1
00:00:02,479 --> 00:00:09,084
Narrator:
INDUSTRIAL ICONS ANDREW CARNEGIE
AND HENRY CLAY FRICK
2
00:00:09,186 --> 00:00:11,887
CHANGED THE WORLD WITH STEEL...
3
00:00:11,989 --> 00:00:15,857
WE CAN'T HAVE ANY KIND OF
INFRASTRUCTURE AFTER 1865
4
00:00:15,959 --> 00:00:16,758
WITHOUT STEEL.
5
00:00:16,860 --> 00:00:18,627
[ TRAIN WHISTLE BLOWS ]
6
00:00:18,729 --> 00:00:22,964
Narrator:
...AND TRANSFORM AMERICA INTO
AN INDUSTRIAL SUPERPOWER.
7
00:00:23,067 --> 00:00:27,602
THEY WERE A PERFECT FIT AT
A TIME WHEN THIS INDUSTRY
8
00:00:27,704 --> 00:00:30,972
WAS BECOMING THE GREATEST
IN THE WORLD.
9
00:00:31,075 --> 00:00:35,944
YOU HAVE TWO VISIONARIES --
GENIUSES, REALLY.
10
00:00:36,046 --> 00:00:39,314
Narrator: BUT THERE'S ONLY ROOM
FOR ONE AT THE TOP.
11
00:00:39,416 --> 00:00:40,749
GET RID OF THEM.
12
00:00:40,851 --> 00:00:42,150
ALL OF THEM.
13
00:00:42,252 --> 00:00:43,518
[ CROWD CHANTING "STRIKE!" ]
14
00:00:43,620 --> 00:00:47,022
THE CLIMAX -- A BLOODY SHOWDOWN.
15
00:00:47,124 --> 00:00:49,057
PEOPLE DIED, AND HE WON.
16
00:00:49,193 --> 00:00:50,058
MURDERER!
17
00:00:50,160 --> 00:00:51,426
[ GUNSHOT ]
18
00:00:52,763 --> 00:00:58,700
Narrator:
THESE ARE THE EPIC STORIES OF
MEN STRUGGLING FOR SUPREMACY,
19
00:00:58,802 --> 00:01:02,604
BUILDING EMPIRES
AND CHANGING THE COURSE
20
00:01:02,706 --> 00:01:05,707
OF AMERICAN HISTORY FOREVER.
21
00:01:05,809 --> 00:01:08,677
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
22
00:01:08,779 --> 00:01:11,813
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
23
00:01:14,785 --> 00:01:19,521
IN 1892,
DEMAND FOR STEEL IS BOOMING.
24
00:01:19,623 --> 00:01:22,757
ANDREW CARNEGIE'S
HOMESTEAD WORKS PRODUCES
25
00:01:22,860 --> 00:01:26,928
NEARLY 800 TONS OF STEEL
EVERY DAY,
26
00:01:27,030 --> 00:01:30,432
A JUGGERNAUT DRIVING
THE AMERICAN ECONOMY.
27
00:01:30,534 --> 00:01:35,804
STEEL BRINGS CARNEGIE AND
HIS PARTNER, HENRY CLAY FRICK,
28
00:01:35,906 --> 00:01:39,007
IMMENSE FORTUNES, GREAT POWER,
29
00:01:39,109 --> 00:01:42,177
AND ULTIMATELY THRUSTS THEM
INTO DIRECT CONFLICT.
30
00:01:42,279 --> 00:01:43,778
FRICK'S SENDING IN
THE PINKERTONS,
31
00:01:43,881 --> 00:01:45,147
BUT WE'LL BE
READY FOR 'EM.
32
00:01:45,249 --> 00:01:46,915
THIS IS OUR TOWN!
33
00:01:47,017 --> 00:01:48,350
All: YEAH!
34
00:01:51,188 --> 00:01:55,957
Narrator:
AS TENSIONS RISE, THE INFAMOUS
PINKERTON DETECTIVES ARE CALLED
35
00:01:56,059 --> 00:01:58,026
TO KEEP THE PEACE.
36
00:01:58,128 --> 00:01:59,094
DO NOT RETREAT.
37
00:01:59,196 --> 00:02:01,530
DO NOT STOP UNTIL
WE'RE ON THE PROPERTY.
38
00:02:01,632 --> 00:02:02,497
MOVE.
39
00:02:02,599 --> 00:02:05,100
[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]
40
00:02:08,739 --> 00:02:10,639
IT'S THE BLOODY
BATTLE OF HOMESTEAD...
41
00:02:10,741 --> 00:02:12,607
THIS IS OUR HOME!
THIS IS OUR LAND!
42
00:02:12,709 --> 00:02:16,645
...A DIRECT RESULT OF
TWO TITANS FIGHTING TO WIN.
43
00:02:16,747 --> 00:02:17,479
PUT IT DOWN!
44
00:02:17,581 --> 00:02:19,181
Man: DROP IT!
45
00:02:31,828 --> 00:02:34,963
DECADES BEFORE
THE HOMESTEAD SHOOTOUT,
46
00:02:35,065 --> 00:02:39,501
ANDREW CARNEGIE IS A RISING STAR
IN THE INVESTMENT WORLD.
47
00:02:39,603 --> 00:02:41,803
Nelson:
CARNEGIE'S A STORYTELLER.
48
00:02:41,905 --> 00:02:44,072
HE COULD MAKE FRIENDS
WITH ANYONE.
49
00:02:44,174 --> 00:02:48,276
HE IS VERY GOOD
AT SELLING THINGS.
50
00:02:48,378 --> 00:02:52,614
Narrator: CUTTHROAT DEALS
MAKE HIM A MILLIONAIRE BY 33.
51
00:02:52,716 --> 00:02:55,750
ANDREW CARNEGIE BUYS DEFECTIVE
RIFLES FROM THE U.S. GOVERNMENT
52
00:02:55,852 --> 00:02:57,752
AND RESELLS THEM TO
THE PENNSYLVANIA MILITIA --
53
00:02:57,854 --> 00:02:59,921
SOMETHING THAT GETS HIM INTO
A GREAT DEAL OF TROUBLE.
54
00:03:00,023 --> 00:03:03,658
IT ALSO MAKES HIM
HIS FIRST FORTUNE.
55
00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:07,862
West: CARNEGIE HAD COME FROM
A VERY POOR BACKGROUND.
56
00:03:07,965 --> 00:03:10,532
AND WHEN YOU COME FROM
THAT TYPE OF BACKGROUND,
57
00:03:10,634 --> 00:03:14,569
IT OFTEN MAKES YOU MORE WILLING
TO ENGAGE IN BUSINESS PRACTICES
58
00:03:14,671 --> 00:03:17,439
THAT, PERHAPS,
OTHER PEOPLE WOULD NOT USE.
59
00:03:23,347 --> 00:03:27,482
Narrator:
POST-CIVIL WAR AMERICA ENTERS
A PERIOD OF EXPLOSIVE GROWTH.
60
00:03:27,584 --> 00:03:33,321
WITH CASH TO BURN,
CARNEGIE SEIZES AN OPPORTUNITY.
61
00:03:33,423 --> 00:03:38,293
Nelson:
THE RAILROAD SYSTEM IS INITIALLY
MATURING IN THE 1860s AND 1870s.
62
00:03:38,395 --> 00:03:39,394
WOODEN BRIDGES HAVE TO GO.
63
00:03:39,496 --> 00:03:40,795
THEY HAVE TO BE REPLACED
BY SOMETHING.
64
00:03:40,897 --> 00:03:44,599
AND CARNEGIE SEES THAT STEEL
HAS TO BE AT THE CENTER OF THAT,
65
00:03:44,701 --> 00:03:46,301
AND HE WANTS TO BE THERE.
66
00:03:46,403 --> 00:03:48,803
Carnegie: I REALLY APPRECIATE
YOU TAKING THE TIME
67
00:03:48,905 --> 00:03:49,938
TO SHOW ME AROUND
THIS PROPERTY.
68
00:03:50,040 --> 00:03:53,108
THANK YOU, MR. CARNEGIE.
THE PLEASURE'S ALL MINE.
69
00:03:53,210 --> 00:03:58,446
Narrator: IN 1873, CARNEGIE GOES
FROM INVESTOR TO OWNER-OPERATOR
70
00:03:58,548 --> 00:04:01,850
WHEN HE BUILDS THE
J. EDGAR THOMSON STEEL WORKS.
71
00:04:01,952 --> 00:04:03,818
NOW, WHERE IS
THE RAILROAD COMING IN?
72
00:04:03,920 --> 00:04:06,688
THE RAIL LINE COMES WITHIN ABOUT
500 YARDS OF THE PROPERTY.
73
00:04:06,790 --> 00:04:08,590
Nelson: TO THIS POINT,
STEEL WAS EXPENSIVE.
74
00:04:08,692 --> 00:04:10,592
STEEL WAS SOMETHING YOU USED
IN RAZOR BLADES.
75
00:04:10,694 --> 00:04:12,227
IT WAS SOMETHING YOU USED
IN SWORDS.
76
00:04:12,329 --> 00:04:15,130
I THINK THERE'S AN EXCELLENT
OPPORTUNITY HERE.
77
00:04:15,232 --> 00:04:17,565
Narrator: CARNEGIE BETS ON
A REVOLUTIONARY WAY
78
00:04:17,668 --> 00:04:21,503
TO MASS-PRODUCE STEEL --
IN A BESSEMER FURNACE.
