1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:52,052 --> 00:00:55,930       I have therefore chosen                this time and place          4 00:00:55,972 --> 00:01:00,226     to discuss a topic on which          ignorance too often abounds      5 00:01:00,268 --> 00:01:03,396            and the truth                    too rarely perceived,         6 00:01:03,438 --> 00:01:07,317    and that is the most important           topic on earth, peace.        7 00:01:08,318 --> 00:01:09,736    What kind of a peace do I mean    8 00:01:09,778 --> 00:01:12,822           and what kind of                   a peace do we seek?          9 00:01:12,864 --> 00:01:17,577           Not a Pax Americana                  enforced on the world        10 00:01:17,619 --> 00:01:20,288       by American weapons of war.     11 00:01:20,330 --> 00:01:21,748        Not the peace of the grave     12 00:01:22,999 --> 00:01:24,501      or the security of the slave.    13 00:01:25,668 --> 00:01:28,963            I am talking about                      genuine peace,           14 00:01:29,005 --> 00:01:33,093     the kind of peace that makes         life on earth worth living.      15 00:01:33,134 --> 00:01:36,096        The kind that enables men                and nations to grow         16 00:01:36,137 --> 00:01:37,555               and to hope             17 00:01:37,597 --> 00:01:40,600         and build a better life                 for their children,         18 00:01:40,642 --> 00:01:46,397    not merely peace for Americans     but peace for all men and women.  19 00:01:46,439 --> 00:01:50,819    Not merely peace in our time,            but peace in all time.        20 00:01:50,860 --> 00:01:53,571       [tranquil music playing]       21 00:02:06,209 --> 00:02:08,920     [woman]   That straight, sleek            look that it should have,      22 00:02:08,962 --> 00:02:10,338        and very often you'll find     23 00:02:10,380 --> 00:02:14,509           a zipper hidden                   in the, uh, arm and--         24 00:02:16,719 --> 00:02:18,012           Good afternoon,                   ladies and gentlemen.         25 00:02:18,054 --> 00:02:19,848        You'll excuse the fact              that I'm out of breath,        26 00:02:19,889 --> 00:02:22,475  but about 10 or 15 minutes ago,    27 00:02:22,517 --> 00:02:25,145         a tragic thing, from            all indications at this point,    28 00:02:25,186 --> 00:02:26,437             has happened                    in the city of Dallas.        29 00:02:27,897 --> 00:02:29,899       This is Walter Cronkite                  in our newsroom.           30 00:02:29,941 --> 00:02:33,236     Here's a, uh, piece of copy           that was rushed to-- to me      31 00:02:33,278 --> 00:02:35,280           and was torn off                  from the United Press.        32 00:02:35,321 --> 00:02:36,739          President Kennedy                 has been shot in Dallas.       33 00:02:36,781 --> 00:02:39,242              Along with                  Governor Connally of Texas.      34 00:02:39,284 --> 00:02:41,452          They've been taken              to Parkland Hospital there,      35 00:02:41,494 --> 00:02:44,164      where their condition is,                 as yet, unknown.           36 00:02:44,205 --> 00:02:46,916             [reporter 1]                   And just now we've received             reports here at Parkland      37 00:02:46,958 --> 00:02:49,878        that Governor Connally was          shot in the upper left chest,    38 00:02:49,919 --> 00:02:52,213              and the first                      unconfirmed reports         39 00:02:52,255 --> 00:02:54,382            say the President                    was hit in the head.        40 00:02:54,424 --> 00:02:55,842       That's an unconfirmed report    41 00:02:55,884 --> 00:02:57,719            that the President                   was hit in the head.        42 00:02:57,760 --> 00:02:59,053             [reporter 2]                       Police began chasing        43 00:02:59,095 --> 00:03:02,390            an unknown gunman                across the railroad tracks.     44 00:03:02,432 --> 00:03:04,350      Would you see if they need           some coffee or something?       45 00:03:04,392 --> 00:03:05,643             These people                    are awfully shaken up.        46 00:03:05,685 --> 00:03:07,020    They were in the line of fire.    47 00:03:07,061 --> 00:03:08,688      [man]   The President's car                   was some 50 feet          48 00:03:08,730 --> 00:03:10,398      when we heard the first shot.    49 00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:12,901         And then as the car              got directly in front of us,     50 00:03:12,942 --> 00:03:14,736              a gunshot from                     the top of the hill         51 00:03:14,777 --> 00:03:17,238      hit the President's side--              side of the temple.          52 00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:18,865        [reporter over phone]              Where did the shots come from?  53 00:03:18,907 --> 00:03:21,576          [woman over phone]               The shots came from the hill.    54 00:03:21,618 --> 00:03:22,911        [reporter 3]   Excuse me                  just a moment, John.        55 00:03:22,952 --> 00:03:24,579         Uh, there was just word                  from the hospital          56 00:03:24,621 --> 00:03:27,373        that they have dispatched             a call for a neurosurgeon.     57 00:03:27,415 --> 00:03:29,375          All we can do now                     is pray for him,           58 00:03:29,417 --> 00:03:31,252  and that's about all we can do.    59 00:03:34,255 --> 00:03:36,174    [reporter 4]   President's wife,         Jackie Kennedy, was not hurt.    60 00:03:36,216 --> 00:03:39,135      She walked into the hospital.           A priest has been ordered.     61 00:03:39,177 --> 00:03:40,511       Emergency supplies of blood     62 00:03:40,553 --> 00:03:42,222            also being rushed                      to the hospital.          63 00:03:42,263 --> 00:03:44,599     [reporter 5]   Just a moment.           We have a bulletin coming in.    64 00:03:44,641 --> 00:03:46,601        We'll now put you directly            through Parkland Hospital      65 00:03:46,643 --> 00:03:48,937         and KBLX news director,                     Bill Hamdon.            66 00:03:48,978 --> 00:03:50,855             [reporter 6]                    Two priests, who were with     67 00:03:50,897 --> 00:03:53,149            President Kennedy,                     say he is dead.           68 00:03:53,191 --> 00:03:54,275            [woman gasps]             69 00:03:55,777 --> 00:03:57,946  -Just two priests announced it?                -[man] Yes.              70 00:03:57,987 --> 00:03:59,614    But it's not the truth, is it?    71 00:04:04,577 --> 00:04:06,663          [Walter Cronkite]            The flash, apparently official,    72 00:04:07,580 --> 00:04:09,958          President Kennedy died       73 00:04:09,999 --> 00:04:12,460               at 1:00 p.m.                     Central Standard Time,       74 00:04:14,254 --> 00:04:16,297         some 38 minutes ago.         75 00:04:19,175 --> 00:04:21,094        [boy]   I just can't see                 why anybody would want       76 00:04:21,135 --> 00:04:24,931       to shoot Mr. Kennedy for all          the things he's done for us.    77 00:04:24,973 --> 00:04:27,725       He tried to keep us from        getting into war and everything.  78 00:04:27,767 --> 00:04:34,941  It's a simple matter of a bullet        right through the head.        79 00:04:34,983 --> 00:04:37,151    [officer]   All the information              that we have received        80 00:04:37,193 --> 00:04:39,153      now indicates that it did come  81 00:04:39,195 --> 00:04:42,198      from about the fifth or fourth          floor of that building.       82 00:04:43,324 --> 00:04:45,285        We're checking it out now.     83 00:04:45,326 --> 00:04:46,661            10-4 now, and 112.         84 00:04:48,413 --> 00:04:50,665       We found empty rifle hulls,     85 00:04:50,707 --> 00:04:54,002        and it looked like the man          had been there for some time.    86 00:04:54,043 --> 00:04:57,005             [reporter 7]                     Police made a systematic              search     of the building.      87 00:04:57,046 --> 00:04:58,589          They found no weapon.        88 00:04:58,631 --> 00:04:59,841             [reporter 8]                      We just got the word.        89 00:04:59,882 --> 00:05:01,759            Lyndon B. Johnson                     has been sworn in          90 00:05:01,801 --> 00:05:04,595             as the President                    of the United States        91 00:05:04,637 --> 00:05:09,183         just prior to a takeoff               to return to Washington.      92 00:05:09,225 --> 00:05:13,688    [reporter 9]   Behind the casket          is Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy.     93 00:05:13,730 --> 00:05:15,356        They are helping her down.     94 00:05:16,733 --> 00:05:20,361           Now, new President,                  Lyndon Baines Johnson.       95 00:05:20,403 --> 00:05:24,365       We have suffered a loss              that cannot be weighed.        96 00:05:24,407 --> 00:05:25,992            [reporter 10]                   At Bethesda Naval Hospital,     97 00:05:26,034 --> 00:05:28,119             the autopsy team                    has completed work.         98 00:05:28,161 --> 00:05:30,997        Now the body of the slain              President and his widow       99 00:05:31,039 --> 00:05:34,125         are at last brought home                to the White House.         100 00:05:34,167 --> 00:05:35,960    [reporter 11]   Who do you think         would do something like this?    101 00:05:37,795 --> 00:05:40,590     Probably some segregationist            crackpot or something.        102 00:05:40,631 --> 00:05:42,967               Just...                    They had it all planned out.     103 00:05:43,009 --> 00:05:45,845  I really believe that his blood            will be on their hands.       104 00:05:48,264 --> 00:05:50,099            [reporter 12]                       Here is the suspect.                 Can we roll it please?       105 00:05:50,141 --> 00:05:51,559         [Lee Harvey Oswald]             People have given me a hearing    106 00:05:51,601 --> 00:05:53,853     without legal representation                 or anything.             107 00:05:53,895 --> 00:05:55,938    -Did you shoot the President?           -I didn't shoot anybody.       108 00:05:55,980 --> 00:05:58,191            I emphatically                    deny these charges.          109 00:05:58,232 --> 00:06:01,069        [reporter 13]   This is                24-year-old Lee H. Oswald.     110 00:06:01,110 --> 00:06:02,862        He answers the description                  of a young man           111 00:06:02,904 --> 00:06:05,239              sighted at the                  Book Depository Building.      112 00:06:05,281 --> 00:06:07,450     [reporter 14]   Police chased            Oswald into a movie theater.    113 00:06:07,492 --> 00:06:11,079      Police said he fired at them,         killing Patrolman J.D. Tippit.  114 00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:13,915  A rifle was found in a building                where he worked.          115 00:06:13,956 --> 00:06:15,917     [reporter 15]   Police refused             to say whether they have      116 00:06:15,958 --> 00:06:18,211             any fingerprints                  from that weapon as yet.      117 00:06:18,252 --> 00:06:21,714         The man obviously was an           excellent shot or very lucky,    118 00:06:21,756 --> 00:06:24,509          in that witnesses               said three shots were fired,     119 00:06:24,550 --> 00:06:26,552         at least two of them                  found their marks.          120 00:06:26,594 --> 00:06:27,929            [reporter 16]                     At the Capitol Rotunda,       121 00:06:27,970 --> 00:06:30,390              there will be                      three short speeches        122 00:06:30,431 --> 00:06:33,267       before the public is allowed           to start viewing the body.     123 00:06:33,309 --> 00:06:36,354    Chief, do you have any concern     for the safety of your prisoner?  124 00:06:36,396 --> 00:06:38,106              [officer]                      No, but because necessary      125 00:06:38,147 --> 00:06:39,899               precautions                    will be taken, of course.      126 00:06:39,941 --> 00:06:41,359        [reporter 17]   Is there             any doubt in your mind, Chief,  127 00:06:41,401 --> 00:06:43,152          that Oswald is the man              who killed the President?      128 00:06:43,194 --> 00:06:44,904    [officer]   I think this is the          man who killed the President.    129 00:06:44,946 --> 00:06:46,989          I'm just a patsy.           130 00:06:47,031 --> 00:06:49,742      [reporter 18]   So great is            the crush outside the Capitol,  131 00:06:49,784 --> 00:06:53,287         that people who have not            been in line can't possibly.    132 00:06:53,329 --> 00:06:54,747    We are now switching to Dallas    133 00:06:54,789 --> 00:06:57,375       where they are about to move            Lee Oswald and whether--      134 00:06:57,417 --> 00:06:58,418              [gunshot]               135 00:06:58,459 --> 00:07:00,128    [reporter 19]   He's been shot.     136 00:07:00,169 --> 00:07:02,463             [indistinct]             137 00:07:02,505 --> 00:07:03,923            [reporter 20]                    There's a man with a gun.      138 00:07:03,965 --> 00:07:05,883              [Cronkite]                         Lee Harvey Oswald,         139 00:07:05,925 --> 00:07:09,387      the man who Dallas police say           killed President Kennedy,      140 00:07:09,429 --> 00:07:11,055             himself is dead.          141 00:07:11,097 --> 00:07:14,142          The man Dallas police                  seized at the scene,        142 00:07:14,183 --> 00:07:17,437        and are holding, has been              identified     as Jack Ruby.     143 00:07:17,478 --> 00:07:21,482    He is being held by the Dallas     police. Now, back to Washington.  144 00:07:23,109 --> 00:07:24,652            [reporter 21]                      Fifty-three countries        145 00:07:24,694 --> 00:07:27,155      are represented in all today.    146 00:07:27,196 --> 00:07:30,658        There are a dozen members             of ruling royal families,      147 00:07:30,700 --> 00:07:33,494          30 foreign ministers.        148 00:07:33,536 --> 00:07:36,164            [reporter 22]                    Things should be all right             in the few months ahead.      149 00:07:36,205 --> 00:07:38,583        [Dwight D. Eisenhower]                   I'm sure the, uh,          150 00:07:38,624 --> 00:07:40,918      entire citizenry of the nation  151 00:07:40,960 --> 00:07:45,506        will stand faithfully                behind the government.        152 00:07:45,548 --> 00:07:49,719  This bizarre sequence of double     killings raise great questions.    153 00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:52,597       Who actually fired the shots              that killed Kennedy?        154 00:07:52,638 --> 00:07:54,515         Was there a conspiracy?       155 00:07:54,557 --> 00:07:58,644     The first wound described is      a wound in the back of the head    156 00:07:58,686 --> 00:08:00,980      and would seem to indicate              a shot from behind.          157 00:08:01,022 --> 00:08:02,690           But the doctors                    also said there was          158 00:08:02,732 --> 00:08:04,400        a wound in the throat                    at the front,             159 00:08:04,442 --> 00:08:07,028  which seemed to indicate a shot         from the other direction.       160 00:08:07,069 --> 00:08:08,988    [Cronkite]   The new President,                 Lyndon Johnson,           161 00:08:09,030 --> 00:08:11,115          appointed a commission             of seven prominent Americans    162 00:08:11,157 --> 00:08:13,451              to investigate                      the whole affair.          163 00:08:13,493 --> 00:08:16,287        Earl Warren, Chief Justice              of the United States.        164 00:08:16,329 --> 00:08:19,040           Richard B. Russell,                  senator from Georgia.        165 00:08:19,081 --> 00:08:21,959           John Sherman Cooper,                 senator from Kentucky.       166 00:08:22,001 --> 00:08:25,004               Hale Boggs,                representative     from Louisiana.  167 00:08:25,046 --> 00:08:28,049             Gerald R. Ford,                representative from Michigan.    168 00:08:28,090 --> 00:08:30,885             John J. McCloy,                    presidential adviser.        169 00:08:30,927 --> 00:08:34,555             Allen W. Dulles,                    ex-head of the CIA.         170 00:08:34,597 --> 00:08:37,350          Are you convinced                  that he was shot from             the School Book Depository?      171 00:08:37,391 --> 00:08:40,102    Well, I think we better leave             all that, you know.          172 00:08:40,144 --> 00:08:43,564         The evidence report             will cover all-- all of that.     173 00:09:00,623 --> 00:09:03,292            [reporter 23]                      The Warren Commission              makes these major findings.     174 00:09:03,334 --> 00:09:06,045            Lee Harvey Oswald           assassinated President Kennedy.    175 00:09:06,087 --> 00:09:07,797             He did it alone.          176 00:09:07,838 --> 00:09:09,507            He was not a part                     of any conspiracy,         177 00:09:09,549 --> 00:09:10,967       either domestic or foreign.     178 00:09:11,008 --> 00:09:12,343            [reporter 24]                        Some other details         179 00:09:12,385 --> 00:09:14,637           will be of interest                   mainly to historians        180 00:09:14,679 --> 00:09:16,347          and others having                  some special interest.        181 00:09:16,389 --> 00:09:18,766  [reporter 25]   But there was one           further piece of evidence      182 00:09:18,808 --> 00:09:20,893       that the public cannot see.     183 00:09:20,935 --> 00:09:24,063         Abraham Zapruder's film             of the actual assassination.    184 00:09:24,105 --> 00:09:26,732           This murder now                   is the most thoroughly        185 00:09:26,774 --> 00:09:28,943           documented crime                   in American history.         186 00:09:28,985 --> 00:09:30,945            And for those                    who care to pursue it         187 00:09:30,987 --> 00:09:33,614       down to the last detail,                 it's all there.            188 00:09:45,710 --> 00:09:48,629            [Oliver Stone]                     This is Dealey Plaza.        189 00:09:48,671 --> 00:09:52,174               To this day,                   it remains a crime scene.      190 00:09:52,216 --> 00:09:54,760               In the years                    since the Warren Report,      191 00:09:54,802 --> 00:09:57,138             many significant                re-investigations were made     192 00:09:57,179 --> 00:09:59,557             into the murder                    of President Kennedy.        193 00:10:00,933 --> 00:10:03,561            Each one revealed                   new facts and evidence       194 00:10:03,603 --> 00:10:06,897       that shed more light on what         really happened here that day.  195 00:10:09,066 --> 00:10:12,612            Starting in 1975,                after the Watergate scandal,    196 00:10:12,653 --> 00:10:15,323           Senator Frank Church               conducted     an investigation    197 00:10:15,364 --> 00:10:19,493             into the abuses                and crimes of the FBI and CIA.  198 00:10:19,535 --> 00:10:22,663       During that time, the public            learned of the CIA plots      199 00:10:22,705 --> 00:10:24,457      to assassinate foreign leaders  200 00:10:24,498 --> 00:10:27,335           like Patrice Lumumba                of the Republic of Congo      201 00:10:27,376 --> 00:10:30,129        and Fidel Castro of Cuba.      202 00:10:30,171 --> 00:10:34,091            Plots orchestrated               under     Director Allen Dulles.  203 00:10:34,133 --> 00:10:36,344         But the Church committee                 didn't stop there.         204 00:10:36,385 --> 00:10:39,138        Senators Richard Schweiker                  and Gary Hart            205 00:10:39,180 --> 00:10:42,683         were tasked to reexamine            the roles of the CIA and FBI    206 00:10:42,725 --> 00:10:46,520        as the chief investigators            for the Warren Commission,     207 00:10:46,562 --> 00:10:49,607            and look for signs                of conflicts or cover-ups.     208 00:10:50,566 --> 00:10:52,026       J. Edgar Hoover writes,        209 00:10:52,068 --> 00:10:54,362            "Yes, we did have                a relationship with Mr. Ruby    210 00:10:54,403 --> 00:10:57,031  and he acted as our informant."    211 00:10:57,073 --> 00:10:59,950    Now, who said that at the time     of the Warren Commission report?  212 00:10:59,992 --> 00:11:03,829        Did anybody ever imply               that-- that Jack Ruby         213 00:11:03,871 --> 00:11:06,457       was a confidential informant                  for the FBI?            214 00:11:06,499 --> 00:11:09,960        Nobody breathed that.                 That was classified.         215 00:11:10,002 --> 00:11:12,171        [Stone]   Faith in what               the American public was told    216 00:11:12,213 --> 00:11:15,383         by the Warren Commission              was starting to unravel.      217 00:11:15,424 --> 00:11:18,386      The intelligence agencies             did all the wrong things       218 00:11:18,427 --> 00:11:21,055            if they really                were looking for conspiracy      219 00:11:21,097 --> 00:11:23,391            or to find out                  who killed John Kennedy.       220 00:11:23,432 --> 00:11:27,103     [Stone]   The search for real              answers gained momentum.      221 00:11:27,144 --> 00:11:29,397              Then, 12 years                   after the assassination,      222 00:11:29,438 --> 00:11:32,358          the most iconic piece                 of evidence was leaked       223 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:34,610               and finally                       shown to the public.        224 00:11:34,652 --> 00:11:36,696  It's the film shot by the Dallas  225 00:11:36,737 --> 00:11:40,157         dress manufacturer,                   Abraham Zapruder.           226 00:11:40,199 --> 00:11:43,536        And it's the execution               of President Kennedy,         227 00:11:43,577 --> 00:11:45,329        and, uh, Bob and Dick,        228 00:11:45,371 --> 00:11:46,831       would you please narrate       229 00:11:46,872 --> 00:11:48,999          what we're seeing                  as we show this film?         230 00:11:49,041 --> 00:11:50,710     [Robert Groden]   Now, before              he goes behind the sign,      231 00:11:50,751 --> 00:11:52,420              the President                    is waving to the crowd.       232 00:11:52,461 --> 00:11:54,171          When he comes out from             behind the sign, he is shot.    233 00:11:54,213 --> 00:11:55,881  Then Governor Connally is shot.    234 00:11:55,923 --> 00:11:57,091           [Geraldo Rivera]                    He's already been hit.       235 00:11:57,133 --> 00:11:58,509               [Groden]                        He's already been hit.       236 00:11:58,551 --> 00:12:00,261          [Rivera]   And now?           237 00:12:00,302 --> 00:12:02,930      [Groden]   At the bottom of              the screen, the head shot.     238 00:12:02,972 --> 00:12:05,433       [Rivera]   That's the shot               that blew off his head.       239 00:12:05,474 --> 00:12:07,685  That's the most upsetting thing              I've ever seen.            240 00:12:07,727 --> 00:12:08,936  We'll talk about it in a minute.  241 00:12:08,978 --> 00:12:10,938               [Stone]                     Seeing the shock and brutality  242 00:12:10,980 --> 00:12:13,274       of the actual assassination     243 00:12:13,315 --> 00:12:14,775         caused a public outcry.       244 00:12:14,817 --> 00:12:16,444          The government formed        245 00:12:16,485 --> 00:12:21,741        the House Select Committee           on Assassinations, the HSCA.    246 00:12:21,782 --> 00:12:23,993            The committee                     will come to order.          247 00:12:24,034 --> 00:12:26,579           [Stone]   The HSCA                   re-interviewed witnesses      248 00:12:26,620 --> 00:12:28,122         and took new testimonies      249 00:12:28,164 --> 00:12:29,957               that exposed                    massive inconsistencies       250 00:12:29,999 --> 00:12:32,251            with the original                       Warren Report.           251 00:12:32,293 --> 00:12:34,628  Has any other scientist to date    252 00:12:34,670 --> 00:12:39,633    linked the so-called pristine           bullet to the injuries?        253 00:12:39,675 --> 00:12:41,469      Not that I'm aware of. No.      254 00:12:41,510 --> 00:12:47,725      The Pentagon has destroyed       its Kennedy assassination file,    255 00:12:47,767 --> 00:12:50,978          and we don't know                    why that was done.          256 00:12:51,020 --> 00:12:52,980            [Stone]   But at                 the end of that investigation,  257 00:12:53,022 --> 00:12:55,775              what the HSCA                     learned was considered       258 00:12:55,816 --> 00:12:58,152  too damaging to be made public.    259 00:12:58,194 --> 00:13:00,446               And close to                     a half-million records       260 00:13:00,488 --> 00:13:03,991              were to remain                      sealed until 2029,         261 00:13:04,033 --> 00:13:06,494        a fact that we made clear      262 00:13:06,535 --> 00:13:09,330            at the conclusion                   to our 1991 film,   JFK.       263 00:13:10,831 --> 00:13:12,416          The media controversy                    that accompanied          264 00:13:12,458 --> 00:13:15,336         the film forced Congress               to do something about        265 00:13:15,377 --> 00:13:19,465               the secrecy                      that still surrounded                these classified files.       266 00:13:19,507 --> 00:13:21,759            Hearings were held                     on Capitol Hill.          267 00:13:21,801 --> 00:13:23,260        Most Americans did not        268 00:13:23,302 --> 00:13:25,221    believe or support the verdict    269 00:13:25,262 --> 00:13:27,640       of the Warren Commission                    initially.              270 00:13:27,681 --> 00:13:30,392  And now more than three in four,  271 00:13:30,434 --> 00:13:33,479       according to all recent            samplings of public opinion,     272 00:13:33,521 --> 00:13:36,941        think some conspiracy                    was involved.             273 00:13:36,982 --> 00:13:39,151               And in 1992,                      the John F. Kennedy         274 00:13:39,193 --> 00:13:41,862          Records Collection Act                     was passed.             275 00:13:41,904 --> 00:13:43,239     Clerk will report the title.     276 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:45,074    Senate 3006, an act to provide    277 00:13:45,115 --> 00:13:47,243         for the expeditious                 disclosure of records         278 00:13:47,284 --> 00:13:50,287    relevant to the assassination        of President John F. Kennedy.     279 00:13:50,329 --> 00:13:52,122               [Stone]                       This act provided funding      280 00:13:52,164 --> 00:13:55,251       and formed the Assassination             Records Review Board,        281 00:13:55,292 --> 00:13:57,336                the ARRB.              282 00:13:57,378 --> 00:14:00,714         The public wasn't going             to have to wait until 2029.     283 00:14:00,756 --> 00:14:03,884             Declassification                     was to begin now.          284 00:14:03,926 --> 00:14:05,511       The board was given a budget    285 00:14:05,553 --> 00:14:07,847               and timeline                  of four years to declassify     286 00:14:07,888 --> 00:14:10,015             and make public                      as many documents          287 00:14:10,057 --> 00:14:12,685         and records as possible.      288 00:14:12,726 --> 00:14:15,062         They managed to collect                over two million pages       289 00:14:15,104 --> 00:14:18,524         of declassified records                    and artifacts.           290 00:14:18,566 --> 00:14:22,069        They are all housed at the          National Archives in Maryland,  291 00:14:22,111 --> 00:14:24,238             and since then,                   the public has been free      292 00:14:24,280 --> 00:14:28,242             to view, study,                       and investigate.          293 00:14:28,284 --> 00:14:30,911        There is now so much more                   that we know,            294 00:14:30,953 --> 00:14:33,080      and with those facts in hand,    295 00:14:33,122 --> 00:14:35,291             we will go back                      and piece together         296 00:14:35,332 --> 00:14:37,167      what really happened that day,  297 00:14:37,209 --> 00:14:40,254      and discover the reasons why.    298 00:14:42,006 --> 00:14:43,090               Let's begin.            299 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:46,343              [reporter]                       Something has happened                  in the motorcade.          300 00:14:46,385 --> 00:14:47,428             Standby, please.          301 00:14:47,469 --> 00:14:48,971          [Whoopi Goldberg]                         The JFK case            302 00:14:49,013 --> 00:14:51,390      was such a mass of confusion.    303 00:14:51,432 --> 00:14:53,809               For example,                     the Warren Commission        304 00:14:53,851 --> 00:14:56,729               was limited                       to only three shots,        305 00:14:56,770 --> 00:15:00,024           because three shells             were found on the sixth floor    306 00:15:00,065 --> 00:15:02,151      of the School Book Depository.  