> 00:12:10,646
‎也就是吃进嘴里之后
‎甜味达到顶峰的时间

226
00:12:10,730 --> 00:12:13,983
‎会在嘴里残留多久
‎还有会消失得多快

227
00:12:14,608 --> 00:12:17,903
‎这叫甜度特性曲线

228
00:12:17,987 --> 00:12:19,947
‎这是糖的甜度特性曲线

229
00:12:20,030 --> 00:12:22,158
‎吃进嘴里后
‎甜度在极短时间内达到最高点

230
00:12:22,241 --> 00:12:24,285
‎又在极短时间内消失

231
00:12:24,368 --> 00:12:27,204
‎这是三氯蔗糖的甜度特性曲线

232
00:12:27,288 --> 00:12:29,623
‎甜度缓缓地上升

233
00:12:29,707 --> 00:12:32,001
‎停留良久后才缓缓地消失

234
00:12:32,710 --> 00:12:36,630
‎阿斯巴甜甜度达到最高点更慢
‎停留的时间也更长

235
00:12:37,381 --> 00:12:39,759
‎这些变量只有几毫秒之差

236
00:12:39,842 --> 00:12:42,845
‎但对于味蕾来说 却是恒久的

237
00:12:43,637 --> 00:12:46,223
‎糖不仅只有甜味

238
00:12:46,307 --> 00:12:48,100
‎糖也能给糖霜带来光泽

239
00:12:48,184 --> 00:12:50,853
‎让蛋糕变得湿润蓬松

240
00:12:50,936 --> 00:12:54,231
‎如果把蛋糕里的糖都拿走

241
00:12:54,315 --> 00:12:57,318
‎整个“蛋糕”就会变得像一块口袋面包

242
00:12:57,401 --> 00:13:00,780
‎因此这是一项巨大的挑战

243
00:13:00,863 --> 00:13:04,617
‎其中一个适合众多料理的甜味剂
‎就是甜菊糖

244
00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:07,745
‎甜菊糖是一种零卡路里的天然甜味剂

