1 00:00:01,878 --> 00:00:04,781 [dramatic music] 2 00:00:04,881 --> 00:00:06,682 ♪ ♪ 3 00:00:06,749 --> 00:00:09,952 male narrator: One of the most powerful men on Earth 4 00:00:10,053 --> 00:00:12,355 holds a position that has existed 5 00:00:12,422 --> 00:00:15,024 for nearly 2,000 years. 6 00:00:15,091 --> 00:00:17,527 ♪ ♪ 7 00:00:17,593 --> 00:00:21,064 As the world changes and faith evolves, 8 00:00:21,130 --> 00:00:24,067 his authority remains. 9 00:00:24,133 --> 00:00:26,869 What began with one apostle 10 00:00:26,936 --> 00:00:29,705 has become 1.2 billion followers 11 00:00:29,772 --> 00:00:31,974 under one man. 12 00:00:32,074 --> 00:00:34,477 He is the head of the Catholic Church, 13 00:00:34,577 --> 00:00:36,813 the pope, 14 00:00:36,913 --> 00:00:39,382 and this is his path to power. 15 00:00:39,449 --> 00:00:46,556 ♪ ♪ 16 00:01:19,622 --> 00:01:23,359 In this episode, never-before-seen orders 17 00:01:23,459 --> 00:01:26,129 from Pope Leo X and Henry VIII 18 00:01:26,195 --> 00:01:29,298 sever Protestants from the Catholic Church... 19 00:01:29,365 --> 00:01:31,000 ♪ ♪ 20 00:01:31,100 --> 00:01:34,971 And the corruption of Renaissance popes 21 00:01:35,037 --> 00:01:37,707 push three men to ignite a revolution 22 00:01:37,807 --> 00:01:42,378 that transforms Christianity forever. 23 00:01:44,147 --> 00:01:47,283 [bell resounding] 24 00:01:50,553 --> 00:01:52,889 [cheers and applause] 25 00:01:54,824 --> 00:02:00,897 - [speaking Italian] 26 00:02:21,017 --> 00:02:24,387 narrator: In 2016, Pope Francis kicks off 27 00:02:24,487 --> 00:02:27,757 the 500-year anniversary of the Reformation... 28 00:02:27,857 --> 00:02:29,759 ♪ ♪ 29 00:02:29,859 --> 00:02:32,261 A spiritual revolution that splinters 30 00:02:32,361 --> 00:02:35,598 the once universal Catholic Church. 31 00:02:35,698 --> 00:02:38,668 - The Reformation, it's incredibly pivotal 32 00:02:38,734 --> 00:02:40,770 in the development of Christianity. 33 00:02:40,870 --> 00:02:42,171 - The Reformation could have been 34 00:02:42,238 --> 00:02:44,106 one of the big tragedies of Christianity, 35 00:02:44,207 --> 00:02:45,942 but rather, you get the emergence 36 00:02:46,042 --> 00:02:50,446 of a much more individualized or personal faith. 37 00:02:50,546 --> 00:02:51,914 - The beginnings of the Reformation 38 00:02:52,014 --> 00:02:53,449 are all about this pushback 39 00:02:53,549 --> 00:02:55,952 against what is seen as excess in Rome. 40 00:03:01,023 --> 00:03:05,361 narrator: In the 16th century, many Catholics are disturbed 41 00:03:05,428 --> 00:03:09,365 by the church's pervasive materialism and corruption. 42 00:03:11,267 --> 00:03:14,403 As a result, new denominations of Christianity 43 00:03:14,470 --> 00:03:18,474 begin to form and break ties with the Vatican. 44 00:03:18,574 --> 00:03:21,077 - The Reformation is an anonymous bomb 45 00:03:21,143 --> 00:03:22,912 dropped on the theological landscape. 46 00:03:22,979 --> 00:03:24,313 - All great religions of the world 47 00:03:24,413 --> 00:03:26,916 which are successful change, 48 00:03:26,983 --> 00:03:29,485 and Christianity is no exception to that rule. 49 00:03:29,585 --> 00:03:32,421 [dramatic music] 50 00:03:32,488 --> 00:03:34,657 narrator: The umbrella of modern Christianity 51 00:03:34,757 --> 00:03:37,660 includes over 800 million Protestants 52 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:41,230 and 1.2 billion Catholics worldwide. 53 00:03:41,297 --> 00:03:43,165 ♪ ♪ 54 00:03:43,266 --> 00:03:44,667 But in the 16th century, 55 00:03:44,767 --> 00:03:48,504 Catholicism is the law of the land. 56 00:03:48,604 --> 00:03:51,340 - There is a ferment of devotion, 57 00:03:51,440 --> 00:03:53,676 deep, deep piety in Europe. 58 00:03:53,776 --> 00:03:57,179 Everyone went to church out of conviction. 59 00:03:57,280 --> 00:03:58,814 ♪ ♪ 60 00:03:58,914 --> 00:04:00,683 narrator: Almost the entire population of Europe 61 00:04:00,783 --> 00:04:05,288 devoutly follows Rome's Catholic doctrine... 62 00:04:05,354 --> 00:04:07,857 and the pope is at the head of it all. 63 00:04:07,957 --> 00:04:09,859 ♪ ♪ 64 00:04:09,959 --> 00:04:11,927 - In the 16th century, there had been a series 65 00:04:11,994 --> 00:04:14,497 of very worldly popes who loved power. 66 00:04:14,597 --> 00:04:17,867 - All earthly institutions are flawed, 67 00:04:17,967 --> 00:04:22,038 and the Renaissance popes got caught up with power. 68 00:04:22,138 --> 00:04:25,975 - It's not surprising that people who loved power... 69 00:04:26,042 --> 00:04:27,343 took it. 70 00:04:27,443 --> 00:04:30,513 narrator: But as papal power swells, 71 00:04:30,613 --> 00:04:34,850 so does a culture of greed and corruption. 72 00:04:34,950 --> 00:04:38,054 The tenets of Christ begin to fall by the wayside 73 00:04:38,154 --> 00:04:40,856 as popes spend exorbitant amounts of money 74 00:04:40,956 --> 00:04:45,494 in the name of luxury, excess, and absolute power. 75 00:04:45,561 --> 00:04:47,229 ♪ ♪ 76 00:04:47,330 --> 00:04:50,132 - Popes during the Renaissance bring a sense of majesty 77 00:04:50,199 --> 00:04:53,369 into the papacy that had not existed before, 78 00:04:53,469 --> 00:04:55,538 even though we would probably say 79 00:04:55,638 --> 00:04:58,341 that their methods were a little bit ruthless. 80 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:07,750 narrator: And in 1513, Pope Leo X takes 81 00:05:07,850 --> 00:05:11,187 the overindulgence to new heights. 82 00:05:11,253 --> 00:05:14,023 - Leo X was an extravagant pope. 83 00:05:14,090 --> 00:05:15,591 ♪ ♪ 84 00:05:15,691 --> 00:05:17,927 Very interested in architecture 85 00:05:18,027 --> 00:05:20,930 and the glories of the city of Rome, 86 00:05:21,030 --> 00:05:24,700 and spent a lot of money in pursuits of that kind. 87 00:05:24,767 --> 00:05:27,403 - The church has become one of the key commissioners 88 00:05:27,503 --> 00:05:31,440 of this huge, exciting cultural explosion 89 00:05:31,540 --> 00:05:33,209 which is the Renaissance. 90 00:05:33,275 --> 00:05:36,579 ♪ ♪ 91 00:05:36,679 --> 00:05:39,348 narrator: Pope Leo X throws lavish parties 92 00:05:39,415 --> 00:05:42,518 and hires Raphael to paint elaborate frescoes 93 00:05:42,585 --> 00:05:45,521 throughout the Vatican. 94 00:05:45,588 --> 00:05:48,524 He spends a small fortune on the palatial expansion 95 00:05:48,591 --> 00:05:51,961 of St. Peter's Basilica. 96 00:05:52,061 --> 00:05:55,131 - During the Renaissance, you had lots of art, 97 00:05:55,231 --> 00:05:56,799 lots of patronage, 98 00:05:56,899 --> 00:05:58,768 but in another way, it's dire for the church 99 00:05:58,868 --> 00:06:01,937 because they were actually breaking the church. 100 00:06:02,037 --> 00:06:03,806 - That art, that sculpture, 101 00:06:03,906 --> 00:06:08,310 all of that fabulous beauty has to be paid for. 102 00:06:08,411 --> 00:06:11,380 narrator: Pope Leo X pays for his opulent lifestyle 103 00:06:11,447 --> 00:06:16,218 by selling positions within his administration. 104 00:06:16,285 --> 00:06:18,587 - He says, "These offices will cost this much. 105 00:06:18,654 --> 00:06:21,557 If you want this one, you'll have to pay this much." 106 00:06:21,624 --> 00:06:24,160 - All kinds of horrible things are happening in the church. 107 00:06:24,260 --> 00:06:25,995 They're selling their bishoprics. 108 00:06:26,095 --> 00:06:27,663 They're putting their illegitimate kids 109 00:06:27,763 --> 00:06:30,900 into offices-- basically embezzlement. 