307 00:15:02,192 --> 00:15:04,320          [J. Edgar Hoover]                        On that floor,           308 00:15:04,361 --> 00:15:06,947         we found the three     empty           shells that had been fired,     309 00:15:06,989 --> 00:15:08,908               but they had                    characteristics on them       310 00:15:08,949 --> 00:15:10,868      so that our ballistics expert    311 00:15:10,910 --> 00:15:14,038          was able to prove that             they were fired by this gun.    312 00:15:14,079 --> 00:15:15,456           [Lyndon Johnson]                   Any of them fired at me?      313 00:15:15,497 --> 00:15:16,957               [Hoover]                      No, there was never any...     314 00:15:16,999 --> 00:15:18,626              [Johnson]                     All three at the President?     315 00:15:18,667 --> 00:15:21,045               [Hoover]                     All three at the President,                and we have them.          316 00:15:21,086 --> 00:15:22,463              [Goldberg]                       The FBI concluded that       317 00:15:22,504 --> 00:15:24,381            all three bullets                   struck inside the car.       318 00:15:24,423 --> 00:15:26,383         [Hoover]   He was hit                by the first and the third.     319 00:15:26,425 --> 00:15:28,218             The second shot                      hit the governor.          320 00:15:28,260 --> 00:15:29,929              The third shot                      tore a large part          321 00:15:29,970 --> 00:15:32,723       of the President's head off.    322 00:15:32,765 --> 00:15:35,768        The Warren Commission            put itself in a straitjacket.     323 00:15:35,809 --> 00:15:39,063    They could not possibly allow            more than three shots,        324 00:15:39,104 --> 00:15:41,023      because four shots or more      325 00:15:41,065 --> 00:15:43,067          would have clearly                 indicated conspiracy.         326 00:15:43,108 --> 00:15:44,860    And they were not going there.    327 00:15:44,902 --> 00:15:46,987        [James Tague speaking]        328 00:15:53,202 --> 00:15:54,370          scratched my face           329 00:15:54,745 --> 00:15:56,914              [Goldberg]                    Records show the first shot     330 00:15:56,956 --> 00:15:59,249                had missed                      its target completely,       331 00:15:59,291 --> 00:16:02,461            and the final shot                 hit Kennedy in the head.      332 00:16:02,503 --> 00:16:06,298       So, how does one account for     one bullet hitting two victims,    333 00:16:06,340 --> 00:16:08,717        and doing all this damage?     334 00:16:08,759 --> 00:16:11,595            Arlen Specter was                 a Yale Law School graduate     335 00:16:11,637 --> 00:16:14,682       working in the Philadelphia           district attorney's office,     336 00:16:14,723 --> 00:16:18,018        when he was asked to serve            on the Warren Commission.      337 00:16:18,060 --> 00:16:22,189       Aha! What if one bullet               made all seven wounds?        338 00:16:22,231 --> 00:16:23,857       Arlen Specter, he is the one    339 00:16:23,899 --> 00:16:26,276            that gave birth to                the single-bullet theory.      340 00:16:26,318 --> 00:16:28,696       What if one bullet went into                 Kennedy's back           341 00:16:28,737 --> 00:16:31,365          and came out his neck,       342 00:16:31,407 --> 00:16:34,535      and then went into Connally's            back, piercing the lung,      343 00:16:34,576 --> 00:16:37,121          destroying four inches               of the right fifth rib,       344 00:16:37,162 --> 00:16:39,164               exiting from                    the front of his chest,       345 00:16:39,206 --> 00:16:40,749                going into                      the back of the wrist,       346 00:16:40,791 --> 00:16:42,793        shattering the distal end                   of the radius.           347 00:16:42,835 --> 00:16:44,378  In a 6-foot-4 guy like Connally,  348 00:16:44,420 --> 00:16:46,964       that's a big heavy bone                comminuted fracture.         349 00:16:47,006 --> 00:16:48,716                Exits from                     the front of the wrist,       350 00:16:48,757 --> 00:16:50,926        goes into his left thigh.      351 00:16:50,968 --> 00:16:53,262          Whatever you want,                   whatever you need,          352 00:16:53,303 --> 00:16:56,265         this bullet happily                and readily obliges you.       353 00:16:56,306 --> 00:16:58,392     It is indeed a magic bullet.     354 00:16:59,727 --> 00:17:02,646     CE-399 was the magic bullet,     355 00:17:02,688 --> 00:17:05,691            and all government                  investigations so far        356 00:17:05,733 --> 00:17:08,277         have treated that bullet      357 00:17:08,318 --> 00:17:11,280              as absolutely                   foundational to this case.     358 00:17:11,321 --> 00:17:12,990            How important                     is chain of custody          359 00:17:13,032 --> 00:17:15,075        in a legal proceeding?        360 00:17:15,117 --> 00:17:16,994           Chain of custody                   basically refers to          361 00:17:17,036 --> 00:17:18,537      the integrity of evidence.      362 00:17:18,579 --> 00:17:20,581          If I, uh, pick up                   a piece of evidence          363 00:17:20,622 --> 00:17:22,916          and I transfer it                     to somebody else           364 00:17:22,958 --> 00:17:24,710      for holding or processing,      365 00:17:24,752 --> 00:17:27,212        my name is the first name                   on this list.            366 00:17:27,254 --> 00:17:28,756            The second person                      who touches this          367 00:17:28,797 --> 00:17:30,674           and takes possession                     of it is next.           368 00:17:30,716 --> 00:17:33,427      And if you don't do that,             there's no way to prove        369 00:17:33,469 --> 00:17:35,387          that the evidence                 you collected on day one       370 00:17:35,429 --> 00:17:38,265      is the same one you get on          day 25 when you go to court.     371 00:17:38,307 --> 00:17:40,017       Can you walk us through        372 00:17:40,059 --> 00:17:42,519          the magic bullet's                    chain of custody           373 00:17:42,561 --> 00:17:47,733    from the Parkland employees to       the Secret Service to the FBI?    374 00:17:47,775 --> 00:17:50,986      Well, the magic bullet was       supposedly found on a stretcher    375 00:17:51,028 --> 00:17:52,446          at Parkland Hospital,        376 00:17:52,488 --> 00:17:54,490      and went through several hands  377 00:17:54,531 --> 00:17:57,743            before it got                    to the Secret Service.        378 00:17:57,785 --> 00:18:00,579    Richard Johnsen was the first             Secret Service agent         379 00:18:00,621 --> 00:18:04,416  to handle it, and he carried it          back to Washington, D.C.       380 00:18:04,458 --> 00:18:06,877             When he got back                    to Washington, D.C.,        381 00:18:06,919 --> 00:18:09,171      he gave it to the chief of              the Secret Service,          382 00:18:09,213 --> 00:18:11,173        who was James Rowley.         383 00:18:12,716 --> 00:18:15,260       And at the White House,                    James Rowley             384 00:18:15,302 --> 00:18:18,430      gave it to Elmer Lee Todd,      385 00:18:18,472 --> 00:18:20,390        and Todd then took it                    to the FBI lab            386 00:18:20,432 --> 00:18:23,477    and gave it to Robert Frazier.    387 00:18:23,519 --> 00:18:27,481  We have interesting information             produced by John Hunt,       388 00:18:27,523 --> 00:18:29,900          a private citizen                 who went to the archives       389 00:18:29,942 --> 00:18:31,777      on four or five occasions       390 00:18:31,819 --> 00:18:35,489       to track down the story              about the magic bullet,        391 00:18:35,531 --> 00:18:37,950          and what he found                  was truly astounding.         392 00:18:37,991 --> 00:18:40,327      He practically moved into       393 00:18:40,369 --> 00:18:42,913        the National Archives                 in Washington, D.C.          394 00:18:42,955 --> 00:18:45,040             They allowed him                      to set up a desk          395 00:18:45,082 --> 00:18:48,252             with a computer                     and his own scanner.        396 00:18:48,293 --> 00:18:51,630           And he also, uh,                 did something different.       397 00:18:51,672 --> 00:18:55,050      He didn't interview policemen                and FBI people,           398 00:18:55,092 --> 00:18:58,053            and he wasn't                   swayed by their excuses.       399 00:18:58,095 --> 00:18:59,847         He went straight to,         400 00:18:59,888 --> 00:19:03,642        "This is what you told             and you signed your name."      401 00:19:03,684 --> 00:19:05,477              [Goldberg]                        Working with the FBI        402 00:19:05,519 --> 00:19:07,271          and Warren     Commission                      documents,             403 00:19:07,312 --> 00:19:10,399             John Hunt asked                   the most basic question.      404 00:19:10,440 --> 00:19:13,819         "Was CE-399 in evidence       405 00:19:13,861 --> 00:19:17,072      the same bullet that was found             on the stretcher?"         406 00:19:18,115 --> 00:19:20,200          At 7:30 at night,           407 00:19:20,242 --> 00:19:22,035           this is the day                   of the assassination,         408 00:19:22,077 --> 00:19:24,496         November 22nd, 1963,         409 00:19:24,538 --> 00:19:27,457  a bullet appears in the record,    410 00:19:27,499 --> 00:19:31,461         and it's signed for                   by Robert Frazier,          411 00:19:31,503 --> 00:19:34,423     who is the main investigator               at the FBI lab.            412 00:19:35,674 --> 00:19:37,551  And it's not just one document.    413 00:19:37,593 --> 00:19:39,970     There are multiple documents                that indicate             414 00:19:40,012 --> 00:19:45,684       that Frazier signed for            a bullet at 7:30 that night.     415 00:19:45,726 --> 00:19:48,020          Now, here's where                 things get interesting.        416 00:19:48,061 --> 00:19:51,940         Elmer Lee Todd received            the bullet at the White House    417 00:19:51,982 --> 00:19:56,820       from chief of the Secret              Service, James Rowley.        418 00:19:56,862 --> 00:20:01,116         And Todd documents,                very clearly in writing,       419 00:20:01,158 --> 00:20:05,787         that he got this bullet                     at 8:50 p.m.            420 00:20:05,829 --> 00:20:06,997        How is that possible?         421 00:20:07,039 --> 00:20:09,458        How can Robert Frazier                 receive the bullet          422 00:20:09,499 --> 00:20:13,462            in the lab at 7:30                   from Elmer Lee Todd,        423 00:20:13,503 --> 00:20:16,715         when Todd didn't get                the bullet until 8:50?        424 00:20:16,757 --> 00:20:20,552  You would think that they would       have handled it, uh, you know,    425 00:20:20,594 --> 00:20:22,930     like it would have been gold              going to the bank.          426 00:20:22,971 --> 00:20:24,640        There it is in the record,     427 00:20:24,681 --> 00:20:28,143          someone is lying about              when they got the bullet.      428 00:20:28,185 --> 00:20:29,186            [David Mantik]                     It gets worse, though.       429 00:20:29,228 --> 00:20:30,938       Todd initialed that bullet,     430 00:20:30,979 --> 00:20:35,234     the one that he got at 8:50,     431 00:20:35,275 --> 00:20:37,486          and everyone else                  who touched the bullet        432 00:20:37,527 --> 00:20:39,529     after that initialed it too,     433 00:20:39,571 --> 00:20:40,948        including Robert Frazier.      434 00:20:40,989 --> 00:20:43,575          I went to the archives               to look at this bullet.       435 00:20:43,617 --> 00:20:45,911          And specifically,                 what we want to know is,       436 00:20:45,953 --> 00:20:49,081      do we see Todd's initials                 on this bullet?            437 00:20:49,122 --> 00:20:51,416  He said he initialed the bullet.  438 00:20:51,458 --> 00:20:53,627             It is not there.          439 00:20:53,669 --> 00:20:56,797         Todd's initials are not                 on the magic bullet.        440 00:20:58,632 --> 00:21:01,301  I was very interested in finding       out what the Review Board       441 00:21:01,343 --> 00:21:02,886      would show us about this.       442 00:21:02,928 --> 00:21:05,973        So, we began scouring                   their evidence,            443 00:21:06,014 --> 00:21:08,141           and we found out               something very interesting.      444 00:21:08,183 --> 00:21:10,060             We found out                    that the Warren Report        445 00:21:10,102 --> 00:21:11,812        had from an FBI report        446 00:21:11,853 --> 00:21:13,689         saying that the guys                that found the bullet         447 00:21:13,730 --> 00:21:16,024        later identified that              as the bullet they'd seen.      448 00:21:16,066 --> 00:21:17,776           The internal record                 didn't show that at all.      449 00:21:17,818 --> 00:21:19,653           The internal records                    said this bullet          450 00:21:19,695 --> 00:21:21,488             didn't look like                    that bullet at all.         451 00:21:21,530 --> 00:21:23,949  But the FBI had reported to the         Warren Commission that it did.  452 00:21:23,991 --> 00:21:24,866               They'd lied.            453 00:21:24,908 --> 00:21:26,660      We then talk to the FBI agent    454 00:21:26,702 --> 00:21:28,787      that was supposed to have           carried that bullet around.      455 00:21:28,829 --> 00:21:30,497       His name was Bardwell Odum.     456 00:21:30,539 --> 00:21:32,499           I got Bardwell Odum                      on the phone.            457 00:21:32,541 --> 00:21:35,544      I sent him the documents that          said that he had done this.     458 00:21:35,585 --> 00:21:37,337                 He said,                     "I never had that bullet.      459 00:21:37,379 --> 00:21:39,006        I never showed any bullet                     to anyone.             460 00:21:39,047 --> 00:21:40,966       "If I'd had the bullet,                 there'd be a 302.           461 00:21:41,008 --> 00:21:42,884    "I would have filed a report,          particularly in that area.      462 00:21:42,926 --> 00:21:45,470      Everybody was very uptight       about getting everything right."  463 00:21:45,512 --> 00:21:47,597  So, we scoured for 302 reports.    464 00:21:47,639 --> 00:21:49,516       His name appears nowhere                  in the record.            465 00:21:49,558 --> 00:21:51,476        This is just something               that the FBI invented.        466 00:21:51,518 --> 00:21:54,354           It's conceivable               that some mysterious bullet      467 00:21:54,396 --> 00:21:55,897  showed up from who knows where.    468 00:21:57,024 --> 00:21:58,650       Todd did not initial it,       469 00:21:58,692 --> 00:22:02,779          and it ended up in           the FBI lab as the magic bullet.  470 00:22:02,821 --> 00:22:05,949         One can only surmise             that, somewhere in the FBI,      471 00:22:05,991 --> 00:22:08,702  they realized they had to close        the loop on Oswald's guilt.      472 00:22:08,744 --> 00:22:10,495           And so they just                     switched it out.           473 00:22:10,537 --> 00:22:13,540               Because none                      of the four people,         474 00:22:13,582 --> 00:22:15,375       either the guys at Parkland,    475 00:22:15,417 --> 00:22:16,543                or the two                      Secret Service agents,       476 00:22:16,585 --> 00:22:18,170        could identify the bullet.     477 00:22:18,211 --> 00:22:20,047  The guy who is supposed to have            gotten confirmation that      478 00:22:20,088 --> 00:22:23,342       they did identify the bullet             said he never did it.        479 00:22:23,383 --> 00:22:24,843    And the record supports that.     480 00:22:24,885 --> 00:22:27,054            So, there's--                  there's good reason to be       481 00:22:27,095 --> 00:22:29,765           very suspicious                  about the magic bullet.        482 00:22:29,806 --> 00:22:35,187     The chain of custody doesn't          start from the laboratory.      483 00:22:35,228 --> 00:22:37,856  It starts from the crime scene.    484 00:22:37,898 --> 00:22:40,525        Each piece of evidence              should be photographed,        485 00:22:40,567 --> 00:22:44,738             documented,                    and preserved properly.        486 00:22:45,739 --> 00:22:47,657           From the scene,            487 00:22:47,699 --> 00:22:51,328        evidence is collected,              sent to the laboratory.        488 00:22:51,370 --> 00:22:54,164           We have to keep                    the chain of custody         489 00:22:54,206 --> 00:22:55,499       when they enter the lab.       490 00:22:55,540 --> 00:22:56,958            Who examined?             491 00:22:58,377 --> 00:23:00,712    Who did the further analysis?     492 00:23:00,754 --> 00:23:04,508    And each step have to maintain    493 00:23:04,549 --> 00:23:07,052    until you submit to the court.    494 00:23:07,094 --> 00:23:08,678         If this chain broke,         495 00:23:09,971 --> 00:23:12,974           then my evidence                  becomes inadmissible.         496 00:23:14,810 --> 00:23:16,395              [Goldberg]                         The other problem          497 00:23:16,436 --> 00:23:18,271          is the lack of damage                     to the bullet            498 00:23:18,313 --> 00:23:22,067       after going through two men,              smashing two bones,         499 00:23:22,109 --> 00:23:24,069         and making seven wounds.      500 00:23:24,111 --> 00:23:25,946             Dr. Joseph Dolce          501 00:23:25,987 --> 00:23:30,158      was a much-honored battlefield        surgeon during World War II.    502 00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:32,452                He worked                     for the Warren Commission.     503 00:23:32,494 --> 00:23:36,706  And so they gave us the original     rifle, the Mannlicher-Carcano,    504 00:23:36,748 --> 00:23:40,585          plus 100 bullets,                     6.5 millimeters.           505 00:23:40,627 --> 00:23:44,005             And we went               and we shot the cadaver wrists,    506 00:23:44,047 --> 00:23:46,842          and in every instance,       507 00:23:46,883 --> 00:23:50,679           the front or the tip               of the bullet was smashed.     508 00:23:50,720 --> 00:23:52,722       Under no circumstances,        509 00:23:52,764 --> 00:23:55,267      do I feel that this bullet              could hit the wrist,         510 00:23:55,308 --> 00:23:56,810        and still not be deformed.     511 00:23:56,852 --> 00:23:58,603              [Goldberg]                       Dolce came to believe        512 00:23:58,645 --> 00:24:01,314             that two bullets                    had struck Connally.        513 00:24:01,356 --> 00:24:03,650           Since Arlen Specter                       pre-screened            514 00:24:03,692 --> 00:24:05,777          the medical witnesses                  for the commission,         515 00:24:05,819 --> 00:24:08,613          Dolce's name is not in                  the Warren Report,         516 00:24:08,655 --> 00:24:11,825            and his testimony                   is not in the volumes.       517 00:24:11,867 --> 00:24:14,327            And even Connally                     refused to accept          518 00:24:14,369 --> 00:24:15,996        the single-bullet theory.      519 00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:21,293      [reporter]   Former Senator                 John Sherman Cooper         520 00:24:21,334 --> 00:24:23,462           is the first member                 of the Warren Commission      521 00:24:23,503 --> 00:24:25,338      to agree to talk on television  522 00:24:25,380 --> 00:24:28,800            about what went on                inside the deliberations.      523 00:24:28,842 --> 00:24:30,677    Yes, there were disagreements.    524 00:24:30,719 --> 00:24:33,388     I think the most serious one     525 00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:36,892           that comes to me                    the most vividly,           526 00:24:36,933 --> 00:24:40,687      of course, is the question       of whether or not the first shot  527 00:24:40,729 --> 00:24:42,606      went through President Kennedy  528 00:24:42,647 --> 00:24:45,025             and then through                     Governor Connally.         529 00:24:45,066 --> 00:24:46,693              [Goldberg]                    Although it never specified     530 00:24:46,735 --> 00:24:48,862         the order of the shots,       531 00:24:48,904 --> 00:24:51,698            the Warren Report                       had one bullet           532 00:24:51,740 --> 00:24:54,451          going through Kennedy                 and Governor Connally,       533 00:24:54,493 --> 00:24:56,161         another missing the car,      534 00:24:56,203 --> 00:24:59,831          hitting a bystander on            Commerce Street, James Tague,    535 00:24:59,873 --> 00:25:02,667            and the final shot               hitting Kennedy in the head.    536 00:25:03,585 --> 00:25:05,921     I could not convince myself      537 00:25:05,962 --> 00:25:09,216         that the same bullet          struck both of them, although...  538 00:25:09,257 --> 00:25:12,385         [reporter] You mean               that you yourself didn't--      539 00:25:12,427 --> 00:25:14,304     Weren't convinced about the         single-bullet theory, which...    540 00:25:14,346 --> 00:25:16,973    No, I wasn't convinced by it.         Neither was Senator Russell.     541 00:25:17,015 --> 00:25:19,059          [Goldberg]   Senator                 Richard Russell of Georgia     542 00:25:19,100 --> 00:25:21,895               did not want                  to serve on the commission.     543 00:25:21,937 --> 00:25:24,022            After he attended                     the first meeting,         544 00:25:24,064 --> 00:25:27,192      he quickly became disenchanted           with the proceedings.        545 00:25:27,234 --> 00:25:30,237          Particularly the roles                  of J. Edgar Hoover         546 00:25:30,278 --> 00:25:34,157       and acting attorney general               Nicholas Katzenbach.        547 00:25:34,199 --> 00:25:37,285        His personal papers at the          University of Georgia Library    548 00:25:37,327 --> 00:25:38,912              contain a memo           549 00:25:38,954 --> 00:25:42,749        written after the initial                December 5th, 1963,         550 00:25:42,791 --> 00:25:44,834            executive session.         551 00:25:44,876 --> 00:25:47,254            "Something strange                      is happening.            552 00:25:47,295 --> 00:25:50,382       "Warren and Katzenbach know                all about the FBI          553 00:25:50,423 --> 00:25:53,343           "and are apparently                 planning to show Oswald       554 00:25:53,385 --> 00:25:55,512       "as the only one considered.    555 00:25:55,554 --> 00:25:59,474              This to me is                    an untenable position."       556 00:25:59,516 --> 00:26:02,602       His papers revealed that he            wrote a dissenting opinion     557 00:26:02,644 --> 00:26:04,854           for the presentation                      at the final            558 00:26:04,896 --> 00:26:07,691            commission meeting                    of September 18th.         559 00:26:07,732 --> 00:26:10,360               On that day,                     he shared his concerns       560 00:26:10,402 --> 00:26:11,945         with President Johnson.       561 00:26:50,692 --> 00:26:54,446      [Goldberg]   He also thought         that Oswald     did not act alone.  562 00:26:54,487 --> 00:26:57,407  Russell was strongly influenced              by the Zapruder film        563 00:26:57,449 --> 00:27:00,410           and by the testimony                 of Governor Connally.        564 00:27:00,452 --> 00:27:02,203    I understand there's some, uh,    565 00:27:02,245 --> 00:27:04,623            some question                 in the minds of the experts      566 00:27:04,664 --> 00:27:06,791      about, uh, whether or not       567 00:27:06,833 --> 00:27:09,294     we could both have been hit              by the same bullet,          568 00:27:09,336 --> 00:27:10,837    and that was the first bullet.    569 00:27:10,879 --> 00:27:13,548       Uh, I just don't happen                  to believe that.           570 00:27:13,590 --> 00:27:15,508           I don't believe                  that I will believe it.        571 00:27:15,550 --> 00:27:17,385        [Goldberg]   This forced                the other commissioners       572 00:27:17,427 --> 00:27:20,180      to include Connally's dissent                 in the report.           573 00:27:20,221 --> 00:27:23,600             And as a result,               they could not absolutely deny  574 00:27:23,642 --> 00:27:27,145             the possibility                       of a conspiracy.          575 00:27:27,187 --> 00:27:29,147              Russell became                    the first commissioner       576 00:27:29,189 --> 00:27:32,150               to criticize                  the Warren Report in public.    577 00:27:32,192 --> 00:27:34,027             He was followed                    by commission members        578 00:27:34,069 --> 00:27:38,198           John Sherman Cooper                     and Hale Boggs.           579 00:27:38,239 --> 00:27:41,618         But then Walter Cronkite              interviewed John McCloy       580 00:27:41,660 --> 00:27:45,705       during a four-night special,            co-hosted by Dan Rather.      581 00:27:45,747 --> 00:27:48,500          Are you satisfied                   that as much effort          582 00:27:48,541 --> 00:27:53,046    was put into challenging that        case as into establishing it?     583 00:27:53,088 --> 00:27:54,297             I'll answer                     that in just a moment.        584 00:27:54,339 --> 00:27:56,257     If I may just say one thing,                  I would--               585 00:27:56,299 --> 00:27:57,467           I'd like to say                    in the first place,          586 00:27:57,509 --> 00:27:59,052         I had some questions         587 00:27:59,094 --> 00:28:01,262         as to the propriety                  of my appearing here         588 00:28:01,304 --> 00:28:03,431          as a former member                   of the commission           589 00:28:03,473 --> 00:28:05,684            to comment on              the evidence of the commission.    590 00:28:05,725 --> 00:28:09,187       [Goldberg]   McCloy never             answered Cronkite's question.    591 00:28:09,229 --> 00:28:12,691             But even worse,                 CBS employee Roger Feinman      592 00:28:12,732 --> 00:28:15,068            later discovered                     internal documents          593 00:28:15,110 --> 00:28:17,195              showing McCoy                     consulted extensively        594 00:28:17,237 --> 00:28:19,739              on the series                  through his daughter, Ellen,    595 00:28:19,781 --> 00:28:24,577      an administrative assistant to       CBS President Richard Salant.    596 00:28:24,619 --> 00:28:28,081                 In 1992,                      reporter Jerry Policoff       597 00:28:28,123 --> 00:28:31,167            confronted Salant                      and Ellen McCoy           598 00:28:31,209 --> 00:28:34,546       with the documents revealing           John McCloy's instructions     599 00:28:34,587 --> 00:28:36,631       for the content of the show.    600 00:28:36,673 --> 00:28:40,677           Only then did Salant              admit to their concealment.     601 00:28:40,719 --> 00:28:43,430                CBS, NBC,                       and    The New York Times      602 00:28:43,471 --> 00:28:46,349           continued to support                the commission's finding      603 00:28:46,391 --> 00:28:48,143       and never publicly reviewed     604 00:28:48,184 --> 00:28:52,605              the 26 volumes                  of supplemental evidence.      605 00:28:52,647 --> 00:28:55,400     Mr. Dulles, let me put some           of the criticisms to you.       606 00:28:55,442 --> 00:28:56,776               Surely.                607 00:28:56,818 --> 00:28:58,653          Some of the papers               and some of the documents       608 00:28:58,695 --> 00:29:01,197       that are in the archives                 are-- are there            609 00:29:01,239 --> 00:29:04,701     but are withheld from public          view by the FBI, the CIA,       610 00:29:04,743 --> 00:29:07,412      an organization with which           you have some experience.       611 00:29:07,454 --> 00:29:10,248      Is there anything in those              which years from now         612 00:29:10,290 --> 00:29:12,500      when they may be released              will upset applecarts?        613 00:29:12,542 --> 00:29:14,002      Oh, no, I don't think so.       614 00:29:14,043 --> 00:29:17,046        No, I think everything             that really is-- is vital       615 00:29:17,088 --> 00:29:19,090          insofar as forming                 a judgment as to what         616 00:29:19,132 --> 00:29:21,926           really happened                  has been made available.       617 00:29:24,763 --> 00:29:27,682              [Goldberg]                       The Warren Commission              was aware     of something else    618 00:29:27,724 --> 00:29:29,350              that was wrong                     with their evidence.        