245
00:13:07,828 --> 00:13:11,582
‎萃取自一种遍布在南美洲的植物
‎能做出美味的布丁

246
00:13:12,166 --> 00:13:15,628
‎但这种甜味剂的甜度
‎比人工甜味剂达到最高点的速度更慢

247
00:13:15,711 --> 00:13:19,507
‎加上甜味迟迟不退
‎很容易让人意识到非真糖

248
00:13:20,549 --> 00:13:24,678
‎但有一种甜味剂
‎味道与糖惊人地相似

249
00:13:24,762 --> 00:13:26,889
‎只是甜度稍微较低

250
00:13:26,972 --> 00:13:28,224
‎叫稀少糖

251
00:13:28,307 --> 00:13:31,310
‎代糖的后起之秀

252
00:13:32,228 --> 00:13:34,104
‎严格说来 稀少糖就是一种糖

253
00:13:34,188 --> 00:13:38,192
‎自无花果、葡萄干中少量提取

254
00:13:39,109 --> 00:13:41,737
‎但不会产生糖给身体带来的反应

255
00:13:41,821 --> 00:13:45,825
‎稀少糖无法完全分解
‎意味着这种糖的卡路里几乎等于零

256
00:13:46,408 --> 00:13:48,327
‎这种糖适合融入各种料理

257
00:13:48,410 --> 00:13:50,663
‎早期研究报告显示能安全食用

258
00:13:51,288 --> 00:13:55,084
‎但生产这种糖的商家不多
‎大部分国家尚未批准使用

259
00:13:56,293 --> 00:13:59,088
‎其价格与高端健康食品相等

260
00:14:00,172 --> 00:14:02,842
‎也没有任何一种甜味剂
‎包括稀少糖在内

261
00:14:02,925 --> 00:14:05,678
‎足以取代糖最神奇的力量

262
00:14:05,761 --> 00:14:06,595
‎（满足感）

263
00:14:07,513 --> 00:14:12,184
‎糖在大脑中的作用跟性爱和毒品一样

264
00:14:12,268 --> 00:14:14,103
‎属于大脑的奖励区

265
00:14:14,186 --> 00:14:17,815
‎吃糖后 人体会分泌出多巴胺
‎令人身心更加愉悦

266
00:14:17,898 --> 00:14:20,734
‎驱使我们吃糖的不只是饥饿感

267
00:14:21,443 --> 00:14:22,778
‎还有欲望

268
00:14:23,320 --> 00:14:25,489
‎因此即使我们吃饱了

269
00:14:25,573 --> 00:14:28,701
‎看到有人请我们吃甜点
‎我们难免还是会精神一振

270
00:14:28,784 --> 00:14:29,952
‎是不是很有趣呢？

271
00:14:30,035 --> 00:14:35,791
‎饱餐过后
‎我们总会为这种邪恶感的滋味

272
00:14:35,875 --> 00:14:37,668
‎留一个特别的空间

273
00:14:38,502 --> 00:14:41,922
‎一项研究发现
‎大脑奖励区唯有在摄取

274
00:14:42,006 --> 00:14:45,926
‎含有卡路里的甜食后 才会被激活

275
00:14:46,969 --> 00:14:49,722
‎想要得到欢愉 就要付出代价

276
00:14:51,181 --> 00:14:52,600
‎这是令人心痛的事实

277
00:14:52,683 --> 00:14:56,854
‎这意味着我们无法在摒弃
‎不想要的成分的前提下复制糖

278
00:14:56,937 --> 00:14:59,565
‎有些人则选择了不同的做法

279
00:14:59,648 --> 00:15:02,818
‎他们企图重新发明糖晶体

280
00:15:06,155 --> 00:15:10,534
‎2013年
‎95岁的亚伯拉罕班尼尔博士

281
00:15:10,618 --> 00:15:12,494
‎回首其一生

282
00:15:13,370 --> 00:15:17,791
‎在他漫长的职涯中
‎他以工业化学家的身份创下许多成就

283
00:15:17,875 --> 00:15:20,336
‎他曾从沙漠中提取铜矿

284
00:15:20,419 --> 00:15:24,465
‎曾从死海、化肥、生物燃料

285
00:15:24,548 --> 00:15:26,300
‎地毯纤维、柠檬酸提取过矿物质

286
00:15:26,383 --> 00:15:28,761
‎也当过多年的教授

287
00:15:29,428 --> 00:15:32,681
‎他想起了一件很久以前发生的往事

288
00:15:32,765 --> 00:15:34,850
‎当时他还是一个刚步入社会的年轻人

289
00:15:36,018 --> 00:15:37,853
‎世界处在战乱中

290
00:15:37,937 --> 00:15:40,397
‎糖受到严重配额管理

291
00:15:40,481 --> 00:15:44,360
‎战乱时期 市面上买不到糖
‎几乎找不到糖

292
00:15:44,443 --> 00:15:46,904
‎班尼尔教授是伊兰的父亲

293
00:15:47,571 --> 00:15:52,201
‎当时他在海法附近上班
‎制造战争中使用的炸弹

294
00:15:52,868 --> 00:15:55,621
‎有一天 他朋友的妻子突然到访

295
00:15:55,704 --> 00:15:57,873
‎对方问他有没有淀粉

296
00:15:57,957 --> 00:16:00,834
‎我父亲问她：“要淀粉干吗？”

297
00:16:00,918 --> 00:16:02,628
‎这是她知道的小技巧

298
00:16:02,711 --> 00:16:05,130
‎如果用淀粉做出黏糊糊的布丁

299
00:16:05,214 --> 00:16:07,758
‎然后加入手上有的糖

300
00:16:07,841 --> 00:16:09,927
‎布丁的口感神奇般地变得更甜了

301
00:16:10,010 --> 00:16:12,179
‎就像加了大量的糖一样

302
00:16:12,262 --> 00:16:13,973
‎我父亲听了心想

303
00:16:14,056 --> 00:16:16,558
‎“有意思 我一定要记住这点”

304
00:16:16,642 --> 00:16:18,936
‎当然事后他就忘得一干二净了

305
00:16:19,019 --> 00:16:22,189
‎直到2013年某个决定性的一天

306
00:16:22,272 --> 00:16:24,566
‎他突然灵光乍现

307
00:16:24,650 --> 00:16:28,445
‎我父亲说：“唯一有效的减糖方案

308
00:16:29,405 --> 00:16:32,241
‎是以不同的方式使用糖”