79
00:04:21,605 --> 00:04:24,506
Nelson:
CARNEGIE'S THE PERSON WHO SETS
UP THE FIRST STEEL-ROLLING MILL
80
00:04:24,608 --> 00:04:26,908
THAT USES ENTIRELY
THE BESSEMER PROCESS.
81
00:04:26,977 --> 00:04:28,310
THE IRON NEVER GETS COLD.
82
00:04:28,412 --> 00:04:31,346
AND OUR BESSEMER CONVERTERS
WILL BE OVER HERE, YES?
83
00:04:31,448 --> 00:04:32,714
YOU KNOW
YOUR STEEL FACTORY.
84
00:04:32,816 --> 00:04:35,216
THE BESSEMER PROCESS
GIVES YOU CHEAP STEEL.
85
00:04:35,319 --> 00:04:36,985
IT GIVES YOU GOOD STEEL.
86
00:04:37,087 --> 00:04:39,054
YOU COULD TAKE SOMETHING
THAT COSTS $160 A TON
87
00:04:39,156 --> 00:04:41,423
AND PRODUCE IT FOR
$7 OR $8 A TON.
88
00:04:41,525 --> 00:04:42,357
THIS IS ASTONISHING.
89
00:04:42,459 --> 00:04:43,892
HOW MANY MEN WILL BE
ON THE FLOOR?
90
00:04:43,994 --> 00:04:45,527
IT'LL BE
1,000 MEN TO START.
91
00:04:45,629 --> 00:04:47,295
CARNEGIE'S A VISIONARY.
92
00:04:47,397 --> 00:04:49,097
HE SEES WHAT STEEL IS.
93
00:04:49,199 --> 00:04:51,166
HE SEES WHAT STEEL CAN DO.
94
00:04:51,268 --> 00:04:54,669
Carnegie:
MOST WOULD STICK WITH IRON,
BUT STEEL IS THE FUTURE.
95
00:04:54,771 --> 00:04:58,173
AND THAT IS EXACTLY WHY
THIS IS GOING TO WORK.
96
00:04:58,275 --> 00:05:01,643
Narrator:
EARLY ON, CARNEGIE UNDERSTANDS
97
00:05:01,745 --> 00:05:07,816
THERE IS ONE ELEMENT ESSENTIAL
FOR HIS OPERATION -- COAL.
98
00:05:07,918 --> 00:05:10,819
ΒΆΒΆ
99
00:05:16,660 --> 00:05:20,295
HENRY CLAY FRICK GROWS UP
ON THE COAL-RICH LAND
100
00:05:20,397 --> 00:05:22,897
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.
101
00:05:22,999 --> 00:05:25,300
Nelson: UNDERNEATH HIM
WAS CONNELLSVILLE COAL,
102
00:05:25,402 --> 00:05:28,570
WHICH IS THE BEST COAL REALLY
ON THE PLANET AT THE TIME.
103
00:05:28,672 --> 00:05:33,375
IT MUST BE PACKED AS TIGHTLY
AS POSSIBLE ALONG THE SEAMS.
104
00:05:33,477 --> 00:05:35,009
YES, SIR.
105
00:05:35,112 --> 00:05:36,177
I'M NOT GONNA BE HERE TO
106
00:05:36,279 --> 00:05:38,079
HOLD YOUR HAND
THROUGH THIS NEXT TIME.
107
00:05:38,181 --> 00:05:40,281
Clark: FRICK REALLY DID HAVE
A DIFFERENT APPROACH
108
00:05:40,384 --> 00:05:41,583
THAN CARNEGIE.
109
00:05:41,685 --> 00:05:45,186
HE WAS SORT OF A BARE-KNUCKLED
BRAWLER KIND OF GUY
110
00:05:45,288 --> 00:05:48,123
IN TERMS OF DOING BUSINESS.
111
00:05:48,225 --> 00:05:53,294
Narrator:
FRICK SEES THE REAL MONEY IS
IN PURIFIED COAL, KNOWN AS COKE.
112
00:05:53,397 --> 00:05:55,096
WE FILL IN THE SEAMS.
113
00:05:55,198 --> 00:05:57,298
THAT ALLOWS
THE HEAT IN THE OVEN
114
00:05:57,401 --> 00:05:59,634
TO REACH
ITS MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE.
115
00:05:59,736 --> 00:06:01,736
WHEN THE HEAT'S AT
ITS MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE,
116
00:06:01,838 --> 00:06:03,805
WE BURN OFF
ALL THE IMPURITIES.
117
00:06:03,907 --> 00:06:10,145
Sanger:
COKE IS THE PRODUCT OF REDUCING
BITUMINOUS COAL IN AN OVEN.
118
00:06:10,247 --> 00:06:14,382
AND THE MAGIC OF COKE
WAS THAT WHEN MIXED WITH IRON,
119
00:06:14,484 --> 00:06:16,317
IT MADE STEEL.
120
00:06:16,420 --> 00:06:22,190
Narrator:
FRICK STARTS HIS COKING BUSINESS
IN 1870 AT THE AGE OF ONLY 21.
121
00:06:22,292 --> 00:06:25,093
Sanger: HE GREW UP WITH
A BIG SENSE OF BUSINESS
122
00:06:25,195 --> 00:06:27,695
AND HOW BUSINESS OPERATES.
123
00:06:27,798 --> 00:06:31,599
Narrator: AND LIKE CARNEGIE,
FRICK ENVISIONS AN AMERICA
124
00:06:31,701 --> 00:06:33,168
BOOMING WITH INDUSTRY.
125
00:06:33,270 --> 00:06:35,804
Pepperell: FRICK AND HIS
ASSOCIATES BEGAN TO BUILD
126
00:06:35,906 --> 00:06:38,139
HUNDREDS, THOUSANDS
OF COKE OVENS
127
00:06:38,241 --> 00:06:41,709
AND TO BUY OUT
ANY OTHER RIVAL PRODUCERS.
128
00:06:47,083 --> 00:06:49,984
Narrator: IN 1873,
CARNEGIE AND FRICK
129
00:06:50,086 --> 00:06:52,587
ARE TWO OF THE RICHEST MEN
IN AMERICA
130
00:06:52,689 --> 00:06:56,424
WHEN MONEY MARKETS AROUND
THE WORLD CRASH IN TOTAL PANIC.
131
00:06:56,526 --> 00:06:58,860
Man: EXTRA! EXTRA!
READ ALL ABOUT IT!
132
00:06:58,962 --> 00:07:03,298
Nelson: LOTS AND LOTS OF FIRMS
GO UNDER IN THE PANIC OF 1873.
133
00:07:03,400 --> 00:07:07,435
LOTS AND LOTS OF BANKS GO UNDER
IN THE PANIC OF 1873.
134
00:07:07,537 --> 00:07:10,371
Narrator:
NO ONE IS IMMUNE TO THE CRISIS.
135
00:07:10,474 --> 00:07:13,041
Nelson: IT'S A TREMENDOUS
FINANCIAL CALAMITY.
136
00:07:13,143 --> 00:07:16,010
Narrator: THE PRICE OF
STEEL AND COKE PLUMMETS.
137
00:07:16,112 --> 00:07:19,614
CARNEGIE RESPONDS AGGRESSIVELY.
138
00:07:21,418 --> 00:07:23,618
Carnegie: EXPAND WHEN
NO ONE DARES RISK.
139
00:07:23,720 --> 00:07:25,854
Man: I'M NOT SURE
THE RISK IS WORTH IT.
140
00:07:25,956 --> 00:07:27,956
GENTLEMEN,
IT WILL GET BETTER.
141
00:07:28,058 --> 00:07:32,293
WHEN EVERYONE IS SELLING,
CARNEGIE GOES ON A BUYING SPREE.
142
00:07:32,395 --> 00:07:36,764
CARNEGIE HAD THE KNACK OF MAKING
MONEY DURING GOOD TIMES AND BAD.
143
00:07:36,867 --> 00:07:41,302
IT WAS ONE OF HIS PARTS
OF HIS BUSINESS GENIUS
144
00:07:41,404 --> 00:07:43,271
THAT HE TOOK ADVANTAGE
OF DOWNTURNS.
145
00:07:43,373 --> 00:07:47,008
MARKETS WILL GO UP AND DOWN
OVER THE NEXT TWO TO FIVE YEARS.
146
00:07:47,110 --> 00:07:51,112
Nelson: WHAT CARNEGIE HAS IS
ACCESS TO INVESTORS.
147
00:07:51,181 --> 00:07:54,582
HE SEES ANY COMPETITORS
AROUND HIM GOING UNDER,
148
00:07:54,684 --> 00:07:56,417
HE BUYS THEM AT
PENNIES ON THE DOLLAR.
149
00:07:56,520 --> 00:07:58,887
AND IN ABOUT 5, 10 YEARS,
WHEN EVERYTHING IS INCREASED,
150
00:07:58,989 --> 00:08:01,756
WE WILL BE
VERY PROFITABLE.
151
00:08:01,858 --> 00:08:04,158
THIS IS JUST
YOUR THEORY SO FAR.
152
00:08:04,261 --> 00:08:07,762
THIS IS BUSINESS, GENTLEMEN.
IT WILL WORK.