619 00:29:29,392 --> 00:29:32,479     All kinds of ballistic tests      show that the bullets, in fact,    620 00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,981        came from that rifle.                 That was his rifle.          621 00:29:35,023 --> 00:29:36,983               You took                    a picture of him with it.       622 00:29:37,025 --> 00:29:38,777               -No, no.                         -His home prints                     and fingerprints           623 00:29:38,818 --> 00:29:40,987             are all over                 the School Book Depository.      624 00:29:41,029 --> 00:29:42,739           [Marina Porter]                   You have been misinformed.     625 00:29:42,781 --> 00:29:47,243           The ballistics tests             did not prove anything at all.  626 00:29:47,285 --> 00:29:49,370          [reporter]   This is                 the weapon that was used.      627 00:29:49,412 --> 00:29:53,124            A rather well-worn                     military rifle.           628 00:29:53,166 --> 00:29:57,754         We know that Oswald              had possession of that rifle     629 00:29:57,796 --> 00:29:59,464         because we have him                 photographed with it.         630 00:29:59,506 --> 00:30:03,426         And we have his wife              saying that it was, quote,      631 00:30:03,468 --> 00:30:05,845  "Faithful rifle of Lee Oswald."    632 00:30:07,222 --> 00:30:09,390               [Stone]                     Is the rifle in evidence today  633 00:30:09,432 --> 00:30:11,059            the same rifle                    the commission said          634 00:30:11,100 --> 00:30:13,019            Oswald ordered                     through the mail?           635 00:30:13,061 --> 00:30:15,188      The rifle that Lee Oswald       636 00:30:15,230 --> 00:30:18,858       allegedly ordered under              an alias of Alex Hidell,       637 00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:21,444     was obtained through Klein's      Sporting Goods store in Chicago.  638 00:30:21,486 --> 00:30:25,198  it was a mail-order, got it out         of American Rifleman magazine.  639 00:30:25,240 --> 00:30:27,492          He wrote on the coupon                      he wanted              640 00:30:27,534 --> 00:30:29,869             a 36-inch model,                    Mannlicher-Carcano,         641 00:30:29,911 --> 00:30:34,165       6.5 millimeter, for $19.95.     642 00:30:34,207 --> 00:30:36,417            Robert Frazier                  was one of the examiners       643 00:30:36,459 --> 00:30:38,545                and he was                  a firearms expert for the FBI.  644 00:30:38,586 --> 00:30:40,964             And he testified                  that he did measure it,       645 00:30:41,005 --> 00:30:41,965           and the measurement         646 00:30:42,006 --> 00:30:44,050        was 40.2 inches in length,     647 00:30:44,092 --> 00:30:45,718          from barrel to stock.        648 00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:48,221      There's a 4.2-inch difference             in the one he ordered,       649 00:30:48,263 --> 00:30:51,391          versus what they found               in the Book Depository.       650 00:30:51,432 --> 00:30:54,060          [Goldberg]   Klein's                 may have indeed delivered      651 00:30:54,102 --> 00:30:57,397      a different Mannlicher-Carcano              model to Oswald,          652 00:30:57,438 --> 00:31:00,650           but there are other                 anomalies to the story.       653 00:31:00,692 --> 00:31:02,861      The model that Oswald ordered    654 00:31:02,902 --> 00:31:05,238               showed these                    strap attachment points       655 00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:07,740              on the bottom                    of the barrel and stock.      656 00:31:07,782 --> 00:31:10,076           [Brian Edwards]                       In the photograph                  is Lieutenant Carl Day,       657 00:31:10,118 --> 00:31:11,411          with the Dallas Police                      Department             658 00:31:11,452 --> 00:31:13,913           bringing a rifle out                of the Book Depository.       659 00:31:13,955 --> 00:31:17,375      One of the straps at the back         of the gun is on the left side  660 00:31:17,417 --> 00:31:20,420               of the stock                     embedded in the stock.       661 00:31:20,461 --> 00:31:22,463       That's clearly not the rifle               that was ordered,          662 00:31:22,505 --> 00:31:25,633        or at least appears in the          Klein's     Sporting Goods store.  663 00:31:25,675 --> 00:31:28,720    [Goldberg]   The straps shown in         the so-called backyard photos    664 00:31:28,761 --> 00:31:32,765          are on the bottom and             not on the side of the stock.    665 00:31:32,807 --> 00:31:37,020     Marina Oswald took backyard           photographs of Lee Oswald       666 00:31:37,061 --> 00:31:40,273           holding a rifle                  and a pistol on his hip.       667 00:31:40,315 --> 00:31:43,860    And in that first photograph,           that she took three of,        668 00:31:43,902 --> 00:31:49,532            Commission Exhibit                      133A and 133B            669 00:31:49,574 --> 00:31:54,704      show a ring on the ring finger             of the right hand.         670 00:31:54,746 --> 00:31:59,125          133C, the ring appears                  on the left hand.          671 00:31:59,167 --> 00:32:01,628        In fact, the Dallas Police                showed Lee Oswald          672 00:32:01,669 --> 00:32:04,130           one of the pictures              while he was still in custody.  673 00:32:04,172 --> 00:32:05,965        He said, "That's my face,                but I don't remember        674 00:32:06,007 --> 00:32:08,801             ever having that                   picture taken of me."        675 00:32:08,843 --> 00:32:11,220         [Goldberg]   But after              all these questions are asked,  676 00:32:11,262 --> 00:32:13,932  the underlying mystery remains.    677 00:32:13,973 --> 00:32:17,977       Why would anyone use a rifle              in an assassination,        678 00:32:18,019 --> 00:32:20,104  knowing there was a paper trail    679 00:32:20,146 --> 00:32:23,483             that would lead                     right back to them?         680 00:32:23,524 --> 00:32:26,527        Was there a palm print                found on the rifle?          681 00:32:26,569 --> 00:32:31,157  The foremost fingerprint expert       the FBI had, Sebastian Latona,    682 00:32:31,199 --> 00:32:34,661    took that rifle and attempted      to lift prints off of the rifle,  683 00:32:34,702 --> 00:32:36,496       the stock and/or the barrel.    684 00:32:36,537 --> 00:32:38,373             Uh, he testified                  to the Warren Commission      685 00:32:38,414 --> 00:32:41,125    that he found no usable prints    686 00:32:41,167 --> 00:32:45,004       anywhere on that rifle,             on the metal or the stock.      687 00:32:45,046 --> 00:32:47,840                 But yet,                      Lieutenant Day in Dallas      688 00:32:47,882 --> 00:32:51,052          before the rifle went              to Washington, said he found    689 00:32:51,094 --> 00:32:53,680       a partial palm print on the          trigger guard on the left side  690 00:32:53,721 --> 00:32:57,809      and a partial print underneath          the stock on the barrel.      691 00:32:57,850 --> 00:33:00,019         But Sebastian Latona              said there was no evidence      692 00:33:00,061 --> 00:33:01,437           that a lift had                    even been attempted.         693 00:33:01,479 --> 00:33:03,147               [Stone]                        No partials at all?          694 00:33:03,189 --> 00:33:04,774        Nothing that he could                    use in court.             695 00:33:04,816 --> 00:33:07,276     There has to be eight points              of identification.          696 00:33:07,318 --> 00:33:10,321           He found nothing                  that would match that.        697 00:33:10,363 --> 00:33:13,992         [woman on recorder]                 J. Edgar Hoover, on 2192.      698 00:33:14,033 --> 00:33:14,742              [Johnson]                               Yes?                 699 00:33:14,784 --> 00:33:18,538               [Hoover]                        I've seen the reports                on this investigation.        700 00:33:18,579 --> 00:33:21,958            This man, Oswald,                 he had fired three shots.      701 00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:24,002       He then threw the gun aside,    702 00:33:24,043 --> 00:33:30,508  and, uh, he apparently had come     down the five flights of steps.    703 00:33:30,550 --> 00:33:33,177                A stairway                      from the fifth floor.        704 00:33:33,219 --> 00:33:34,846              [Johnson]                         You can prove that?         705 00:33:34,887 --> 00:33:37,181          [Hoover]   Oh, yes.                 Oh, yes, we can prove that.     706 00:33:37,223 --> 00:33:40,184     [Johnson]   Did anybody hear,                  anybody see him?          707 00:33:40,226 --> 00:33:43,062    [Hoover]   Most of the employees     were down on a lower floor, but    708 00:33:43,104 --> 00:33:46,858       he was stopped at the second           floor by a police officer.     709 00:33:46,899 --> 00:33:49,736            And some workers,                some manager in the building    710 00:33:49,777 --> 00:33:51,863  told the police officer, "Well,         he's all right, he works here.  711 00:33:51,904 --> 00:33:53,406          You needn't hold him."       712 00:33:53,448 --> 00:33:55,825           So they let him go.                  That's how he got out.       713 00:33:55,867 --> 00:33:58,119     [Marrion Baker]   At the time             that I heard those shots,      714 00:33:58,161 --> 00:34:02,040     I ran into that building and      made it up to the second floor.    715 00:34:02,081 --> 00:34:05,418    It was approximately a minute          and a half to two minutes.      716 00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:07,920        [Cronkite]   In possibly                 less than two minutes,       717 00:34:07,962 --> 00:34:10,506            investigators came               to the School Book Building     718 00:34:10,548 --> 00:34:12,884             with stopwatches                     and critical eyes.         719 00:34:12,925 --> 00:34:15,845      Not only police and government         agents traced that route,      720 00:34:15,887 --> 00:34:18,347      Chief Justice Warren and some            other commission members      721 00:34:18,389 --> 00:34:19,766          did it for themselves.       722 00:34:21,392 --> 00:34:23,436       I was interested in finding     723 00:34:23,478 --> 00:34:26,272          a specific witness                 to the assassination,         724 00:34:26,314 --> 00:34:28,274      which was Victoria Adams.       725 00:34:29,901 --> 00:34:31,611      She worked on the fourth floor  726 00:34:31,652 --> 00:34:33,946           of the Texas School                     Book Depository,          727 00:34:33,988 --> 00:34:36,324           and she knew Oswald.        728 00:34:36,365 --> 00:34:38,576  I went to the National Archives    729 00:34:38,618 --> 00:34:42,830            searching for                   her original testimony.        730 00:34:42,872 --> 00:34:44,624         I was told that the tape      731 00:34:44,665 --> 00:34:47,460              containing her                    testimony was missing.       732 00:34:47,502 --> 00:34:49,962           And later I learned                      that that tape           733 00:34:50,004 --> 00:34:53,257            had been destroyed                by the Warren Commission.      734 00:34:53,299 --> 00:34:55,510           And so I finally                   ended up finding her         735 00:34:55,551 --> 00:34:58,638             and getting                     her side of the story.        736 00:34:58,679 --> 00:35:02,225          Vicki Adams was 22 at             the time of the assassination,  737 00:35:02,266 --> 00:35:04,185          and she testified                     that immediately           738 00:35:04,227 --> 00:35:07,021       after the assassination,       739 00:35:07,063 --> 00:35:09,273       she ran down the back stairs    740 00:35:09,315 --> 00:35:11,317              to get     outside                 to see what was going on.      741 00:35:12,110 --> 00:35:13,653          If that were true,          742 00:35:13,694 --> 00:35:17,907        she would have seen Oswald               on the back stairs.         743 00:35:17,949 --> 00:35:20,660    But she testified that she saw             and heard no one.           744 00:35:21,994 --> 00:35:24,330             She had realized                 that something was wrong,      745 00:35:24,372 --> 00:35:26,415            because no one                     was believing her.          746 00:35:26,457 --> 00:35:29,919        So she asked David Belin,              who was questioning her,      747 00:35:29,961 --> 00:35:31,838      "Interview Sandra Styles,       748 00:35:31,879 --> 00:35:35,341           a coworker who went                down the stairs with me."      749 00:35:35,383 --> 00:35:37,760               This became                     a rather serious problem      750 00:35:37,802 --> 00:35:39,554        for the Warren Commission,     751 00:35:39,595 --> 00:35:45,184      because discrediting one woman              was easy to do.           752 00:35:45,226 --> 00:35:48,271             But discrediting                  a corroborating witness,      753 00:35:48,312 --> 00:35:50,690            that may have been                  a little bit tougher.        754 00:35:50,731 --> 00:35:54,485            So Belin said,               "We don't need Sandra Styles,     755 00:35:54,527 --> 00:35:55,403            we have you."             756 00:35:56,571 --> 00:35:57,822                [man]                         We've had Mr. Belin here      757 00:35:57,864 --> 00:35:59,365               with us too,                     one of our counselors        758 00:35:59,407 --> 00:36:01,284             who's been here                    several times, and...        759 00:36:01,325 --> 00:36:05,204        He knows this city now               as very few people do.        760 00:36:05,246 --> 00:36:08,958            [Barry Ernest]                      According to Vicki's                original     FBI testimony,      761 00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:11,544           she left the window                   on the fourth floor         762 00:36:11,586 --> 00:36:15,047         within 15 to 30 seconds                of the assassination.        763 00:36:15,089 --> 00:36:18,384      The Warren Commission elevated          that time to one minute.      764 00:36:18,426 --> 00:36:21,220         She said she arrived                  on the first floor          765 00:36:21,262 --> 00:36:24,056          within 60 seconds                  of the assassination.         766 00:36:24,098 --> 00:36:28,186    The Warren Commission elevated       that time to several minutes.     767 00:36:28,227 --> 00:36:30,646                 So what                      the Warren Commission did      768 00:36:30,688 --> 00:36:32,982             was successfully                     deceive the public         769 00:36:33,024 --> 00:36:36,903     into thinking that Vicki was        just another confused witness.    770 00:36:36,944 --> 00:36:37,945             Case closed.             771 00:36:37,987 --> 00:36:39,405         Reenactments prove,          772 00:36:39,447 --> 00:36:42,033           the report says,                that Oswald did have time,      773 00:36:42,074 --> 00:36:45,244       just enough time to fire           the shots, secret the rifle,     774 00:36:45,286 --> 00:36:47,663  and get down to the second floor               cafeteria.              775 00:36:49,540 --> 00:36:55,338  But in 1999, I found a document          in the National Archives       776 00:36:55,379 --> 00:36:59,258       that had been suppressed                  for 35 years.             777 00:36:59,300 --> 00:37:01,636       It was a letter written        778 00:37:01,677 --> 00:37:05,514         by Assistant US Attorney                 Martha Jo Stroud.          779 00:37:05,556 --> 00:37:08,684       It was a transmittal letter                    forwarding             780 00:37:08,726 --> 00:37:11,979         Vicki's signed testimony                 to J. Lee Rankin,          781 00:37:12,021 --> 00:37:14,398             the head honcho                  of the Warren Commission's     782 00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:16,859       investigation at that point.    783 00:37:16,901 --> 00:37:19,195        In the last paragraph                   of that letter,            784 00:37:19,237 --> 00:37:21,239      almost as an afterthought,      785 00:37:21,280 --> 00:37:25,701       we're introduced to a woman          by the name of Dorothy Garner.  786 00:37:25,743 --> 00:37:29,747            Garner was Vicki's                   immediate supervisor        787 00:37:29,789 --> 00:37:32,792              who had stood                   at the window with Vicki.      788 00:37:32,833 --> 00:37:36,087       The letter quotes Garner              as saying that she saw        789 00:37:36,128 --> 00:37:38,047         Vicki go down the stairs      790 00:37:38,089 --> 00:37:43,970       before she saw Officer Baker             and Roy Truly come up.       791 00:37:44,011 --> 00:37:47,348     When I found and interviewed               Dorothy Garner,            792 00:37:47,390 --> 00:37:49,225      she confirmed everything.       793 00:37:49,267 --> 00:37:52,019        She said that she had been            at the window with Vicki,      794 00:37:52,061 --> 00:37:55,731           that Vicki had left                 the window immediately,       795 00:37:55,773 --> 00:37:59,902        that she actually followed             Vicki outside the office      796 00:37:59,944 --> 00:38:03,864      and to a point where she could       see her going down the stairs.  797 00:38:03,906 --> 00:38:07,243     And during that whole time,             she never saw Oswald.         798 00:38:07,285 --> 00:38:10,997       So the Stroud letter became            a very dangerous document      799 00:38:11,038 --> 00:38:13,958        for the Warren Commission.     800 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:17,295              [Goldberg]                     Without the Review Board's            declassification process,      801 00:38:17,336 --> 00:38:21,048       we would never have learned          of the corroborating testimony  802 00:38:21,090 --> 00:38:24,885            of three witnesses              that provide powerful evidence  803 00:38:24,927 --> 00:38:27,388           that Oswald was not                    on the sixth floor         804 00:38:27,430 --> 00:38:29,807       at the time of the shooting.    805 00:38:41,277 --> 00:38:45,656    Legally speaking, the autopsy      should have been done in Dallas,  806 00:38:45,698 --> 00:38:48,701       and there was a forensic             pathologist, Earl Rose.        807 00:38:48,743 --> 00:38:51,078               He was there                     to assume jurisdiction       808 00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:53,289          and to do the autopsy.       809 00:38:53,331 --> 00:38:55,458            He was pushed                     up against the wall          810 00:38:55,499 --> 00:38:57,668             and threatened,                        hands on guns,           811 00:38:57,710 --> 00:38:59,587      a lot of expletives and so on.  812 00:38:59,628 --> 00:39:01,422           He followed them                   out of the driveway,         813 00:39:01,464 --> 00:39:04,717        and they took the body              illegally out of Dallas        814 00:39:04,759 --> 00:39:07,553         in violation of the laws               in the state of Texas.       815 00:39:08,846 --> 00:39:10,473              [Goldberg]                        After    Air Force One        816 00:39:10,514 --> 00:39:12,183       left Dallas for Washington,     817 00:39:12,224 --> 00:39:15,478      two of the key doctors who had        tried to save Kennedy's life    818 00:39:15,519 --> 00:39:18,647          at Parkland Hospital,                held a press conference.      819 00:39:18,689 --> 00:39:22,568       They were Dr. Malcolm Perry               and Dr. Kemp Clark.         820 00:39:22,610 --> 00:39:25,029          When were the two                 major points of evidence       821 00:39:25,071 --> 00:39:26,489        revealed by Kemp Clark                 and Malcolm Perry           822 00:39:26,530 --> 00:39:28,324       at the press conference?       823 00:39:28,366 --> 00:39:30,409         Dr. Perry performed                    the tracheotomy            824 00:39:30,451 --> 00:39:32,828       to help Kennedy breathe,       825 00:39:32,870 --> 00:39:34,997        and at a press conference                    right after             826 00:39:35,039 --> 00:39:37,958         the failed resuscitation                 efforts in Dallas,         827 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:39,585              he was asked,                 "Well, where was the bullet?"    828 00:39:39,627 --> 00:39:41,379  He said, "The bullet looked like         it was coming at him.         829 00:39:41,420 --> 00:39:43,255       He had an entrance wound                 in the throat."            830 00:39:44,340 --> 00:39:45,674           [Douglas Horne]                          Kemp Clarke             831 00:39:45,716 --> 00:39:47,051               was the head                  of neurosurgery at Parkland.    832 00:39:47,093 --> 00:39:50,304        He said that the President                had a gaping wound         833 00:39:50,346 --> 00:39:51,931  in the occipital-parietal area.    834 00:39:51,972 --> 00:39:54,308            That's, you know,                the right rear of the head.     835 00:39:54,350 --> 00:39:56,394        And so the description                  he gave of that            836 00:39:56,435 --> 00:39:59,480       was entirely consistent                with an exit wound.          837 00:39:59,522 --> 00:40:00,815        We have a transcript today     838 00:40:00,856 --> 00:40:02,400            of what they said                  at the press conference.      839 00:40:02,441 --> 00:40:05,653      So it's White House transcript                   1327C.               840 00:40:05,694 --> 00:40:07,238         That's a very important                 historical document,        841 00:40:07,279 --> 00:40:10,408        because the Secret Service            confiscated the videotapes     842 00:40:10,449 --> 00:40:12,243       from the local TV stations.     843 00:40:12,284 --> 00:40:16,163    [Goldberg]   There is, however,          a surviving clip of Dr. Perry    844 00:40:16,205 --> 00:40:19,083            recorded not long                after the press conference.     845 00:40:32,471 --> 00:40:35,224  [Goldberg]   What Clark and Perry             both revealed     that day      846 00:40:35,266 --> 00:40:39,061              would indicate                 an assassin from the front.     847 00:40:39,103 --> 00:40:41,313              And Assistant                  White House Press Secretary     848 00:40:41,355 --> 00:40:43,649       Malcolm Kilduff's statement     849 00:40:43,691 --> 00:40:47,153             seems to support                      this conclusion.          850 00:40:47,194 --> 00:40:53,576  It's a simple matter of a bullet        right through the head.        851 00:40:55,703 --> 00:40:57,079              [Goldberg]                    The day after the shooting,     852 00:40:57,121 --> 00:40:59,999            Dr. Perry was seen                  by Nurse Audrey Bell,        853 00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:02,334          who had been with him                 in the operating room.       854 00:41:02,376 --> 00:41:05,087  [Audrey Bell]   Saturday morning,             when I got over there,       855 00:41:05,129 --> 00:41:07,339                Dr. Perry                       came up to the office.       856 00:41:07,381 --> 00:41:08,841         I said, "You look awful.      857 00:41:08,883 --> 00:41:11,177               Did you get                      any sleep last night?"       858 00:41:11,218 --> 00:41:13,429      He said, "Well, not too much,    859 00:41:13,471 --> 00:41:17,349  between the calls from Bethesda     that came in during the night."    860 00:41:17,391 --> 00:41:18,851          I said, "What about?"        861 00:41:18,893 --> 00:41:21,896          He said, "Oh, whether               that was an entrance wound     862 00:41:21,937 --> 00:41:23,856             or an exit wound                      in the throat."           863 00:41:23,898 --> 00:41:25,774      He said, "They were wanting me            to change my mind."         864 00:41:26,901 --> 00:41:28,861       In his Warren Commission                    testimony,              865 00:41:28,903 --> 00:41:31,530        he basically retracted                  what he had said           866 00:41:31,572 --> 00:41:33,824           and they forced him                       to back down            867 00:41:33,866 --> 00:41:36,243           and     intimidated him                 on the witness stand.        868 00:41:36,285 --> 00:41:38,996           It was really quite                   embarrassing for me                      as a physician           869 00:41:39,038 --> 00:41:41,624       to see how someone else             who was telling the truth       870 00:41:41,665 --> 00:41:44,210         was basically forced              to recant his own opinion.      871 00:41:44,251 --> 00:41:46,921  Did it occur to you at the time             or did you think,           872 00:41:46,962 --> 00:41:51,175       "Was this an entry wound           or was this an exit wound?"      873 00:41:51,217 --> 00:41:53,719      Actually, I didn't really               give it much thought         874 00:41:53,761 --> 00:41:55,513     and I realized that perhaps      875 00:41:55,554 --> 00:41:57,515          it would have been                 better had I done so.         876 00:41:57,556 --> 00:42:00,518            But I actually                    applied my energies,         877 00:42:00,559 --> 00:42:02,520    and those of us there all did,    878 00:42:02,561 --> 00:42:04,313       to the problem at hand.        879 00:42:04,355 --> 00:42:06,315         And I didn't really                concern myself too much        880 00:42:06,357 --> 00:42:08,692     with how it happened or why.     881 00:42:08,734 --> 00:42:13,239     In 1975, Dr. Shires hired me     882 00:42:13,280 --> 00:42:16,492            on the faculty             at the University of Washington    883 00:42:16,534 --> 00:42:18,494              in the cardiac                      surgery division.          884 00:42:18,536 --> 00:42:22,581         So I got to know Malcolm             when I joined the faculty.     885 00:42:22,623 --> 00:42:24,875             We developed                 a professional relationship,     886 00:42:24,917 --> 00:42:28,546    and we would operate together              on complex cases.           887 00:42:28,587 --> 00:42:34,552    I was particularly interested         in, uh, Dr. Perry's position     888 00:42:34,593 --> 00:42:36,303      with the JFK assassination      889 00:42:36,345 --> 00:42:40,391    because he did the tracheotomy         on him after he was shot.       890 00:42:40,432 --> 00:42:44,478     The problem is that Malcolm             categorically refused         891 00:42:44,520 --> 00:42:48,148           to ever discuss                     the assassination,          892 00:42:48,190 --> 00:42:51,110         uh, and he wouldn't                  answer my questions                 about that neck wound.        893 00:42:51,151 --> 00:42:53,862          And then one night             after we had operated together    894 00:42:53,904 --> 00:42:57,032            for many hours                     on a complex case,          895 00:42:57,074 --> 00:42:59,118          we were sitting in              the surgeons' lounge alone,      896 00:42:59,159 --> 00:43:01,120           drinking coffee,           897 00:43:01,161 --> 00:43:04,873      and I once again asked him             about that neck wound.        898 00:43:04,915 --> 00:43:10,754        And this time, he said             it was an entrance wound,       899 00:43:10,796 --> 00:43:14,758            unquestionably                     an entrance wound.          900 00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:19,054    One of the-- the main reasons      Dr. Perry changed his testimony    901 00:43:19,096 --> 00:43:21,974         and publicly agreed                  it was an exit wound         902 00:43:22,016 --> 00:43:25,978    is a Secret Service agent, uh,          put the pressure on him,       903 00:43:26,020 --> 00:43:28,814  and that person was Elmer Moore.  904 00:43:29,982 --> 00:43:32,443                 In 1970,                      Elmer Moore was the head      905 00:43:32,484 --> 00:43:35,321       of the Secret Service office                   in Seattle             906 00:43:35,362 --> 00:43:38,699        and a graduate student                named Jim Gochenaur          907 00:43:38,741 --> 00:43:40,659         became friends with him,      908 00:43:40,701 --> 00:43:43,412           and he admitted               to Gochenaur that he regretted    909 00:43:43,454 --> 00:43:46,790      putting pressure on Dr. Perry.  910 00:43:46,832 --> 00:43:48,917       So I asked him directly.       911 00:43:48,959 --> 00:43:54,548         I said, "Mr. Moore,              did you pressure Dr. Perry?"     912 00:43:54,590 --> 00:43:55,924       He stopped for a minute.       913 00:43:55,966 --> 00:43:58,344        He says, "Well, I was                 ordered to do that."         914 00:43:58,385 --> 00:43:59,803            He expanded on it.         915 00:43:59,845 --> 00:44:01,263               And he said                      that Inspector Kelley        916 00:44:01,305 --> 00:44:04,808             had ordered him                      to talk with Perry         917 00:44:04,850 --> 00:44:06,769        and, uh, convince him                   that it could be           918 00:44:06,810 --> 00:44:09,521            either an exit                     or an entry wound,          919 00:44:09,563 --> 00:44:12,024         not an entry wound.          