309
00:16:34,326 --> 00:16:36,954
‎糖有个不为人知的秘密

310
00:16:37,037 --> 00:16:39,498
‎其实我们感受到的甜味少之又少

311
00:16:40,082 --> 00:16:41,875
‎吃下一口蛋糕的瞬间

312
00:16:41,959 --> 00:16:44,461
‎糖晶体迅速在口中溶化

313
00:16:44,545 --> 00:16:47,464
‎糖分子遍布整个口腔

314
00:16:47,548 --> 00:16:51,135
‎只有一小部分接触到味蕾

315
00:16:51,218 --> 00:16:53,679
‎其他糖分子都被我们吞进肚里

316
00:16:53,762 --> 00:16:56,557
‎糖分子都进入不应该去的地方

317
00:16:57,182 --> 00:17:00,060
‎淀粉提升了布丁的甜味

318
00:17:00,144 --> 00:17:03,063
‎因为淀粉会裹住舌头 增添黏稠感

319
00:17:03,147 --> 00:17:05,607
‎这样接触到味蕾的糖分子也更多

320
00:17:06,275 --> 00:17:09,611
‎伊兰的父亲想到了
‎一个更有效的减糖方案

321
00:17:09,694 --> 00:17:12,990
‎也就是在糖晶体加入某种物质

322
00:17:13,073 --> 00:17:14,407
‎这种物质的作用就像…

323
00:17:14,491 --> 00:17:17,911
‎吸收糖分子的“海绵”

324
00:17:17,994 --> 00:17:21,623
‎这块吸附着糖分子的“海绵”
‎形成了某种新型糖晶体

325
00:17:21,707 --> 00:17:24,542
‎含有巨型糖分子

326
00:17:25,752 --> 00:17:29,048
‎吃下一口含有这种糖晶体的甜食后

327
00:17:29,131 --> 00:17:33,052
‎糖晶体就会融化成更多糖分子
‎接触到甜味味觉神经的糖分子也越多

328
00:17:34,219 --> 00:17:36,764
‎伊兰对父亲的想法充满信心

329
00:17:36,847 --> 00:17:38,557
‎于是他开创了一家公司

330
00:17:38,640 --> 00:17:40,267
‎叫DouxMatok

331
00:17:40,350 --> 00:17:42,227
‎“Doux”在法语中是“甜”的意思

332
00:17:42,311 --> 00:17:44,813
‎“matok”在希伯来语中
‎也是“甜”的意思

333
00:17:44,897 --> 00:17:47,399
‎另外 “du”在希伯来语中
‎也是指“双倍”的意思

334
00:17:47,483 --> 00:17:49,401
‎翻译过来 叫“甜甜蜜蜜”

335
00:17:49,485 --> 00:17:51,445
‎或是“双倍甜味”

336
00:17:51,528 --> 00:17:53,363
‎这家公司发现二氧化硅

337
00:17:53,447 --> 00:17:56,283
‎这种常见的食品添加剂
‎是绝佳的“海绵”

338
00:17:56,867 --> 00:17:58,827
‎得出的产品是“Incredo”

339
00:17:58,911 --> 00:18:01,080
‎几乎100%都是糖分

340
00:18:01,163 --> 00:18:04,708
‎但由于我们感受到的甜味更多
‎因此也能避免吃下更多糖

341
00:18:05,417 --> 00:18:07,419
‎很多人都对这个产品感到兴致勃勃

342
00:18:07,503 --> 00:18:10,839
‎《时代》杂志将这种糖评选为
‎2020年最佳发明之一

343
00:18:11,423 --> 00:18:13,425
‎但这种糖也有缺点

344
00:18:13,509 --> 00:18:15,302
‎也就是“遇水即溶”