110 00:06:30,966 --> 00:06:33,269 - This is a time the Catholic Church 111 00:06:33,335 --> 00:06:36,806 is really pretty profoundly corrupt. 112 00:06:36,906 --> 00:06:38,908 narrator: But the payoffs are still not enough 113 00:06:38,974 --> 00:06:41,610 to keep up with Leo's spending. 114 00:06:41,677 --> 00:06:44,246 [gong resounds] 115 00:06:44,313 --> 00:06:47,616 - It's put a strain on local churches and parishes. 116 00:06:47,683 --> 00:06:50,753 People are giving up lots of money during this time period, 117 00:06:50,820 --> 00:06:52,254 and they're feeling pressed. 118 00:06:52,321 --> 00:06:53,856 ♪ ♪ 119 00:06:53,956 --> 00:06:56,859 narrator: Only two years into Leo X's papacy, 120 00:06:56,959 --> 00:07:00,629 the Vatican is on the verge of bankruptcy. 121 00:07:00,696 --> 00:07:03,866 In order to save the church from financial ruin, 122 00:07:03,966 --> 00:07:06,969 he charges his clergy with selling indulgences 123 00:07:07,036 --> 00:07:09,004 throughout all of Europe. 124 00:07:09,104 --> 00:07:10,506 ♪ ♪ 125 00:07:10,606 --> 00:07:13,209 - Indulgence-- the forgiveness of sins 126 00:07:13,309 --> 00:07:16,645 in return for cash payments. 127 00:07:16,712 --> 00:07:19,381 - Indulgences started way back in the Crusades, 128 00:07:19,482 --> 00:07:21,317 and the idea was that 129 00:07:21,383 --> 00:07:23,352 you've got these soldiers fighting for Christ, 130 00:07:23,452 --> 00:07:27,690 and they're likely to be killed at any moment... 131 00:07:27,790 --> 00:07:30,659 and so what the church did was to give them 132 00:07:30,726 --> 00:07:33,395 a "get out of purgatory free" card. 133 00:07:33,496 --> 00:07:35,231 ♪ ♪ 134 00:07:35,331 --> 00:07:38,000 So the indulgence was a way of rewarding people 135 00:07:38,067 --> 00:07:39,902 who were doing something good for God, 136 00:07:40,002 --> 00:07:43,539 but their trouble was that the system grew, 137 00:07:43,639 --> 00:07:47,243 and very soon, people were being offered 138 00:07:47,343 --> 00:07:49,044 indulgences for sale. 139 00:07:49,144 --> 00:07:51,881 ♪ ♪ 140 00:07:51,981 --> 00:07:53,516 narrator: Leo X realizes 141 00:07:53,582 --> 00:07:55,684 not only will the sale of indulgences 142 00:07:55,751 --> 00:07:59,889 deepen the pockets of the Catholic Church... 143 00:07:59,989 --> 00:08:02,658 but it will also fund the expensive construction 144 00:08:02,725 --> 00:08:05,261 of St. Peter's Basilica. 145 00:08:05,361 --> 00:08:07,930 - People go to St. Peter's now, and they think about, 146 00:08:08,030 --> 00:08:10,933 how did they get all the money to build this? 147 00:08:11,033 --> 00:08:14,270 Well, they were taxing people with indulgences. 148 00:08:14,370 --> 00:08:16,272 - The whole thing about the St. Peter's indulgence 149 00:08:16,372 --> 00:08:18,774 was that it was applicable to your dead relatives, 150 00:08:18,874 --> 00:08:20,342 so you could get your relatives 151 00:08:20,409 --> 00:08:23,612 out of purgatory by paying for an indulgence. 152 00:08:23,712 --> 00:08:28,517 - It's a very seductive idea, a very successful idea. 153 00:08:28,584 --> 00:08:30,286 narrator: But as word of the pope's campaign 154 00:08:30,386 --> 00:08:34,123 for indulgence sales spreads throughout Europe, 155 00:08:34,223 --> 00:08:35,724 it triggers a reaction 156 00:08:35,791 --> 00:08:38,794 from a fundamentalist professor in Germany. 157 00:08:38,894 --> 00:08:40,930 - Martin Luther heard about this 158 00:08:41,030 --> 00:08:43,766 and found it obscene. 159 00:08:43,866 --> 00:08:46,869 narrator: Martin Luther, a 33-year-old friar 160 00:08:46,936 --> 00:08:49,471 deeply devoted to the Bible, 161 00:08:49,572 --> 00:08:53,776 is appalled by the exploitive nature of indulgences. 162 00:08:53,876 --> 00:08:56,111 - Martin Luther felt that this was selling 163 00:08:56,211 --> 00:08:58,314 God's salvation for money, 164 00:08:58,414 --> 00:09:00,382 and you can't do that. 165 00:09:00,449 --> 00:09:02,051 - It's the notion of indulgences 166 00:09:02,117 --> 00:09:06,155 that finally bring the church down. 167 00:09:06,255 --> 00:09:08,090 narrator: As Vatican culture sinks deeper 168 00:09:08,157 --> 00:09:10,292 into the pits of corruption, 169 00:09:10,392 --> 00:09:14,797 Martin Luther begins to ignite an extraordinary revolution. 170 00:09:21,837 --> 00:09:23,339 [dramatic music] 171 00:09:23,439 --> 00:09:26,942 narrator: In 1517, despite the deep piety 172 00:09:27,009 --> 00:09:29,111 of European Catholics, 173 00:09:29,178 --> 00:09:32,681 materialism and corruption run rampant 174 00:09:32,781 --> 00:09:35,017 inside the Vatican walls. 175 00:09:37,453 --> 00:09:41,023 But in Germany, one man decides that it's time 176 00:09:41,123 --> 00:09:44,193 to take a stand against the sins of the pope. 177 00:09:44,293 --> 00:09:46,595 ♪ ♪ 178 00:09:46,662 --> 00:09:49,632 - Martin Luther was a member of an order of friars 179 00:09:49,698 --> 00:09:53,102 called the Order of Hermits of St. Augustine. 180 00:09:53,168 --> 00:09:56,038 ♪ ♪ 181 00:09:56,138 --> 00:09:59,041 - Luther was a professor of scripture. 182 00:09:59,141 --> 00:10:02,444 He'd become a monk out of fear. 183 00:10:02,511 --> 00:10:06,048 He'd made a vow to St. Anne during a thunderstorm. 184 00:10:06,148 --> 00:10:08,317 - Early in his career, Martin Luther was sent off 185 00:10:08,384 --> 00:10:11,520 to Rome by his religious order, 186 00:10:11,620 --> 00:10:14,456 and he was shocked by Rome. 187 00:10:14,523 --> 00:10:16,659 narrator: A deeply religious scholar, 188 00:10:16,725 --> 00:10:19,328 Martin Luther is horrified by the hedonism 189 00:10:19,395 --> 00:10:23,399 he sees funded by indulgences. 190 00:10:23,499 --> 00:10:25,634 He is outraged by the fact that the pope 191 00:10:25,701 --> 00:10:28,804 is exploiting his followers' fear of damnation 192 00:10:28,871 --> 00:10:30,639 for financial gain. 193 00:10:30,706 --> 00:10:33,175 ♪ ♪ 194 00:10:35,511 --> 00:10:37,680 - Martin Luther felt that the God he found 195 00:10:37,746 --> 00:10:40,683 in the works of Augustine forgave sin 196 00:10:40,749 --> 00:10:45,421 and didn't actually consider individual sins. 197 00:10:47,022 --> 00:10:49,725 He made a free, merciful decision 198 00:10:49,825 --> 00:10:52,327 to forgive those who loved him. 199 00:10:52,394 --> 00:10:54,897 Luther found that God loved him, 200 00:10:54,997 --> 00:10:57,733 and he wanted to spread this message of God's love 201 00:10:57,833 --> 00:11:00,269 as well as the message that you and I, 202 00:11:00,369 --> 00:11:03,172 people like us, human beings, are all sinful. 203 00:11:03,238 --> 00:11:05,507 There's nothing we can do about that. 204 00:11:05,574 --> 00:11:08,444 - For Luther, the sale of indulgences 205 00:11:08,544 --> 00:11:13,282 was exactly the antithesis of this sense of Christianity 206 00:11:13,382 --> 00:11:16,719 as a liberating mode, salvation not as free gift 207 00:11:16,785 --> 00:11:19,021 but as something you have to stump up money for. 208 00:11:19,088 --> 00:11:21,290 ♪ ♪ 209 00:11:21,390 --> 00:11:25,527 - Martin Luther thought it was all a sham. 210 00:11:25,594 --> 00:11:28,864 He decided to hold a seminar about indulgences. 211 00:11:28,931 --> 00:11:31,033 ♪ ♪ 212 00:11:31,100 --> 00:11:33,802 And he would issue 95 things 213 00:11:33,902 --> 00:11:37,272 to be discussed in this seminar. 214 00:11:37,372 --> 00:11:40,976 The seminar never happened, but the Ninety-five Theses, 215 00:11:41,076 --> 00:11:45,881 the 95 ideas to be discussed, were there. 