153
00:08:07,864 --> 00:08:11,432
IT'S STRAIGHT OUT OF
THE CARNEGIE PLAYBOOK --
154
00:08:11,535 --> 00:08:14,669
GAIN MARKET SHARE
WHEN THE PRICE IS RIGHT.
155
00:08:14,771 --> 00:08:17,071
HE UNDERSTANDS
THAT IF HE CAN GAIN SOMETHING
156
00:08:17,173 --> 00:08:19,507
CLOSE TO A MONOPOLY --
MORE THAN 50% OF THE SHARE --
157
00:08:19,609 --> 00:08:21,776
HE'S THE PERSON THAT
PROVIDES THE STEEL
158
00:08:21,878 --> 00:08:22,810
FOR THE ENTIRE COUNTRY.
159
00:08:22,913 --> 00:08:24,312
GUARANTEED.
160
00:08:26,416 --> 00:08:30,118
NOT A BAD THING.
161
00:08:30,220 --> 00:08:31,185
ALL RIGHT.
162
00:08:31,288 --> 00:08:32,954
YOU HAVE A DEAL.
163
00:08:34,624 --> 00:08:39,260
Narrator: IN 1875,
CARNEGIE OPENS AMERICA'S LARGEST
164
00:08:39,362 --> 00:08:41,496
AND MOST MODERN STEEL WORKS.
165
00:08:41,598 --> 00:08:43,898
Nelson: THE EDGAR THOMSON WORKS
IS VERY EFFICIENT
166
00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:46,834
FOR PRODUCING ONE THING,
AND THAT'S ROLLED STEEL,
167
00:08:46,937 --> 00:08:49,003
WHICH IS DESIGNED FOR RAILS.
168
00:08:49,105 --> 00:08:51,873
Narrator:
HE BETS BIG ON RAILROADS.
169
00:08:51,975 --> 00:08:55,843
AND STEEL RAILS BECOME THE BASIS
FOR CARNEGIE'S FORTUNE.
170
00:08:55,946 --> 00:08:58,613
Narrator: WHILE CARNEGIE BATTLES
THE DEPRESSION
171
00:08:58,715 --> 00:09:02,517
WITH SHREWD BUSINESS TACTICS,
FRICK IS FORCED TO
172
00:09:02,619 --> 00:09:05,520
BORROW HEAVILY TO TAKE OVER
THE COAL FIELDS.
173
00:09:05,622 --> 00:09:07,255
Sanger:
WHEN THE PANIC WAS OVER,
174
00:09:07,357 --> 00:09:10,725
THERE WAS THIS ENORMOUS DEMAND
FOR STEEL.
175
00:09:10,827 --> 00:09:15,063
AND THE COKE BECAME JUST,
FRANKLY, GOLD.
176
00:09:15,165 --> 00:09:16,998
Narrator:
BY THE END OF THE DECADE,
177
00:09:17,133 --> 00:09:22,503
FRICK CONTROLS 80% OF THE COAL
MINED IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.
178
00:09:22,606 --> 00:09:26,608
Pepperell: VERY SOON, ALL THESE
ACQUISITIONS PAID OFF HANDSOMELY
179
00:09:26,710 --> 00:09:28,843
FOR THE FRICK COMPANIES.
180
00:09:28,945 --> 00:09:34,315
SOMEWHERE BETWEEN $80,000
AND $100,000 A YEAR INCOME.
181
00:09:34,417 --> 00:09:38,820
MANY, MANY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS
IN TODAY'S CASH.
182
00:09:38,922 --> 00:09:43,791
Narrator: FRICK IS NICKNAMED
"THE KING OF COKE."
183
00:09:43,893 --> 00:09:47,161
HE RULES HIS MEN
WITHOUT REMORSE.
184
00:09:47,263 --> 00:09:50,064
Sanger: THESE OVENS WERE
TERRIBLE THINGS.
185
00:09:50,166 --> 00:09:56,804
IT WAS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS LIKE
DANTE'S INFERNO, AND IT WAS.
186
00:09:56,906 --> 00:10:00,241
IT WAS REALLY
AN APPALLING WAY TO LIVE.
187
00:10:00,310 --> 00:10:03,478
Narrator:
IN RESPONSE, UNIONS GROW,
188
00:10:03,580 --> 00:10:07,615
AND FRICK MOVES SWIFTLY
TO CHOP THEM DOWN.
189
00:10:07,717 --> 00:10:10,952
MY MEN ARE BREAKING THEIR BACKS
WORKING FOR THIS COMPANY,
190
00:10:11,054 --> 00:10:13,688
BUT THERE'S
BARELY COMPENSATION.
191
00:10:13,790 --> 00:10:16,791
THE RATE I PAY IS BEHOLDEN TO
WHAT THE MARKET WILL BEAR.
192
00:10:16,893 --> 00:10:17,859
IT'S THAT SIMPLE.
193
00:10:17,961 --> 00:10:21,696
Clark: FRICK WAS
A RUTHLESS BUSINESSMAN.
194
00:10:21,798 --> 00:10:24,232
ETHICS WASN'T NECESSARILY
HIGH ON HIS LIST.
195
00:10:24,334 --> 00:10:28,403
IN ORDER FOR H.C. FRICK AND CO.
TO CONTINUE TO WORK,
196
00:10:28,505 --> 00:10:30,304
TO CONTINUE TO GROW,
197
00:10:30,407 --> 00:10:31,873
THE MEN WILL BE
REQUIRED TO WORK
198
00:10:31,975 --> 00:10:34,275
12- AND 14-HOUR DAYS
AT THE COKE PLANT.
199
00:10:34,344 --> 00:10:36,844
YOU COULDN'T WORK IN A COAL MINE
OR A COKE OVEN
200
00:10:36,946 --> 00:10:41,115
MUCH PAST 45 OR 50,
IF YOU SURVIVE THAT LONG.
201
00:10:41,217 --> 00:10:44,018
ALL WE'RE ASKING FOR
IS JUST A LITTLE BIT MORE
202
00:10:44,120 --> 00:10:46,721
SO THEY CAN AFFORD TO
FEED THEIR FAMILIES.
203
00:10:46,823 --> 00:10:50,692
HE WAS A MAN OF HIS DAY,
AND HE DIDN'T LIKE BEING TOLD
204
00:10:50,794 --> 00:10:54,962
WHAT TO DO OR HOW TO DO IT
WITH HIS OWN PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.
205
00:10:55,065 --> 00:10:57,165
YOU SHOULD TELL THE MEN THAT
THEY SHOULD BE AT THE PLANT
206
00:10:57,267 --> 00:10:59,901
AT 6:00 A.M.
TOMORROW MORNING.
207
00:11:00,003 --> 00:11:04,338
Narrator: THE COKE INDUSTRY ENDS
THE 1870s ON A HIGH,
208
00:11:04,441 --> 00:11:07,208
LARGELY BECAUSE
THE STEEL BUSINESS IS SOARING.
209
00:11:12,916 --> 00:11:16,117
CARNEGIE WAS MAKING
TENS OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS
210
00:11:16,219 --> 00:11:18,419
EVERY YEAR EARLY ON.
211
00:11:18,521 --> 00:11:21,689
Narrator: AND LIKE FRICK,
MUCH OF CARNEGIE'S PROFIT
212
00:11:21,791 --> 00:11:24,358
COMES AT THE EXPENSE
OF HIS WORKERS.
213
00:11:24,461 --> 00:11:27,028
Clark: THEY USED TO REFER
TO STEEL MILLS IN THAT ERA
214
00:11:27,130 --> 00:11:28,963
AS "HELL WITH THE LID OFF."
215
00:11:31,134 --> 00:11:33,634
[ MEN GRUNTING ]
216
00:11:33,737 --> 00:11:38,272
ONE SHIFT WOULD BE WORKING
72 HOURS A WEEK,
217
00:11:38,374 --> 00:11:41,943
WHILE THE OTHER SHIFT WORKED
96 HOURS A WEEK.
218
00:11:43,179 --> 00:11:47,081
ONE HOLIDAY A YEAR -- JULY 4th.
219
00:11:48,418 --> 00:11:53,721
CARNEGIE WAS AS RUTHLESS
AS ANY EMPLOYER OF THE DAY
220
00:11:53,823 --> 00:11:57,024
IN TERMS OF
DRIVING DOWN LABOR COSTS,
221
00:11:57,127 --> 00:12:01,395
SQUEEZING EVERY LAST OUNCE OF
PRODUCTIVITY OUT OF HIS WORKER.
222
00:12:01,498 --> 00:12:04,532
Narrator:
THE RELENTLESS DRIVE TO SUCCEED
223
00:12:04,634 --> 00:12:07,635
WILL LEAD THE MAN OF STEEL
AND KING OF COKE
224
00:12:07,737 --> 00:12:10,605
TO FORGE
AN UNPRECEDENTED ALLIANCE
225
00:12:10,707 --> 00:12:15,042
THAT WILL RULE 1880s AMERICA
AND, SOON, THE WORLD.
226
00:12:15,145 --> 00:12:16,043
ARE YOU WITH ME?!
227
00:12:16,146 --> 00:12:17,445
All: YEAH!
228
00:12:17,547 --> 00:12:20,348
Narrator: BUT THIS PROGRESS
WILL COME AT A DEADLY PRICE.