345
00:18:16,011 --> 00:18:20,516
‎“Incredo”接触到水
‎糖分子和二氧化硅就会瞬速分开

346
00:18:20,599 --> 00:18:22,726
‎砰地一声 这对情侣分手了

347
00:18:22,810 --> 00:18:25,562
‎糖在一边 “吸附体”在另一边

348
00:18:25,646 --> 00:18:27,106
‎奇迹消失了

349
00:18:28,190 --> 00:18:33,362
‎人体已进化成
‎能立刻分辨出这种物质的真伪

350
00:18:34,196 --> 00:18:36,073
‎我们至今仍然不明白当中蹊跷

351
00:18:37,699 --> 00:18:39,868
‎但我们对糖的探索从未停止过

352
00:18:39,952 --> 00:18:43,330
‎人们对糖的部分普遍认知
‎也开始有了改变

353
00:18:44,164 --> 00:18:45,457
‎到了零零年代

354
00:18:45,541 --> 00:18:49,336
‎高果糖浆被列为最“邪恶”的糖分

355
00:18:50,003 --> 00:18:52,131
‎又名“魔鬼吃的糖”

356
00:18:52,214 --> 00:18:55,509
‎“邪恶的发明”和“甜味剂的缺陷”

357
00:18:56,093 --> 00:19:01,181
‎但大部分高果糖浆的结构
‎与糖分子一样

358
00:19:01,265 --> 00:19:02,766
‎没有哪个更好或更糟

359
00:19:03,475 --> 00:19:05,394
‎龙舌兰糖浆和蜂蜜等诸如此类的糖类

360
00:19:05,477 --> 00:19:08,730
‎被广泛视为较健康的代糖 但是…

361
00:19:08,814 --> 00:19:13,152
‎真相是 无论是果糖
‎蔗糖、葡萄糖等任何形式的糖类

362
00:19:13,235 --> 00:19:14,820
‎人体都将其视为糖分

363
00:19:15,404 --> 00:19:18,448
‎红糖具有白糖没有微量营养元素

364
00:19:19,158 --> 00:19:21,201
‎但其营养价值真的是“微乎其微”

365
00:19:22,161 --> 00:19:24,246
‎原糖也不会给人体带来多大的好处

366
00:19:24,329 --> 00:19:26,540
‎再说原糖也不是纯正的“原料糖”

367
00:19:26,623 --> 00:19:28,792
‎只是通过较简单的加工工艺制成

368
00:19:29,501 --> 00:19:31,003
‎在此澄清

369
00:19:31,086 --> 00:19:34,298
‎人工甜味剂并不会致癌

370
00:19:34,882 --> 00:19:36,592
‎到了零零年代初期

371
00:19:36,675 --> 00:19:40,846
‎规定不再要求
‎糖精产品贴有健康警告标签

372
00:19:40,929 --> 00:19:43,390
‎相较含糖饮料

373
00:19:43,473 --> 00:19:45,851
‎含阿斯巴甜饮料

374
00:19:45,934 --> 00:19:50,439
‎还是安全和健康得多的选择

375
00:19:50,522 --> 00:19:51,565
‎就算脚踩进棺材里了

376
00:19:52,649 --> 00:19:55,235
‎我还是会说这句话

377
00:19:55,819 --> 00:19:57,571
‎但近来也有研究指出

378
00:19:57,654 --> 00:20:01,241
‎人工添加剂并非减肥良方

379
00:20:01,325 --> 00:20:05,495
‎其成分可能会造成肠道菌群紊乱

380
00:20:08,123 --> 00:20:10,834
‎感受甜味向来是要付出代价的

381
00:20:10,918 --> 00:20:12,753
‎但有个好消息

382
00:20:13,420 --> 00:20:15,756
‎糖对人体造成的健康危害

383
00:20:15,839 --> 00:20:18,008
‎其实并不如我们所相信的那么糟糕

384
00:20:18,842 --> 00:20:21,678
‎我们可能听说过
‎孩子吃糖后会更容易兴奋

385
00:20:21,762 --> 00:20:24,514
‎但这个想法其实并无确凿的科学数据

386
00:20:25,641 --> 00:20:27,809
‎后期科学研究找不到证据

387
00:20:27,893 --> 00:20:31,271
‎证明吃糖会影响
‎孩童的行为或认知能力

388
00:20:31,980 --> 00:20:36,818
‎这年头经常有人说

389
00:20:36,902 --> 00:20:39,696
‎“糖是新时代的烟草

390
00:20:40,280 --> 00:20:42,115
‎我们要禁糖”