216 00:11:45,948 --> 00:11:49,318 narrator: Martin Luther sends his Ninety-five Theses 217 00:11:49,418 --> 00:11:53,422 to the archbishop of Mainz, Germany, 218 00:11:53,489 --> 00:11:56,892 who then sends it to the pope. 219 00:11:56,959 --> 00:11:58,494 In his theses, 220 00:11:58,594 --> 00:12:00,562 Luther questions the indulgences 221 00:12:00,629 --> 00:12:02,164 and whether the pope should have power 222 00:12:02,264 --> 00:12:05,267 over who goes to heaven or hell. 223 00:12:05,334 --> 00:12:09,171 ♪ ♪ 224 00:12:09,271 --> 00:12:12,407 - The "Theses" are a series of technical questions 225 00:12:12,474 --> 00:12:14,243 about whether or not, for example, 226 00:12:14,309 --> 00:12:19,248 the pope or any priest has jurisdiction in the afterlife. 227 00:12:19,314 --> 00:12:21,183 There were a lot of Catholic theologians 228 00:12:21,283 --> 00:12:23,819 who thought the afterlife was in God's world 229 00:12:23,919 --> 00:12:26,188 and papal authority was for this world. 230 00:12:26,288 --> 00:12:28,357 [bell resounding] 231 00:12:28,457 --> 00:12:32,127 - It's often said that he nailed the document 232 00:12:32,194 --> 00:12:33,662 with these 95 theses 233 00:12:33,762 --> 00:12:37,199 to the castle church door in Wittenberg. 234 00:12:37,299 --> 00:12:38,667 - This was not the first time 235 00:12:38,767 --> 00:12:41,370 that these ideas had been put out. 236 00:12:41,470 --> 00:12:43,705 Far from it. 237 00:12:43,806 --> 00:12:45,374 But the difference between 238 00:12:45,474 --> 00:12:48,043 1517 and the 14th century 239 00:12:48,143 --> 00:12:51,380 is the printing press. 240 00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:53,482 The "Ninety-five Theses" were printed, 241 00:12:53,549 --> 00:12:55,984 and they were widely distributed. 242 00:12:56,051 --> 00:12:59,988 - Martin Luther had become a celebrity in all Europe. 243 00:13:00,055 --> 00:13:02,991 He was producing books and finding a real talent. 244 00:13:03,058 --> 00:13:08,063 He's one of the first great bestseller writers in print. 245 00:13:08,163 --> 00:13:12,401 - Luther was a master of popular media. 246 00:13:12,501 --> 00:13:13,368 ♪ ♪ 247 00:13:13,468 --> 00:13:15,571 [cymbal shimmering] 248 00:13:19,141 --> 00:13:21,043 narrator: Previously, the printing press 249 00:13:21,143 --> 00:13:23,545 had only been used to circulate scripture 250 00:13:23,645 --> 00:13:26,081 and official documents. 251 00:13:26,181 --> 00:13:28,417 Martin Luther is the first to use it 252 00:13:28,517 --> 00:13:31,420 to spread a subversive message. 253 00:13:31,520 --> 00:13:33,422 - Martin Luther's revolution was fueled 254 00:13:33,522 --> 00:13:36,091 by the printing press, and he used it with genius, 255 00:13:36,191 --> 00:13:38,260 but that brought a real problem. 256 00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:42,431 Now he was the symbol of all sorts of different discontents, 257 00:13:42,531 --> 00:13:45,100 and he'd aroused passions which he couldn't control 258 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:49,671 all through Europe, and now Europe was split. 259 00:13:49,738 --> 00:13:51,106 narrator: Martin Luther's statements 260 00:13:51,206 --> 00:13:53,275 against the sale of indulgences 261 00:13:53,375 --> 00:13:56,612 put him in direct opposition to Pope Leo X, 262 00:13:56,712 --> 00:14:01,116 who was frantically selling them to cover his debts. 263 00:14:01,216 --> 00:14:03,018 - Church leaders were now saying to Luther, 264 00:14:03,085 --> 00:14:04,887 "You must obey the pope, 265 00:14:04,953 --> 00:14:07,623 and to obey, you must keep quiet." 266 00:14:07,723 --> 00:14:09,958 ♪ ♪ 267 00:14:10,058 --> 00:14:12,060 And Luther could not keep quiet. 268 00:14:14,196 --> 00:14:16,098 If you were the enemy of the church, 269 00:14:16,198 --> 00:14:18,967 that would mean you could be called a heretic, 270 00:14:19,067 --> 00:14:20,736 so Martin Luther was putting himself 271 00:14:20,802 --> 00:14:23,272 in very dangerous territory now. 272 00:14:26,909 --> 00:14:30,312 narrator: Deep within the Vatican secret archive... 273 00:14:30,412 --> 00:14:32,447 [rustling] 274 00:14:33,916 --> 00:14:35,751 Lies the document that split 275 00:14:35,817 --> 00:14:38,654 the once universal Catholic Church. 276 00:14:42,591 --> 00:14:45,460 It has never before been seen on camera. 277 00:14:46,762 --> 00:14:51,166 ♪ ♪ 278 00:14:51,266 --> 00:14:55,337 On January the 3rd, 1521, 279 00:14:55,437 --> 00:14:58,807 Pope Leo X issues a papal order 280 00:14:58,907 --> 00:15:02,010 excommunicating the German preacher. 281 00:15:02,110 --> 00:15:04,146 - All Germany was in uproar, 282 00:15:04,246 --> 00:15:05,781 and this was very bad news 283 00:15:05,847 --> 00:15:07,582 for the overall ruler of Germany, 284 00:15:07,649 --> 00:15:10,152 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. 285 00:15:12,287 --> 00:15:13,822 narrator: Acutely aware of the fervor 286 00:15:13,922 --> 00:15:16,158 Luther has ignited in Germany, 287 00:15:16,258 --> 00:15:19,294 Charles V worries his excommunication 288 00:15:19,361 --> 00:15:21,029 might start a revolt. 289 00:15:21,129 --> 00:15:24,700 [intense orchestral music] 290 00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:28,136 - And what he did was to summon Martin Luther 291 00:15:28,203 --> 00:15:32,541 to a meeting of the parliament of the Empire. 292 00:15:32,641 --> 00:15:33,675 It's called a diet, 293 00:15:33,775 --> 00:15:35,110 and it was meeting that year 294 00:15:35,177 --> 00:15:37,612 in the city of Worms. 295 00:15:37,679 --> 00:15:38,880 What the emperor was going to do 296 00:15:38,981 --> 00:15:40,282 was to order him 297 00:15:40,349 --> 00:15:42,017 to be obedient to the church, 298 00:15:42,117 --> 00:15:44,720 so imagine this great set piece. 299 00:15:44,820 --> 00:15:47,389 All the great figures of the Holy Roman Empire 300 00:15:47,489 --> 00:15:50,158 are there-- bishops, princes, 301 00:15:50,225 --> 00:15:53,128 a vast crowd in attendance, 302 00:15:53,195 --> 00:15:54,896 and there the emperor told Luther 303 00:15:54,997 --> 00:15:56,798 to be obedient to the church. 304 00:15:56,865 --> 00:15:59,001 Luther said he could not be obedient. 305 00:15:59,067 --> 00:16:01,136 He must be obedient to the Bible, 306 00:16:01,203 --> 00:16:02,371 the scripture. 307 00:16:02,471 --> 00:16:04,139 ♪ ♪ 308 00:16:04,206 --> 00:16:06,875 - Rather than being willing to investigate these ideas, 309 00:16:06,975 --> 00:16:09,344 the Catholic Church took a turn in the other direction 310 00:16:09,411 --> 00:16:11,013 and erected walls. 311 00:16:11,079 --> 00:16:14,983 Martin Luther is officially marked as being 312 00:16:15,050 --> 00:16:17,252 outside of the tradition of the Catholic Church. 313 00:16:17,352 --> 00:16:19,755 It was seen as an act of disloyalty. 314 00:16:19,855 --> 00:16:23,025 To be Protestant meant that you weren't loyal to the pope. 315 00:16:23,091 --> 00:16:25,594 narrator: After Luther's defiance of King Charles 316 00:16:25,694 --> 00:16:29,031 and the pope at the Diet of Worms, 317 00:16:29,097 --> 00:16:32,601 a hard line is drawn among Christians. 