920 00:44:12,066 --> 00:44:15,527            And I thought                  it was pretty interesting       921 00:44:15,569 --> 00:44:20,199  that he would admit to something   that's pretty close to a felony.  922 00:44:20,240 --> 00:44:22,993           [Donald Miller]               Elmer Moore     was also in charge  923 00:44:23,035 --> 00:44:24,703                of getting                     the doctors at Parkland       924 00:44:24,745 --> 00:44:26,997        to change their testimony,     925 00:44:27,039 --> 00:44:28,832              and agree                    that there was no big hole      926 00:44:28,874 --> 00:44:32,044      in the back of Kennedy's head.  927 00:44:32,086 --> 00:44:34,963     [Goldberg]   Charles Crenshaw,              a third year resident,       928 00:44:35,005 --> 00:44:38,258        was in the emergency room               at Parkland that day.        929 00:44:38,300 --> 00:44:41,804       He later said in public that         he felt the wounds in Kennedy    930 00:44:41,845 --> 00:44:44,306        originated from the front.     931 00:44:44,348 --> 00:44:46,809         From here, through.          932 00:44:46,850 --> 00:44:49,019            [Gary Aguilar]                 Charles Crenshaw wrote a book,  933 00:44:49,061 --> 00:44:51,522        Conspiracy of Silence,              in the wake of the film    JFK,  934 00:44:51,563 --> 00:44:53,732              saying, "Look,                 I was at Parkland Hospital.     935 00:44:53,774 --> 00:44:56,694           "I saw Kennedy,             I was involved in the treatment,  936 00:44:56,735 --> 00:44:58,404        "and Kennedy's wounds                 were not consistent          937 00:44:58,445 --> 00:45:00,489       "with a shot from above                 and behind because          938 00:45:00,531 --> 00:45:03,242      he had a defect involving           the right rear of his head."     939 00:45:05,452 --> 00:45:06,995         [man over recorder]                   Using the most precise       940 00:45:07,037 --> 00:45:08,497           medical terminology                    that you can use.          941 00:45:08,539 --> 00:45:09,915     [Audrey Bell over recorder]                  Okay, let's see,          942 00:45:09,957 --> 00:45:13,252         it was on the right rear      943 00:45:13,293 --> 00:45:17,256         and he shifted the head,             a little bit, to the left,     944 00:45:17,297 --> 00:45:21,593       lifted up the, well, kind of           the matted area, the flap.     945 00:45:21,635 --> 00:45:25,556            And you could see                       the, uh, hole,           946 00:45:25,597 --> 00:45:27,933            and there was, uh,         947 00:45:27,975 --> 00:45:32,271          brain and spinal fluid               dripping down out of it.      948 00:45:32,312 --> 00:45:35,107  Then I noticed it was dripping,         you know, down into a bucket.    949 00:45:37,568 --> 00:45:39,319               [Stone]                           As early as 1981,          950 00:45:39,361 --> 00:45:41,905       copies of the autopsy photos                  were leaked             951 00:45:41,947 --> 00:45:45,075             and distributed                    among JFK researchers.       952 00:45:45,117 --> 00:45:46,744                The image                      of Kennedy's head wound       953 00:45:46,785 --> 00:45:51,415  contradicted what was witnessed            by the Parkland doctors.      954 00:45:51,457 --> 00:45:56,253      I recall the injury being            right along in this area.       955 00:45:59,423 --> 00:46:02,843  [Mantik]   It's as if the autopsy            materials were designed       956 00:46:02,885 --> 00:46:05,304             to hide what                    was really happening,         957 00:46:05,345 --> 00:46:07,723          as opposed to what                they should usually do.        958 00:46:07,765 --> 00:46:12,352      They're supposed to reveal           the full extent of things.      959 00:46:12,394 --> 00:46:14,438        [Goldberg]   The evening                 of the assassination,        960 00:46:14,480 --> 00:46:18,233      the body of President Kennedy          was returned to Washington.     961 00:46:18,275 --> 00:46:21,653        The autopsy was performed            at Bethesda Medical Center,     962 00:46:21,695 --> 00:46:23,739           a naval institution.        963 00:46:23,781 --> 00:46:25,616            All of the top                   forensic pathologists         964 00:46:25,657 --> 00:46:27,159         in the United States         965 00:46:27,201 --> 00:46:30,788      were within one-hour drive            or flying time from D.C.       966 00:46:30,829 --> 00:46:32,831  Not one of them was called upon.  967 00:46:32,873 --> 00:46:34,833            There were two                     Navy pathologists,          968 00:46:34,875 --> 00:46:36,418        Commander James Humes         969 00:46:36,460 --> 00:46:38,504            and his associate,                   J. Thornton Boswell.        970 00:46:38,545 --> 00:46:42,257  These two military pathologists             who had never done          971 00:46:42,299 --> 00:46:45,803    a single gunshot-wound autopsy          in their entire careers.       972 00:46:45,844 --> 00:46:47,387    This is something that really     973 00:46:47,429 --> 00:46:49,389         has to be emphasized                  to every American.          974 00:46:49,431 --> 00:46:51,558            I don't care,                    Democrat, Republican,                liberal, conservative.        975 00:46:51,600 --> 00:46:53,018       This is your president,        976 00:46:53,060 --> 00:46:55,270            and you've got                  multiple gunshot wounds        977 00:46:55,312 --> 00:46:58,524  to determine angles, trajectory,            range, sequence.           978 00:46:58,565 --> 00:46:59,942  And then you've got to correlate  979 00:46:59,983 --> 00:47:01,568          with the multiple               gunshot wounds in Connally.      980 00:47:01,610 --> 00:47:04,154      This is a formidable task             that would have required       981 00:47:04,196 --> 00:47:08,283     two or three major forensic       pathologists to-- to undertake.    982 00:47:08,325 --> 00:47:10,494            So they called                     Humes and Boswell.          983 00:47:10,536 --> 00:47:11,870            They realized                  they were over their head.      984 00:47:11,912 --> 00:47:13,247       They called in an expert       985 00:47:13,288 --> 00:47:15,040        from the Armed Forces               Institute of Pathology,        986 00:47:15,082 --> 00:47:16,625        a guy named Pierre Finck.      987 00:47:16,667 --> 00:47:19,169          Dr. Humes and Boswell                  started the autopsy         988 00:47:19,211 --> 00:47:21,547          before their forensics              consultant even got there,     989 00:47:21,588 --> 00:47:23,549          but they realized              they were in over their head.     990 00:47:23,590 --> 00:47:26,718        So they asked to have                  a medical examiner                   because Dr. Finck,          991 00:47:26,760 --> 00:47:29,888      who is a forensic pathologist,          wasn't doing autopsies.       992 00:47:29,930 --> 00:47:31,557            He hadn't done one                 in more than two years.       993 00:47:31,598 --> 00:47:33,559     So they asked for permission             to bring in somebody         994 00:47:33,600 --> 00:47:37,479    who knew what they were doing.           Permission was denied.        995 00:47:37,521 --> 00:47:40,023              [Aguilar]                      There were a lot of people             at the Bethesda morgue.       996 00:47:40,065 --> 00:47:41,316             The latest count                   by all the researchers       997 00:47:41,358 --> 00:47:43,902            that I know of is                      about 33 people.          998 00:47:43,944 --> 00:47:46,196  There was a gallery, bleachers.    999 00:47:46,238 --> 00:47:49,241        Apparently, all three rows             were filled with people.      1000 00:47:49,283 --> 00:47:52,327           These three autopsy          pathologists were given a body,    1001 00:47:52,369 --> 00:47:53,537       told, "Here's the body,        1002 00:47:53,579 --> 00:47:55,289       he was shot from behind,                he fell forward,"           1003 00:47:55,330 --> 00:47:57,291           which they wrote                 in their autopsy report,       1004 00:47:57,332 --> 00:47:58,458    figure out how the wounds fit     1005 00:47:58,500 --> 00:48:00,460       the known circumstances                  of the shooting.           1006 00:48:00,502 --> 00:48:04,006    But what this really speaks to        is the fact that the autopsy     1007 00:48:04,047 --> 00:48:05,465        was not in the control                  of the surgeons            1008 00:48:05,507 --> 00:48:07,551            that were charged                       with doing it.           1009 00:48:07,593 --> 00:48:09,678  It was in the control of people                who were there,           1010 00:48:09,720 --> 00:48:12,890          who were telling them                   what they could do                and what they couldn't do.     1011 00:48:12,931 --> 00:48:15,601     [reporter] Let's talk about           those two wounds, Captain.      1012 00:48:15,642 --> 00:48:18,103          You examined this                 whole area of the back.        1013 00:48:18,145 --> 00:48:19,354      [James J. Humes] Yes, sir.      1014 00:48:19,396 --> 00:48:21,064               [Wecht]                 So on the night of the autopsy,    1015 00:48:21,106 --> 00:48:23,108         Humes and Boswell said,       1016 00:48:23,150 --> 00:48:25,193      "Hey, we got a bullet hole           in the President's back,"       1017 00:48:25,235 --> 00:48:28,113              which they                   examined with the finger,       1018 00:48:28,155 --> 00:48:29,573       then with an instrument,                then took x-rays,           1019 00:48:29,615 --> 00:48:31,366       then took out the lungs.       1020 00:48:31,408 --> 00:48:32,618           And no bullets.            1021 00:48:32,659 --> 00:48:34,119            In a murder case,          1022 00:48:34,161 --> 00:48:36,788          that is a very serious                  problem for them.          1023 00:48:36,830 --> 00:48:38,332       So where did that bullet go?    1024 00:48:38,373 --> 00:48:41,084      It was just, like you say,               a work of fiction.          1025 00:48:41,126 --> 00:48:43,420            A call came in                  from the FBI in Dallas.        1026 00:48:43,462 --> 00:48:45,005         A bullet was found.          1027 00:48:45,047 --> 00:48:46,590            Darrell Tomlinson,                    a maintenance man          1028 00:48:46,632 --> 00:48:48,300          at Parkland Hospital,        1029 00:48:48,342 --> 00:48:51,136  trying to get to the men's room,           passing by the ER,          1030 00:48:51,178 --> 00:48:52,888           found the stretchers                   blocking the way,          1031 00:48:52,930 --> 00:48:55,015                bent down,                       moved the stretcher,        1032 00:48:55,057 --> 00:48:56,767         and there was a bullet.       1033 00:48:56,808 --> 00:48:58,143      How did that bullet get there?  1034 00:48:58,185 --> 00:48:59,853        Humes and Boswell came up      1035 00:48:59,895 --> 00:49:02,147            with this totally                     absurd conclusion          1036 00:49:02,189 --> 00:49:04,191     that when the President lay      1037 00:49:04,232 --> 00:49:07,277          on the stretcher,                     supine position,           1038 00:49:07,319 --> 00:49:09,237             and pressure                   was applied to his chest       1039 00:49:09,279 --> 00:49:11,657         for cardiopulmonary                     resuscitation,            1040 00:49:11,698 --> 00:49:15,243          that pressure, applied            anteriorly, forced the bullet,  1041 00:49:15,285 --> 00:49:17,371              which had gone                   deeply into the tissues,      1042 00:49:17,412 --> 00:49:19,039  back out through like a tunnel.    1043 00:49:19,081 --> 00:49:21,333      In and out, a car in reverse.    1044 00:49:21,375 --> 00:49:24,211              And what's                   very important to note is       1045 00:49:24,252 --> 00:49:26,838           bullets don't go                  in and out like that.         1046 00:49:26,880 --> 00:49:30,509     The bullet becomes encased.         But that was their conclusion.    1047 00:49:30,550 --> 00:49:34,012  Keep in mind, they did not know          that there was a bullet hole    1048 00:49:34,054 --> 00:49:35,847           in the front of                   the President's neck.         1049 00:49:35,889 --> 00:49:38,225              Commander.                      Now, Captain Humes,          1050 00:49:38,266 --> 00:49:40,352          how many autopsies                  have you performed?          1051 00:49:40,394 --> 00:49:42,354     [Humes]   Approximately 1,000.     1052 00:49:42,396 --> 00:49:47,025  It wasn't until the next morning          when Humes decided,          1053 00:49:47,067 --> 00:49:48,443    "Hey, maybe we outta talk with    1054 00:49:48,485 --> 00:49:50,904               the surgeons                     at Parkland Hospital."       1055 00:49:50,946 --> 00:49:53,740          Earlier that day, the              doctors at Parkland Hospital    1056 00:49:53,782 --> 00:49:55,575      had determined that the bullet  1057 00:49:55,617 --> 00:49:57,494             had fortuitously                ripped through the trachea.     1058 00:49:57,536 --> 00:50:00,539             So they enlarged                     that bullet hole.          1059 00:50:00,580 --> 00:50:02,791          And now they learned,                  for the first time,         1060 00:50:02,833 --> 00:50:04,835    that there was a tracheostomy     1061 00:50:04,876 --> 00:50:07,087             superimposed                     upon a bullet wound.         1062 00:50:07,129 --> 00:50:09,881      "Aha!" said Humes and Boswell.  1063 00:50:09,923 --> 00:50:11,383            "Now we know!"            1064 00:50:11,425 --> 00:50:14,136      The shot fired from the rear,               entered the back,          1065 00:50:14,177 --> 00:50:16,596            moving around                    2,000 feet per second,        1066 00:50:16,638 --> 00:50:19,474          comes out, then stops,        sees the starched white collar,    1067 00:50:19,516 --> 00:50:22,060  gets frightened to death, plops     into the front of his clothing.    1068 00:50:22,102 --> 00:50:23,729             And that's where                   the bullet came from,        1069 00:50:23,770 --> 00:50:25,731            found by Tomlinson                    on the stretcher.          1070 00:50:25,772 --> 00:50:27,274      Four or five months later,      1071 00:50:27,315 --> 00:50:29,860          under Arlen Specter's                 single-bullet theory,        1072 00:50:29,901 --> 00:50:32,571               that bullet                      has been rejuvenated,                 it's been revitalized.       1073 00:50:32,612 --> 00:50:33,947             That bullet has                       now gone through          1074 00:50:33,989 --> 00:50:35,741        Kennedy, through Connally,     1075 00:50:35,782 --> 00:50:39,953    and now, as of April of 1964,            the Stretcher Bullet,         1076 00:50:39,995 --> 00:50:41,830         Commission Exhibit #399,      1077 00:50:41,872 --> 00:50:43,582             the hero of the                  Warren Commission report,      1078 00:50:43,623 --> 00:50:46,668               is now from                      Connally's left thigh.       1079 00:50:46,710 --> 00:50:48,879        How is that possible?         1080 00:50:48,920 --> 00:50:50,881            It's unbelievable!         1081 00:50:50,922 --> 00:50:53,759  ...which is scientific evidence    1082 00:50:53,800 --> 00:51:00,265       that the wound was made         from behind and passed forward.    1083 00:51:00,307 --> 00:51:03,852    [Aguilar]   Dr. Humes destroyed           his original autopsy notes.     1084 00:51:03,894 --> 00:51:05,729           Now, Dr. Humes,               the chief autopsy pathologist,    1085 00:51:05,771 --> 00:51:07,689           and what we all know                      as doctors,             1086 00:51:07,731 --> 00:51:09,608            notes taken while                   you're doing something       1087 00:51:09,649 --> 00:51:11,109         are much more important,      1088 00:51:11,151 --> 00:51:12,944            and are likely                 to be closer to the truth       1089 00:51:12,986 --> 00:51:15,530    than anything you write later.    1090 00:51:15,572 --> 00:51:18,075           And he admitted that             he'd destroyed autopsy notes.    1091 00:51:18,116 --> 00:51:20,118            You destroyed                     your original notes          1092 00:51:20,160 --> 00:51:21,787     in a medical legal autopsy?      1093 00:51:21,828 --> 00:51:25,290       And remember, that night              Oswald is still alive.        1094 00:51:25,332 --> 00:51:26,792               You're going                      to be asked, doctor,        1095 00:51:26,833 --> 00:51:31,505  at some point in time under oath        to give sworn testimony.       1096 00:51:31,546 --> 00:51:33,757             Why did you                  destroy those notes, doctor?     1097 00:51:33,799 --> 00:51:36,760        Doesn't a pathologist                   keep his notes?            1098 00:51:36,802 --> 00:51:39,471         And he said, "Well,           I destroyed my own autopsy notes  1099 00:51:39,513 --> 00:51:41,890    "because they were splattered          with the President's blood      1100 00:51:41,932 --> 00:51:44,768  and I didn't want them to become     objects of morbid curiosity."     1101 00:51:44,810 --> 00:51:46,311       The third doctor, Dr. Finck,    1102 00:51:46,353 --> 00:51:48,271              who was there,                    also wrote some notes        1103 00:51:48,313 --> 00:51:49,856              and complained                   bitterly about the fact       1104 00:51:49,898 --> 00:51:51,441  that his notes disappeared too.    1105 00:51:51,483 --> 00:51:53,568           He was so upset                 because he had to go home       1106 00:51:53,610 --> 00:51:56,029           and reconstruct               all of his notes from memory.     1107 00:51:58,031 --> 00:51:59,950            The two FBI agents                     at the autopsy,           1108 00:51:59,991 --> 00:52:02,619  Frank O'Neill and James Sibert,    1109 00:52:02,661 --> 00:52:05,580      they reported what they heard              during the autopsy,         1110 00:52:05,622 --> 00:52:08,333           what they heard                   the pathologists say,         1111 00:52:08,375 --> 00:52:10,418       specifically Dr. Humes.        1112 00:52:10,460 --> 00:52:15,006          They were interviewed         by Arlen Specter in early 1964.    1113 00:52:15,048 --> 00:52:19,177        He proceeded to write              very unfavorable comments       1114 00:52:19,219 --> 00:52:21,930     about them in a summary memo               for the record.            1115 00:52:21,972 --> 00:52:23,348       We know with confidence        1116 00:52:23,390 --> 00:52:25,225          why he didn't like                 what they had to say,         1117 00:52:25,267 --> 00:52:27,352          because they were                    providing evidence          1118 00:52:27,394 --> 00:52:29,521    that the single-bullet theory              could not be true.          1119 00:52:29,563 --> 00:52:31,857              [Goldberg]                     Neither Sibert nor O'Neill     1120 00:52:31,898 --> 00:52:34,568          were asked to testify               for the Warren Commission,     1121 00:52:34,609 --> 00:52:37,154         and their written notes                  became classified.         1122 00:52:37,195 --> 00:52:39,698                 In 1997,                    their depositions were taken    1123 00:52:39,739 --> 00:52:42,826           by the Assassination                 Records Review Board.        1124 00:52:42,868 --> 00:52:45,078           [Douglas Horne]                    Both Sibert and O'Neill       1125 00:52:45,120 --> 00:52:48,290        were shown the photographs            of the back of JFK's head,     1126 00:52:48,331 --> 00:52:51,501       the autopsy photographs that          are the most controversial.     1127 00:52:51,543 --> 00:52:53,128          And they both said                    that they didn't           1128 00:52:53,170 --> 00:52:55,172        see anything like that                  at the autopsy.            1129 00:52:55,213 --> 00:52:57,465       O'Neill had said, "It looks             like it's been doctored.      1130 00:52:57,507 --> 00:52:59,009         "I don't mean the photo                  has been doctored.         1131 00:52:59,050 --> 00:53:01,052          It looks like the head             has been put back together,"    1132 00:53:01,094 --> 00:53:02,637          you know, by embalmers               and then photographed."       1133 00:53:02,679 --> 00:53:04,222              That was what                      he said under oath.         1134 00:53:04,264 --> 00:53:06,558         Sibert did not remember       1135 00:53:06,600 --> 00:53:09,352    drawing a diagram of the wound          for the House committee.       1136 00:53:09,394 --> 00:53:11,479         So he drew a new one                for the Review Board.         1137 00:53:11,521 --> 00:53:13,523           And it's one of our              most important wound diagrams.  1138 00:53:13,565 --> 00:53:15,984            And it shows what                could only be an exit defect    1139 00:53:16,026 --> 00:53:17,402  in the right rear of the skull.    1140 00:53:24,409 --> 00:53:26,745    [Goldberg]   This new evidence,                  combined with            1141 00:53:26,786 --> 00:53:29,915            the Review Board's                     declassification                      of 40 witnesses           1142 00:53:29,956 --> 00:53:32,751        who saw a hole in the back                of Kennedy's head,         1143 00:53:32,792 --> 00:53:37,214      constitutes powerful evidence           of a shot from the front.      1144 00:53:38,131 --> 00:53:39,591              (gunshot)               1145 00:53:42,427 --> 00:53:44,137               Who was                     the autopsy photographer?       1146 00:53:44,179 --> 00:53:46,514            John Stringer.            1147 00:53:46,556 --> 00:53:49,100         He was a Navy civilian.               He was widely respected.      1148 00:53:49,142 --> 00:53:50,310        He had written a textbook      1149 00:53:50,352 --> 00:53:52,229          on medical photography                    for the Navy.            1150 00:53:52,270 --> 00:53:53,688                So he was                    the photographer of record.     1151 00:53:53,730 --> 00:53:55,941             He photographed                      the autopsy itself         1152 00:53:55,982 --> 00:53:59,486        and also photographed                the President's brain.        1153 00:53:59,527 --> 00:54:01,696      [Stone]   The autopsy photos              of the President's brain      1154 00:54:01,738 --> 00:54:03,949                are housed                    at the National Archives.      1155 00:54:03,990 --> 00:54:07,035      These photos cannot be scanned               or reproduced,           1156 00:54:07,077 --> 00:54:09,955          but are only available                 to be viewed on site        1157 00:54:09,996 --> 00:54:13,792        by researchers authorized               by the Kennedy family.       1158 00:54:13,833 --> 00:54:15,794           [Horne]   Half of                   the brain photos are taken     1159 00:54:15,835 --> 00:54:18,421          of a brain from above,                   superior views,           1160 00:54:18,463 --> 00:54:21,758       which is what Stringer said          he shot of the complete organ.  1161 00:54:21,800 --> 00:54:24,386  But the other half of the brain           photos in the archives        1162 00:54:24,427 --> 00:54:27,806       are taken of the bottom,              called basilar views.         1163 00:54:27,847 --> 00:54:30,767        Now, we were very careful              to question Mr. Stringer      1164 00:54:30,809 --> 00:54:32,811        about all the photographs                      he took,              1165 00:54:32,852 --> 00:54:35,939    and ask him what kind of film         he used for black and white,     1166 00:54:35,981 --> 00:54:37,607          what kind of film                    he used for color.          1167 00:54:37,649 --> 00:54:39,526       Jeremy Gunn showed Stringer     1168 00:54:39,567 --> 00:54:43,530            the color positive               transparencies of the brain,    1169 00:54:43,571 --> 00:54:45,115  and Stringer immediately noted,    1170 00:54:45,156 --> 00:54:47,701        "Well, these aren't Kodak.              These might be Ansco."       1171 00:54:47,742 --> 00:54:50,245    He said, "I don't see the name        of the manufacturer on here,     1172 00:54:50,287 --> 00:54:53,164         but these don't have the           right notches in the corner."    1173 00:54:53,206 --> 00:54:54,916           So Jeremy Gunn said,        1174 00:54:54,958 --> 00:54:57,043          "Did you use this film              with these notches in it?"     1175 00:54:57,085 --> 00:54:58,753           Stringer said, "No."        1176 00:54:58,795 --> 00:55:00,880       "Did you take basilar views            when you shot the brain?"      1177 00:55:00,922 --> 00:55:03,591             And he says,                   "Not as far as I know."        1178 00:55:03,633 --> 00:55:06,136          [Goldberg]   Doesn't               this all lead to the question    1179 00:55:06,177 --> 00:55:09,806      if Stringer did not take these         photographs,     then who did?    1180 00:55:11,683 --> 00:55:14,853              Robert Knudsen                   was a Navy photographer       1181 00:55:14,894 --> 00:55:17,981             who was detailed                to the White House in 1958.     1182 00:55:18,023 --> 00:55:21,192      If you read his obituaries in             The New York Times          1183 00:55:21,234 --> 00:55:22,485         and    The Washington Post,     1184 00:55:22,527 --> 00:55:24,779               you will see                      that he is credited         1185 00:55:24,821 --> 00:55:27,365            with photographing                    Kennedy's autopsy,         1186 00:55:27,407 --> 00:55:30,785      except officially he was not.    1187 00:55:30,827 --> 00:55:34,956        [Horne]   Robert Knudsen                 was not interviewed by                the Warren Commission.       1188 00:55:34,998 --> 00:55:39,002        So they finally found               Robert Knudsen in 1978.        1189 00:55:39,044 --> 00:55:41,171          And to its credit,               the House Select Committee      1190 00:55:41,212 --> 00:55:42,756         did a deposition of him.      1191 00:55:42,797 --> 00:55:45,383           To their discredit,                 they never published it.      1192 00:55:45,425 --> 00:55:49,763     They buried it for 50 years          and it got released in 1993.     1193 00:55:49,804 --> 00:55:51,639    And I know why they buried it,    1194 00:55:51,681 --> 00:55:54,559  because everything he told them         about autopsy photography       1195 00:55:54,601 --> 00:55:56,144            contradicted what                   they thought they knew       1196 00:55:56,186 --> 00:55:57,520         in the official record.       1197 00:55:57,562 --> 00:56:00,273            [Mantik]   After                       his death in 1989,         1198 00:56:00,315 --> 00:56:01,983       his wife was interviewed by     1199 00:56:02,025 --> 00:56:04,402            the Assassination                   Records Review Board.        1200 00:56:16,456 --> 00:56:19,709  He told her that one photograph               in particular,            1201 00:56:19,751 --> 00:56:21,252                presumably                      the back of the head,        1202 00:56:21,294 --> 00:56:23,755        had been severely altered.     1203 00:56:23,797 --> 00:56:25,757            [Jeremy Gunn]                   Where was the wound covered?    1204 00:56:31,304 --> 00:56:34,015     [Jeremy Gunn]   In one sense,             uh, probably worth saying      1205 00:56:34,057 --> 00:56:35,600         that what you're saying                  is very different          1206 00:56:35,642 --> 00:56:37,727                from what                    the United States government    1207 00:56:37,769 --> 00:56:39,979        has said for a long time.      1208 00:56:40,021 --> 00:56:43,566          And why didn't he say                 something to somebody?       1209 00:57:04,587 --> 00:57:06,423               [Horne]                         John Stringer is still       1210 00:57:06,464 --> 00:57:08,049               the autopsy                     photographer of record,       1211 00:57:08,091 --> 00:57:09,843  I think they both took pictures             and I personally think       1212 00:57:09,884 --> 00:57:12,679               that many of                    John Stringer's pictures      1213 00:57:12,720 --> 00:57:14,514              never made it                 into the official collection.    1214 00:57:14,556 --> 00:57:15,807        And a lot of the ones                   we're looking at           1215 00:57:15,849 --> 00:57:17,642      are Robert Knudsen's pictures.  1216 00:57:21,187 --> 00:57:24,482  [Mantik]   Saundra Spencer worked           at the Anacostia Facility,     1217 00:57:24,524 --> 00:57:26,568       a Naval Photographic Center,    1218 00:57:26,609 --> 00:57:28,987       which was quite separate              from the Bethesda lab.        1219 00:57:29,028 --> 00:57:32,323              That weekend,                       she received film.         1220 00:57:32,365 --> 00:57:34,993       [Horne]   The photographs         that Saundra Spencer developed,    1221 00:57:35,034 --> 00:57:37,162           which never made it                into the official record.      1222 00:57:37,203 --> 00:57:39,831        The only evidence we have             of them is her testimony.      