229
00:12:32,262 --> 00:12:36,097
Narrator: AFTER RIDING OUT
THE DEPRESSION OF THE 1870s,
230
00:12:36,199 --> 00:12:39,934
ANDREW CARNEGIE
AND HENRY CLAY FRICK
231
00:12:40,036 --> 00:12:44,939
CATAPULT AMERICA'S MANUFACTURING
TO UNPRECEDENTED NEW HEIGHTS.
232
00:12:45,041 --> 00:12:48,342
THIS IS THE CONFLUENCE
OF HAVING LOTS OF COKE
233
00:12:48,444 --> 00:12:50,778
NEXT TO LOTS OF GOOD IRON.
234
00:12:50,880 --> 00:12:52,547
IT MAKES BEAUTIFUL STEEL.
235
00:12:52,649 --> 00:12:55,316
STEEL IS NECESSARY
NOT JUST FOR RAILS,
236
00:12:55,418 --> 00:12:59,287
BUT ALSO FOR BUILDING BIG
BUILDINGS, FOR BUILDING BRIDGES.
237
00:12:59,389 --> 00:13:01,455
AMERICA IS EXPORTING,
IN LARGE QUANTITIES,
238
00:13:01,558 --> 00:13:02,857
MANUFACTURED FOOD,
239
00:13:02,926 --> 00:13:08,162
AND STEEL CANS ARE A BIG PART OF
WHAT MAKES CARNEGIE HIS FORTUNE.
240
00:13:08,264 --> 00:13:11,365
FRICK AND CARNEGIE
ARE DOING GREAT THINGS.
241
00:13:11,467 --> 00:13:15,436
Narrator: BUT THIS METEORIC RISE
WILL HAVE ITS GROWING PAINS,
242
00:13:15,538 --> 00:13:19,407
AS FRICK AND CARNEGIE
STRUGGLE TO MANAGE COSTS.
243
00:13:19,509 --> 00:13:22,310
[ BELL TOLLING ]
244
00:13:22,412 --> 00:13:23,945
Clark:
BECAUSE OF THE CIVIL WAR,
245
00:13:24,047 --> 00:13:29,283
THE ECONOMY HAD BOOMED
THROUGH THE LATE '60s.
246
00:13:29,385 --> 00:13:34,088
IN THE 1870s,
THE ECONOMY TOOK A DOWNTURN,
247
00:13:34,190 --> 00:13:37,024
AND THAT IS WHEN YOU SAW
THE FIRST EFFORT
248
00:13:37,126 --> 00:13:40,828
TO REALLY GO AFTER THE UNIONS
THAT WERE JUST EMERGING.
249
00:13:42,298 --> 00:13:45,233
WE HAD THE MOLLY MAGUIRES
INCIDENT IN PENNSYLVANIA,
250
00:13:45,335 --> 00:13:48,102
WHERE THE MINERS' UNION
HAD GOTTEN A FOOTHOLD
251
00:13:48,171 --> 00:13:49,303
IN NORTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA,
252
00:13:49,405 --> 00:13:52,707
AND THE COAL COMPANIES CAME DOWN
VERY HARD ON THEM,
253
00:13:52,809 --> 00:13:55,710
ARRESTING 19 OF THEIR LEADERS
ON TRUMPED-UP CHARGES
254
00:13:55,812 --> 00:13:57,078
AND HANGING THEM.
255
00:13:57,180 --> 00:14:00,815
Narrator: ORGANIZED WORKERS
ARE THE LARGEST THREAT
256
00:14:00,917 --> 00:14:05,653
TO FRICK'S COAL AND COKE
ENTERPRISE.
257
00:14:05,755 --> 00:14:08,823
Clark: FRICK WAS SORT OF
TYPICAL OF THE TIME.
258
00:14:08,925 --> 00:14:11,359
HE JUST DID NOT THINK
UNIONS MADE SENSE
259
00:14:11,461 --> 00:14:14,328
MORALLY, ETHICALLY,
ECONOMICALLY.
260
00:14:14,430 --> 00:14:16,430
THEY WERE
HIS MILLS AND HIS MINES,
261
00:14:16,532 --> 00:14:20,034
AND HE THOUGHT HE COULD DO
WITH THEM AS HE SAW FIT.
262
00:14:20,136 --> 00:14:22,069
AND I THINK
THAT BASICALLY EXTENDED
263
00:14:22,171 --> 00:14:23,471
TO HIS VIEWS OF HIS WORKERS.
264
00:14:25,441 --> 00:14:26,908
Frick: THANK YOU SO MUCH
FOR HAVING US.
265
00:14:27,010 --> 00:14:28,042
PLEASE HAVE A SEAT.
266
00:14:28,144 --> 00:14:30,411
Frick: I'LL ADMIT
I WAS A BIT SURPRISED
267
00:14:30,513 --> 00:14:32,747
TO RECEIVE YOUR INVITATION
TO MEET.
268
00:14:32,849 --> 00:14:37,518
Narrator: IN 1881, CARNEGIE SETS
OUT TO DO A DEAL WITH FRICK,
269
00:14:37,620 --> 00:14:41,422
WHO HAS SOMETHING THAT
CARNEGIE WANTS --
270
00:14:41,524 --> 00:14:43,624
LOTS OF QUALITY COKE.
271
00:14:43,726 --> 00:14:47,828
CARNEGIE APPROACHED FRICK
BECAUSE CARNEGIE NEEDED COKE
272
00:14:47,931 --> 00:14:50,197
TO MAKE STEEL IN HIS MILLS.
273
00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:54,568
AND FOR CARNEGIE TO INVEST IN
COKING COAL FIELDS
274
00:14:54,671 --> 00:14:56,070
WAS NEXT TO IMPOSSIBLE
275
00:14:56,172 --> 00:15:00,374
BECAUSE FRICK HAD ACQUIRED
MOST OF THAT LAND.
276
00:15:00,476 --> 00:15:02,610
Narrator:
SENSING A HUGE OPPORTUNITY,
277
00:15:02,712 --> 00:15:05,980
CARNEGIE MOVES TO BRING FRICK
ON HIS SIDE.
278
00:15:06,082 --> 00:15:09,417
WHY I BROUGHT YOU HERE IS
TO TALK SPECIFICALLY ABOUT
279
00:15:09,519 --> 00:15:12,320
HOW YOUR COMPANY AND MY COMPANY
CAN JOIN TOGETHER.
280
00:15:12,422 --> 00:15:14,855
WHAT I NEED FROM YOU IS
A STEADY SUPPLY OF COKE
281
00:15:14,958 --> 00:15:16,791
TO MY STEEL COMPANY.
282
00:15:16,893 --> 00:15:19,260
Pepperell: FRICK REALIZED
THAT THE PLACE WHERE
283
00:15:19,362 --> 00:15:23,998
THE BIG PROFITS COULD BE MADE
WAS NOT AS A COKE SUPPLIER,
284
00:15:24,100 --> 00:15:26,267
BUT AS A STEEL PRODUCER.
285
00:15:26,369 --> 00:15:28,102
WELL, I'M BRINGING
TWO MORE BESSEMER CONVERTERS
286
00:15:28,204 --> 00:15:29,303
OVER FROM ENGLAND.
287
00:15:29,405 --> 00:15:32,073
BESSEMERS.
A WISE INVESTMENT.
288
00:15:32,175 --> 00:15:34,575
HE'S FIRMLY SET
HIS SIGHTS ON THAT,
289
00:15:34,644 --> 00:15:38,379
HOPING THAT HIS RELATIONSHIP
WITH CARNEGIE --
290
00:15:38,481 --> 00:15:40,514
AT THAT TIME,
A VERY NEW RELATIONSHIP --
291
00:15:40,616 --> 00:15:44,318
WILL ENABLE HIM TO
TAKE PART IN THAT INDUSTRY --
292
00:15:44,420 --> 00:15:48,556
SOMETHING THAT CARNEGIE
REALLY DIDN'T WANT TO HAPPEN.
293
00:15:48,658 --> 00:15:54,228
Narrator:
AGGRESSIVE ACQUISITIONS HAVE
LEFT FRICK WITH A MOUND OF DEBT.
294
00:15:54,330 --> 00:15:57,164
NOW HE'S DESPERATE
FOR CASH FLOW.
295
00:15:57,266 --> 00:16:01,235
AS USUAL,
CARNEGIE'S TIMING IS IMPECCABLE.
296
00:16:01,337 --> 00:16:04,105
MR. CARNEGIE,
I AM INTERESTED IN BEING
297
00:16:04,207 --> 00:16:08,009
THE SOLE SUPPLIER OF COKE
TO CARNEGIE BROTHERS.
298
00:16:08,111 --> 00:16:11,278
IN EXCHANGE, I'M WILLING TO
OFFER AN 11% SHARE
299
00:16:11,414 --> 00:16:13,647
IN H.C. FRICK AND CO.
300
00:16:13,750 --> 00:16:15,416
IF YOU FIND
THESE TERMS NEGOTIABLE,
301
00:16:15,518 --> 00:16:17,018
I SAY WE MAKE A DEAL.
302
00:16:17,120 --> 00:16:20,821
I BELIEVE
THOSE TERMS CAN BE ARRANGED.
303
00:16:20,923 --> 00:16:23,324
Sanger:
YOU HAVE TWO VISIONARIES --
304
00:16:23,426 --> 00:16:26,861
BRILLIANT MINDS,
GENIUSES, REALLY --
305
00:16:26,963 --> 00:16:30,931
WORKING TOGETHER
TO CREATE SOMETHING.