318 00:16:32,701 --> 00:16:34,236 - The foundation of the Reformation 319 00:16:34,336 --> 00:16:36,671 is that the church is the invisible gathering 320 00:16:36,738 --> 00:16:38,507 of all of those who confess to Christ 321 00:16:38,573 --> 00:16:40,609 in every time and in every place, 322 00:16:40,709 --> 00:16:44,012 and because this is not a temporal group of people, 323 00:16:44,079 --> 00:16:46,615 there's no way there can be a temporal head of it. 324 00:16:46,715 --> 00:16:49,451 [dramatic music] 325 00:16:49,551 --> 00:16:51,620 narrator: Those aligned with Martin Luther 326 00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:53,722 protest the pope's divine claim 327 00:16:53,789 --> 00:16:55,891 to leading the Catholic Church 328 00:16:55,957 --> 00:16:59,728 and become known as Protestants. 329 00:16:59,795 --> 00:17:01,296 They build Lutheran churches 330 00:17:01,396 --> 00:17:04,099 throughout Germany and Scandinavia, 331 00:17:04,199 --> 00:17:06,301 focusing their teachings on scripture 332 00:17:06,401 --> 00:17:09,037 instead of loyalty to the pope. 333 00:17:09,104 --> 00:17:11,106 ♪ ♪ 334 00:17:11,206 --> 00:17:12,774 - In the past, when people don't want 335 00:17:12,874 --> 00:17:14,142 to receive Catholicism, 336 00:17:14,242 --> 00:17:15,610 people could be burned for heresy. 337 00:17:15,710 --> 00:17:16,812 You could be tortured. 338 00:17:16,912 --> 00:17:18,480 You could be imprisoned. 339 00:17:18,580 --> 00:17:20,248 Martin Luther's not the first person 340 00:17:20,315 --> 00:17:22,317 that challenged the church, but he's probably 341 00:17:22,417 --> 00:17:24,386 the first person to live to tell about it. 342 00:17:24,453 --> 00:17:26,655 ♪ ♪ 343 00:17:26,755 --> 00:17:29,257 narrator: Martin Luther goes into hiding, 344 00:17:29,324 --> 00:17:33,261 and the Protestant Reformation continues to grow. 345 00:17:33,328 --> 00:17:35,397 ♪ ♪ 346 00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:46,341 In 1523, two years after the Diet of Worms, 347 00:17:46,441 --> 00:17:49,845 a new pope, Clement VII, is elected. 348 00:17:51,780 --> 00:17:55,250 Unlike Leo X, Clement VII agrees 349 00:17:55,317 --> 00:17:58,920 with many of Luther's ideas about reform, 350 00:17:58,987 --> 00:18:01,156 posing a threat to the wealthy monarchs 351 00:18:01,256 --> 00:18:03,492 who benefit from church corruption. 352 00:18:03,592 --> 00:18:05,160 ♪ ♪ 353 00:18:11,700 --> 00:18:16,037 narrator: After Martin Luther denounces the pope in 1521... 354 00:18:18,006 --> 00:18:21,042 European Christians are split in two. 355 00:18:21,143 --> 00:18:23,645 [dramatic music] 356 00:18:23,712 --> 00:18:27,282 Lutherans develop their own church founded on the belief 357 00:18:27,349 --> 00:18:30,719 that salvation is achieved through faith alone... 358 00:18:30,819 --> 00:18:32,554 ♪ ♪ 359 00:18:32,654 --> 00:18:35,524 While Catholics continue to practice obedience 360 00:18:35,624 --> 00:18:36,892 to the Vatican. 361 00:18:38,660 --> 00:18:40,495 But the abandonment of Catholicism 362 00:18:40,562 --> 00:18:42,063 by half of Europe 363 00:18:42,164 --> 00:18:43,899 presents Pope Clement VII 364 00:18:43,999 --> 00:18:46,801 with a dilemma. 365 00:18:46,868 --> 00:18:51,473 - Clement VII... must have been sorry 366 00:18:51,540 --> 00:18:52,974 he was ever elected pope, 367 00:18:53,041 --> 00:18:56,411 because his whole reign was a calamity. 368 00:18:56,511 --> 00:18:59,548 - He was chronically indecisive. 369 00:18:59,648 --> 00:19:02,817 He would go to bed for days with headaches and stomachaches 370 00:19:02,884 --> 00:19:05,987 rather than make a serious decision. 371 00:19:06,054 --> 00:19:07,722 narrator: Not only is Pope Clement VII 372 00:19:07,822 --> 00:19:09,224 faced with a church 373 00:19:09,324 --> 00:19:12,194 that Martin Luther has splintered, 374 00:19:12,260 --> 00:19:13,762 but he is also caught in the middle 375 00:19:13,862 --> 00:19:18,200 of territory disputes between kings. 376 00:19:18,266 --> 00:19:22,537 - The papacy functions politically as one element 377 00:19:22,604 --> 00:19:26,241 in the cockpit of Europe, where, all around it, 378 00:19:26,341 --> 00:19:29,945 dynastic politics are being worked out. 379 00:19:30,045 --> 00:19:33,014 narrator: In 1527, the Vatican is still aligned 380 00:19:33,081 --> 00:19:35,617 with the King of Germany, Charles V, 381 00:19:35,717 --> 00:19:38,553 who stood with Pope Leo X against Luther 382 00:19:38,620 --> 00:19:41,223 just six years earlier. 383 00:19:41,289 --> 00:19:43,792 ♪ ♪ 384 00:19:43,892 --> 00:19:46,861 - Charles V was a very unusual person. 385 00:19:46,928 --> 00:19:48,763 He was the King of Germany. 386 00:19:48,863 --> 00:19:50,532 He ruled the north of Italy. 387 00:19:50,599 --> 00:19:52,267 He was the Holy Roman Emperor, 388 00:19:52,367 --> 00:19:55,637 but he had also inherited the rule of Spain, 389 00:19:55,737 --> 00:19:59,241 so he had more power than, at this point, 390 00:19:59,307 --> 00:20:03,211 any temporal monarch had ever had at any point. 391 00:20:03,278 --> 00:20:07,882 He was a very alarming monarch to many people. 392 00:20:07,949 --> 00:20:10,385 - He wants Italy at the same time 393 00:20:10,452 --> 00:20:11,953 that the French want Italy. 394 00:20:14,322 --> 00:20:16,057 narrator: In an attempt to balance the power 395 00:20:16,124 --> 00:20:19,761 in Europe, Pope Clement VII abandons 396 00:20:19,828 --> 00:20:21,463 his alliance with Charles 397 00:20:21,563 --> 00:20:23,732 and makes a secret treaty with France 398 00:20:23,798 --> 00:20:27,302 called the League of Cognac. 399 00:20:27,402 --> 00:20:29,304 - As if the pope hadn't got enough problems 400 00:20:29,404 --> 00:20:32,741 by the late 1520s, he found himself at war 401 00:20:32,807 --> 00:20:35,443 with the greatest Catholic in Europe... 402 00:20:35,510 --> 00:20:36,845 Charles V, 403 00:20:36,945 --> 00:20:40,682 the very man who'd challenged Luther. 404 00:20:40,782 --> 00:20:42,817 - There is one ruler, the King of France, 405 00:20:42,917 --> 00:20:44,486 who's behind the pope, 406 00:20:44,586 --> 00:20:46,254 and then the King of Germany is against the pope, 407 00:20:46,321 --> 00:20:48,290 so there's this war between the church and Germany, 408 00:20:48,356 --> 00:20:50,191 but it's really between the King of Germany 409 00:20:50,292 --> 00:20:52,694 and the King of France. 410 00:20:52,794 --> 00:20:57,699 - Now Charles V invaded Italy and invaded Rome. 411 00:20:57,799 --> 00:20:59,534 ♪ ♪ 412 00:20:59,634 --> 00:21:02,704 Rome was sacked by the imperial troops, 413 00:21:02,804 --> 00:21:07,542 many of whom were Lutherans and hated the pope, 414 00:21:07,642 --> 00:21:11,680 and so for weeks on end, Rome faced terror. 415 00:21:11,780 --> 00:21:14,883 It's the most extraordinary irony that it was a Catholic 416 00:21:14,983 --> 00:21:18,653 who did as much harm to the pope as a Protestant. 417 00:21:21,323 --> 00:21:24,292 narrator: In May of 1527, 418 00:21:24,359 --> 00:21:27,462 the German army storms the churches, monasteries, 419 00:21:27,529 --> 00:21:29,464 and palaces in Rome. 420 00:21:31,032 --> 00:21:35,003 ♪ ♪ 421 00:21:35,070 --> 00:21:36,571 By the end of that spring, 422 00:21:36,671 --> 00:21:39,674 more than 8,000 Romans are slaughtered. 423 00:21:41,843 --> 00:21:43,411 ♪ ♪ 424 00:21:43,511 --> 00:21:46,481 Horrified by the carnage... 425 00:21:46,548 --> 00:21:51,419 Pope Clement VII flees the Vatican and seeks safety. 426 00:21:51,519 --> 00:21:54,155 ♪ ♪ 427 00:21:54,222 --> 00:21:58,493 - He gets away by sneaking out of the city. 428 00:21:58,560 --> 00:22:04,866 ♪ ♪ 429 00:22:04,933 --> 00:22:07,836 narrator: The pope hides out in a castle outside of Rome 430 00:22:07,902 --> 00:22:10,939 for five weeks, but eventually, 431 00:22:11,039 --> 00:22:14,008 the German army surrounds his refuge. 