1223 00:57:41,666 --> 00:57:43,835             Saundra Spencer                      was visibly upset          1224 00:57:43,877 --> 00:57:46,337          when she looked at the             official     autopsy photographs  1225 00:57:46,379 --> 00:57:49,924          because she said,                  "I developed pictures                of him and his family         1226 00:57:49,966 --> 00:57:52,677        for almost three years         and he never looked like this."    1227 00:57:52,719 --> 00:57:54,929     She said, "He looks terrible            in these photographs."        1228 00:57:59,434 --> 00:58:01,978           -She started to cry.                -[Stone]   In front of                    the Review Board?          1229 00:58:02,020 --> 00:58:04,355  [Horne]   Yes, she started to cry            in front of Jeremy and I      1230 00:58:04,397 --> 00:58:06,232            and the person                     from the archives,          1231 00:58:06,274 --> 00:58:08,776              and she said,                   "He did not look this bad      1232 00:58:08,818 --> 00:58:10,862            in the photographs                 I developed on Sunday."       1233 00:58:10,904 --> 00:58:13,948         He was very cleaned up.               It was very respectful.       1234 00:58:13,990 --> 00:58:16,034      And in one of the photographs                 she developed,           1235 00:58:16,075 --> 00:58:17,827          there was a brain,                    an intact brain,           1236 00:58:17,869 --> 00:58:19,621      sitting next to the body,       1237 00:58:19,662 --> 00:58:21,080  the nude body of the President.    1238 00:58:21,122 --> 00:58:22,874        Strange, first of all,                  that it's intact           1239 00:58:22,916 --> 00:58:26,252  because FBI agent Frank O'Neill           told the Review Board         1240 00:58:26,294 --> 00:58:29,088      that over half of the mass           of the brain was missing.       1241 00:58:31,925 --> 00:58:34,469    [Mantik]   So the brain autopsy                  or autopsies,            1242 00:58:34,511 --> 00:58:37,055         there were probably                    two such events,           1243 00:58:37,096 --> 00:58:41,851       uh, occurred later and          were not done on November 22nd.    1244 00:58:41,893 --> 00:58:43,603          [Aguilar]   Anybody                that's seen the Zapruder film    1245 00:58:43,645 --> 00:58:44,979            can see Kennedy's                       head explodes            1246 00:58:45,021 --> 00:58:46,523           and debris flies                   all over the place.          1247 00:58:46,564 --> 00:58:47,857        Jackie Kennedy climbed out     1248 00:58:47,899 --> 00:58:49,609              onto the trunk                      of the limousine,          1249 00:58:49,651 --> 00:58:52,779              picked up                    a chunk of the President's            brain, had it with her,        1250 00:58:52,820 --> 00:58:54,531    took it in and gave it to, uh,    1251 00:58:54,572 --> 00:58:56,574          one of the doctors                 at Parkland Hospital.         1252 00:58:56,616 --> 00:58:58,868       When you look at the autopsy           photographs of the brain,      1253 00:58:58,910 --> 00:59:00,245             which I've seen                      the originals of,          1254 00:59:00,286 --> 00:59:02,205             you can just see                that the brain is disrupted,    1255 00:59:02,247 --> 00:59:04,207             but very little                  of the tissue is missing.      1256 00:59:04,249 --> 00:59:07,043     Then we look at the autopsy              report of the brain,         1257 00:59:07,085 --> 00:59:09,170          what they call the           supplemental brain examination.    1258 00:59:09,212 --> 00:59:10,755          The brain in evidence                  that's weighed there        1259 00:59:10,797 --> 00:59:12,840           weighs 1,500 grams.         1260 00:59:12,882 --> 00:59:16,261           1500 grams is--                  is above average weight        1261 00:59:16,302 --> 00:59:17,845       of an adult male brain.        1262 00:59:17,887 --> 00:59:20,932         There was one report                  of 8,000 autopsies          1263 00:59:20,974 --> 00:59:23,643      and the average weight of               an adult male brain          1264 00:59:23,685 --> 00:59:25,770           was 1,336 grams.           1265 00:59:25,812 --> 00:59:29,524          So they're saying              that President Kennedy's brain    1266 00:59:29,566 --> 00:59:31,150            was well above                    the average weight.          1267 00:59:31,192 --> 00:59:33,194  Where did all that brain tissue               disappear to?             1268 00:59:33,236 --> 00:59:36,990    That flies around Dealey Plaza        that Jackie has in her hand,     1269 00:59:37,031 --> 00:59:38,700    that everybody is picking off              of their clothes?           1270 00:59:41,536 --> 00:59:44,289              [Chesser]                      There are two photographs           of the brain     at the archives.  1271 00:59:44,330 --> 00:59:46,749         I viewed those in 2015.       1272 00:59:46,791 --> 00:59:49,127          The brain looked to me                   to be distorted.          1273 00:59:49,168 --> 00:59:50,962         My first thought was          that the brain had been sitting    1274 00:59:51,004 --> 00:59:53,006       in a jar of formaldehyde                 for a long time.           1275 00:59:53,047 --> 00:59:56,134           The Review Board                    had a consultant.           1276 00:59:56,175 --> 00:59:59,012                A renowned                      forensic pathologist.        1277 00:59:59,053 --> 01:00:01,723        He looked at the brain              photographs and he said,       1278 01:00:01,764 --> 01:00:04,475           "This is a very                     well-fixed brain.           1279 01:00:04,517 --> 01:00:07,270            It's all gray.                   It's not pink at all.         1280 01:00:07,312 --> 01:00:10,481       "It's been fixed for two        or three weeks in formaldehyde.    1281 01:00:10,523 --> 01:00:11,858           It's been fixed                    at least two weeks,          1282 01:00:11,899 --> 01:00:13,359    maybe as long as three weeks."    1283 01:00:13,401 --> 01:00:15,778         I looked at Jeremy Gunn                 and he looked at me         1284 01:00:15,820 --> 01:00:17,071          and the hair stood up                on the back of my neck,       1285 01:00:17,113 --> 01:00:21,618  because I knew that JFK's brain              was examined...            1286 01:00:21,659 --> 01:00:23,995         less than three days                 after he was killed.         1287 01:00:24,037 --> 01:00:25,747         One can only imagine                   that they wanted           1288 01:00:25,788 --> 01:00:27,624    the-- the damage to the brain     1289 01:00:27,665 --> 01:00:29,751           to be consistent                   with the hypothesis          1290 01:00:29,792 --> 01:00:32,128             that Oswald                     had done the shooting.        1291 01:00:32,170 --> 01:00:34,631        So if you had a defect                 going all the way                 to the back of the head,       1292 01:00:34,672 --> 01:00:36,924        like so many witnesses                  testified to it,           1293 01:00:36,966 --> 01:00:41,346       it might raise questions          about whether that huge defect    1294 01:00:41,387 --> 01:00:44,057      could've cau-- been caused          by a single shot to the head     1295 01:00:44,098 --> 01:00:46,601        as Oswald is supposed                    to have done.             1296 01:00:46,643 --> 01:00:47,852              [Chesser]                       At a teaching hospital,       1297 01:00:47,894 --> 01:00:50,772                there was                       no shortage of brains.       1298 01:00:50,813 --> 01:00:52,106    Autopsies were very frequent.     1299 01:00:52,148 --> 01:00:53,691  Frequently, the brain was saved    1300 01:00:53,733 --> 01:00:56,194    for teaching medical students,    1301 01:00:56,235 --> 01:00:57,862             so it would not                     have been difficult         1302 01:00:57,904 --> 01:01:00,365             to find a brain                       for replacement.          1303 01:01:00,406 --> 01:01:01,783     This is just one more reason     1304 01:01:01,824 --> 01:01:04,452          why this cannot be               President Kennedy's brain       1305 01:01:04,494 --> 01:01:08,373       in the photographs that         we have stored at the archives.    1306 01:01:08,414 --> 01:01:14,045  What we have here... is evidence     that impugns the authenticity     1307 01:01:14,087 --> 01:01:16,714       of the brain photographs            in the National Archives.       1308 01:01:16,756 --> 01:01:18,508     If there was a trial today,      1309 01:01:18,549 --> 01:01:21,719    these brain photographs would        not be admissible as evidence.    1310 01:01:23,721 --> 01:01:25,723            I'd hate to be                    in your shoes today.         1311 01:01:26,724 --> 01:01:27,767    You have a lot to think about.    1312 01:01:27,809 --> 01:01:29,060             You've seen                      much hidden evidence         1313 01:01:29,102 --> 01:01:30,937         the American public                    has never seen.            1314 01:01:32,480 --> 01:01:35,900         You know, going back              to when we were children,       1315 01:01:35,942 --> 01:01:37,944       I think that most of us             in this courtroom thought       1316 01:01:37,985 --> 01:01:40,697          that justice came                into being automatically.       1317 01:01:41,698 --> 01:01:43,199  That virtue was its own reward,    1318 01:01:43,241 --> 01:01:45,284           that-- that good                 would triumph over evil.       1319 01:01:46,994 --> 01:01:50,790         But as we get older,            we know this just isn't true.     1320 01:01:50,832 --> 01:01:53,501       Individual human beings               have to create justice        1321 01:01:53,543 --> 01:01:54,752        and this is not easy,         1322 01:01:56,295 --> 01:01:59,757          because the truth              often poses a threat to power,    1323 01:01:59,799 --> 01:02:03,886  and one often has to fight power      at great risk to themselves.     1324 01:02:03,928 --> 01:02:05,430              [Goldberg]                     The one physician present      1325 01:02:05,471 --> 01:02:08,599        at both Parkland Hospital              and the Bethesda morgue       1326 01:02:08,641 --> 01:02:09,934           was George Burkley,         1327 01:02:09,976 --> 01:02:12,603        Kennedy's personal doctor.     1328 01:02:12,645 --> 01:02:15,940       Arlen Specter did not depose                George Burkley,           1329 01:02:15,982 --> 01:02:20,027       but Burkley did an interview         with the JFK Library in 1967,    1330 01:02:20,069 --> 01:02:22,447       and was asked this question.    1331 01:02:22,488 --> 01:02:23,781        [interviewer speaking]        1332 01:02:31,456 --> 01:02:32,790         [interviewer] I see.         1333 01:02:32,832 --> 01:02:35,168         [Miller]   The reason                he didn't say anything was,     1334 01:02:35,209 --> 01:02:38,671      he was intimately involved                in the coverup.            1335 01:02:38,713 --> 01:02:41,340      [Goldberg]   Burkley signed            the autopsy descriptive sheet    1336 01:02:41,382 --> 01:02:45,386        with a bullet in the back                at the level of T3.         1337 01:02:45,428 --> 01:02:47,972            And he also signed               Kennedy's death certificate,    1338 01:02:48,014 --> 01:02:50,683            which also placed                  that wound in the back.       1339 01:02:50,725 --> 01:02:52,685          That death certificate                      is not in              1340 01:02:52,727 --> 01:02:55,146      the Warren Commission volumes,  1341 01:02:55,188 --> 01:02:58,357        and the descriptive sheet             in the Commission volumes      1342 01:02:58,399 --> 01:03:00,651              does not have                      Burkley's signature.        1343 01:03:02,111 --> 01:03:04,155       In 1977, through his lawyer,    1344 01:03:04,197 --> 01:03:06,491            he wrote a letter                    to Richard Sprague,         1345 01:03:06,532 --> 01:03:08,159        Chief Counsel of the House     1346 01:03:08,201 --> 01:03:10,787             Select Committee                     on Assassinations.         1347 01:03:10,828 --> 01:03:13,164              He said he had                    information indicating       1348 01:03:13,206 --> 01:03:15,416        that others besides Oswald     1349 01:03:15,458 --> 01:03:18,461           must've     participated                in the assassination.        1350 01:03:18,503 --> 01:03:22,006              He was willing                to talk about it at this time.  1351 01:03:22,048 --> 01:03:24,342                 Sprague,                    who made clear his intention    1352 01:03:24,383 --> 01:03:27,011           to fully investigate                 the CIA's involvement,       1353 01:03:27,053 --> 01:03:29,096  was forced out two weeks later.    1354 01:03:29,138 --> 01:03:30,973               Dr. Burkley                  submitted a written statement    1355 01:03:31,015 --> 01:03:33,184      to the House Select Committee,  1356 01:03:33,226 --> 01:03:35,061  but there is no official record    1357 01:03:35,102 --> 01:03:38,356               of him     being                    deposed as a witness.        1358 01:03:38,397 --> 01:03:42,276           In 1982, he told                JFK researcher Henry Hurt,      1359 01:03:42,318 --> 01:03:43,736            "I know there was                   more than one gunman,"       1360 01:03:43,778 --> 01:03:45,154         and when Henry Hurt          1361 01:03:45,196 --> 01:03:47,198          tried to recontact               Burkley for more details,       1362 01:03:47,240 --> 01:03:48,616               Burkley                     cut him off at the knees.       1363 01:03:48,658 --> 01:03:50,159          "I don't want to talk                   about it anymore."         1364 01:03:50,201 --> 01:03:51,536         The very next year,                     Burkley talked            1365 01:03:51,577 --> 01:03:54,247          to Michael Kurtz,                 another JFK researcher,        1366 01:03:54,288 --> 01:03:55,832  told him that he knew there was    1367 01:03:55,873 --> 01:03:57,333             a conspiracy                    to kill the President         1368 01:03:57,375 --> 01:03:58,876           and that he recalled                     an exit wound            1369 01:03:58,918 --> 01:04:01,045              in the back of                  President Kennedy's head.      1370 01:04:01,087 --> 01:04:02,922             Now, that's                 a very significant statement.     1371 01:04:02,964 --> 01:04:05,007  That the only doctor we know of    1372 01:04:05,049 --> 01:04:07,885            who was present at               both Parkland for treatment,    1373 01:04:07,927 --> 01:04:09,554             and at Bethesda                     during the autopsy,         1374 01:04:09,595 --> 01:04:11,848      told Michael Kurtz in 1983      1375 01:04:11,889 --> 01:04:14,225      that Kennedy had an exit wound          in the back of his head.      1376 01:04:14,267 --> 01:04:15,560             When Kurtz tried                   to recontact Burkley,        1377 01:04:15,601 --> 01:04:18,062           Burkley cut him off                      at the knees.            1378 01:04:18,104 --> 01:04:19,814          "I don't want to talk                  about this anymore."        1379 01:04:19,856 --> 01:04:21,190         Dr. Burkley was deceased                    by the time             1380 01:04:21,232 --> 01:04:23,067  the Review Board was impaneled.    1381 01:04:23,109 --> 01:04:25,403    So then Jeremy decided, well,     1382 01:04:25,444 --> 01:04:28,656              we can ask                  the executor of his estate,      1383 01:04:28,698 --> 01:04:30,533      his daughter, to sign a waiver  1384 01:04:30,575 --> 01:04:33,035             so that we could                     go to the law firm         1385 01:04:33,077 --> 01:04:34,704              that Mr. Illig                      used to work for,          1386 01:04:34,745 --> 01:04:35,913      because he was deceased also,    1387 01:04:35,955 --> 01:04:37,248          and see if there were        1388 01:04:37,290 --> 01:04:39,000               any records                     in the file of Mr. Illig      1389 01:04:39,041 --> 01:04:41,085             that would have                     revealed what it was        1390 01:04:41,127 --> 01:04:43,129            he wanted to tell                    the HSCA in detail,         1391 01:04:43,170 --> 01:04:45,089  and she said she would do that.    1392 01:04:45,131 --> 01:04:46,507             And then Jeremy                   called her on the phone,      1393 01:04:46,549 --> 01:04:48,843            she had completely                     changed her mind          1394 01:04:48,885 --> 01:04:50,177              and adamantly                       refused to sign it         1395 01:04:50,219 --> 01:04:52,388      and terminated the phone call.  1396 01:04:57,852 --> 01:04:59,854  The face sheet for the autopsy,    1397 01:04:59,896 --> 01:05:02,773       where it shows the front        and back silhouette of the body,  1398 01:05:02,815 --> 01:05:05,818           where you mark scars             and bullet wounds and things,    1399 01:05:05,860 --> 01:05:08,279            the face sheet                  showed the bullet wound        1400 01:05:08,321 --> 01:05:13,284         in the back at the level              of thoracic vertebra T3,      1401 01:05:13,326 --> 01:05:16,287         which is five and a half                to six inches below.        1402 01:05:16,329 --> 01:05:18,247              [Goldberg]                    That location coincided with    1403 01:05:18,289 --> 01:05:21,792         what Sibert and O'Neill                wrote in their report.       1404 01:05:21,834 --> 01:05:25,421      And in order to make the facts       fit the single-bullet theory,    1405 01:05:25,463 --> 01:05:27,548                one bullet                      doing all this damage,       1406 01:05:27,590 --> 01:05:31,302        the doctors needed an exit            point for the back wound.      1407 01:05:31,344 --> 01:05:34,764       The Warren Commission raised             the wound in the back        1408 01:05:34,805 --> 01:05:37,934          so that it would align             with the alleged exit wound     1409 01:05:37,975 --> 01:05:39,936  in the front of Kennedy's neck.    1410 01:05:39,977 --> 01:05:41,604         Commissioner Gerald Ford      1411 01:05:41,646 --> 01:05:44,106             did this simply                   via the stroke of a pen,      1412 01:05:44,148 --> 01:05:46,692         changing the description                  in their report           1413 01:05:46,734 --> 01:05:49,612  from back, to back of the neck.    1414 01:05:49,654 --> 01:05:51,781             As I recall,                 they said about Gerald Ford      1415 01:05:51,822 --> 01:05:54,408      that he could not chew gum           and walk at the same time.      1416 01:05:54,450 --> 01:05:57,244       Now, all of a sudden, he        becomes a forensic pathologist,    1417 01:05:57,286 --> 01:05:59,956       and a photographer, and           a criminalist, and an expert,     1418 01:05:59,997 --> 01:06:02,708             and he knows                  where the bullet hole was               and he moved it up.          1419 01:06:02,750 --> 01:06:04,877              [Goldberg]                         But then in 1979,          1420 01:06:04,919 --> 01:06:08,297        the House Select Committee            moved it lower in the back     1421 01:06:08,339 --> 01:06:10,967        because they had pictures                 from the autopsy.          1422 01:06:11,008 --> 01:06:12,760         It is conceivable that,                     at the time,            1423 01:06:12,802 --> 01:06:14,720      the Warren Commission thought    1424 01:06:14,762 --> 01:06:18,140            no one would ever                  see the autopsy photos.       1425 01:06:18,182 --> 01:06:20,351          When the Review Board                      declassified            1426 01:06:20,393 --> 01:06:22,478           the notation showing                  what Ford had done,         1427 01:06:22,520 --> 01:06:25,356  the former commissioner replied           that it had nothing to do      1428 01:06:25,398 --> 01:06:27,650        with a conspiracy theory.      1429 01:06:27,692 --> 01:06:30,695            He was only trying                   to be more precise.         1430 01:06:30,736 --> 01:06:34,323      This is directly contradicted           by a conversation Ford had     1431 01:06:34,365 --> 01:06:38,494          with French President               Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.      1432 01:06:38,536 --> 01:06:40,121              Ford told him                       the assassination          1433 01:06:40,162 --> 01:06:42,873             was     not the work                      of one person.           1434 01:06:42,915 --> 01:06:45,042         It was something set up.      1435 01:06:45,084 --> 01:06:47,294       "We were sure it was set up,    1436 01:06:47,336 --> 01:06:50,297           but we were not able                 to discover by whom."        1437 01:06:52,758 --> 01:06:54,135               [Stone]                         With all the documents       1438 01:06:54,176 --> 01:06:56,262               declassified                      by the Review Board,        1439 01:06:56,303 --> 01:06:59,265                we can see                    this scene in a new light.     1440 01:06:59,306 --> 01:07:02,393                In regards                    to the JFK assassination,      1441 01:07:02,435 --> 01:07:06,230           conspiracy theories                are now conspiracy facts.      1442 01:07:07,314 --> 01:07:09,108       The forensics show evidence     1443 01:07:09,150 --> 01:07:10,693           of multiple shooters                      with Oswald,            1444 01:07:10,735 --> 01:07:12,361               not even at                      the sixth floor window       1445 01:07:12,403 --> 01:07:15,031               at the time                      of the assassination.        1446 01:07:15,072 --> 01:07:20,494      And his fingerprints not found       on the supposed murder weapon.  1447 01:07:20,536 --> 01:07:24,248        Still, there was no trial               for Lee Harvey Oswald.       1448 01:07:24,290 --> 01:07:25,541             These people                   have given me a hearing        1449 01:07:25,583 --> 01:07:27,752     without legal representation                 or anything.             1450 01:07:27,793 --> 01:07:29,045              [reporter]                  Did you shoot the President?     1451 01:07:29,086 --> 01:07:31,422  I didn't shoot anybody, no, sir.  1452 01:07:31,464 --> 01:07:35,384      [Stone]   Attorney Mark Lane             tried to represent Oswald                in the proceedings,         1453 01:07:35,426 --> 01:07:37,344              but was denied                  by the Warren Commission.      1454 01:08:05,498 --> 01:08:08,334         Did the accused man                   get a fair trial?           1455 01:08:08,375 --> 01:08:09,752            I can tell you                    from my experiences          1456 01:08:09,794 --> 01:08:12,588         having tried several              hundred cases to verdict,       1457 01:08:12,630 --> 01:08:14,799        and being responsible                for thousands of cases        1458 01:08:14,840 --> 01:08:16,050      as head of the criminal courts  1459 01:08:16,092 --> 01:08:17,593               and running                       the homicide bureau,        1460 01:08:17,635 --> 01:08:20,221       that I don't believe there's            any courtroom in America      1461 01:08:20,262 --> 01:08:22,056               where Oswald                    would've been convicted       1462 01:08:22,098 --> 01:08:23,474             on the evidence                      that was presented         1463 01:08:23,516 --> 01:08:25,726      before the Warren Commission.    1464 01:08:25,768 --> 01:08:29,438      [Stone]   Instead of a jury               of 12 American citizens,      1465 01:08:29,480 --> 01:08:32,191           judgment was passed                   by a panel of seven         1466 01:08:32,233 --> 01:08:35,611            appointed wise men                  and career statesmen.        1467 01:08:35,653 --> 01:08:40,032          A judgment perpetuated              by the media at that time.     1468 01:08:40,074 --> 01:08:42,576              Looking at the                   declassified documents,       1469 01:08:42,618 --> 01:08:44,120              we see there's                      even more mystery          1470 01:08:44,161 --> 01:08:47,206        behind Oswald to uncover.      1471 01:08:47,248 --> 01:08:51,043              A man who was,                  in his own words, a patsy.     1472 01:08:51,085 --> 01:08:54,255       Murdered on live television.    1473 01:08:54,296 --> 01:08:57,633             [reporter 1]                   This was the dreary funeral              of Lee Harvey Oswald,        1474 01:08:57,675 --> 01:09:01,387             alleged murderer                   of President Kennedy.        1475 01:09:01,428 --> 01:09:03,848              Burial was in                    an otherwise empty plot       1476 01:09:03,889 --> 01:09:07,017          in Rose Hill Cemetery                  outside Fort Worth.         1477 01:09:07,059 --> 01:09:09,103         A plot that we were told                     was bought             1478 01:09:09,145 --> 01:09:11,355       long ago by Oswald's mother.    1479 01:09:11,397 --> 01:09:14,275            No one was on hand               for the funeral as mourners,    1480 01:09:14,316 --> 01:09:17,778            except the family                      of the dead man.          1481 01:09:17,820 --> 01:09:21,073             [reporter 2]                   Oswald spent his early years                in an orphanage.          1482 01:09:21,115 --> 01:09:25,035            At the age of 17,               he joined the US Marine Corps.  1483 01:09:25,077 --> 01:09:26,787        A year later, he was sent      1484 01:09:26,829 --> 01:09:29,790            to one of the most              secret US bases in the world,    1485 01:09:29,832 --> 01:09:31,625             Atsugi in Japan.          1486 01:09:31,667 --> 01:09:34,086                From here,                   the CIA operated spy flights    1487 01:09:34,128 --> 01:09:35,796           over communist China        1488 01:09:35,838 --> 01:09:38,257                using U-2                       reconnaissance planes.       1489 01:09:40,092 --> 01:09:43,846      [Goldberg]   During the 1975           Church Committee investigation  1490 01:09:43,888 --> 01:09:46,348      of US intelligence activities,  1491 01:09:46,390 --> 01:09:48,225             Committee member                     Richard Schweiker          1492 01:09:48,267 --> 01:09:50,644          remarked about Oswald,       1493 01:09:50,686 --> 01:09:53,314             that everywhere                     you looked with him,        1494 01:09:53,355 --> 01:09:56,901          there are fingerprints                   of intelligence.          1495 01:09:56,942 --> 01:10:00,279          [man]   Many people                  said he was a forthright,                upstanding American         1496 01:10:00,321 --> 01:10:01,864            as a young person,         1497 01:10:01,906 --> 01:10:05,409  and yet they later depicted him            as a Castro-loving,          1498 01:10:05,451 --> 01:10:08,621              Cuban-loving,                     Russian-loving person.       1499 01:10:08,662 --> 01:10:10,289          [Jefferson Morley]                   In the spring of 1963,       1500 01:10:10,331 --> 01:10:12,583            Oswald started                   handing out pamphlets         1501 01:10:12,625 --> 01:10:14,752          for the Fair Play                   for Cuba Committee,          1502 01:10:14,793 --> 01:10:17,588         a pro-Castro, pro-Cuban                   Revolution group          1503 01:10:17,630 --> 01:10:20,382             that was popular                    on college campuses.        1504 01:10:20,424 --> 01:10:23,802          And some of them,              he stamped "544 Camp Street,"     1505 01:10:23,844 --> 01:10:27,556           which was an office               in downtown, uh, New Orleans    1506 01:10:27,598 --> 01:10:30,017                near where                     the CIA's offices were,       1507 01:10:30,059 --> 01:10:31,936         right across the street,                      in fact.              1508 01:10:31,977 --> 01:10:35,022      There was also the home of       the Cuban Revolutionary Council,  1509 01:10:35,064 --> 01:10:37,775                which was                   the leading anti-Castro group.  1510 01:10:37,816 --> 01:10:42,029  Why would a pro-Castro activist              put his headquarters        1511 01:10:42,071 --> 01:10:43,906         in the same headquarters      1512 01:10:43,948 --> 01:10:46,492      as the leading anti-Castro             group in the country?         1513 01:10:48,160 --> 01:10:50,120     'Cause he was a provocateur.     1514 01:10:50,162 --> 01:10:52,706       This gets back to being            an agent or a double agent,      1515 01:10:52,748 --> 01:10:54,750    because he played both roles.     1516 01:10:54,792 --> 01:10:58,796             Here was Oswald                  who had two associations.      1517 01:10:58,837 --> 01:11:00,965           One, he has a group                  of anti-Castro Cubans.       1518 01:11:01,006 --> 01:11:03,300          At the same time,               he was handing out leaflets      1519 01:11:03,342 --> 01:11:04,468            for the Fair Play                    for Cuba committee,         1520 01:11:04,510 --> 01:11:06,470         uh, with the other side                    of the fence.            