306
00:16:31,034 --> 00:16:34,402
IT REALLY IS A VERY IMPORTANT
STUDY, I THINK,
307
00:16:34,504 --> 00:16:40,908
JUST AT THE HUMAN LEVEL OF
WHAT COOPERATION CAN BRING,
308
00:16:41,010 --> 00:16:42,643
THE HEIGHTS THAT IT CAN GO,
309
00:16:42,745 --> 00:16:45,913
AND THE DEPTH TO WHICH
IT CAN FALL.
310
00:16:46,015 --> 00:16:49,383
Narrator: IT SEEMS TO BE
A PERFECT PARTNERSHIP,
311
00:16:49,485 --> 00:16:52,887
BUT IT'S NOT LONG BEFORE
BAD BLOOD FLOWS BETWEEN
312
00:16:52,989 --> 00:16:56,390
THESE TWO TITANS.
313
00:16:56,526 --> 00:17:01,529
West: CARNEGIE WAS PERFECTLY
ADEPT AT MANIPULATING OPPONENTS,
314
00:17:01,631 --> 00:17:06,367
ENGAGING IN SECRET DEALS IN
ORDER TO FURTHER HIS BUSINESS.
315
00:17:06,469 --> 00:17:10,037
SO HE WOULD DEFINITELY PUSH
THE LINES OF ETHICAL CONDUCT
316
00:17:10,139 --> 00:17:11,472
IN HIS BUSINESS PRACTICES.
317
00:17:12,875 --> 00:17:15,309
Carnegie: GENTLEMEN, IT IS MOST
WONDERFUL TO HAVE YOU HERE.
318
00:17:15,411 --> 00:17:16,410
Man: PLEASURE, SIR.
319
00:17:16,512 --> 00:17:20,147
BUT AS YOU MAY KNOW,
I, UH, OWN A FEW STOCKS
320
00:17:20,249 --> 00:17:24,285
IN FRICK COKE COMPANY, AND I
DESIRE TO ATTAIN SOME MORE.
321
00:17:24,387 --> 00:17:29,123
Narrator:
CARNEGIE SEES FRICK'S OFFER OF
AN 11% SHARE AS MEAGER
322
00:17:29,258 --> 00:17:32,860
AND DEVISES A PLAN TO GAIN MORE
OF H.C. FRICK AND COMPANY.
323
00:17:32,962 --> 00:17:35,463
Nelson: ANDREW CARNEGIE NEEDS
PEOPLE TO LOOK LIKE
324
00:17:35,565 --> 00:17:36,964
THEY'RE NOT ANDREW CARNEGIE --
325
00:17:37,066 --> 00:17:40,234
SOMEONE WHO WILL BUY STOCK IN
THE FIRM FOR YOU,
326
00:17:40,336 --> 00:17:41,836
ON YOUR BEHALF SECRETLY,
327
00:17:41,938 --> 00:17:44,505
SO THAT YOU CONTROL
MORE AND MORE OF IT.
328
00:17:44,607 --> 00:17:47,508
IT DOES REQUIRE SECRECY
AND UTMOST CONFIDENCE.
329
00:17:47,610 --> 00:17:48,976
CAN I HAVE THAT FROM YOU?
330
00:17:49,078 --> 00:17:50,811
EVERYTHING WE SAY
STAYS HERE.
331
00:17:50,913 --> 00:17:51,979
WONDERFUL.
332
00:17:52,081 --> 00:17:53,848
I WOULD LIKE YOU TO
START WITHIN THE WEEK,
333
00:17:53,950 --> 00:17:56,951
AND THEN AFTER THREE WEEKS,
YOU CAN START BUYING SOME.
334
00:17:57,053 --> 00:17:58,519
DO SMALL SHARES AT FIRST,
335
00:17:58,621 --> 00:18:00,921
AND AFTER A WHILE,
I SHALL ATTAIN MORE.
336
00:18:01,023 --> 00:18:02,490
Narrator:
WITH THIS SLEIGHT OF HAND,
337
00:18:02,592 --> 00:18:05,693
ANDREW CARNEGIE BECOMES
THE LARGEST SHAREHOLDER
338
00:18:05,795 --> 00:18:08,596
OF H.C. FRICK AND COMPANY.
339
00:18:08,698 --> 00:18:12,266
HE ACQUIRED MORE THAN 50%,
LEAVING FRICK
340
00:18:12,368 --> 00:18:16,804
ONLY ABOUT 16% OF THE SHARES
IN HIS OWN BUSINESS.
341
00:18:16,906 --> 00:18:21,375
Narrator: WHEN FRICK REALIZES
WHAT CARNEGIE'S UP TO,
342
00:18:21,477 --> 00:18:26,080
HE DEMANDS A PIECE OF
CARNEGIE'S COMPANY IN RETURN.
343
00:18:26,182 --> 00:18:28,249
MR. CARNEGIE.
344
00:18:28,351 --> 00:18:31,585
I'M HAVING A HARD TIME
UNDERSTANDING YOUR METHODS.
345
00:18:31,687 --> 00:18:33,554
WE ARE NOT
A COMPLETE PARTNERSHIP.
346
00:18:33,656 --> 00:18:36,056
TRUST ME, THIS IS
IN YOUR BEST INTEREST.
347
00:18:36,159 --> 00:18:40,461
Pepperell: CARNEGIE WAS
A VERY, VERY ABLE POLITICIAN.
348
00:18:40,563 --> 00:18:46,100
SO HE FLATTERED,
HE DEFLECTED VERY ELOQUENTLY.
349
00:18:46,202 --> 00:18:48,369
I'M STARTING TO BELIEVE THAT
I'VE MADE A DEAL
350
00:18:48,471 --> 00:18:50,204
WITH JUDAS HIMSELF.
351
00:18:50,306 --> 00:18:53,007
HENRY, THAT'S A BIT HARSH,
ISN'T IT?
352
00:18:53,109 --> 00:18:56,010
WHEN WILL I SEE
A SHARE IN YOUR COMPANY?
353
00:18:56,112 --> 00:18:58,612
WHEN THE TIME IS RIGHT.
354
00:18:58,714 --> 00:19:00,181
FRICK HAD BEEN MISLED
355
00:19:00,283 --> 00:19:03,551
INTO WHAT THE LONG-TERM
ADVANTAGES WOULD BE
356
00:19:03,653 --> 00:19:07,221
TO BE PART OF
THIS HUGE STEEL EMPIRE
357
00:19:07,323 --> 00:19:10,324
THAT WAS FIRMLY CARNEGIE'S.
358
00:19:10,426 --> 00:19:11,659
[ SIGHS ]
359
00:19:11,761 --> 00:19:15,563
AND THIS BECAME A MAJOR
BONE OF CONTENTION BETWEEN THEM.
360
00:19:15,665 --> 00:19:20,401
FRICK BECAME
A VIRTUAL EMPLOYEE OF CARNEGIE.
361
00:19:20,503 --> 00:19:24,805
Narrator:
RIGHT OUT OF THE GATE, CARNEGIE
UNDERMINES THEIR PARTNERSHIP...
362
00:19:24,907 --> 00:19:27,241
YOU ARE SUGGESTING
MR. FRICK ACTED ALONE.
363
00:19:28,344 --> 00:19:30,344
DIFFERENCES
IN THEIR PERSONALITIES
364
00:19:30,446 --> 00:19:31,812
JUST BLEW IT APART.
365
00:19:31,914 --> 00:19:33,214
Man: LET'S GO!
366
00:19:33,316 --> 00:19:36,584
Narrator: ...IGNITING A DRAMATIC
AND BLOODY CHAIN OF EVENTS.
367
00:19:45,127 --> 00:19:48,862
Narrator: AS ANDREW CARNEGIE
AND HENRY CLAY FRICK
368
00:19:48,965 --> 00:19:52,733
DOMINATE THE STEEL INDUSTRY
DURING 1880s AMERICA,
369
00:19:52,835 --> 00:19:55,536
THEIR PERSONAL RIVALRY GROWS.
370
00:19:55,638 --> 00:19:58,439
BOTH CARNEGIE AND FRICK WERE
VERY AGGRESSIVE
371
00:19:58,541 --> 00:19:59,907
IN THEIR BUSINESS PRACTICES.
372
00:20:00,009 --> 00:20:04,912
BUT CARNEGIE WAS THE MASTER OF
CUTTHROAT BUSINESS PRACTICES.
373
00:20:05,014 --> 00:20:08,949
Narrator:
CARNEGIE SHOWS HIS TRUE COLORS
WITH HIS NEW PARTNER, FRICK.
374
00:20:09,051 --> 00:20:11,952
Carnegie: I OWN A FEW STOCKS IN
FRICK COKE COMPANY,
375
00:20:12,054 --> 00:20:14,054
AND I DESIRE TO
ATTAIN SOME MORE.
376
00:20:14,156 --> 00:20:16,991
USING THESE SHAREHOLDERS,
CARNEGIE EFFECTIVELY HAS
377
00:20:17,093 --> 00:20:19,860
MORE THAN 50% CONTROL OF
H.C. FRICK AND COMPANY.
378
00:20:19,962 --> 00:20:24,598
Narrator: HENRY CLAY FRICK IS
DOWN BUT NOT OUT.