432 00:22:14,075 --> 00:22:18,446 ♪ ♪ 433 00:22:18,546 --> 00:22:20,715 Clement VII is forced to surrender 434 00:22:20,782 --> 00:22:23,551 to King Charles V. 435 00:22:23,618 --> 00:22:26,388 - There was certainly no intention of killing the pope. 436 00:22:26,454 --> 00:22:28,289 Why would you do that to the Holy Father? 437 00:22:28,390 --> 00:22:32,293 But what the emperor wanted was to make the pope helpless, 438 00:22:32,394 --> 00:22:34,129 and he did so. 439 00:22:35,697 --> 00:22:38,733 And now the emperor had him at his mercy. 440 00:22:41,469 --> 00:22:43,138 narrator: After Clement VII yields 441 00:22:43,238 --> 00:22:47,442 significant papal territory to Charles V, 442 00:22:47,542 --> 00:22:49,744 he retreats to a deserted palace 443 00:22:49,811 --> 00:22:51,813 in Orvieto, Italy. 444 00:22:51,913 --> 00:22:55,617 Church business slowly resumes... 445 00:22:55,717 --> 00:22:57,986 until the pope finds himself clashing 446 00:22:58,086 --> 00:23:00,722 with another powerful monarch in a feud 447 00:23:00,789 --> 00:23:02,056 that will change the reach 448 00:23:02,123 --> 00:23:04,959 of the Catholic Church forever. 449 00:23:10,832 --> 00:23:13,234 [dramatic music] 450 00:23:13,301 --> 00:23:15,136 narrator: After King Charles of Germany 451 00:23:15,236 --> 00:23:18,006 attacks Rome in 1527... 452 00:23:18,106 --> 00:23:19,774 [men shouting] 453 00:23:19,841 --> 00:23:21,976 The city is in ruins. 454 00:23:27,348 --> 00:23:29,818 - After that, it took half a century 455 00:23:29,918 --> 00:23:31,419 to rebuild Rome. 456 00:23:32,954 --> 00:23:34,622 narrator: Though Rome is destroyed 457 00:23:34,689 --> 00:23:37,258 and half of Europe has abandoned Catholicism 458 00:23:37,325 --> 00:23:40,628 for Lutheranism, the pope is determined 459 00:23:40,695 --> 00:23:44,966 to strengthen what's left of the Catholic empire. 460 00:23:45,033 --> 00:23:46,501 But despite his best efforts 461 00:23:46,601 --> 00:23:48,837 to revive the splintering church, 462 00:23:48,937 --> 00:23:53,541 another threat to papal power brews in England. 463 00:23:53,641 --> 00:23:55,510 - Henry VIII was a fascinating, 464 00:23:55,610 --> 00:23:57,846 extremely complicated individual. 465 00:23:57,946 --> 00:24:01,015 - Henry VIII had the biggest ego 466 00:24:01,115 --> 00:24:02,650 in the kingdom of England. 467 00:24:02,717 --> 00:24:04,886 [fanciful orchestral music] 468 00:24:04,986 --> 00:24:08,723 He was also a clever man, talented, 469 00:24:08,823 --> 00:24:11,192 good-looking when he was young, 470 00:24:11,292 --> 00:24:13,027 and like many teenagers, 471 00:24:13,127 --> 00:24:16,698 he never quite coped with growing up. 472 00:24:16,798 --> 00:24:18,566 narrator: Henry VIII has ruled England 473 00:24:18,666 --> 00:24:20,902 since he was 18 years old, 474 00:24:21,002 --> 00:24:25,507 and as a young, charismatic monarch... 475 00:24:25,573 --> 00:24:28,042 he is used to getting what he wants. 476 00:24:30,044 --> 00:24:32,247 - Henry was married to the daughter 477 00:24:32,347 --> 00:24:34,249 of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. 478 00:24:34,349 --> 00:24:36,251 - The wife was a Spanish princess. 479 00:24:38,052 --> 00:24:39,220 narrator: Henry VIII's marriage 480 00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:40,822 to Catherine of Aragon 481 00:24:40,889 --> 00:24:42,323 is the foundation of many 482 00:24:42,390 --> 00:24:45,260 important political alliances... 483 00:24:45,360 --> 00:24:48,496 but despite the advantages attached to their union, 484 00:24:48,563 --> 00:24:52,333 Henry finds his marriage to Catherine problematic. 485 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:54,269 - They'd been together for 20 years, 486 00:24:54,369 --> 00:24:58,540 and she had managed to produce one living daughter. 487 00:24:58,606 --> 00:25:01,776 [dramatic music] 488 00:25:01,876 --> 00:25:03,511 - He was very sensitive to the fact 489 00:25:03,578 --> 00:25:08,683 that he hadn't got a son to take over when he died, 490 00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:11,686 and that was fatal in the politics 491 00:25:11,753 --> 00:25:14,589 of a kingdom at the time. 492 00:25:14,689 --> 00:25:16,624 narrator: Not only does Henry want a son 493 00:25:16,724 --> 00:25:18,526 that his wife cannot give him, 494 00:25:18,593 --> 00:25:22,397 but he also has a mistress that he'd like to marry. 495 00:25:22,463 --> 00:25:24,699 - If you want to marry somebody else, 496 00:25:24,766 --> 00:25:26,467 there is no divorce. 497 00:25:26,568 --> 00:25:28,469 You need the pope to annul your marriage. 498 00:25:28,570 --> 00:25:31,439 - He wants the pope to say that he can marry Anne Boleyn. 499 00:25:31,539 --> 00:25:34,642 - He needs a declaration that his marriage 500 00:25:34,742 --> 00:25:37,645 to Catherine was never valid. 501 00:25:37,745 --> 00:25:42,550 ♪ ♪ 502 00:25:42,617 --> 00:25:44,819 narrator: The Vatican archives contain the letter 503 00:25:44,919 --> 00:25:47,989 Henry VIII sent to Pope Clement VII 504 00:25:48,089 --> 00:25:50,224 requesting the annulment of his marriage 505 00:25:50,291 --> 00:25:53,494 to Catherine of Aragon in 1530. 506 00:25:56,230 --> 00:26:00,335 His request is signed by 81 members of Parliament. 507 00:26:00,435 --> 00:26:04,172 ♪ ♪ 508 00:26:04,272 --> 00:26:06,474 But the pope's response is complicated 509 00:26:06,574 --> 00:26:08,943 by his political alliances. 510 00:26:11,913 --> 00:26:14,315 - The Pope was effectively the prisoner 511 00:26:14,415 --> 00:26:16,417 of the Emperor Charles V, 512 00:26:16,484 --> 00:26:19,487 who, as it happens, was the nephew 513 00:26:19,587 --> 00:26:21,756 of Queen Catherine of England. 514 00:26:23,458 --> 00:26:25,860 narrator: Clement VII does not want to jeopardize 515 00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:29,030 his fragile truce with Charles V 516 00:26:29,130 --> 00:26:32,800 by agreeing to his aunt's annulment... 517 00:26:32,867 --> 00:26:35,803 but King Henry threatens to withdraw all of England 518 00:26:35,870 --> 00:26:40,541 from the Catholic Church if he does not get his way. 519 00:26:40,642 --> 00:26:42,043 - So on the one hand, 520 00:26:42,143 --> 00:26:44,379 there was the King of England saying, 521 00:26:44,479 --> 00:26:46,547 "Declare my marriage null, 522 00:26:46,648 --> 00:26:48,883 "or the church will suffer for it, 523 00:26:48,983 --> 00:26:50,952 "because the stream of money from England 524 00:26:51,019 --> 00:26:53,021 to the papacy will be cut off," 525 00:26:53,121 --> 00:26:54,522 and on the other hand 526 00:26:54,622 --> 00:26:56,557 was the Emperor Charles V, who says, 527 00:26:56,658 --> 00:27:00,728 "If you divorce my auntie, you will suffer for it." 528 00:27:02,497 --> 00:27:05,233 narrator: Pope Clement is in a precarious position 529 00:27:05,333 --> 00:27:08,403 and finds himself paralyzed with indecision, 530 00:27:08,503 --> 00:27:12,640 but King Henry VIII is not known for his patience. 531 00:27:12,707 --> 00:27:14,242 ♪ ♪ 532 00:27:14,342 --> 00:27:17,812 - Clement used various little tricks, 533 00:27:17,879 --> 00:27:19,414 delaying tactics, 534 00:27:19,514 --> 00:27:22,417 and the thing just dragged on and on and on. 535 00:27:22,517 --> 00:27:24,318 Henry finally just got fed up with it and said, 536 00:27:24,385 --> 00:27:27,188 "I'm just doing this on my own." 537 00:27:27,255 --> 00:27:31,059 narrator: In the decade after Martin Luther's revolution, 538 00:27:31,159 --> 00:27:34,429 a school of thought circulates around Europe, 539 00:27:34,529 --> 00:27:37,598 doubting the pope's divine right to power. 