1521 01:11:06,512 --> 01:11:09,473      So the two groups that had              the most motivation          1522 01:11:09,515 --> 01:11:12,643    to assassinate the President,             he was dealing with.         1523 01:11:13,852 --> 01:11:15,896              [Goldberg]                       And not surprisingly,        1524 01:11:15,938 --> 01:11:19,316        many of these groups were              known and, in some cases      1525 01:11:19,358 --> 01:11:21,652                supported,                      by the US government.        1526 01:11:22,528 --> 01:11:24,947          In the spring of 1963,       1527 01:11:24,989 --> 01:11:29,326      Oswald began associating with         men who, it would be revealed,  1528 01:11:29,368 --> 01:11:33,289          had clear connections             with these government efforts.  1529 01:11:33,330 --> 01:11:35,332  One of these men, David Ferrie,    1530 01:11:35,374 --> 01:11:40,546       had been with Oswald in the          Civil Air Patrol back in 1955,  1531 01:11:40,587 --> 01:11:43,841              and was known                 as     an extreme anti-Communist.  1532 01:11:43,882 --> 01:11:47,636          He was also a trainer                and a pilot for the CIA       1533 01:11:47,678 --> 01:11:50,597  in its secret war against Cuba.    1534 01:11:50,639 --> 01:11:52,141      Oswald was involved with these  1535 01:11:52,182 --> 01:11:55,561           Cuban exile training                activities with Ferrie.       1536 01:11:56,729 --> 01:11:58,856              I do know                     that I saw him one time        1537 01:11:58,897 --> 01:12:02,484              with a man                  by the name of Guy Banister.     1538 01:12:02,526 --> 01:12:05,487     And, uh, what Guy's role was     1539 01:12:05,529 --> 01:12:09,283           in all of this,                  I-- I really don't know.       1540 01:12:09,325 --> 01:12:12,119         [Goldberg]   Banister                was an extreme right-winger     1541 01:12:12,161 --> 01:12:14,288        who was close to the FBI,      1542 01:12:14,330 --> 01:12:17,791                 the CIA,                    and the American Nazi Party.    1543 01:12:17,833 --> 01:12:23,839       Banister gave Oswald his own           office at 544 Camp Street.     1544 01:12:23,881 --> 01:12:26,717             Oswald now began                     to use his office          1545 01:12:26,759 --> 01:12:31,055          to print up and stamp                 pro-Castro literature.       1546 01:12:31,096 --> 01:12:35,184      After the assassination, when          the FBI questioned Banister,    1547 01:12:35,225 --> 01:12:37,895       a former FBI agent himself,     1548 01:12:37,936 --> 01:12:41,982           they did not ask him                     about Oswald.            1549 01:12:42,024 --> 01:12:45,861  At some point, the FBI, I think     probably after the assassination  1550 01:12:45,903 --> 01:12:48,405        decided they didn't--              they wanted to disconnect       1551 01:12:48,447 --> 01:12:50,491         Oswald from the FBI,         1552 01:12:50,532 --> 01:12:53,660    and-- and of course, Banister,       who's associated with the FBI,    1553 01:12:53,702 --> 01:12:56,121           would have to be                  disconnected as well.         1554 01:12:56,163 --> 01:12:57,247        The problem with that,        1555 01:12:57,289 --> 01:12:59,291       many of those handbills had     1556 01:12:59,333 --> 01:13:02,211           the 544 Camp Street                     address on them.          1557 01:13:02,252 --> 01:13:05,839         There was a message             from New Orleans to the Bureau    1558 01:13:05,881 --> 01:13:08,717  written by Special Agent Maynor,  1559 01:13:08,759 --> 01:13:11,553             uh, who actually                    mentioned pamphlets         1560 01:13:11,595 --> 01:13:14,390             that had the 544                 Camp Street address on it.     1561 01:13:14,431 --> 01:13:17,518              And before                     that message was sent,               it was scratched out.         1562 01:13:19,144 --> 01:13:21,522        [Goldberg]   The Warren                Commission pushed the idea     1563 01:13:21,563 --> 01:13:23,899               that Oswald                     was a staunch communist,      1564 01:13:23,941 --> 01:13:26,110             citing evidence                       of his defection          1565 01:13:26,151 --> 01:13:29,613       to the Soviet Union in 1959.    1566 01:13:29,655 --> 01:13:32,533      His trip to Russia raised              a number of questions         1567 01:13:32,574 --> 01:13:34,201     that we wanted to get into.      1568 01:13:34,243 --> 01:13:40,958          For example, when               any American went to Russia      1569 01:13:40,999 --> 01:13:43,585              and renounced                   his American citizenship,      1570 01:13:43,627 --> 01:13:45,963             and subsequently                      changed his mind          1571 01:13:46,004 --> 01:13:49,425         and wanted to come back                   to this country.          1572 01:13:49,466 --> 01:13:51,510  Upon returning to this country,    1573 01:13:51,552 --> 01:13:53,929  there was a thorough debriefing    1574 01:13:54,555 --> 01:13:57,433               by the CIA,             1575 01:13:57,474 --> 01:14:01,478      with one exception, as far          as we can ascertain, Oswald.     1576 01:14:03,063 --> 01:14:06,024           Now, that smacks            of an intelligence relationship.  1577 01:14:06,066 --> 01:14:07,359              [reporter]                  Did you kill the President?      1578 01:14:07,401 --> 01:14:08,902       No, they're taking me in       1579 01:14:08,944 --> 01:14:11,405       because of the fact that           I lived in the Soviet Union.     1580 01:14:13,323 --> 01:14:17,244              [Goldberg]                   State Department Intelligence              Officer Otto Otepka         1581 01:14:17,286 --> 01:14:20,664      had noted the marked increase           in the number of Americans     1582 01:14:20,706 --> 01:14:23,125           defecting to Russia                       at the time.            1583 01:14:23,167 --> 01:14:27,004  He also noted that some of them            came from the military.       1584 01:14:27,045 --> 01:14:30,174         He, therefore, suspected               that some of these men       1585 01:14:30,215 --> 01:14:32,134           were fake defectors.        1586 01:14:32,176 --> 01:14:34,178          They had been assigned                      by the CIA             1587 01:14:34,219 --> 01:14:38,182          to garner intelligence               behind the Iron Curtain.      1588 01:14:38,223 --> 01:14:42,644       He sent a letter to the CIA           asking which ones were real     1589 01:14:42,686 --> 01:14:45,397       and which were their agents.    1590 01:14:45,439 --> 01:14:49,776       Oswald was one of the names                on Otepka's list.          1591 01:14:49,818 --> 01:14:53,238      Otepka's request was forwarded             to James Angleton,         1592 01:14:53,280 --> 01:14:55,240      Chief of Counterintelligence.    1593 01:14:55,282 --> 01:14:58,994       He instructed that there be           no research done on Oswald,     1594 01:14:59,036 --> 01:15:03,248       but Otepka continued to work              on the Oswald case.         1595 01:15:03,290 --> 01:15:05,125        The thing of significance      1596 01:15:05,167 --> 01:15:07,586        was that he was really         interested in Lee Harvey Oswald    1597 01:15:07,628 --> 01:15:10,088      before the assassination,       1598 01:15:10,130 --> 01:15:14,801     and he actually had a study       of these defectors in his safe.    1599 01:15:14,843 --> 01:15:18,055       Well, things got worse.         His office was not only bugged,    1600 01:15:18,096 --> 01:15:20,682        they planted people in             his office to spy on him.       1601 01:15:20,724 --> 01:15:24,561         They started putting                confidential documents                  in his burn bag,           1602 01:15:24,603 --> 01:15:26,146            and then tried                   to blame him in saying        1603 01:15:26,188 --> 01:15:27,898             he's burning                   confidential documents.        1604 01:15:27,940 --> 01:15:30,234          The guy has gone,                     you know, wacko.           1605 01:15:30,275 --> 01:15:32,027       [Goldberg]   As a result,        1606 01:15:32,069 --> 01:15:34,738         he was formally removed              from the State Department      1607 01:15:34,780 --> 01:15:37,908          on November 5th, 1963,       1608 01:15:37,950 --> 01:15:41,119               just 17 days                   before the assassination.      1609 01:15:41,161 --> 01:15:44,831       So you will not see Otepka's           name in the Warren Report.     1610 01:15:44,873 --> 01:15:48,460         And he was not called as            a witness before that body.     1611 01:15:48,502 --> 01:15:50,796        In fact, Angleton, the man     1612 01:15:50,837 --> 01:15:55,050          who had access to all              the Oswald files at the CIA,    1613 01:15:55,092 --> 01:15:57,177               coordinated                      the agency's response        1614 01:15:57,219 --> 01:16:00,764        to the Warren Commission's                    requests.              1615 01:16:00,806 --> 01:16:04,560              [reporter]                      The CIA Deputy Director               of Plans,     Richard Helms,     1616 01:16:04,601 --> 01:16:06,270      swore to the Warren Commission  1617 01:16:06,311 --> 01:16:08,105        that the agency never had      1618 01:16:08,146 --> 01:16:11,400             or contemplated                   any contact with Oswald.      1619 01:16:11,441 --> 01:16:14,403      The line that the CIA fed              the Warren Commission,        1620 01:16:14,444 --> 01:16:16,989     that they really didn't know           anything about this guy.       1621 01:16:17,030 --> 01:16:20,117           We now know that               that was complete nonsense.      1622 01:16:20,158 --> 01:16:23,745                Oswald was                   a figure of intense interest    1623 01:16:23,787 --> 01:16:26,456              for four years                  before the assassination.      1624 01:16:26,498 --> 01:16:30,294  And a dozen senior CIA officers    1625 01:16:30,335 --> 01:16:32,129                were very                     well acquainted with him.      1626 01:16:32,170 --> 01:16:34,798          Everything he did,                     where he went,            1627 01:16:34,840 --> 01:16:37,301       what his politics were,                  his family life.           1628 01:16:37,342 --> 01:16:41,013     I mean, remember, they were           reading his mother's mail.      1629 01:16:41,054 --> 01:16:43,098          That's how closely                 they were watching him        1630 01:16:43,140 --> 01:16:45,892            right up until                    Kennedy was killed.          1631 01:16:45,934 --> 01:16:48,687     And then Kennedy was killed,              Oswald's arrested,          1632 01:16:48,729 --> 01:16:52,232          and they say, "Oh,           we know nothing about this man."  1633 01:16:52,274 --> 01:16:56,111              [Goldberg]                     In fact, ARRB records show     1634 01:16:56,153 --> 01:17:00,324      that Angleton and the CIA were        receiving reports on Oswald     1635 01:17:00,365 --> 01:17:04,202            up until one week                 before the assassination.      1636 01:17:04,244 --> 01:17:05,996            So, you know,                   the whole investigation        1637 01:17:06,038 --> 01:17:09,041           would have been                     totally different           1638 01:17:09,082 --> 01:17:12,294        if-- if the public and            the investigators had known      1639 01:17:12,336 --> 01:17:16,048      just how much the CIA knew          about the alleged lone nut.      1640 01:17:18,634 --> 01:17:22,054     [Goldberg]   One of the places           Oswald leafleted     in front of  1641 01:17:22,095 --> 01:17:25,432             was Clay Shaw's                  International Trade Mart.      1642 01:17:25,474 --> 01:17:29,978        Shaw, who was arrested by            New Orleans DA Jim Garrison     1643 01:17:30,020 --> 01:17:32,522            on charges that he                was part of the conspiracy     1644 01:17:32,564 --> 01:17:34,358        to kill President Kennedy,     1645 01:17:34,399 --> 01:17:38,528           always denied he was                associated with the CIA.      1646 01:17:38,570 --> 01:17:40,489            [interviewer]                 You have never yourself had              any CIA connection?          1647 01:17:40,530 --> 01:17:41,782           None whatsoever.           1648 01:17:41,823 --> 01:17:43,075           Any association                   with the organization?        1649 01:17:43,116 --> 01:17:44,242              Not a one.              1650 01:17:44,284 --> 01:17:45,952              [Goldberg]                     The Review Board has shown     1651 01:17:45,994 --> 01:17:48,413        these denials to be false.     1652 01:17:48,455 --> 01:17:51,958              Shaw was both               a highly valued     contract agent  1653 01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:54,586                 and had                     a covert security clearance     1654 01:17:54,628 --> 01:17:58,548            for a project code                     named QKENCHANT.          1655 01:18:00,634 --> 01:18:02,719           New Orleans attorney                      Dean Andrews            1656 01:18:02,761 --> 01:18:05,347          had worked with Oswald                    in May of '63            1657 01:18:05,389 --> 01:18:08,767         in an attempt to upgrade               his military discharge       1658 01:18:08,809 --> 01:18:11,395      from its "undesirable" status.  1659 01:18:11,436 --> 01:18:16,066      After the assassination, a man       calling himself Clay Bertrand    1660 01:18:16,108 --> 01:18:19,695       phoned Andrews and asked him          to consider going to Dallas     1661 01:18:19,736 --> 01:18:22,197            to defend Oswald.          1662 01:18:22,239 --> 01:18:26,159       Under oath, Clay Shaw denied           that he was Clay Bertrand,     1663 01:18:26,201 --> 01:18:28,078           and Andrews claimed                       that because            1664 01:18:28,120 --> 01:18:30,706       of the medication he was on,    1665 01:18:30,747 --> 01:18:33,166           he had only imagined                    the phone call.           1666 01:18:33,208 --> 01:18:35,585      But today, because of the work  1667 01:18:35,627 --> 01:18:38,088           of the Assassination                 Records Review Board,        1668 01:18:38,130 --> 01:18:41,299           we now have evidence              and 12 people who confirmed     1669 01:18:41,341 --> 01:18:44,177                that Shaw                    used this name as an alias.     1670 01:18:44,219 --> 01:18:47,472          Andrews later admitted                that Shaw was Bertrand       1671 01:18:47,514 --> 01:18:49,433        to author Harold Weisberg,     1672 01:18:49,474 --> 01:18:51,893           but made him promise                   not to reveal this         1673 01:18:51,935 --> 01:18:54,187       until after Andrews' death.     1674 01:18:57,524 --> 01:18:59,276      [John Newman]   In the FBI,       1675 01:18:59,317 --> 01:19:03,989      uh, a stop or flash was placed             on Oswald's files,         1676 01:19:04,030 --> 01:19:07,367         which meant that no one       1677 01:19:07,409 --> 01:19:10,454            could ask for                  a document in those files,      1678 01:19:10,495 --> 01:19:14,040       or no one could even add            a document to those files       1679 01:19:14,082 --> 01:19:18,044        without going through            the FBI's espionage division.     1680 01:19:18,086 --> 01:19:21,006  And that lasted for four years.    1681 01:19:21,047 --> 01:19:24,009          It was essentially                  a blinking red light         1682 01:19:24,050 --> 01:19:26,303      on Oswald's files at FBI.       1683 01:19:27,846 --> 01:19:31,391         On 8 October, 1963,          1684 01:19:31,433 --> 01:19:34,853         an FBI agent whose name                 was Marvin Gheesling        1685 01:19:34,895 --> 01:19:37,773             took that status                   off of Oswald's files.       1686 01:19:39,775 --> 01:19:42,152         What that action did                     was to lower             1687 01:19:42,194 --> 01:19:46,406       Oswald's threat profile                     at the FBI              1688 01:19:46,448 --> 01:19:50,118          just weeks before                the Kennedy assassination.      1689 01:19:50,160 --> 01:19:52,996       And what that would mean              is there was no reason        1690 01:19:53,038 --> 01:19:56,249         to put Oswald's name                on the security index.        1691 01:19:56,291 --> 01:19:58,460                One thing                      about the security index      1692 01:19:58,502 --> 01:20:00,921             is when you have                  a Presidential motorcade      1693 01:20:00,962 --> 01:20:03,465              going through                      a particular route,         1694 01:20:03,507 --> 01:20:04,925       anybody who's on that index     1695 01:20:04,966 --> 01:20:06,760            has to be removed                    from where they are.        1696 01:20:06,802 --> 01:20:08,678              They cannot be                     on the parade route.        1697 01:20:08,720 --> 01:20:10,555       And, of course, that exposes    1698 01:20:10,597 --> 01:20:13,016              the     President                   to a dangerous situation      1699 01:20:13,058 --> 01:20:14,601  that he shouldn't have been in.    1700 01:20:14,643 --> 01:20:18,146        That action at the FBI            didn't happen in isolation.      1701 01:20:18,188 --> 01:20:23,151    The same thing happened at CIA         at exactly the same time.       1702 01:20:23,193 --> 01:20:26,196               [Stone]                       Who was the CIA's liaison                 they chose to work         1703 01:20:26,238 --> 01:20:29,574          with the House Select                   Committee in 1978?         1704 01:20:29,616 --> 01:20:30,659          George Joannides.           1705 01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:32,536         He was the case officer       1706 01:20:32,577 --> 01:20:34,454          for the Cuban students       1707 01:20:34,496 --> 01:20:37,040      who had a series of encounters                with Oswald             1708 01:20:37,082 --> 01:20:38,750        before the assassination.      1709 01:20:38,792 --> 01:20:41,169      And then, 13 years later,       1710 01:20:41,211 --> 01:20:44,005            when Congress                  reopens the investigation,      1711 01:20:44,047 --> 01:20:46,800         the CIA calls Joannides                  out of retirement,         1712 01:20:46,842 --> 01:20:49,010      and make him the point person    1713 01:20:49,052 --> 01:20:51,221               to deal with             the Congressional investigators    1714 01:20:51,263 --> 01:20:53,014      who are looking into the CIA's  1715 01:20:53,056 --> 01:20:55,851              possible role                     in the assassination.        1716 01:20:55,892 --> 01:20:58,061                 The HSCA                      knew nothing about this,      1717 01:20:58,103 --> 01:20:59,896        and I went to Bob Blakey,      1718 01:20:59,938 --> 01:21:02,524               the head of                     the HSCA investigation,       1719 01:21:02,566 --> 01:21:04,860    and I said, "Bob, did you ever         know this guy, Joannides?"      1720 01:21:04,901 --> 01:21:06,862    And he said, "Yeah, you know,           we dealt with him a lot.       1721 01:21:06,903 --> 01:21:08,530         He was the liaison."         1722 01:21:08,572 --> 01:21:11,241      And I said, "Did you know           what he was doing in 1963?"      1723 01:21:11,283 --> 01:21:13,493         And he said, "He wasn't               doing anything in 1963.       1724 01:21:13,535 --> 01:21:15,036                 "We had                      an agreement with the CIA      1725 01:21:15,078 --> 01:21:16,371               "that nobody                      who was operational         1726 01:21:16,413 --> 01:21:18,206               "at the time                      of the assassination        1727 01:21:18,248 --> 01:21:20,375          would be involved                  in the investigation."        1728 01:21:20,417 --> 01:21:24,045     And I said, "Bob, Joannides            was running those Cubans       1729 01:21:24,087 --> 01:21:26,548  "who were in touch with Oswald.           He was running the Cubans      1730 01:21:26,590 --> 01:21:28,758         "who were blaming Castro               for the assassination.       1731 01:21:28,800 --> 01:21:32,470           "He was Dick Helms'                hand-picked man in Miami,      1732 01:21:32,512 --> 01:21:35,557     "controlling the group that         had the most to do with Oswald    1733 01:21:35,599 --> 01:21:37,475          "before and after                    the assassination.          1734 01:21:37,517 --> 01:21:39,853          And then he came along               and he stonewalled you."      1735 01:21:39,895 --> 01:21:42,355       The reason why they brought              Joannides in to do it        1736 01:21:42,397 --> 01:21:45,525               was to hide                    the connection to Oswald.      1737 01:21:45,567 --> 01:21:47,944        He was definitely shocked                      because               1738 01:21:47,986 --> 01:21:50,488          he saw just how clever                    they had been.           1739 01:21:50,530 --> 01:21:53,450        They had gone right to         the heart of his investigation,    1740 01:21:53,491 --> 01:21:55,285           and figured out                    how to paralyze it.          1741 01:21:55,327 --> 01:21:57,203         I remember that he said,                     you know,              1742 01:21:57,245 --> 01:22:00,457       "I'll never believe anything            the CIA tells me again."      1743 01:22:02,667 --> 01:22:05,086              [Goldberg]                   Even the Assassination Records                Review Board            1744 01:22:05,128 --> 01:22:09,090      had trouble getting documents           from government agencies.      1745 01:22:09,132 --> 01:22:12,469            What were some                    of your difficulties                working with the CIA?         1746 01:22:12,510 --> 01:22:16,556    One of the censors at the CIA          was at a meeting with us,       1747 01:22:16,598 --> 01:22:20,143       and there was a document           that we put up on the screen     1748 01:22:20,185 --> 01:22:21,978              and said,                "We are prepared to release it."  1749 01:22:22,854 --> 01:22:24,272      And I asked him, you know,      1750 01:22:24,314 --> 01:22:26,608      "Tell us why we shouldn't              release this record?"         1751 01:22:26,650 --> 01:22:29,277          And it was silence                 for about two minutes.        1752 01:22:29,319 --> 01:22:32,322         And he finally said,              "I know there is a reason,      1753 01:22:32,364 --> 01:22:34,908          I just can't think                    of what it is."            1754 01:22:36,159 --> 01:22:37,827              [Goldberg]                           In late 1992,            1755 01:22:37,869 --> 01:22:41,081              a month after                  the Records Act was passed,     1756 01:22:41,122 --> 01:22:44,584         the Secret Service began                its compliance plan.        1757 01:22:44,626 --> 01:22:47,629         But by January of 1995,       1758 01:22:47,671 --> 01:22:51,758         it had begun destroying                 important documents.        1759 01:22:51,800 --> 01:22:54,594      The destruction of records             is actually referenced        1760 01:22:54,636 --> 01:22:59,391     in the Assassination Records      Review Board final, uh, report.    1761 01:22:59,432 --> 01:23:02,519      Very, um, very disappointing.    1762 01:23:02,560 --> 01:23:04,688          Uh, they were records                 that related to trips        1763 01:23:04,729 --> 01:23:09,442      that President Kennedy had         taken, uh, in the fall of 1963    1764 01:23:09,484 --> 01:23:12,112      prior to him going to Dallas.    1765 01:23:12,153 --> 01:23:14,698          [John R. Tunheim]                 There were many threats made          to President Kennedy's life     1766 01:23:14,739 --> 01:23:16,866          during the year 1963.        1767 01:23:16,908 --> 01:23:18,493    They're called threat sheets.     1768 01:23:18,535 --> 01:23:20,286          And the Secret Service                      fought us              1769 01:23:20,328 --> 01:23:22,539       on release of those records.    1770 01:23:22,580 --> 01:23:23,999            They even enlisted         1771 01:23:24,040 --> 01:23:26,543        Vice President Gore's                  wife to help them,          1772 01:23:26,584 --> 01:23:29,170           because she had                 a very legitimate concern       1773 01:23:29,212 --> 01:23:31,047      for mental health records.      1774 01:23:31,089 --> 01:23:34,300  And the idea was that this might      disclose the names of people     1775 01:23:34,342 --> 01:23:36,261  who had mental health problems.    1776 01:23:36,302 --> 01:23:39,389     In the end, when we required            agencies to disclose,         1777 01:23:39,431 --> 01:23:41,349         to swear under oath                     that they had             1778 01:23:41,391 --> 01:23:43,560             located all                     assassination records,        1779 01:23:43,601 --> 01:23:45,687              had turned                     everything over to us,        1780 01:23:45,729 --> 01:23:49,941      the Secret Service refused       to sign the document under oath.  1781 01:23:49,983 --> 01:23:51,234      I think that was telling.       1782 01:23:53,111 --> 01:23:55,822      [Goldberg]   Few people knew            that there had been at least    1783 01:23:55,864 --> 01:24:00,410         two prior plots to kill              President Kennedy in 1963.     1784 01:24:00,452 --> 01:24:03,246            One was in Chicago                     on November 2nd.          1785 01:24:03,288 --> 01:24:07,042         The second was in Tampa                  on November 18th.          1786 01:24:07,083 --> 01:24:09,753           Kennedy ended up                  not going to Chicago.         1787 01:24:09,794 --> 01:24:11,421       Tell us about that plot.       1788 01:24:11,463 --> 01:24:14,924    An informant, on October 31st,    1789 01:24:14,966 --> 01:24:19,220        an informant named Lee             gave a warning to the FBI       1790 01:24:19,262 --> 01:24:22,265         stating that four Cubans      1791 01:24:22,307 --> 01:24:24,768          were headed to Chicago                  to shoot Kennedy.          1792 01:24:24,809 --> 01:24:28,521    The following day, a landlady        reported to the Chicago police    1793 01:24:28,563 --> 01:24:31,232           that she had rented                  a room to four people        1794 01:24:31,274 --> 01:24:33,276           that had rifles                   with telescopic sights        1795 01:24:33,318 --> 01:24:35,403    and a sketch of the motorcade.    1796 01:24:35,445 --> 01:24:38,573           The FBI passed that                on     to the Secret Service,     1797 01:24:38,615 --> 01:24:41,868        and the Secret Service              botched the surveillance       1798 01:24:41,910 --> 01:24:43,286      of these four individuals.      1799 01:24:43,328 --> 01:24:44,871         Two of them escaped,         1800 01:24:44,913 --> 01:24:47,165     but they actually picked up              two of the snipers,          1801 01:24:47,207 --> 01:24:48,500       and they detained them.        1802 01:24:48,541 --> 01:24:50,627        They were stonewalled                   by the snipers.            1803 01:24:50,668 --> 01:24:52,462           They didn't get                any information out of them.     1804 01:24:52,504 --> 01:24:56,091    While this was going on, there        was another threat coming in     1805 01:24:56,132 --> 01:25:01,054     from another alternate patsy         named Thomas Arthur Vallee,      1806 01:25:01,096 --> 01:25:02,597              who was making                    open and loud threats        1807 01:25:02,639 --> 01:25:04,933              that he would                      assassinate Kennedy.        1808 01:25:04,974 --> 01:25:08,770         They only picked him up        when Kennedy canceled his trip,    1809 01:25:08,812 --> 01:25:12,398             on November 2nd                   at 10:00 in the morning.      1810 01:25:12,440 --> 01:25:16,653       What you found in Vallee            and the whole Chicago plot      1811 01:25:16,694 --> 01:25:20,740  is so many similarities to what       eventually happened in Dallas     1812 01:25:20,782 --> 01:25:23,493           that it can't be                 considered coincidental.       1813 01:25:23,535 --> 01:25:28,081        Vallee, if we compare him            to Oswald, is an ex-Marine.     1814 01:25:28,123 --> 01:25:30,917           He had been posted,               like Oswald, in the Far East    1815 01:25:30,959 --> 01:25:34,129               on a station                   that was linked to the CIA     1816 01:25:34,170 --> 01:25:37,173            because there were              U-2 surveillance planes on it.  1817 01:25:37,215 --> 01:25:41,177      It was easy to portray him         as disgruntled, anti-Kennedy,     1818 01:25:41,219 --> 01:25:42,971           a loner, armed.            1819 01:25:43,012 --> 01:25:45,723              Uh, he had                   another intelligence link       1820 01:25:45,765 --> 01:25:48,351     that he shared with Oswald.      1821 01:25:48,393 --> 01:25:51,062         He trained Cuban exiles                     for combat,             1822 01:25:51,104 --> 01:25:53,857  which was a CIA responsibility.    1823 01:25:53,898 --> 01:25:56,901           And Oswald, we know,              at least offered to do that.    1824 01:25:56,943 --> 01:26:01,072    He most likely did train Cuban     exiles, but we know he tried to.  1825 01:26:01,114 --> 01:26:03,575           Oswald, as we know,                        was moved              1826 01:26:03,616 --> 01:26:07,162             from New Orleans                    to Dallas in October        1827 01:26:07,203 --> 01:26:08,830             to be there just                    at the right time...        1828 01:26:09,706 --> 01:26:11,249          for the motorcade.          