379
00:20:27,937 --> 00:20:29,069
[ TRAIN WHISTLE BLOWING ]
380
00:20:29,171 --> 00:20:33,741
IN 1883, ANDREW CARNEGIE'S
LEGACY IS SECURE
381
00:20:33,843 --> 00:20:36,810
WHEN HE PURCHASES
THE HOMESTEAD WORKS,
382
00:20:36,912 --> 00:20:40,514
A CUTTING-EDGE STEEL MILL
OUTSIDE OF PITTSBURGH.
383
00:20:40,616 --> 00:20:44,184
Pepperell:
HOMESTEAD WAS ABOUT 100 ACRES.
384
00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:47,755
IT EMPLOYED 3,500 WORKERS.
385
00:20:49,859 --> 00:20:53,060
Nelson: THE HOMESTEAD WORKS IS
THIS VAST, HIGH-TECH,
386
00:20:53,162 --> 00:20:57,631
VERY COMPLICATED TESTING GROUND
FOR NEW ENGINEERING APPROACHES
387
00:20:57,733 --> 00:21:00,534
THAT YOU'RE NOT GONNA FIND
ANYWHERE ELSE.
388
00:21:00,636 --> 00:21:03,804
OTHER STEEL WORKS ARE
VERY SPECIALIZED.
389
00:21:03,906 --> 00:21:05,306
THEY PRODUCE ONE OR TWO THINGS.
390
00:21:05,408 --> 00:21:07,274
THE HOMESTEAD WORKS PRODUCES
A LOT OF THINGS.
391
00:21:10,112 --> 00:21:13,681
Narrator: CARNEGIE PROMOTES
FRICK TO THE POSITION OF MANAGER
392
00:21:13,783 --> 00:21:16,317
WITHOUT A SHAREHOLDER OPTION.
393
00:21:16,419 --> 00:21:19,453
Pepperell: CARNEGIE DIDN'T WANT
FRICK TO EVER BE
394
00:21:19,555 --> 00:21:22,556
AN INDEPENDENT
STEEL-PRODUCING PERSON.
395
00:21:22,658 --> 00:21:27,361
HE WAS QUITE HAPPY FOR HIM TO BE
A VERY VALUED EMPLOYEE.
396
00:21:27,463 --> 00:21:30,531
FRICK, THE EVERYDAY MANAGER.
397
00:21:30,633 --> 00:21:34,068
CARNEGIE,
THE RATHER REMOTE BIG BOSS.
398
00:21:34,170 --> 00:21:37,905
Narrator: DESPERATE FOR A PIECE
OF CARNEGIE'S STEEL BUSINESS,
399
00:21:38,007 --> 00:21:41,775
FRICK OFFERS TO SELL
ALL BUT 4% OF HIS SHARE
400
00:21:41,877 --> 00:21:44,044
IN H.C. FRICK AND COMPANY.
401
00:21:44,146 --> 00:21:47,981
FRICK, LIKE CARNEGIE,
SAW THE TREMENDOUS POSSIBILITIES
402
00:21:48,084 --> 00:21:50,851
OF HAVING A VIRTUAL MONOPOLY OF
STEEL PRODUCTION
403
00:21:50,953 --> 00:21:52,152
IN THE UNITED STATES.
404
00:21:52,254 --> 00:21:55,055
HE WANTED
PART OWNERSHIP OF THAT.
405
00:21:56,258 --> 00:21:59,927
Narrator: THEY BATTLE IT OUT
THROUGH A SERIES OF LETTERS.
406
00:22:00,029 --> 00:22:04,798
"DEAR ANDREW,
I AM RESPECTFULLY REQUESTING
407
00:22:04,900 --> 00:22:07,501
A SHARE OF
CARNEGIE BROTHERS STOCK
408
00:22:07,603 --> 00:22:10,170
IN EXCHANGE FOR YOUR
HIGHER INTEREST
409
00:22:10,272 --> 00:22:13,207
IN H.C. FRICK AND COMPANY.
410
00:22:13,309 --> 00:22:14,975
HENRY C. FRICK."
411
00:22:16,979 --> 00:22:20,647
Narrator: CARNEGIE SEES
FRICK'S MOVE AS SHORT-SIGHTED.
412
00:22:20,750 --> 00:22:24,084
"DEAR HENRY,
I CANNOT IMAGINE
413
00:22:24,186 --> 00:22:27,821
HOW YOUR PRIDE PERMITTED YOU
TO THINK, FOR ONE MOMENT,
414
00:22:27,923 --> 00:22:31,525
OF SINKING TO AN INSIGNIFICANT
HOLDER OF 4%
415
00:22:31,627 --> 00:22:33,327
IN YOUR OWN CREATION.
416
00:22:33,429 --> 00:22:37,097
THE IDEA IS SUICIDAL."
417
00:22:37,199 --> 00:22:41,135
CARNEGIE WAS ALWAYS UNDERCUTTING
HENRY CLAY FRICK.
418
00:22:41,237 --> 00:22:45,973
"YOUR CAREER MUST BE IDENTIFIED
WITH THE FRICK COKE COMPANY.
419
00:22:46,075 --> 00:22:47,207
YOU NEVER COULD BECOME
420
00:22:47,309 --> 00:22:51,478
THE CREATOR OF
CARNEGIE BROTHERS AND COMPANY."
421
00:22:51,580 --> 00:22:55,549
CARNEGIE NOW HAD
A REALLY FIRM HOLD
422
00:22:55,651 --> 00:22:59,653
ON COKE PRODUCING
AND STEEL PRODUCING,
423
00:22:59,755 --> 00:23:05,726
AND PROFITS IN TODAY'S FIGURES
INTO THE BILLIONS OF DOLLARS.
424
00:23:05,828 --> 00:23:09,463
[ BELL CHIMING ]
425
00:23:09,565 --> 00:23:13,934
Narrator:
IN 1886, AN UNEXPECTED DEATH
426
00:23:14,036 --> 00:23:19,306
LEAVES A GAPING HOLE IN
CARNEGIE'S CORPORATE HIERARCHY.
427
00:23:19,408 --> 00:23:23,177
Pepperell: CARNEGIE'S
YOUNGER BROTHER, TOM, DIED,
428
00:23:23,279 --> 00:23:26,880
AND HE WAS A PARTNER IN
THE FIRM -- A DIRECTOR.
429
00:23:26,982 --> 00:23:33,287
Narrator: CARNEGIE KNOWS FRICK
IS THE PERFECT MAN FOR THE JOB.
430
00:23:33,389 --> 00:23:38,258
Nelson: FRICK HAS A CAPACITY FOR
MASTERING FINANCIAL DETAIL
431
00:23:38,360 --> 00:23:40,894
THAT CARNEGIE'S NOT
ESPECIALLY INTERESTED IN.
432
00:23:40,996 --> 00:23:44,665
Narrator:
HE HAS LITTLE CHOICE BUT TO
GIVE FRICK WHAT HE WANTS --
433
00:23:44,767 --> 00:23:48,869
A SHAREHOLD IN THE COMPANY
AND THE TITLE OF PRESIDENT.
434
00:23:48,971 --> 00:23:51,905
NOW, THE FRICK COKE COMPANY WILL
BENEFIT FROM THIS,
435
00:23:52,007 --> 00:23:54,441
AS WELL AS
THE CARNEGIE BROTHERS COMPANY.
436
00:23:54,510 --> 00:23:59,179
WHEN DEALING WITH CARNEGIE,
THERE'S ALWAYS A CATCH...
437
00:23:59,281 --> 00:24:01,582
YOU WANT
A SIGNATURE TONIGHT?
438
00:24:01,684 --> 00:24:03,317
...THE IRONCLAD AGREEMENT.
439
00:24:03,419 --> 00:24:04,418
BY ALL MEANS, YES.
440
00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:06,820
THAT WOULD MAKE
THE PROGRESS A LOT FASTER.
441
00:24:06,922 --> 00:24:08,155
I COULD CERTAINLY TAKE
SOME TIME.
442
00:24:08,257 --> 00:24:10,123
I'M SURE THESE GENTLEMEN WOULD
LIKE TO TAKE THE TIME,
443
00:24:10,226 --> 00:24:12,226
AS WELL,
TO REVIEW THE DOCUMENT.
444
00:24:12,328 --> 00:24:14,728
Nelson: THE IRONCLAD AGREEMENT
IN THE 1880s
445
00:24:14,830 --> 00:24:17,197
IS INITIALLY DESIGNED
TO DEAL WITH
446
00:24:17,299 --> 00:24:19,099
THE PROBLEM OF PEOPLE DYING.
447
00:24:19,201 --> 00:24:20,200
THEY'VE WRITTEN IT
WITH YOU.
448
00:24:20,302 --> 00:24:24,471
IF A PARTNER DIED,
THEN IT WAS POSSIBLE
449
00:24:24,573 --> 00:24:28,575
FOR THE SHAREHOLDERS TO BUY OUT
HIS INDUSTRY.
450
00:24:28,677 --> 00:24:31,178
Narrator: A SMALL PROVISION
IN THE CONTRACT
451
00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:33,713
YIELDS MORE POWER TO CARNEGIE.
452
00:24:33,782 --> 00:24:36,917
DID YOU CONTRIBUTE TO
SECTION THREE?