540 00:27:39,333 --> 00:27:42,370 - Henry VIII availed himself of this very strong current 541 00:27:42,437 --> 00:27:44,672 of Reformation thought that said 542 00:27:44,739 --> 00:27:46,941 the pope is not the head of the Christian church. 543 00:27:47,041 --> 00:27:48,910 The Christian church is invisible. 544 00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:50,878 The Christian church is all believers everywhere, 545 00:27:50,945 --> 00:27:54,115 and the pope has no particular claim to be the leader. 546 00:27:54,215 --> 00:27:56,517 He took that Reformation thought, 547 00:27:56,584 --> 00:27:59,120 and then he entirely corrupted it by saying, 548 00:27:59,220 --> 00:28:02,690 "The Pope is not the leader of the Christian church, I am." 549 00:28:02,757 --> 00:28:04,459 ♪ ♪ 550 00:28:04,559 --> 00:28:07,562 Which was not at all what the Reformers had in mind. 551 00:28:07,628 --> 00:28:09,297 - Henry VIII says, "I'm gonna do 552 00:28:09,397 --> 00:28:11,365 "an act of supremacy, and I'm gonna declare myself 553 00:28:11,432 --> 00:28:12,400 over the church." 554 00:28:12,467 --> 00:28:14,302 ♪ ♪ 555 00:28:14,402 --> 00:28:16,537 - Henry says, "I'm not a king, I'm an emperor, 556 00:28:16,604 --> 00:28:19,774 and emperors are accountable to nobody." 557 00:28:21,442 --> 00:28:23,911 narrator: In 1534, four years after 558 00:28:23,978 --> 00:28:28,082 Henry VIII's initial request for an annulment, 559 00:28:28,149 --> 00:28:30,218 he denounces the papacy, 560 00:28:30,284 --> 00:28:32,320 removing himself and his country 561 00:28:32,420 --> 00:28:35,656 from the jurisdiction of the Catholic Church. 562 00:28:35,757 --> 00:28:40,461 He proclaims himself the leader of a new church... 563 00:28:40,561 --> 00:28:43,097 the Church of England. 564 00:28:43,164 --> 00:28:44,899 - Henry says, "I decide 565 00:28:44,966 --> 00:28:46,768 that I'm not married to Catherine." 566 00:28:46,834 --> 00:28:48,469 - He divorces his nice Catholic wife, 567 00:28:48,569 --> 00:28:49,837 he marries Anne Boleyn, 568 00:28:49,937 --> 00:28:51,939 and now he's the head of a church. 569 00:28:52,006 --> 00:28:53,574 ♪ ♪ 570 00:28:53,641 --> 00:28:55,576 So he can take down Catholic priests. 571 00:28:55,643 --> 00:28:57,578 He can put down people who don't follow 572 00:28:57,645 --> 00:29:00,014 his particular faith, the Anglican faith, 573 00:29:00,114 --> 00:29:02,016 and as a result, it ends up destroying 574 00:29:02,116 --> 00:29:04,185 the Catholic Church for a time in England. 575 00:29:05,820 --> 00:29:09,023 - He tore the kingdom apart with his break from Rome. 576 00:29:09,123 --> 00:29:11,192 - We have wars of religion within England. 577 00:29:11,292 --> 00:29:14,028 We have wars of religion between France and England, 578 00:29:14,128 --> 00:29:16,097 with France being more loyal to the pope, 579 00:29:16,164 --> 00:29:18,099 England more loyal to Henry. 580 00:29:18,166 --> 00:29:24,105 The entire religious landscape becomes weaponized. 581 00:29:24,172 --> 00:29:25,773 ♪ ♪ 582 00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:30,378 - And then Henry VIII begins to take the church's wealth. 583 00:29:30,478 --> 00:29:32,480 narrator: As head of the Church of England, 584 00:29:32,547 --> 00:29:34,215 Henry VIII seizes property 585 00:29:34,315 --> 00:29:36,384 that belongs to the Catholic Church. 586 00:29:36,484 --> 00:29:39,654 - He begins to strip all the altars in England. 587 00:29:39,720 --> 00:29:42,957 He takes that wealth for himself. 588 00:29:43,024 --> 00:29:46,127 narrator: He dissolves the monasteries and convents, 589 00:29:46,194 --> 00:29:48,396 stripping over 12,000 monks, 590 00:29:48,496 --> 00:29:52,834 nuns, and priests of their homes and assets. 591 00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:56,404 - Henry's very puzzling in terms of religion. 592 00:29:56,504 --> 00:29:59,006 - Henry VIII had the alliances. 593 00:29:59,073 --> 00:30:03,578 He had the wealth to be able to disregard the pope... 594 00:30:03,678 --> 00:30:05,012 ♪ ♪ 595 00:30:05,079 --> 00:30:07,648 To be able to say, "No, I don't care 596 00:30:07,715 --> 00:30:09,483 if you put my entire country under interdict," 597 00:30:09,550 --> 00:30:11,485 meaning that everybody's excommunicated. 598 00:30:11,552 --> 00:30:13,354 "This makes no difference to me." 599 00:30:13,421 --> 00:30:15,556 Essentially, he stripped away 600 00:30:15,656 --> 00:30:17,258 the authority of the papacy 601 00:30:17,358 --> 00:30:19,861 and, originally, at least, kept almost everything else, 602 00:30:19,927 --> 00:30:23,431 simply establishing a new church 603 00:30:23,531 --> 00:30:25,900 with a different head, and that authority 604 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:27,401 was what he was most interested in, 605 00:30:27,501 --> 00:30:29,837 who was at the head of it. 606 00:30:29,904 --> 00:30:32,173 narrator: In the face of spiritual revolutionaries 607 00:30:32,240 --> 00:30:35,610 and power-hungry monarchs, 608 00:30:35,710 --> 00:30:39,847 the once almighty pope sees the power of the office 609 00:30:39,914 --> 00:30:43,784 dwindle for the first time in nearly 800 years. 610 00:30:45,553 --> 00:30:47,855 By the middle of the 16th century, 611 00:30:47,922 --> 00:30:50,958 it looks as if the reign of the Roman Catholic Church 612 00:30:51,058 --> 00:30:53,261 is finally coming to an end. 613 00:30:53,361 --> 00:30:54,962 ♪ ♪ 614 00:30:59,867 --> 00:31:01,636 [dramatic music] 615 00:31:01,736 --> 00:31:07,141 narrator: By the end of Pope Clement VII's reign in 1534, 616 00:31:07,241 --> 00:31:09,577 the once all-powerful Catholic Church 617 00:31:09,644 --> 00:31:12,546 is beginning to splinter. 618 00:31:21,722 --> 00:31:23,491 The new pope, Paul III, 619 00:31:23,591 --> 00:31:27,828 inherits a papacy swelling with uncertainties. 620 00:31:27,929 --> 00:31:29,063 - Just at the moment when the church 621 00:31:29,130 --> 00:31:30,564 seemed in real trouble, 622 00:31:30,631 --> 00:31:32,433 a particular champion came along. 623 00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:33,834 ♪ ♪ 624 00:31:33,935 --> 00:31:36,604 And called himself Ignatius. 625 00:31:36,671 --> 00:31:38,139 Ignatius Loyola. 626 00:31:38,239 --> 00:31:41,742 ♪ ♪ 627 00:31:41,809 --> 00:31:44,111 - They were a group of French, Spanish, 628 00:31:44,178 --> 00:31:48,749 and Portuguese students at the University of Paris. 629 00:31:48,816 --> 00:31:51,852 They came under the influence of Ignatius. 630 00:31:51,953 --> 00:31:53,354 ♪ ♪ 631 00:31:53,454 --> 00:31:55,656 narrator: At the University of Paris, 632 00:31:55,756 --> 00:31:59,660 Ignatius and his followers initiate a new way of praying 633 00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:02,163 based on meditation. 634 00:32:02,263 --> 00:32:07,168 ♪ ♪ 635 00:32:07,268 --> 00:32:10,104 In the past, Catholic prayer had consisted 636 00:32:10,171 --> 00:32:12,106 of standard recitations, 637 00:32:12,173 --> 00:32:15,943 but Ignatius promotes a more personalized practice. 638 00:32:16,010 --> 00:32:17,378 ♪ ♪ 639 00:32:17,478 --> 00:32:21,215 - He had developed a way of praying and focusing 640 00:32:21,315 --> 00:32:23,150 that was very attractive to these young men, 641 00:32:23,217 --> 00:32:26,187 so they all came together, and they took vows together. 642 00:32:26,287 --> 00:32:29,490 - They called this society the Society of Jesus, 643 00:32:29,557 --> 00:32:31,192 later known as the Jesuits. 