1829 01:26:11,291 --> 01:26:14,335           And he's placed                    in a tall building,                  where he gets a job.         1830 01:26:14,377 --> 01:26:17,589            He's adjacent                  to the perfect kill zone.       1831 01:26:17,630 --> 01:26:20,508       Now, if we look at what              happened to, uh, Vallee,       1832 01:26:20,550 --> 01:26:23,469         he's moved like a pawn,                      in August,             1833 01:26:23,511 --> 01:26:26,389     from Long Island to Chicago      1834 01:26:26,431 --> 01:26:28,224         to be there in time                   for the motorcade.          1835 01:26:28,266 --> 01:26:29,851     And where does he get a job?     1836 01:26:29,893 --> 01:26:33,188          In a tall building               adjacent to the motorcade       1837 01:26:33,229 --> 01:26:35,857           with a perfect view                     of a kill zone.           1838 01:26:35,899 --> 01:26:38,484            It would have                  forced Kennedy's motorcade      1839 01:26:38,526 --> 01:26:40,737    to do a sharp turn, slow down,    1840 01:26:40,778 --> 01:26:42,197          and be in a point           1841 01:26:42,238 --> 01:26:45,033        where you could've had           perfect triangulation of fire.    1842 01:26:45,074 --> 01:26:46,659            And what about                    the trip to Florida?         1843 01:26:46,701 --> 01:26:48,244          On November 18th,           1844 01:26:48,286 --> 01:26:50,371        Kennedy was scheduled         1845 01:26:50,413 --> 01:26:52,957         to do a 27-mile-long                 motorcade in Tampa.          1846 01:26:52,999 --> 01:26:57,462  Secret Service was very nervous           about the Floridian Hotel      1847 01:26:57,503 --> 01:26:59,214           where the motorcade                    would've gone by.          1848 01:26:59,255 --> 01:27:00,757              It would have                      forced a sharp turn.        1849 01:27:00,798 --> 01:27:03,593      Nobody fired away at him.                But in this case,           1850 01:27:03,635 --> 01:27:08,181         the patsy would've been              a Gilbert Policarpo Lopez.     1851 01:27:08,223 --> 01:27:09,891          He was a Cuban exile.        1852 01:27:09,933 --> 01:27:13,895          He attended Fair Play              for Cuba Committee meetings.    1853 01:27:13,937 --> 01:27:16,773        And what do you think               was the relevance of it?       1854 01:27:16,814 --> 01:27:19,734             [Paul Bleau]                       Well, if he had been                 assassinated in Tampa,       1855 01:27:19,776 --> 01:27:22,904         Lopez, he would've been              the, uh, potential patsy,      1856 01:27:22,946 --> 01:27:26,115         if they had to admit                  to a front shot...          1857 01:27:26,157 --> 01:27:28,409      because Oswald was behind.      1858 01:27:28,451 --> 01:27:32,247          There were rumors               that he had assisted Oswald      1859 01:27:32,288 --> 01:27:34,082  in the assassination in Dallas.    1860 01:27:34,123 --> 01:27:37,210             Had anyone--                    anyone tried to speak               to the Warren Commission       1861 01:27:37,252 --> 01:27:38,878        about these incidents?        1862 01:27:38,920 --> 01:27:40,713               [Bleau]                             Abraham Bolden           1863 01:27:40,755 --> 01:27:43,341           was     the first  Black                 Secret Service agent        1864 01:27:43,383 --> 01:27:45,385               assigned to                     the White House detail,       1865 01:27:45,426 --> 01:27:47,428                and he was                     hand-picked by Kennedy.       1866 01:27:47,470 --> 01:27:50,139            He was in Chicago,              uh, when this plot went down.    1867 01:27:50,181 --> 01:27:53,810         So he was there when            the Secret Service was briefed    1868 01:27:53,851 --> 01:27:55,561       about the four snipers.        1869 01:27:55,603 --> 01:27:57,772        And he witnessed how much      1870 01:27:57,814 --> 01:28:00,942               the security                      was lax for Chicago.        1871 01:28:00,984 --> 01:28:04,279        And he also witnessed,              after the assassination,       1872 01:28:04,320 --> 01:28:06,531              the steps                     that were taken to keep        1873 01:28:06,572 --> 01:28:09,242           the Chicago plot                    completely secret.          1874 01:28:09,284 --> 01:28:11,494             No paper trail,                      compartmentalized,         1875 01:28:11,536 --> 01:28:14,247              agents ordered                   to keep silent about it.      1876 01:28:14,289 --> 01:28:17,208           This information                   did not make its way         1877 01:28:17,250 --> 01:28:19,419       to Secret Service agents       1878 01:28:19,460 --> 01:28:21,504     that were protecting Kennedy     1879 01:28:21,546 --> 01:28:23,965        for future motorcades,                 including Dallas.           1880 01:28:24,007 --> 01:28:26,050      [Goldberg]   Secret Service                  Agent Elmer Moore          1881 01:28:26,092 --> 01:28:30,722        was aware of Agent Bolden               and the Chicago plot.        1882 01:28:30,763 --> 01:28:33,766           I met with Elmer                three times face-to-face,       1883 01:28:33,808 --> 01:28:37,020         several phone calls,            very short, one very long one.    1884 01:28:37,061 --> 01:28:40,898          I first asked him,                "Did you ever interview        1885 01:28:40,940 --> 01:28:42,608          Thomas Arthur Vallee?"       1886 01:28:42,650 --> 01:28:44,569       And he says, "Oh, Washington    1887 01:28:44,610 --> 01:28:46,696             wouldn't let me                   see the files on that."       1888 01:28:46,738 --> 01:28:49,282          I said, "Oh, well,                   what about a man,           1889 01:28:49,324 --> 01:28:51,951      a Secret Service agent by           the name of Abraham Bolden?"     1890 01:28:53,411 --> 01:28:55,830  His demeanor completely changed.  1891 01:28:55,872 --> 01:28:59,667     He stood up from his chair,          he pulled out his revolver,      1892 01:28:59,709 --> 01:29:02,837      and he put it on the table             right in front of me.         1893 01:29:02,879 --> 01:29:05,506            He leaned over                   the table and he says,        1894 01:29:05,548 --> 01:29:08,718       "Jim, tell me right now,            who are you working for?"       1895 01:29:11,387 --> 01:29:14,349               I said,                 "I'm an independent researcher."  1896 01:29:14,974 --> 01:29:16,017            He told me...             1897 01:29:18,519 --> 01:29:19,937       in a very loud voice...        1898 01:29:21,731 --> 01:29:24,484      and with a very stern look                  on his face,             1899 01:29:24,525 --> 01:29:27,362          "We finally got him."        1900 01:29:27,403 --> 01:29:29,197               [Bleau]                     Abraham Bolden was one person    1901 01:29:29,238 --> 01:29:31,074  who did try to say what he knew    1902 01:29:31,115 --> 01:29:34,160      to the Warren Commission,              but they blocked him.         1903 01:29:34,202 --> 01:29:35,703     He was blocked from talking      1904 01:29:35,745 --> 01:29:39,415        and eventually railroaded               into some phony crime        1905 01:29:39,457 --> 01:29:41,459            and put into jail                   for a number of years.       1906 01:29:45,922 --> 01:29:48,758               [Stone]                     The National Archives is home              to forensic evidence        1907 01:29:48,800 --> 01:29:51,010       of Kennedy's assassination,     1908 01:29:51,052 --> 01:29:54,389           and government files              regarding Lee Harvey Oswald.    1909 01:29:54,430 --> 01:29:56,849           But the Review Board                   also declassified          1910 01:29:56,891 --> 01:29:59,185              many documents                  regarding Kennedy's plans      1911 01:29:59,227 --> 01:30:01,062       for withdrawal from Vietnam,    1912 01:30:01,104 --> 01:30:03,481            and how he planned                to shape his progressive,      1913 01:30:03,523 --> 01:30:06,484       new American foreign policy.    1914 01:30:06,526 --> 01:30:08,903              A policy that,                      if put in motion,          1915 01:30:08,945 --> 01:30:12,407      would completely derail plans            secretly already set up       1916 01:30:12,448 --> 01:30:14,450       by the Pentagon and the CIA.    1917 01:30:19,622 --> 01:30:22,917           I never realized                 Kennedy was so dangerous              to the establishment.         1918 01:30:24,335 --> 01:30:26,421             Is that why?             1919 01:30:26,462 --> 01:30:27,922      That's the real question,                    isn't it?               1920 01:30:27,964 --> 01:30:29,382                "Why?"                1921 01:30:29,424 --> 01:30:33,678       The "how" and the "who"         is just scenery for the public.    1922 01:30:33,719 --> 01:30:37,056    Oswald, Ruby, Cuba, the Mafia,    1923 01:30:37,098 --> 01:30:39,142          keeps 'em guessing             like some kind of parlor game.    1924 01:30:39,183 --> 01:30:42,562     Prevents 'em from asking the      most important question: "Why?"    1925 01:30:42,603 --> 01:30:45,815       Why was Kennedy killed?                   Who benefited?            1926 01:30:45,857 --> 01:30:47,483          Who has the power                     to cover it up?            1927 01:30:48,192 --> 01:30:49,110                 Who?                 1928 01:30:51,696 --> 01:30:53,322         [Donald Sutherland]                 His first year in office,      1929 01:30:53,364 --> 01:30:56,951            Kennedy must shape               his own policy as President,    1930 01:30:56,993 --> 01:31:00,455  sometimes in conflict with what          his predecessors have done,     1931 01:31:00,496 --> 01:31:03,499      especially in foreign policy.    1932 01:31:03,541 --> 01:31:08,963         And by the fall of 1963,           Kennedy had made many enemies.  1933 01:31:09,005 --> 01:31:12,842      He was working on an American            withdrawal from Vietnam.      1934 01:31:12,884 --> 01:31:16,179         An upcoming State visit                 to Indonesia in '64.        1935 01:31:16,220 --> 01:31:20,433             An independent,            unified democracy in the Congo.    1936 01:31:20,475 --> 01:31:24,061        Through Nasser, a balanced            policy in the Middle East.     1937 01:31:24,103 --> 01:31:27,315        Normalization of relations                    with Cuba.             1938 01:31:27,356 --> 01:31:30,318        And a    détente   with Russia.    1939 01:31:30,359 --> 01:31:33,529            Even going so far                      as to offer them                a joint mission to the moon.    1940 01:31:34,697 --> 01:31:37,825        But back in April of 1961,     1941 01:31:37,867 --> 01:31:41,162          the first stain on his        administration asserted itself.    1942 01:31:43,206 --> 01:31:46,209       Kennedy, who had campaigned           as a strong anti-Communist,     1943 01:31:46,250 --> 01:31:49,128              signed off on                 the Bay of Pigs invasion plan.  1944 01:31:49,170 --> 01:31:50,713         His approval of the plan      1945 01:31:50,755 --> 01:31:53,090              contained two                     distinct limitations.        1946 01:31:53,132 --> 01:31:55,885           America would supply                  arms and equipment,         1947 01:31:55,927 --> 01:31:59,055  but there would be no Americans             in the landing force.        1948 01:31:59,096 --> 01:32:01,557                 Second,                    after preliminary air strikes    1949 01:32:01,599 --> 01:32:03,643          by Cuban exile pilots,       1950 01:32:03,684 --> 01:32:05,728               there would                     only be further strikes       1951 01:32:05,770 --> 01:32:08,064            after the invasion                   secured an airfield.        1952 01:32:09,732 --> 01:32:11,567             Dulles believed                     that Kennedy would,         1953 01:32:11,609 --> 01:32:13,736             like Eisenhower,                   support the operation        1954 01:32:13,778 --> 01:32:17,406         with direct US military               intervention if needed,       1955 01:32:17,448 --> 01:32:20,826        all the while assuring him            it would not be necessary.     1956 01:32:21,953 --> 01:32:23,913  Well, first, I want to say that    1957 01:32:23,955 --> 01:32:26,582          there will not be,                 under any conditions,         1958 01:32:26,624 --> 01:32:29,585      be an intervention in Cuba         by United States armed forces.    1959 01:32:46,852 --> 01:32:49,188             [Sutherland]                   The invasion was a disaster.    1960 01:32:49,230 --> 01:32:52,441       Victory has 100 fathers              and defeat is an orphan.       1961 01:32:52,483 --> 01:32:54,402      Further statements, uh...       1962 01:32:54,443 --> 01:32:56,612      detailed, uh, discussions,      1963 01:32:58,072 --> 01:33:01,450           are not to, uh,                   conceal responsibility        1964 01:33:01,492 --> 01:33:04,287     because I'm the responsible           officer of the Government.      1965 01:33:04,328 --> 01:33:07,623       [Sutherland]   In public,              Kennedy accepted the blame.     1966 01:33:07,665 --> 01:33:09,584               In private,                   he and his brother suspected    1967 01:33:09,625 --> 01:33:12,378              they had been                      lied to by the CIA.         1968 01:33:12,420 --> 01:33:16,799     Allen Dulles confessed that         the mission was bound to fail     1969 01:33:16,841 --> 01:33:18,759    as it was planned by the CIA,     1970 01:33:18,801 --> 01:33:21,137     without US military support.     1971 01:33:21,178 --> 01:33:23,472          He confessed this                   while, uh, preparing         1972 01:33:23,514 --> 01:33:25,641              an article                     for   Harper's Magazine         1973 01:33:25,683 --> 01:33:27,727        with the young editor,                   Willie Morris,            1974 01:33:27,768 --> 01:33:31,606  that he couldn't have done this     with his small group of exiles,    1975 01:33:31,647 --> 01:33:33,065            his Cuban brigade.         1976 01:33:33,107 --> 01:33:36,110        He needed the Marines             and the Air Force to go in,      1977 01:33:36,152 --> 01:33:38,988      and he thought Kennedy was         going to be young and pliable,    1978 01:33:39,030 --> 01:33:41,574      and that in the 11th hour,            Kennedy would be forced        1979 01:33:41,616 --> 01:33:45,161         to send in, uh, the full             might     of the US military.     1980 01:33:45,202 --> 01:33:48,581     [Sutherland]   While drafting                the article in 1965,        1981 01:33:48,623 --> 01:33:50,416         Dulles told his editor,       1982 01:33:50,458 --> 01:33:54,170             "That Kennedy--                  He thought he was a God."      1983 01:33:54,211 --> 01:33:56,422            [David Talbot]                  Jack Kennedy did stand firm.    1984 01:33:56,464 --> 01:33:58,215  He did not send in the military.  1985 01:33:58,257 --> 01:34:01,218          He did not make it              an even bigger global crisis     1986 01:34:01,260 --> 01:34:02,511         than it already was.         1987 01:34:02,553 --> 01:34:04,889         Kennedy is just furious.      1988 01:34:04,930 --> 01:34:06,474     He knows he's been lied to,      1989 01:34:06,515 --> 01:34:10,728  deceived by his senior military         and intelligence advisers.      1990 01:34:10,770 --> 01:34:15,149      He announces that the agency,         uh, is going to be downsized.    1991 01:34:15,191 --> 01:34:18,319        And he vows famously,                   he tells friends           1992 01:34:18,361 --> 01:34:21,364      he's going to shatter the CIA             into a thousand pieces       1993 01:34:21,405 --> 01:34:23,866     and scatter it to the winds.     1994 01:34:23,908 --> 01:34:27,620      It wasn't just the Bay of Pigs       that angered President Kennedy  1995 01:34:27,662 --> 01:34:29,288         when it came to the CIA.      1996 01:34:29,330 --> 01:34:33,042         In that same month,                   in April of 1961,           1997 01:34:33,084 --> 01:34:37,046      he was also being lied to             about a coup in France,        1998 01:34:37,088 --> 01:34:38,714           a military coup                     that was aimed at           1999 01:34:38,756 --> 01:34:41,384               overthrowing                  President Charles de Gaulle,    2000 01:34:41,425 --> 01:34:43,886       one of our strongest allies.    2001 01:34:43,928 --> 01:34:45,805      [Sutherland]   Allen Dulles,               who had a long history       2002 01:34:45,846 --> 01:34:48,349      of antagonism with de Gaulle,    2003 01:34:48,391 --> 01:34:49,809       falsely reported to Kennedy     2004 01:34:49,850 --> 01:34:52,395          that the vast majority                of the French military       2005 01:34:52,436 --> 01:34:55,064          was staunchly opposed                 to de Gaulle's support       2006 01:34:55,106 --> 01:34:58,484  of Algerian self-determination.    2007 01:34:58,526 --> 01:35:02,988         What he didn't tell him            was that as far back as 1959,    2008 01:35:03,030 --> 01:35:06,200               the CIA had                     discussed his overthrow.      2009 01:35:06,242 --> 01:35:09,995  This coup attempt, orchestrated            by four French generals,      2010 01:35:10,037 --> 01:35:11,664          was quickly put down.        2011 01:35:11,706 --> 01:35:15,668         And several news reports           pointed to Allen Dulles' hand    2012 01:35:15,710 --> 01:35:18,087        in supporting the episode.     2013 01:35:18,129 --> 01:35:20,423             JFK assures                     the French ambassador,        2014 01:35:20,464 --> 01:35:22,258  "I have nothing to do with this.  2015 01:35:22,299 --> 01:35:25,428         I stand in full support               of President de Gaulle."      2016 01:35:25,469 --> 01:35:27,930        But he says something                 very, very alarming.         2017 01:35:27,972 --> 01:35:31,392  He tells the French ambassador,             President Kennedy,          2018 01:35:31,434 --> 01:35:35,062    that "I'm not in full control,     though, of my entire government.  2019 01:35:35,104 --> 01:35:37,273    "I'm not in control of the CIA    2020 01:35:37,314 --> 01:35:39,734        and I can't speak for               what's happening there."       2021 01:35:39,775 --> 01:35:43,362       That's a stunning admission           for a US President to make.     2022 01:35:44,989 --> 01:35:46,824        [Sutherland]   In 1960,         2023 01:35:46,866 --> 01:35:49,744            the Congo had been                 granted     its independence     2024 01:35:49,785 --> 01:35:51,454        from Belgian colonial rule     2025 01:35:51,495 --> 01:35:54,749             and carried out                    a democratic election.       2026 01:35:54,790 --> 01:35:57,126             In the disorder                      of the transition,         2027 01:35:57,168 --> 01:36:00,045              the Belgians,                 backed by England and France,    2028 01:36:00,087 --> 01:36:02,840           sought to eliminate          its charismatic Prime Minister,    2029 01:36:02,882 --> 01:36:05,050             Patrice Lumumba.          2030 01:36:05,092 --> 01:36:08,345                Eisenhower                  and CIA Director Allen Dulles    2031 01:36:08,387 --> 01:36:12,850       favored the European nation            in this colonial conflict.     2032 01:36:12,892 --> 01:36:17,313     Eisenhower gave the go-ahead        to have Lumumba assassinated.     2033 01:36:18,397 --> 01:36:19,648       Kennedy never knew this.       2034 01:36:19,690 --> 01:36:24,445           He gets elected             the following November of 1960,    2035 01:36:24,487 --> 01:36:27,823             and he heads                  in the opposite direction.      2036 01:36:27,865 --> 01:36:29,742         To those new states                    whom we welcome            2037 01:36:29,784 --> 01:36:32,578      to the ranks of the free,       2038 01:36:32,620 --> 01:36:38,584       we pledge our word that            one form of colonial control     2039 01:36:38,626 --> 01:36:41,420      shall not have passed away      2040 01:36:41,462 --> 01:36:46,300        merely to be replaced             by a far more iron tyranny.      2041 01:36:46,342 --> 01:36:48,636       [Sutherland]   But events                 are already in motion.       2042 01:36:48,677 --> 01:36:52,139       With the backing of British          and US intelligence and arms,    2043 01:36:52,181 --> 01:36:56,060       Col. Joseph Mobutu's forces            captured President Lumumba     2044 01:36:56,101 --> 01:36:59,355             at the beginning                     of December 1960.          2045 01:36:59,396 --> 01:37:01,023          [Richard Mahoney]                      Dag Hammarskjold,          2046 01:37:01,065 --> 01:37:04,151        the UN Secretary General,                     calls JFK,             2047 01:37:04,193 --> 01:37:06,445    uh, who's the President-elect                at this point,            2048 01:37:06,487 --> 01:37:08,239      and asked him to intercede      2049 01:37:08,280 --> 01:37:11,116            to get Lumumba                   released from prison.         2050 01:37:11,158 --> 01:37:15,204             When Kennedy                 intervenes to save Lumumba,      2051 01:37:15,246 --> 01:37:18,499           that's a signal                    directly to the CIA          2052 01:37:18,541 --> 01:37:21,710            that they have to               dispatch this guy immediately.  2053 01:37:21,752 --> 01:37:26,173      And so 48 hours before Kennedy         takes the oath of office,      2054 01:37:26,215 --> 01:37:29,385           Lumumba is delivered             into the hands of his enemies.  2055 01:37:29,426 --> 01:37:31,637              He's taken out                    and shot in the head.        2056 01:37:31,679 --> 01:37:34,640        Kennedy doesn't know this                until months later.         2057 01:37:34,682 --> 01:37:36,016        Who finally tells him?        2058 01:37:36,058 --> 01:37:38,686               The CIA?                No, they still keep it a secret.  2059 01:37:38,727 --> 01:37:42,439         He's informed by his          UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson.    2060 01:37:42,481 --> 01:37:45,067            His face crumples,                  he's holding his hand,       2061 01:37:45,109 --> 01:37:47,111        he's grimacing in anguish,     2062 01:37:47,152 --> 01:37:51,156  hearing about the assassination              of Patrice Lumumba.         2063 01:37:51,198 --> 01:37:52,408             [Sutherland]                       Within a very short         2064 01:37:52,449 --> 01:37:54,743              period of time                   after the assassination,      2065 01:37:54,785 --> 01:37:58,956            Hammarskjold died                in a mysterious plane crash.    2066 01:37:58,998 --> 01:38:00,791      The photographs show his body    2067 01:38:00,833 --> 01:38:03,627             as the only one                    not burned or charred,       2068 01:38:03,669 --> 01:38:07,882        and he had a playing card,          reportedly the ace of spades,    2069 01:38:07,923 --> 01:38:11,886      stuffed into his shirt collar           above the knot of the tie.     2070 01:38:11,927 --> 01:38:13,929                There are                      controversial documents       2071 01:38:13,971 --> 01:38:15,973        that indicate Allen Dulles     2072 01:38:16,015 --> 01:38:18,100               was involved                 in the sabotage of the plane.    2073 01:38:20,603 --> 01:38:22,521  [Lisa Pease]   John Foster Dulles               and Allen Dulles,          2074 01:38:22,563 --> 01:38:25,024           they felt, you know,                  what they had to say        2075 01:38:25,065 --> 01:38:27,276             was good enough                  for the rest of the world,     2076 01:38:27,318 --> 01:38:29,069            that they knew                  more than the President.       2077 01:38:29,111 --> 01:38:31,155          There were things               they didn't tell Eisenhower      2078 01:38:31,196 --> 01:38:34,033         that they were doing              under his administration.       2079 01:38:34,074 --> 01:38:36,160               [Talbot]                      And actually, Jack Kennedy     2080 01:38:36,201 --> 01:38:39,538         does move     to decapitate                the top of the CIA.         2081 01:38:39,580 --> 01:38:41,790         He lets it be known                   that Allen Dulles,          2082 01:38:41,832 --> 01:38:43,959  as well as his two top advisers,  2083 01:38:44,001 --> 01:38:45,461             Richard Bissell,          2084 01:38:45,502 --> 01:38:47,922        who is also very involved               with the Bay of Pigs,        2085 01:38:47,963 --> 01:38:49,673           and General Cabell,         2086 01:38:49,715 --> 01:38:52,384  who was, uh, the right-hand man                to Allen Dulles.          2087 01:38:52,426 --> 01:38:54,553       So the top three people                    in the CIA,              2088 01:38:54,595 --> 01:38:58,432         Kennedy forces them out             before the end of the year.     2089 01:38:58,474 --> 01:39:01,310     Have you ever committed any         act of violence in your life?     2090 01:39:04,396 --> 01:39:05,397                 No.                  2091 01:39:07,441 --> 01:39:09,109             [Sutherland]                    The existence of communism     2092 01:39:09,151 --> 01:39:10,903       so close to American shores     2093 01:39:10,945 --> 01:39:13,906      kept Cuba on Kennedy's plate.    2094 01:39:13,948 --> 01:39:16,992      And the Joint Chiefs of Staff          presented a plan to Kennedy     2095 01:39:17,034 --> 01:39:19,161       called Operation Northwoods,    2096 01:39:19,203 --> 01:39:21,622             whereby the CIA                    would secretly perform       2097 01:39:21,664 --> 01:39:24,124              terrorist acts                     in the United States        2098 01:39:24,166 --> 01:39:26,126         and blame them on Castro      2099 01:39:26,168 --> 01:39:29,338           to justify bombings                 and an invasion of Cuba.      2100 01:39:29,380 --> 01:39:31,340     And you see all these plans      2101 01:39:31,382 --> 01:39:33,926                being sent                   to McNamara and to Kennedy.     2102 01:39:33,968 --> 01:39:35,302               [Horne]                       "Fake an attack by Cubans      2103 01:39:35,344 --> 01:39:37,096               against the                     Guantanamo Bay sentries.      2104 01:39:37,137 --> 01:39:39,598              Sink a US ship                      in Guantanamo Bay          2105 01:39:39,640 --> 01:39:41,016          and blame it on Cuba."       2106 01:39:41,058 --> 01:39:45,521  The one that scares me the most          was very sophisticated.        2107 01:39:45,562 --> 01:39:49,566  Uh, take an airliner and fly it            as a drone over Cuba         2108 01:39:49,608 --> 01:39:50,985        without any people in it,      2109 01:39:51,026 --> 01:39:52,319          with a tape-recording                    that would play,          2110 01:39:52,361 --> 01:39:54,029         "We're under attack                   by Cuban aircraft!          2111 01:39:54,071 --> 01:39:55,948             'Oh, my God,                  they're going to kill us!"      2112 01:39:55,990 --> 01:39:57,199        Blow up the airplane!         2113 01:39:57,241 --> 01:39:58,951       Blow up this huge drone        2114 01:39:58,993 --> 01:40:02,538     and use that to start a war.     2115 01:40:02,579 --> 01:40:05,040      [Sutherland]   The President            declined the recommendation.    2116 01:40:06,333 --> 01:40:08,168           The Northwoods plan                     was our big find          2117 01:40:08,210 --> 01:40:09,878  in the way of military records.    2118 01:40:09,920 --> 01:40:11,130           They are universally                    recognized today          2119 01:40:11,171 --> 01:40:12,673          for their importance.        2120 01:40:12,715 --> 01:40:14,967      It's one of those releases         that the Review Board members,    2121 01:40:15,009 --> 01:40:18,137     the board members themselves          were justifiably proud of       2122 01:40:18,178 --> 01:40:20,139             that came out of                    the JFK Records Act.        2123 01:40:22,266 --> 01:40:24,685        [Stone]   In addition to               the problems with the CIA,     2124 01:40:24,727 --> 01:40:27,938  Kennedy's own military advisers             started pressuring him       2125 01:40:27,980 --> 01:40:29,606        to send troops to Vietnam.     2126 01:40:29,648 --> 01:40:31,483              A country that                     Kennedy had visited         2127 01:40:31,525 --> 01:40:33,652             10 years earlier                     as a Congressman,          2128 01:40:33,694 --> 01:40:36,238         and witnessed firsthand                    how the French           2129 01:40:36,280 --> 01:40:37,865          were losing their war        2130 01:40:37,906 --> 01:40:41,243          against the Viet Minh             in the fight for independence.  2131 01:40:41,285 --> 01:40:42,578        Once he became President,      2132 01:40:42,619 --> 01:40:46,123              Kennedy wanted                   to avoid the same trap.       2133 01:40:46,165 --> 01:40:49,501         The Vietnam decision                is finally arrived at,        2134 01:40:49,543 --> 01:40:51,170            which is NSAM 111,         2135 01:40:51,211 --> 01:40:54,006              where Kennedy                     says no combat troops        2136 01:40:54,048 --> 01:40:55,924  but will increase the advisers.    2137 01:40:55,966 --> 01:40:58,927        And that was his decision,            in the Kennedy presidency.     