453
00:24:37,019 --> 00:24:42,055
Pepperell:
THE AGREEMENT PROVIDED THAT
A MAJORITY SHAREHOLDER COULD BUY
454
00:24:42,157 --> 00:24:44,825
THE SHARES OF
A MINORITY SHAREHOLDER.
455
00:24:44,927 --> 00:24:48,095
SO IF CARNEGIE WANTED TO
BUY OUT FRICK, HE COULD.
456
00:24:48,197 --> 00:24:51,131
COULD FRICK BUY
THE SHARES THAT CARNEGIE HAD?
457
00:24:51,233 --> 00:24:52,466
ABSOLUTELY NOT.
458
00:24:52,568 --> 00:24:56,203
BUT WE WILL NEED SIGNATURES
RELATIVELY, UH, QUICKLY.
459
00:24:56,305 --> 00:24:57,504
ALL RIGHT, WELL, THEN,
LET'S -- LET'S GO AHEAD
460
00:24:57,606 --> 00:24:58,405
AND GET
THE DOCUMENT SIGNED.
461
00:24:58,507 --> 00:24:59,473
ALL RIGHT.
WELL, THANK YOU.
462
00:24:59,575 --> 00:25:01,675
Nelson:
IT'S SOMETHING THAT FRICK SIGNS,
463
00:25:01,777 --> 00:25:05,479
NOT REALLY UNDERSTANDING THAT
IN THE FUTURE,
464
00:25:05,581 --> 00:25:09,016
IT'S POSSIBLE THAT HE WILL BE
CLOSED OUT OF THE FIRM ENTIRELY.
465
00:25:09,118 --> 00:25:13,887
Narrator:
WHILE EXECUTIVES WORK TO
SMOOTH OUT TURMOIL AT THE TOP,
466
00:25:13,989 --> 00:25:17,457
A BIGGER PROBLEM IS RISING ON
THE FACTORY FLOOR.
467
00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:18,926
[ MAN SCREAMING ]
468
00:25:19,028 --> 00:25:20,727
[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]
469
00:25:24,767 --> 00:25:26,567
Man: HOLD HIM DOWN!
HOLD HIM DOWN!
470
00:25:26,669 --> 00:25:28,168
WE NEED
A FOREMAN IN HERE!
471
00:25:28,270 --> 00:25:32,706
HOMESTEAD, LIKE OTHER PLANTS,
HAD ITS HUGE SHARE OF ACCIDENT.
472
00:25:32,808 --> 00:25:34,975
WE NEED SOME HELP
IN HERE!
473
00:25:35,077 --> 00:25:40,080
Clark:
AMPUTATIONS, SEVERE BURNS,
474
00:25:40,182 --> 00:25:43,584
PEOPLE BREATHING NOXIOUS GASES.
475
00:25:43,686 --> 00:25:47,721
PEOPLE WERE KILLED
ON AT LEAST A WEEKLY BASIS.
476
00:25:47,823 --> 00:25:49,356
LIFE WAS CHEAP.
477
00:25:49,458 --> 00:25:51,191
THE WORK WAS HARD.
478
00:25:51,293 --> 00:25:53,894
THE CONDITIONS WERE HORRENDOUS.
479
00:25:53,996 --> 00:25:57,097
Sanger: THESE IMMIGRANT WORKERS
WERE LIVING OFF OF PENNIES,
480
00:25:57,199 --> 00:26:00,167
AND CARNEGIE AND FRICK HAD
MILLIONS.
481
00:26:03,072 --> 00:26:06,306
Man: LOOK, MEN, THERE ARE
POWERFUL PEOPLE ON OUR SIDE.
482
00:26:06,408 --> 00:26:08,475
WE DON'T HAVE TO
STAND FOR THIS.
483
00:26:08,577 --> 00:26:11,445
THE PROFITS FOR THIS PLANT ARE
IN THE MILLIONS.
484
00:26:11,547 --> 00:26:14,615
THE UNION PROTECTS
OUR HIDE AND OUR POCKETS.
485
00:26:14,717 --> 00:26:18,485
Narrator:
THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION
OF STEEL AND IRON WORKERS,
486
00:26:18,587 --> 00:26:21,088
THE MOST POWERFUL UNION
IN THE COUNTRY,
487
00:26:21,190 --> 00:26:25,959
MOVES IN TO DEMAND
HIGHER WAGES AND SHORTER DAYS.
488
00:26:26,061 --> 00:26:30,664
Pepperell:
THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION
OF IRON AND STEEL WORKERS
489
00:26:30,766 --> 00:26:33,767
WERE THE UNION THAT WAS ALREADY
ESTABLISHED
490
00:26:33,869 --> 00:26:37,304
AT THE HOMESTEAD PLANT
WHEN CARNEGIE PURCHASED IT.
491
00:26:37,406 --> 00:26:41,775
IT HAD BEEN
QUITE AN EFFECTIVE UNION.
492
00:26:41,877 --> 00:26:45,412
BUT AT THE TIME,
THERE WERE NO REGULATIONS ABOUT
493
00:26:45,514 --> 00:26:48,782
MINIMUM HOURS OF WORK,
MINIMUM RATES OF PAY,
494
00:26:48,884 --> 00:26:51,284
NO HEALTH AND SAFETY
REGULATIONS.
495
00:26:51,387 --> 00:26:53,420
WE NEED TO BE
SAFE AT WORK.
496
00:26:53,522 --> 00:26:55,922
HOW ARE YOU GONNA FEED YOUR
FAMILY IF YOU CAN'T WORK?
497
00:26:56,025 --> 00:26:57,991
WHAT ABOUT OUR JOBS?
498
00:26:58,093 --> 00:26:59,226
READ THIS.
499
00:26:59,328 --> 00:27:02,329
IT'LL TELL YOU EVERYTHING
YOU NEED TO KNOW.
500
00:27:03,632 --> 00:27:07,601
CARNEGIE BELIEVED THAT
WORKERS MADE TOO MUCH MONEY.
501
00:27:07,703 --> 00:27:09,903
AND FOR SOMEBODY WHO'S CONCERNED
ABOUT COST ACCOUNTING,
502
00:27:10,005 --> 00:27:14,307
LIKE CARNEGIE IS, HE FINDS
THE UNIONS TO BE TROUBLING.
503
00:27:14,410 --> 00:27:16,910
Narrator: KNOWING FRICK'S
HISTORY OF UNION BUSTING,
504
00:27:17,012 --> 00:27:21,948
CARNEGIE LEAVES HIM IN CHARGE OF
THE DAY-TO-DAY NEGOTIATIONS.
505
00:27:22,051 --> 00:27:24,217
FRICK WAS SORT OF
THE GUY WITH THE BLACK HAT,
506
00:27:24,319 --> 00:27:26,753
AND CARNEGIE, I THINK,
WANTED TO BE SEEN AS THE GUY
507
00:27:26,855 --> 00:27:27,888
IN THE WHITE HAT.
508
00:27:27,990 --> 00:27:29,189
WE GOT TO WORK TOGETHER.
509
00:27:29,291 --> 00:27:31,458
THERE'S MORE OF US
THAN THERE ARE OF THEM.
510
00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:32,392
WE'RE YOUR BROTHERS.
511
00:27:32,494 --> 00:27:33,593
WE'RE GONNA FIGHT TOGETHER,
512
00:27:33,696 --> 00:27:36,563
AND WE'RE GONNA EARN
A LIVING WAGE.
513
00:27:36,665 --> 00:27:38,665
GET YOUR MEN BACK TO WORK.
514
00:27:40,602 --> 00:27:44,371
YES, GO BACK INTO THE WORK
YOU MIGHT NOT WALK OUT OF AGAIN!
515
00:27:51,246 --> 00:27:54,981
WHAT YOU'RE ASKING IS MORE THAN
THE INDUSTRY CAN BEAR.
516
00:27:55,084 --> 00:27:56,750
THE SKILLED WORKERS
ARE WITH ME.
517
00:27:56,852 --> 00:27:58,418
[ Chuckling ]
SKILLED WORKERS!
518
00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:01,822
I CAN GET HUNDREDS, THOUSANDS OF
SKILLED WORKERS --
519
00:28:01,924 --> 00:28:05,492
LABORERS, JUST LIKE YOU,
FROM PITTSBURGH TO PHILADELPHIA,
520
00:28:05,594 --> 00:28:08,462
HERE BY NOON TOMORROW TO
FILL YOUR SHOES
521
00:28:08,564 --> 00:28:12,466
AND THE SHOES OF
EVERY OTHER WORKER HERE.
522
00:28:14,336 --> 00:28:16,703
Clark: IF THERE WAS
ANY OPPORTUNITY TO BREAK THEM
523
00:28:16,805 --> 00:28:19,306
OR GET RID OF THEM,
HE WOULD DO THAT.
524
00:28:19,408 --> 00:28:22,375
FRICK TOOK A VERY, VERY
HARD LINE ON UNIONS.
525
00:28:23,479 --> 00:28:25,879
Narrator: IN HIS NEW ROLE AT
CARNEGIE BROTHERS,
526
00:28:25,981 --> 00:28:29,916
FRICK NOW HAS THE POWER TO
HANDLE THINGS HIS WAY.
527
00:28:30,018 --> 00:28:31,518
GET RID OF THEM.
528
00:28:31,620 --> 00:28:32,919
ALL OF THEM.