391
00:20:42,199 --> 00:20:45,244
‎我们也可能听说过
‎糖很容易令人上瘾

392
00:20:45,327 --> 00:20:47,829
‎最新科研报告显示

393
00:20:47,913 --> 00:20:51,083
‎糖比可卡因更容易让人上瘾

394
00:20:51,166 --> 00:20:52,751
‎糖的成瘾性是可卡因的八倍

395
00:20:52,834 --> 00:20:54,753
‎就像海洛因和霹雳可卡因般容易上瘾

396
00:20:54,836 --> 00:20:58,674
‎但这个科研证据同样来自白鼠实验

397
00:20:59,508 --> 00:21:02,010
‎如果要在承受
‎糖戒断反应和可卡因戒断反应

398
00:21:02,094 --> 00:21:03,929
‎做出选择

399
00:21:04,012 --> 00:21:05,806
‎我们宁可选择承受糖戒断反应

400
00:21:05,889 --> 00:21:08,850
‎吸食可卡因的成瘾性和心理效应

401
00:21:08,934 --> 00:21:11,520
‎绝对比对吃糖

402
00:21:11,603 --> 00:21:16,316
‎来得还要严重得多

403
00:21:20,862 --> 00:21:24,533
‎就像我常说的那句话：
‎“糖不是毒 分量大才是毒”

404
00:21:24,616 --> 00:21:26,618
‎吃少量的糖不会造成健康危害

405
00:21:26,702 --> 00:21:30,163
‎是长期大量吃糖才引发健康问题

406
00:21:30,247 --> 00:21:35,627
‎过去二十年以来
‎美国人摄糖量一直在下降

407
00:21:35,711 --> 00:21:39,214
‎只是速食和垃圾食品的摄取量

408
00:21:39,298 --> 00:21:40,841
‎并没有减少

409
00:21:40,924 --> 00:21:44,052
‎因此肥胖率才不断飙升

410
00:21:44,136 --> 00:21:46,888
‎直到今天

411
00:21:46,972 --> 00:21:51,768
‎人们摄取的新鲜水果、蔬菜

412
00:21:52,519 --> 00:21:54,896
‎全谷物、豆类仍然少之又少

413
00:21:54,980 --> 00:21:56,690
‎没人爱吃豆子

414
00:21:57,983 --> 00:22:00,819
‎也许我们永远无法健康和美味兼得

415
00:22:01,528 --> 00:22:03,697
‎因为蛋糕就是这种邪恶的美食

416
00:22:04,239 --> 00:22:07,492
‎但我们已经离做出更健康的蛋糕
‎更进一步了

417
00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:15,042
‎2020年11月22日
‎伊兰的父亲庆祝102岁大寿

418
00:22:15,125 --> 00:22:17,794
‎他吃了一块布朗尼蛋糕

419
00:22:17,878 --> 00:22:20,922
‎蛋糕的含糖量减少了35%

420
00:22:21,006 --> 00:22:22,591
‎他非常喜欢

421
00:22:22,674 --> 00:22:26,303
‎他整个人充满了幸福感

422
00:22:26,803 --> 00:22:29,181
‎干杯！

423
00:22:29,264 --> 00:22:32,684
‎我们应该以均衡饮食为目标

424
00:22:32,768 --> 00:22:34,936
‎并且减少吃糖

425
00:22:35,020 --> 00:22:37,481
‎但单单对一种食材宣战

426
00:22:37,564 --> 00:22:39,733
‎是注定要失败的

427
00:22:39,816 --> 00:22:43,528
‎任何一种令人痛苦不堪的饮食方案
‎都不会持久

428
00:22:44,279 --> 00:22:48,283
‎黑巧克力 尤其是含坚果的黑巧克力

429
00:22:48,367 --> 00:22:51,787
‎绝对是我的最爱

430
00:22:52,621 --> 00:22:55,749
‎甜点让我充满能量和幸福感

431
00:22:55,832 --> 00:22:59,795
‎每晚上床睡觉前
‎我都迫不及待地睡醒后吃些甜点

432
00:23:00,754 --> 00:23:04,424
‎我们必须减少过度摄入糖

433
00:23:04,508 --> 00:23:06,009
‎这是必须的

434
00:23:06,093 --> 00:23:07,928
‎是要减少过量吃糖

435
00:23:08,512 --> 00:23:12,099
‎而非减少必不可少的摄入

436
00:23:40,335 --> 00:23:45,340
‎字幕翻译：张庆龄