644 00:32:31,292 --> 00:32:33,361 ♪ ♪ 645 00:32:33,461 --> 00:32:36,397 narrator: Like Martin Luther, Ignatius and the Jesuits 646 00:32:36,497 --> 00:32:39,533 believe that every man, not just clergy, 647 00:32:39,633 --> 00:32:43,904 should have an individual relationship with God. 648 00:32:44,005 --> 00:32:45,573 But unlike Martin Luther, 649 00:32:45,673 --> 00:32:49,677 they do not pose a direct threat to the church. 650 00:32:49,744 --> 00:32:52,246 - He had a lot in common with Luther. 651 00:32:52,346 --> 00:32:55,249 Ignatius was a man who believed 652 00:32:55,349 --> 00:32:57,351 that a direct communication with God 653 00:32:57,418 --> 00:32:59,086 was not only possible 654 00:32:59,186 --> 00:33:02,757 but was absolutely essential for the soul to prosper. 655 00:33:04,859 --> 00:33:06,927 Too often, I think we tend to break down 656 00:33:07,028 --> 00:33:08,662 Catholic and Protestant, 657 00:33:08,729 --> 00:33:10,231 especially during the Reformation, into, 658 00:33:10,331 --> 00:33:12,066 Catholics thought that people needed a mediator 659 00:33:12,166 --> 00:33:13,667 between God and man, and Protestants say, 660 00:33:13,734 --> 00:33:16,604 "No, you can speak directly to God." 661 00:33:16,704 --> 00:33:19,273 Ignatius was a Catholic who believed 662 00:33:19,373 --> 00:33:21,442 that the direct experience of God 663 00:33:21,542 --> 00:33:24,278 was one of the most important experiences 664 00:33:24,378 --> 00:33:27,448 that the church could steer you towards. 665 00:33:27,548 --> 00:33:30,618 - They begin trying to rehabilitate fallen women, 666 00:33:30,718 --> 00:33:31,752 sex workers. 667 00:33:31,852 --> 00:33:34,622 [man shouting indistinctly] 668 00:33:34,722 --> 00:33:38,959 They show great concern for the poor. 669 00:33:39,060 --> 00:33:41,295 Eventually, they go to Rome 670 00:33:41,395 --> 00:33:43,731 with this new idea for a new order, 671 00:33:43,798 --> 00:33:46,867 and they place themselves at the disposition of the pope. 672 00:33:46,934 --> 00:33:49,437 ♪ ♪ 673 00:33:49,537 --> 00:33:51,806 narrator: Ignatius presents the Jesuits' ideas 674 00:33:51,906 --> 00:33:57,645 to Pope Paul III as a means of Catholic reform, 675 00:33:57,745 --> 00:34:00,314 but in 1540, few had challenged 676 00:34:00,414 --> 00:34:02,316 the Catholic Church and remained 677 00:34:02,416 --> 00:34:05,252 in the good graces of the pope. 678 00:34:05,319 --> 00:34:08,322 - The church hierarchy was feeling its way forward. 679 00:34:08,422 --> 00:34:10,424 This was an unknown, new development. 680 00:34:10,491 --> 00:34:13,094 It was a new threat. 681 00:34:13,160 --> 00:34:16,163 Even though Luther's thought was condemned, 682 00:34:16,263 --> 00:34:19,066 within the Catholic Church, there was also this recognition 683 00:34:19,133 --> 00:34:22,336 that yes, there were reforms that needed to be made. 684 00:34:22,436 --> 00:34:24,638 - The Pope allowed them to become 685 00:34:24,738 --> 00:34:26,474 a formal religious order. 686 00:34:26,574 --> 00:34:28,576 ♪ ♪ 687 00:34:28,642 --> 00:34:31,278 narrator: In an unprecedented act, 688 00:34:31,345 --> 00:34:34,849 Pope Paul III endorses Ignatius's challenges 689 00:34:34,949 --> 00:34:36,350 to the church. 690 00:34:36,450 --> 00:34:37,852 ♪ ♪ 691 00:34:37,952 --> 00:34:40,454 He permits the Jesuit order to flourish 692 00:34:40,521 --> 00:34:42,289 within Catholicism. 693 00:34:42,356 --> 00:34:46,093 ♪ ♪ 694 00:34:46,160 --> 00:34:50,264 - Ignatius knew how to play the Vatican's politics. 695 00:34:50,331 --> 00:34:54,168 The Society's always carefully cherished its independence 696 00:34:54,268 --> 00:34:56,971 and done so and protected that independence 697 00:34:57,037 --> 00:34:59,039 by talking about its loyalty to the pope. 698 00:34:59,140 --> 00:35:03,644 - They become the largest religious order in the church. 699 00:35:03,711 --> 00:35:05,312 ♪ ♪ 700 00:35:05,379 --> 00:35:07,515 narrator: The Jesuits make a name for themselves 701 00:35:07,615 --> 00:35:14,021 by shifting their focus... to universal education. 702 00:35:14,121 --> 00:35:16,056 - The Jesuits focus on education 703 00:35:16,157 --> 00:35:18,025 for all classes of society. 704 00:35:18,125 --> 00:35:21,395 ♪ ♪ 705 00:35:21,495 --> 00:35:23,797 - They provided a first-class education, 706 00:35:23,864 --> 00:35:27,735 and people rushed to get that education. 707 00:35:27,835 --> 00:35:32,173 That's what spread the Catholic faith back into areas 708 00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:36,243 where Protestantism had made great strides. 709 00:35:36,343 --> 00:35:39,580 - Ignatius had 16 more years to live, 710 00:35:39,680 --> 00:35:42,883 and during that period, the Jesuits mushroomed. 711 00:35:42,983 --> 00:35:44,919 They took in more and more and more people. 712 00:35:45,019 --> 00:35:48,222 - They began to spread out through the new world 713 00:35:48,322 --> 00:35:51,592 and also into Japan and India and other places. 714 00:35:51,692 --> 00:35:54,895 ♪ ♪ 715 00:35:56,897 --> 00:35:58,599 narrator: Inspired by the Jesuits, 716 00:35:58,699 --> 00:36:01,435 Pope Paul III calls for Catholic unity 717 00:36:01,535 --> 00:36:03,337 to fight against the ever-growing 718 00:36:03,404 --> 00:36:05,005 Protestant movement. 719 00:36:05,072 --> 00:36:07,942 ♪ ♪ 720 00:36:08,042 --> 00:36:10,444 - There's tremendous turmoil that is going on 721 00:36:10,544 --> 00:36:14,415 in the church, and so this becomes a time 722 00:36:14,515 --> 00:36:17,084 in which the church has to look to rebuild, 723 00:36:17,184 --> 00:36:18,552 and how does the church rebuild? 724 00:36:18,619 --> 00:36:19,853 What do they do? 725 00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:22,022 How do they bring themselves together? 726 00:36:22,089 --> 00:36:23,424 ♪ ♪ 727 00:36:23,524 --> 00:36:26,560 narrator: In 1545, the pope assembles 728 00:36:26,627 --> 00:36:28,229 the Council of Trent 729 00:36:28,295 --> 00:36:30,898 to reexamine the Catholic institution. 730 00:36:30,965 --> 00:36:34,134 A counter-reformation is born. 731 00:36:35,703 --> 00:36:38,539 - A council is called to start to do reforms in the church 732 00:36:38,606 --> 00:36:40,074 that they believe must be done 733 00:36:40,140 --> 00:36:42,142 in order to hold on to the church 734 00:36:42,243 --> 00:36:44,478 and the ways in which they can push back against Luther 735 00:36:44,578 --> 00:36:47,481 and these other Reformation movements. 736 00:36:47,581 --> 00:36:50,050 - Paul III, he's a great reforming pope. 737 00:36:50,117 --> 00:36:53,487 He makes a series of magnificent appointments 738 00:36:53,587 --> 00:36:56,657 to the cardinalate, and these men become 739 00:36:56,757 --> 00:36:59,660 the leaders of the renewal of Catholicism 740 00:36:59,760 --> 00:37:03,931 in the mid-16th century... and they're his men. 741 00:37:03,998 --> 00:37:06,300 ♪ ♪ 742 00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:09,737 narrator: A transformation begins. 743 00:37:09,803 --> 00:37:13,073 In 1567, the sale of indulgences 744 00:37:13,140 --> 00:37:15,676 is outlawed, and a culture of change 745 00:37:15,776 --> 00:37:19,246 and growth is initiated in the church... 746 00:37:19,313 --> 00:37:22,449 setting the stage for the first Jesuit pope 747 00:37:22,516 --> 00:37:26,420 and perhaps the greatest reformer of the modern era, 748 00:37:26,487 --> 00:37:27,988 Pope Francis. 