2138 01:40:58,969 --> 01:41:01,513        never to cross that line.      2139 01:41:03,474 --> 01:41:05,934      [Sutherland]   Near the end             of his first year in office,    2140 01:41:05,976 --> 01:41:07,561        Kennedy received a report      2141 01:41:07,603 --> 01:41:10,272             from Walt Rostow                and General Maxwell Taylor,     2142 01:41:10,314 --> 01:41:12,399            his foreign policy                  and military advisers,       2143 01:41:12,441 --> 01:41:13,942               that called                      for increased training       2144 01:41:13,984 --> 01:41:16,070       of South Vietnamese troops,     2145 01:41:16,111 --> 01:41:17,946            increased bombings                      of the North,            2146 01:41:17,988 --> 01:41:21,116               and the use                       of US combat troops.        2147 01:41:21,158 --> 01:41:22,785              The influence                    on Kennedy's reluctance       2148 01:41:22,826 --> 01:41:24,787       to committing ground troops     2149 01:41:24,828 --> 01:41:28,791       was his ambassador to India,            John Kenneth Galbraith.       2150 01:41:28,832 --> 01:41:31,835    [James K. Galbraith]   My father         went to see, uh, Walt Rostow.    2151 01:41:31,877 --> 01:41:33,462        He went in to talk to him.     2152 01:41:33,504 --> 01:41:37,299     Rostow gestured on his desk          to the, uh, pile of papers.      2153 01:41:37,341 --> 01:41:40,594       The Rostow Taylor report               was plainly visible.         2154 01:41:40,636 --> 01:41:42,596    Uh, my father asked to see it.    2155 01:41:42,638 --> 01:41:44,473            Walt said that                his security classification      2156 01:41:44,515 --> 01:41:46,517        wasn't sufficiently high.      2157 01:41:46,558 --> 01:41:48,227       My father did not think that    2158 01:41:48,268 --> 01:41:51,688            Walt Rostow's                   security classification                was higher than his.         2159 01:41:51,730 --> 01:41:54,566     Uh, and at the given moment,             uh, the phone rang.          2160 01:41:54,608 --> 01:41:56,610           Walt turned to--                   to answer the phone          2161 01:41:56,652 --> 01:41:58,779            and-- and Dad                     picked up the report         2162 01:41:58,821 --> 01:42:01,824              and walked out                  of the office and read it.     2163 01:42:01,865 --> 01:42:03,992         [Sutherland]   Kennedy                 sent Galbraith to Saigon      2164 01:42:04,034 --> 01:42:07,079       to write a report that would         differ in its recommendations    2165 01:42:07,121 --> 01:42:11,125       from what Taylor and Rostow                had given to him.          2166 01:42:11,166 --> 01:42:12,751       Kennedy knew what he wanted     2167 01:42:12,793 --> 01:42:14,419      and he knew what my father          would deliver, which he did,     2168 01:42:14,461 --> 01:42:17,089         which is a very detailed                and skeptical report        2169 01:42:17,131 --> 01:42:19,842       about the efficiency of the           South Vietnamese government,    2170 01:42:19,883 --> 01:42:23,178            about the capacity                  of any military force        2171 01:42:23,220 --> 01:42:25,681              to prevail in                     the security situation       2172 01:42:25,722 --> 01:42:28,517          that was in existence             in South Vietnam at that time.  2173 01:42:28,559 --> 01:42:30,185             [Sutherland]                      Kennedy told Galbraith       2174 01:42:30,227 --> 01:42:33,689         to deliver his report to            Defense Secretary McNamara,     2175 01:42:33,730 --> 01:42:35,858                 and he,                      in turn, gave instructions     2176 01:42:35,899 --> 01:42:39,027         to begin the withdrawal                 to General Harkins,         2177 01:42:39,069 --> 01:42:42,614          the commanding General              of all forces in Vietnam.      2178 01:42:42,656 --> 01:42:45,784      The Pentagon dragged its feet             on formulating plans,        2179 01:42:45,826 --> 01:42:50,706         and McNamara called for              a meeting in May of 1963.      2180 01:42:50,747 --> 01:42:53,792  One of the most important finds              of the Review Board         2181 01:42:53,834 --> 01:42:56,295              are the notes                       from this meeting.         2182 01:42:56,336 --> 01:42:58,297        [Horne]   McNamara said,                 "It's not fast enough.       2183 01:42:58,338 --> 01:42:59,715      I want you to accelerate it."    2184 01:42:59,756 --> 01:43:02,092               He says,                  "I want to pull out 1,000 men,    2185 01:43:02,134 --> 01:43:04,303           uh, in December                  by the end of the year.        2186 01:43:04,344 --> 01:43:06,388       "And I want you to pull out     2187 01:43:06,430 --> 01:43:08,473             complete units,                    not just individuals."       2188 01:43:08,515 --> 01:43:10,893       He wanted units to come out.    2189 01:43:10,934 --> 01:43:13,562             [Sutherland]                    After the withdrawal plan                   was approved,            2190 01:43:13,604 --> 01:43:16,023               Kennedy sent                 Secretary of Defense McNamara    2191 01:43:16,064 --> 01:43:20,569            and General Taylor              to Saigon in September of '63.  2192 01:43:20,611 --> 01:43:23,405           He planned on using                their report as the basis      2193 01:43:23,447 --> 01:43:26,533            to formally order                  the withdrawal to begin.      2194 01:43:26,575 --> 01:43:28,410      Kennedy controlled the report,  2195 01:43:28,452 --> 01:43:30,037               since it was                     actually being written       2196 01:43:30,078 --> 01:43:33,248          under the supervision                   of Bobby Kennedy.          2197 01:43:33,290 --> 01:43:34,917               [Newman]                          Three days later,          2198 01:43:34,958 --> 01:43:36,501              that leaks out                     into the newspapers.        2199 01:43:36,543 --> 01:43:39,087       Then his opponents find out.    2200 01:43:39,129 --> 01:43:40,881            And McGeorge Bundy               says to Kennedy, "Hey, look,    2201 01:43:40,923 --> 01:43:42,424       "if they're talking about it               in the newspapers,         2202 01:43:42,466 --> 01:43:43,800             we might as well                     put it on paper."          2203 01:43:43,842 --> 01:43:46,053             And they put it,                    and it was NSAM 263.        2204 01:43:46,094 --> 01:43:49,306          And that's how it was               actually written and why.      2205 01:43:49,348 --> 01:43:51,266      Well, here's one of the things  2206 01:43:51,308 --> 01:43:52,893            McNamara said                    in the secret debrief.        2207 01:43:52,935 --> 01:43:56,438       He said, "We had agreed,               the President and I,         2208 01:43:56,480 --> 01:43:58,315        "that we had trained them,     2209 01:43:58,357 --> 01:44:00,150            "we had given them                   everything we could.        2210 01:44:00,192 --> 01:44:02,778        "And if they couldn't win,                     too bad.              2211 01:44:02,819 --> 01:44:06,823      We had to get out even if        they were going to be defeated."  2212 01:44:06,865 --> 01:44:10,369       So McNamara and Kennedy had          decided that they were willing  2213 01:44:10,410 --> 01:44:13,455        to pull out of Vietnam               in a losing scenario.         2214 01:44:13,497 --> 01:44:14,623        That's very important.        2215 01:44:15,958 --> 01:44:18,627         But later in that month,                  McGeorge Bundy,           2216 01:44:18,669 --> 01:44:21,255            who's the National                    Security Adviser,          2217 01:44:21,296 --> 01:44:23,257           puts together a memo        2218 01:44:23,298 --> 01:44:25,384           based upon the--                 the truth about the war,       2219 01:44:25,425 --> 01:44:27,552    which is just going terribly.     2220 01:44:27,594 --> 01:44:30,764         And he does it in a way                 to try and make sure        2221 01:44:30,806 --> 01:44:32,891      that Kennedy would be able             to go along with this.        2222 01:44:32,933 --> 01:44:34,476             [Sutherland]                       This is reflected in        2223 01:44:34,518 --> 01:44:36,728          the National Security                   Action Memorandum:         2224 01:44:36,770 --> 01:44:39,606                NSAM 273.              2225 01:44:39,648 --> 01:44:42,859    [Newman]   The way Bundy writes              the first draft of 273       2226 01:44:42,901 --> 01:44:44,486                is to say,                   "Look, we need to intensify     2227 01:44:44,528 --> 01:44:47,364             "the war effort                   against the communists.       2228 01:44:47,406 --> 01:44:49,283             "But the way                     we're going to do it         2229 01:44:49,324 --> 01:44:51,952            is to increase                 South Vietnamese forces."       2230 01:44:51,994 --> 01:44:54,454          There's not a word                 about American forces         2231 01:44:54,496 --> 01:44:56,164      or Americanizing the war.       2232 01:44:58,834 --> 01:45:01,044           While Kennedy's body                 is still in the casket       2233 01:45:01,086 --> 01:45:03,588              in the rotunda                over in the Capitol building,    2234 01:45:03,630 --> 01:45:07,968  is when Johnson changes NSAM 273           to a new version.           2235 01:45:08,010 --> 01:45:10,512          And when it comes                  to the key paragraph,         2236 01:45:10,554 --> 01:45:12,347             paragraph seven,                   which just talks about       2237 01:45:12,389 --> 01:45:14,975             how we're going                    to intensify the war,        2238 01:45:15,017 --> 01:45:16,518  instead of changing a few words,  2239 01:45:16,560 --> 01:45:19,813      there's two big hash marks            through that paragraph,        2240 01:45:19,855 --> 01:45:21,440      and it's completely rewritten.  2241 01:45:21,481 --> 01:45:22,858               And I said--                 I asked Bundy in an interview,  2242 01:45:22,899 --> 01:45:24,651                 I said,                      "Who told you to do that?"     2243 01:45:24,693 --> 01:45:26,361         He said, "Johnson did."       2244 01:45:26,403 --> 01:45:27,946             [Sutherland]                   These changes allowed the US    2245 01:45:27,988 --> 01:45:31,033          to unilaterally engage                 in combat in Vietnam        2246 01:45:31,074 --> 01:45:33,327            rather than simply                 supporting and advising       2247 01:45:33,368 --> 01:45:34,870         South Vietnamese troops.      2248 01:45:35,829 --> 01:45:37,622           And within days,           2249 01:45:37,664 --> 01:45:40,792         we're talking about           sending out the DESOTO missions.  2250 01:45:40,834 --> 01:45:43,462      These-- These naval excursions  2251 01:45:43,503 --> 01:45:46,465           along the coastline                     of North Vietnam          2252 01:45:46,506 --> 01:45:49,176       that ends up with    The Maddox  2253 01:45:49,217 --> 01:45:51,678        and the, and the so-called               Tonkin Gulf attacks.        2254 01:45:51,720 --> 01:45:53,722               And then                    the resolution in Congress      2255 01:45:53,764 --> 01:45:56,808           opening the door               to intervention in Vietnam.      2256 01:45:56,850 --> 01:45:59,478      [Sutherland]   In the Review             Board's declassifications,     2257 01:45:59,519 --> 01:46:01,772             there's evidence                that Johnson was fully aware    2258 01:46:01,813 --> 01:46:04,149               of Kennedy's                   Vietnam withdrawal plans,      2259 01:46:04,191 --> 01:46:05,817           disagreed with them,        2260 01:46:05,859 --> 01:46:08,737      and worked on Robert McNamara           to make him renounce them.     2261 01:46:09,696 --> 01:46:11,531     [Lyndon B. Johnson speaking]     2262 01:46:20,707 --> 01:46:23,126            In retaliation                    for this unprovoked          2263 01:46:23,168 --> 01:46:25,629       attack on the high seas,       2264 01:46:25,670 --> 01:46:27,839                our forces                      have struck the bases        2265 01:46:27,881 --> 01:46:31,885       used     by the North Vietnamese               patrol craft.            2266 01:46:31,927 --> 01:46:34,179             [Sutherland]                       And as declassified                   memos     have revealed,       2267 01:46:34,221 --> 01:46:35,889            by autumn of 1964,         2268 01:46:35,931 --> 01:46:38,600           during his campaign                 against Barry Goldwater,      2269 01:46:38,642 --> 01:46:40,727       Johnson had already decided     2270 01:46:40,769 --> 01:46:43,772            that he was going                to escalate the Vietnam War.    2271 01:46:43,814 --> 01:46:45,399          In fact, the directive                  that would become          2272 01:46:45,440 --> 01:46:47,192        the Tonkin Gulf Resolution     2273 01:46:47,234 --> 01:46:51,488       had been written before the           Tonkin Gulf Incident itself.    2274 01:46:51,530 --> 01:46:53,281               Three months                      before the election,        2275 01:46:53,323 --> 01:46:56,910       Johnson had already planned            for an extensive air war.      2276 01:46:56,952 --> 01:46:59,746             It was to begin                   after his inauguration.       2277 01:47:01,373 --> 01:47:05,585         [Johnson]   We intend                 to convince the communists     2278 01:47:05,627 --> 01:47:10,549        that we cannot be defeated                 by force of arms          2279 01:47:10,590 --> 01:47:12,634          or by superior power.        2280 01:47:17,514 --> 01:47:19,558          [Pease]   When news                   came of Kennedy's death,      2281 01:47:19,599 --> 01:47:21,977           all over the planet,                  people were mourning        2282 01:47:22,018 --> 01:47:24,813                and crying                     and going to embassies.       2283 01:47:24,855 --> 01:47:27,149            In Latin America,                the people just lit candles     2284 01:47:27,190 --> 01:47:29,568       because they didn't even              have electrical power,        2285 01:47:29,609 --> 01:47:31,111           but they wanted                   to honor his killing.         2286 01:47:31,153 --> 01:47:32,904      In the Yucatan Peninsula,       2287 01:47:32,946 --> 01:47:36,783       peasants cleared an area           and planted a peace garden.      2288 01:47:36,825 --> 01:47:38,452     [Philip Muehlenbeck]   Nasser             learned of Kennedy's death     2289 01:47:38,493 --> 01:47:40,912       in the middle of the night.               He got up, dressed,         2290 01:47:40,954 --> 01:47:43,540       went down to his office,                and then realized,          2291 01:47:43,582 --> 01:47:45,625        "Well, there's nothing               I can do about this."         2292 01:47:45,667 --> 01:47:48,170          According to his son,                   Nasser went to a--         2293 01:47:48,211 --> 01:47:51,298       a great state of depression              after Kennedy's death.       2294 01:47:51,339 --> 01:47:54,759         Uh, relations with Egypt              gradually deteriorated,       2295 01:47:54,801 --> 01:47:57,679      and they increasingly shifted                their allegiance          2296 01:47:57,721 --> 01:47:59,473         towards the Soviet Union                      as well.              2297 01:47:59,514 --> 01:48:03,226    A mass was held in the leading         Catholic Church in Cairo,       2298 01:48:03,268 --> 01:48:05,395     which has a capacity of 600.     2299 01:48:05,437 --> 01:48:09,065      They somehow fit 4,000 people               into that church.          2300 01:48:09,107 --> 01:48:11,735            Algeria, which had               special feeling for Kennedy,    2301 01:48:11,776 --> 01:48:13,945             declared a state                  of mourning for a week.       2302 01:48:13,987 --> 01:48:17,365          Flags were flown,                    uh, at half mast.           2303 01:48:17,407 --> 01:48:20,035  The US ambassador to Egypt said    2304 01:48:20,076 --> 01:48:22,913      that he thought the Egyptians              had seen in Kennedy         2305 01:48:22,954 --> 01:48:24,831             the best of what                   they saw in Americans.       2306 01:48:24,873 --> 01:48:28,084     That Kennedy had represented          a kind of ideal of America      2307 01:48:28,126 --> 01:48:30,212        to ordinary Egyptians.        2308 01:48:30,253 --> 01:48:32,172       [Sutherland]   Castro got              the news of Kennedy's death     2309 01:48:32,214 --> 01:48:33,965         while discussing   détente      2310 01:48:34,007 --> 01:48:36,593        with     the French journalist                  Jean Daniel.            2311 01:48:36,635 --> 01:48:39,971            He then exclaimed,                    "This is bad news.         2312 01:48:40,013 --> 01:48:41,973            Everything is now                     going to change."          2313 01:48:44,392 --> 01:48:47,145         When Khrushchev paid his           respects to President Kennedy    2314 01:48:47,187 --> 01:48:49,731         at the American embassy,      2315 01:48:49,773 --> 01:48:52,484            he was reportedly                    holding back tears.         2316 01:48:54,069 --> 01:48:56,988           Robert Kennedy knew          that after his brother's death,    2317 01:48:57,030 --> 01:49:01,451  relations with the Soviet Union              hung in the balance.        2318 01:49:01,493 --> 01:49:07,415    My father, he wanted to convey     a message to Premier Khrushchev    2319 01:49:07,457 --> 01:49:09,167       saying that our family knew     2320 01:49:09,209 --> 01:49:12,963        that the Soviets were not           involved in the assassination.  2321 01:49:13,004 --> 01:49:17,384    That it was a right-wing plot            from our own country.         2322 01:49:17,425 --> 01:49:19,553       In other words, the CIA,       2323 01:49:19,594 --> 01:49:21,888  or forces aligned with the CIA.    2324 01:49:21,930 --> 01:49:24,766       [Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]             The day that his brother died,  2325 01:49:24,808 --> 01:49:27,852       my father's first phone call    2326 01:49:27,894 --> 01:49:32,983            was to the CIA                  desk officer at Langley        2327 01:49:33,024 --> 01:49:38,947     and he asked them, "Did your         people conduct this horror?"     2328 01:49:41,074 --> 01:49:43,702               [Talbot]                We know from how Bobby operated    2329 01:49:43,743 --> 01:49:47,539            that terrible day,                   November 22nd, 1963,        2330 01:49:47,581 --> 01:49:50,333             at his home in,                    uh, McLean, Virginia,        2331 01:49:50,375 --> 01:49:55,255    that he immediately suspected         there was not a lone gunman.     2332 01:49:55,297 --> 01:49:56,881           Why do we know this?        2333 01:49:56,923 --> 01:49:59,926      Because he was being told              by his closest aides,         2334 01:49:59,968 --> 01:50:02,470       people like Kenny O'Donnell                 and Dave Powers,          2335 01:50:02,512 --> 01:50:03,972        who were in the limousine      2336 01:50:04,014 --> 01:50:06,683            immediately behind              President Kennedy's limousine.  2337 01:50:06,725 --> 01:50:08,560            They were both                   World War II veterans.        2338 01:50:08,602 --> 01:50:11,146                They knew                     what gunfire sounded like.     2339 01:50:11,187 --> 01:50:13,189       They reported it to him                    that gunfire             2340 01:50:13,231 --> 01:50:15,483          had not just come                   from the-- the rear.         2341 01:50:15,525 --> 01:50:17,360               It had come                      from different sides.        2342 01:50:17,402 --> 01:50:19,779            There was gunfire                  from the front as well.       2343 01:50:19,821 --> 01:50:22,240           It was a crossfire.         2344 01:50:22,282 --> 01:50:25,118            [Kennedy Jr.]                     I was in the East Room,       2345 01:50:25,160 --> 01:50:29,456     with my dad and with Jackie          and a couple of my siblings,     2346 01:50:29,497 --> 01:50:31,791       and Lyndon Johnson came in,     2347 01:50:31,833 --> 01:50:34,753  and told the adults in the room    2348 01:50:34,794 --> 01:50:37,631        that Lee Harvey Oswald                  had been killed,           2349 01:50:37,672 --> 01:50:41,092       and that a man had shot him.    2350 01:50:41,134 --> 01:50:44,638       And I said to my dad and mom                 at that time,            2351 01:50:44,679 --> 01:50:46,097        "Why did he shoot him?        2352 01:50:46,139 --> 01:50:48,642               Did he--                     Did he love our family?"       2353 01:50:48,683 --> 01:50:50,268       And the way that they acted     2354 01:50:50,310 --> 01:50:52,979            was that this only                 compounded the tragedy.       2355 01:50:54,564 --> 01:50:55,940             [Sutherland]                       Many people at home         2356 01:50:55,982 --> 01:50:57,692             felt that after                       Kennedy's death,          2357 01:50:57,734 --> 01:51:01,863        a period of depression and          cynicism overtook the country,  2358 01:51:01,905 --> 01:51:05,533             and that America                was somehow changed forever.    2359 01:51:05,575 --> 01:51:07,202        Our overwhelming disbelief     2360 01:51:07,243 --> 01:51:08,953              in the Warren                     Commission's findings        2361 01:51:08,995 --> 01:51:11,539              contributed to                     increased skepticism        2362 01:51:11,581 --> 01:51:14,209  of all our foundational beliefs               about government.          2363 01:51:17,003 --> 01:51:20,131      But I think Allen Dulles'                  appointment to                   the Warren Commission         2364 01:51:20,173 --> 01:51:23,301        is one of the great frauds               of American history.        2365 01:51:23,343 --> 01:51:26,221      I don't think that even if          you had 10 more commissions,     2366 01:51:26,262 --> 01:51:27,764             you'd never                     get away from the idea        2367 01:51:27,806 --> 01:51:29,349     that maybe there was a plot.     2368 01:51:29,391 --> 01:51:31,726            We just didn't                   find any traces of it.        2369 01:51:31,768 --> 01:51:34,229         What really happened                with Allen Dulles was         2370 01:51:34,270 --> 01:51:37,357       the CIA lobbied to have             him put on the Commission,      2371 01:51:37,399 --> 01:51:40,068      'cause they needed to have one       of their own on the Commission  2372 01:51:40,110 --> 01:51:44,197            to make sure that               certain doors remained closed.  2373 01:51:44,239 --> 01:51:49,953  I think there's a direct thread         between the events of 1963      2374 01:51:49,994 --> 01:51:52,205     and the kind of horror show      2375 01:51:52,247 --> 01:51:56,292        that America is having                to endure right now.         2376 01:51:56,334 --> 01:51:59,170             And I think once                    you kill     a President       2377 01:51:59,212 --> 01:52:01,047         in broad daylight on the            streets of an American city,    2378 01:52:01,089 --> 01:52:03,717            and everyone knows               that powerful forces did it,    2379 01:52:03,758 --> 01:52:07,595         that sends a signal not             only to the American people,    2380 01:52:07,637 --> 01:52:11,349        but to the American media,      to the American future leaders.    2381 01:52:11,391 --> 01:52:14,352     And if America really wants             a democratic society,         2382 01:52:14,394 --> 01:52:17,856  then we should get to the bottom        of this traumatic crime        2383 01:52:17,897 --> 01:52:21,276    that continues to reverberate         throughout American history.     2384 01:52:21,317 --> 01:52:24,696        They poll historians,            they poll the American people,    2385 01:52:24,738 --> 01:52:27,574       and they say, "Who were           the most popular Presidents?"     2386 01:52:27,615 --> 01:52:29,451           Well, one metric                     that you can use           2387 01:52:29,492 --> 01:52:33,872      to objectively-- at least            judge the foreign policy,       2388 01:52:33,913 --> 01:52:36,291  is how many boulevards are named  2389 01:52:36,332 --> 01:52:38,793         after that President                in foreign countries?         2390 01:52:38,835 --> 01:52:42,547       How many hospitals, how many          colleges,     how many schools?    2391 01:52:42,589 --> 01:52:47,051          How many statues are--          are standing     of that President  2392 01:52:47,093 --> 01:52:48,970  in capitals all over the world?    2393 01:52:49,012 --> 01:52:51,055          And in that sense,                   President Kennedy           2394 01:52:51,097 --> 01:52:53,767     beats every other President,                 hands down.              2395 01:52:56,811 --> 01:52:58,438               [Stone]                       Although many of Kennedy's     2396 01:52:58,480 --> 01:53:00,648               progressive                     and unprecedented goals       2397 01:53:00,690 --> 01:53:05,862        and changes in policy were      undone after his assassination,    2398 01:53:05,904 --> 01:53:09,491       a few powerful ones remain.     2399 01:53:09,532 --> 01:53:11,284     I think Mr. Kennedy has done     2400 01:53:11,326 --> 01:53:13,953       some significant things                  in civil rights,           2401 01:53:13,995 --> 01:53:16,498           and I would include                  the Attorney General.        2402 01:53:16,539 --> 01:53:21,461        I think both of these men            are men of genuine goodwill.    2403 01:53:21,503 --> 01:53:24,339           And, uh, I think                 there is a necessity now       2404 01:53:24,380 --> 01:53:26,925          to see the urgency                     of the moment.            2405 01:53:29,511 --> 01:53:32,430         I'm asking from you                an unequivocal assurance       2406 01:53:32,472 --> 01:53:35,433       that you will not bar entry                to these students,         2407 01:53:35,475 --> 01:53:37,602            and that you will                   step aside peacefully,       2408 01:53:37,644 --> 01:53:40,188       do your constitutional duty.    2409 01:53:40,230 --> 01:53:42,857         [Stone]   In showdowns                  using federal troops,        2410 01:53:42,899 --> 01:53:46,152      the Kennedy administration won        admission of Black students     2411 01:53:46,194 --> 01:53:49,531       to the last public colleges                  in the south.            2412 01:53:49,572 --> 01:53:52,575       George Wallace made it clear         that this fight was not over.    2413 01:53:52,617 --> 01:53:56,329         And the-- the South                 this year-- next year         2414 01:53:56,371 --> 01:53:58,748           will decide who                   the next President is,        2415 01:53:58,790 --> 01:54:01,167     whoever the South votes for             will be the President.        2416 01:54:01,209 --> 01:54:03,127         And you're gonna see                    that the South            2417 01:54:03,169 --> 01:54:06,047            is going to be                    against some folks.          2418 01:54:06,089 --> 01:54:08,299         [Stone]   That night,                Kennedy addressed the nation    2419 01:54:08,341 --> 01:54:10,385               in what many                      consider the finest         2420 01:54:10,426 --> 01:54:12,720           Presidential speech                     on civil rights           2421 01:54:12,762 --> 01:54:14,472          since Abraham Lincoln.       2422 01:54:14,514 --> 01:54:17,475      ...and that the rights of             every man are diminished       2423 01:54:17,517 --> 01:54:20,562           when the rights                 of one man are threatened.      2424 01:54:20,603 --> 01:54:24,232           If an American,                because his skin is dark...      2425 01:54:24,274 --> 01:54:29,404      cannot enjoy the full and free         life which all of us want,     2426 01:54:29,445 --> 01:54:31,656            then who among us                      would be content          2427 01:54:31,698 --> 01:54:34,993            to have the color                    of his skin changed?        2428 01:54:35,034 --> 01:54:37,871      One hundred years of delay                  have passed              2429 01:54:37,912 --> 01:54:41,165       since President Lincoln                 freed the slaves,           2430 01:54:41,207 --> 01:54:45,461        yet their heirs, their           grandsons, are not fully free.    2431 01:54:45,503 --> 01:54:50,550         And this nation, for all           its hopes     and all its boasts,  2432 01:54:50,592 --> 01:54:54,721       will not be fully free until           all its citizens are free.     2433 01:54:54,762 --> 01:54:56,180           We face, therefore,         2434 01:54:56,222 --> 01:54:58,474              a moral crisis                  as a country and a people,     2435 01:54:58,516 --> 01:55:00,476         and this is a matter                    which concerns            2436 01:55:00,518 --> 01:55:02,979             this country                   and what it stands for.        2437 01:55:03,021 --> 01:55:06,482     And in meeting it, I ask the      support of all of our citizens.    2438 01:55:06,524 --> 01:55:08,651         Thank you very much.         2439 01:55:08,693 --> 01:55:11,779        [somber music playing]        2440 01:56:11,255 --> 01:56:14,342