749 00:37:28,088 --> 00:37:29,957 [cheers and applause] 750 00:37:34,795 --> 00:37:38,265 [dramatic music] 751 00:37:38,332 --> 00:37:41,001 narrator: Nearly 600 years after the Reformation 752 00:37:41,101 --> 00:37:44,104 ignites in Europe, 753 00:37:44,171 --> 00:37:48,542 Pope Francis becomes the first Jesuit pope... 754 00:37:48,642 --> 00:37:50,811 a leader who calls on Christians 755 00:37:50,878 --> 00:37:52,780 to be missionaries of hope. 756 00:37:52,846 --> 00:37:55,549 ♪ ♪ 757 00:37:55,649 --> 00:37:57,651 - A Jesuit is the last person you would ever think 758 00:37:57,718 --> 00:37:59,219 was gonna become pope. 759 00:37:59,320 --> 00:38:02,723 ♪ ♪ 760 00:38:02,823 --> 00:38:06,060 - Right from the start, the Society of Jesus 761 00:38:06,160 --> 00:38:11,031 set its face against any member of the society becoming pope. 762 00:38:11,131 --> 00:38:14,702 - They are not supposed to seek ecclesiastical benefits. 763 00:38:14,802 --> 00:38:16,236 They should not want to be bishops or cardinals 764 00:38:16,337 --> 00:38:17,571 or things like that. 765 00:38:17,671 --> 00:38:19,373 - Why now, for the very first time 766 00:38:19,473 --> 00:38:21,975 in the church's history, a Jesuit pope? 767 00:38:22,042 --> 00:38:24,244 ♪ ♪ 768 00:38:24,345 --> 00:38:27,247 narrator: The unprecedented election of a Jesuit pope 769 00:38:27,348 --> 00:38:28,916 signifies a real shift 770 00:38:29,016 --> 00:38:32,519 in the nature of the 2,000-year-old office. 771 00:38:32,586 --> 00:38:35,589 ♪ ♪ 772 00:38:35,689 --> 00:38:37,558 - Pope Francis positions himself 773 00:38:37,658 --> 00:38:39,193 not just the leader of the Catholic Church 774 00:38:39,259 --> 00:38:42,930 and the papacy but as a moral leader. 775 00:38:43,030 --> 00:38:45,699 - The Jesuits are the great success story 776 00:38:45,766 --> 00:38:47,267 of the Catholic reform. 777 00:38:47,368 --> 00:38:49,103 Jesuits are flexible thinkers. 778 00:38:49,203 --> 00:38:53,107 They understand that there are different sides to a question. 779 00:38:53,207 --> 00:38:55,943 They tend to be more lenient in their moral judgments. 780 00:38:56,043 --> 00:38:57,911 They tend to be more encouraging. 781 00:38:58,011 --> 00:39:01,281 So the impact of having a Jesuit pope is interesting. 782 00:39:01,382 --> 00:39:04,718 - It almost suggests the Society felt that, 783 00:39:04,785 --> 00:39:06,286 "Jesuits to the rescue." 784 00:39:06,387 --> 00:39:07,955 The church was in trouble, 785 00:39:08,055 --> 00:39:11,959 and so they'd send one of their own in. 786 00:39:12,059 --> 00:39:15,262 narrator: Pope Francis's election in 2013 787 00:39:15,362 --> 00:39:19,700 comes during a turbulent time for Catholicism. 788 00:39:19,767 --> 00:39:21,235 The Vatican faces scrutiny 789 00:39:21,301 --> 00:39:23,804 for sexual and financial scandals, 790 00:39:23,904 --> 00:39:26,473 while both church and seminary attendance 791 00:39:26,573 --> 00:39:30,210 are on the decline the world over. 792 00:39:30,277 --> 00:39:32,045 - Change happens in the Catholic Church 793 00:39:32,112 --> 00:39:33,580 in a way that it doesn't happen 794 00:39:33,647 --> 00:39:35,482 in other places. 795 00:39:35,582 --> 00:39:37,317 It never happens directly. 796 00:39:37,418 --> 00:39:38,986 Emphasis gets changed. 797 00:39:39,086 --> 00:39:42,156 Certain things are dropped from attention, 798 00:39:42,256 --> 00:39:43,791 and they pivot. 799 00:39:43,891 --> 00:39:44,958 - Pope Francis asked me 800 00:39:45,058 --> 00:39:46,326 to take on this job in Culture 801 00:39:46,427 --> 00:39:48,162 about a year and a half ago, 802 00:39:48,262 --> 00:39:50,898 and he spoke to me about what he wanted me to do. 803 00:39:50,964 --> 00:39:53,967 ♪ ♪ 804 00:39:54,067 --> 00:39:55,636 Pope Francis said, 805 00:39:55,736 --> 00:39:59,139 "Look, there are things changing in our world. 806 00:39:59,239 --> 00:40:01,275 "There are things emerging that have potential 807 00:40:01,341 --> 00:40:02,676 to shape our future very differently." 808 00:40:02,776 --> 00:40:04,611 He said, "I want you to get out there. 809 00:40:04,678 --> 00:40:06,447 "I want you to meet the people 810 00:40:06,513 --> 00:40:08,816 who are forging the future of the world." 811 00:40:08,916 --> 00:40:10,684 ♪ ♪ 812 00:40:10,784 --> 00:40:12,252 narrator: The changes initiated 813 00:40:12,319 --> 00:40:14,021 during the Reformation have become 814 00:40:14,121 --> 00:40:16,824 part of the fabric of modern Christianity. 815 00:40:16,924 --> 00:40:18,625 ♪ ♪ 816 00:40:18,692 --> 00:40:22,029 More than 900 million Protestants around the world 817 00:40:22,129 --> 00:40:23,864 can trace their spiritual roots 818 00:40:23,964 --> 00:40:27,801 back to the revolution started in the 1500s. 819 00:40:27,868 --> 00:40:32,039 - The shattering of the unity of Christendom was a tragedy, 820 00:40:32,139 --> 00:40:33,607 but it also, of course, 821 00:40:33,674 --> 00:40:35,209 created a new kind of urgency 822 00:40:35,309 --> 00:40:36,710 for Catholic reform. 823 00:40:36,810 --> 00:40:38,212 ♪ ♪ 824 00:40:38,312 --> 00:40:40,881 narrator: After 2,000 years of threats, 825 00:40:40,981 --> 00:40:43,717 transformations, and revolutionaries, 826 00:40:43,817 --> 00:40:45,686 the pope still maintains a following 827 00:40:45,786 --> 00:40:49,890 of 1.2 billion people around the world. 828 00:40:49,990 --> 00:40:53,527 The capacity of the Catholic Church to accept change 829 00:40:53,627 --> 00:40:55,395 has been central to its ability 830 00:40:55,496 --> 00:40:57,231 to remain relevant. 831 00:40:57,331 --> 00:40:58,966 ♪ ♪ 832 00:40:59,032 --> 00:41:01,034 - Reforming helped to bring about 833 00:41:01,134 --> 00:41:03,237 a renewal of the papacy 834 00:41:03,337 --> 00:41:04,905 and of the wider church. 835 00:41:05,005 --> 00:41:07,574 - We can see how the papacy first changes, 836 00:41:07,674 --> 00:41:09,409 but secondarily, how it has to change 837 00:41:09,510 --> 00:41:10,978 with the time that it's in. 838 00:41:11,044 --> 00:41:12,379 Where there might have been a time 839 00:41:12,479 --> 00:41:13,647 that, you know, "Science is bad, 840 00:41:13,714 --> 00:41:15,082 and it's all terrible," 841 00:41:15,182 --> 00:41:16,750 Pope Francis has been able to speak 842 00:41:16,850 --> 00:41:18,652 about things like homosexuality, 843 00:41:18,719 --> 00:41:20,220 the environment, in ways in which 844 00:41:20,320 --> 00:41:22,422 other popes have not. 845 00:41:22,523 --> 00:41:23,824 We're now in a time where somebody 846 00:41:23,891 --> 00:41:25,092 like Pope Francis is saying, 847 00:41:25,192 --> 00:41:26,360 "Climate change is real. 848 00:41:26,426 --> 00:41:28,929 We need to take care of the earth." 849 00:41:29,029 --> 00:41:30,597 So I think that's a tremendous way 850 00:41:30,697 --> 00:41:32,332 to sort of look at the papacy 851 00:41:32,399 --> 00:41:34,701 to see how it has to develop over time, 852 00:41:34,768 --> 00:41:36,336 not just about the faith, 853 00:41:36,403 --> 00:41:38,605 but about the world in which its dealing with. 854 00:41:38,705 --> 00:41:41,275 [dramatic music] 855 00:41:41,375 --> 00:41:43,243 narrator: As long as the church has existed, 856 00:41:43,343 --> 00:41:45,913 the world around it has been in flux... 857 00:41:46,013 --> 00:41:47,714 ♪ ♪ 858 00:41:47,781 --> 00:41:51,285 But throughout centuries of change and challenges... 859 00:41:53,186 --> 00:41:55,455 ♪ ♪ 860 00:41:55,556 --> 00:41:57,357 The pope still remains 861 00:41:57,424 --> 00:42:00,294 one of the most powerful men on earth.