529
00:28:33,021 --> 00:28:35,522
I DON'T THINK
CARNEGIE REALLY UNDERSTOOD
530
00:28:35,624 --> 00:28:36,823
PRECISELY WHAT
FRICK HAD IN MIND.
531
00:28:36,925 --> 00:28:38,125
STRIKE! STRIKE!
532
00:28:38,227 --> 00:28:42,295
Narrator: CARNEGIE'S DECISION TO
LEAVE FRICK IN CHARGE
533
00:28:42,397 --> 00:28:45,766
WILL CHANGE THE COURSE OF
AMERICAN HISTORY.
534
00:28:45,868 --> 00:28:48,168
[ SHOUTS INDISTINCTLY ]
535
00:28:56,011 --> 00:28:59,179
Narrator:
IN THE EARLY MONTHS OF 1892,
536
00:28:59,281 --> 00:29:02,682
TENSIONS INSIDE
THE HOMESTEAD STEEL MILL
537
00:29:02,785 --> 00:29:05,852
REACH A BOILING POINT.
538
00:29:05,954 --> 00:29:08,989
CARNEGIE AND FRICK
SET ASIDE THEIR DIFFERENCES
539
00:29:09,091 --> 00:29:12,392
TO BATTLE THE WORKERS' UNION
TOGETHER.
540
00:29:14,696 --> 00:29:18,431
Sanger: THE UNIONS WANTED
HIGHER WAGES, SHORTER HOURS.
541
00:29:18,534 --> 00:29:21,301
CONDITIONS WERE
PERFECTLY APPALLING.
542
00:29:21,403 --> 00:29:23,036
[ SCREAMING ]
HOLD HIM DOWN!
543
00:29:23,138 --> 00:29:27,374
THE WORKERS WERE SIMPLY
COGS IN THE WHEEL.
544
00:29:27,476 --> 00:29:30,544
THEY WERE ALMOST NON-HUMAN.
545
00:29:30,646 --> 00:29:32,879
Clark: CARNEGIE AND FRICK
WERE UNITED ON THE IDEA
546
00:29:32,981 --> 00:29:34,981
THAT THEY WERE GOING TO
GET RID OF THE UNION.
547
00:29:35,083 --> 00:29:39,886
Narrator:
CARNEGIE PUTS FRICK IN CHARGE OF
DAY-TO-DAY NEGOTIATIONS...
548
00:29:39,988 --> 00:29:42,289
GET YOUR MEN BACK TO WORK.
549
00:29:42,391 --> 00:29:45,892
...A DECISION THAT WILL HAVE
DEADLY RESULTS.
550
00:29:45,994 --> 00:29:49,830
Nelson: FRICK WAS INTERESTED IN
DRIVING DOWN PRICES.
551
00:29:49,932 --> 00:29:51,431
AND THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION
552
00:29:51,533 --> 00:29:53,867
WAS THE THING HE HATED
MORE THAN ANYTHING.
553
00:29:56,572 --> 00:30:00,273
Narrator: HIS APPROACH TO
THE STEEL UNION IS SIMPLE.
554
00:30:00,375 --> 00:30:04,477
WORKERS' RATES MUST FOLLOW THE
SELLING PRICE OF THE PRODUCT.
555
00:30:04,580 --> 00:30:08,415
Clark: IN 1892, CARNEGIE
AND FRICK SENT A MESSAGE TO
556
00:30:08,517 --> 00:30:10,750
THE AMALGAMATED UNION
IN HOMESTEAD
557
00:30:10,853 --> 00:30:15,722
THAT THE WAGES HAD TO FALL
558
00:30:15,824 --> 00:30:20,026
AND THAT THE MILL WAS GOING TO
OPERATE NON-UNION IN THE FUTURE.
559
00:30:20,128 --> 00:30:22,262
Man:
WE'RE BROTHERS IN THIS.
560
00:30:22,364 --> 00:30:25,732
WE HAVE TO STAY TOGETHER
SO OUR FAMILIES CAN EAT.
561
00:30:25,834 --> 00:30:28,134
IF FRICK THINKS
WE'RE GONNA BACK DOWN,
562
00:30:28,237 --> 00:30:30,403
HE DOESN'T KNOW
THE HOMESTEAD BOYS!
563
00:30:30,505 --> 00:30:31,972
ARE YOU WITH ME?!
564
00:30:32,074 --> 00:30:33,006
All: YEAH!
565
00:30:33,108 --> 00:30:34,875
THEN WE'RE GONNA STRIKE!
566
00:30:34,977 --> 00:30:36,142
STRIKE! STRIKE!
567
00:30:36,245 --> 00:30:38,345
[ ALL CHANTING "STRIKE!" ]
568
00:30:47,022 --> 00:30:48,488
THEY'RE GOING TO STRIKE.
569
00:30:48,590 --> 00:30:50,257
I SAY WE BREAK IT.
570
00:30:50,359 --> 00:30:51,892
BRING IN ALL NEW PEOPLE.
571
00:30:51,994 --> 00:30:54,995
Clark: CARNEGIE CERTAINLY WANTED
TO GET RID OF THE UNION,
572
00:30:55,097 --> 00:30:56,997
BUT HE THOUGHT
THEY COULD DO IT WITHOUT
573
00:30:57,099 --> 00:31:00,533
THIS CONFRONTATIONAL APPROACH
THAT FRICK WAS ADVOCATING.
574
00:31:00,636 --> 00:31:03,470
I SAY WE SIMPLY
STARVE THEM OUT.
575
00:31:03,572 --> 00:31:05,405
CLOSE THE PLANT.
576
00:31:05,507 --> 00:31:07,641
AND WHEN THEY CAN
BARELY FEED THEMSELVES,
577
00:31:07,743 --> 00:31:10,110
THEY'LL COME BACK TO US,
DESPERATE.
578
00:31:10,212 --> 00:31:13,246
WE GET WHAT WE WANT,
AND THEY KEEP THEIR JOBS.
579
00:31:13,348 --> 00:31:16,249
THE PLANT WOULD BE CLOSED
FOR MONTHS.
580
00:31:16,351 --> 00:31:18,451
WE'D LOSE MILLIONS IN PROFIT.
581
00:31:18,553 --> 00:31:20,987
INVESTORS WILL START
PULLING OUT.
582
00:31:23,125 --> 00:31:25,125
YOU KNOW WHERE I STAND.
583
00:31:25,227 --> 00:31:26,993
LONG-TERM, HENRY.
584
00:31:27,095 --> 00:31:28,862
THINK LONG-TERM.
585
00:31:28,964 --> 00:31:30,730
Nelson: FRICK THOUGHT THIS WAS
A TERRIBLE IDEA.
586
00:31:30,832 --> 00:31:32,832
HE WANTED
A DIRECT CONFRONTATION.
587
00:31:34,303 --> 00:31:36,703
HE WANTED TO BRING IN
REPLACEMENT WORKERS.
588
00:31:36,805 --> 00:31:39,539
HE WANTED TO START THE WORKS
WITHOUT THEM AT ALL.
589
00:31:40,575 --> 00:31:42,809
Narrator: IN APRIL 1892,
590
00:31:42,911 --> 00:31:45,845
CARNEGIE HEADS TO
SCOTLAND FOR THE SUMMER,
591
00:31:45,948 --> 00:31:48,615
RELYING ON FRICK
TO END THE STANDOFF.
592
00:31:48,717 --> 00:31:51,818
CARNEGIE DISTANCES HIMSELF
FROM FRICK
593
00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:55,422
TO LET FRICK TRY TO COME TO
SOME SORT OF CONFRONTATION
594
00:31:55,524 --> 00:31:59,659
WITH THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION
THAT WILL PERHAPS END THE UNION,
595
00:31:59,761 --> 00:32:01,461
PERHAPS WEAKEN THE UNION.
596
00:32:01,563 --> 00:32:05,231
Narrator: NOT WANTING TO
SACRIFICE PRODUCTIVITY,
597
00:32:05,334 --> 00:32:08,902
FRICK MOVES TO SQUEEZE OUT
THE UNION ENTIRELY.
598
00:32:09,004 --> 00:32:10,670
GET RID OF THEM.
599
00:32:10,772 --> 00:32:11,671
ALL OF THEM.
600
00:32:11,773 --> 00:32:13,173
YES, SIR.
601
00:32:13,275 --> 00:32:16,176
FRICK THEN BROUGHT IN
WHAT ARE KNOWN AS "SCABS" --
602
00:32:16,278 --> 00:32:20,747
REPLACEMENT WORKERS -- WHO WOULD
COME IN AND TAKE THE PLACE OF
603
00:32:20,882 --> 00:32:24,651
THE WORKERS WHO WERE THROWN OUT.
604
00:32:24,753 --> 00:32:27,787
Narrator: MEANWHILE,
THE UNION STEELWORKERS
605
00:32:27,889 --> 00:32:30,323
STAKE OUT THEIR GROUND.
606
00:32:33,028 --> 00:32:34,594
YOU NEW IN TOWN?
607
00:32:34,696 --> 00:32:36,930
YES, SIR. HERE FOR WORK.
608
00:32:37,032 --> 00:32:38,665
[ CHUCKLES ]
YOU HEAR THAT, BOYS?
609
00:32:38,767 --> 00:32:39,699
HE'S HERE FOR WORK.
610
00:32:39,801 --> 00:32:41,401
AND WHAT POSITION
ARE YOU LOOKING FOR?
611
00:32:41,503 --> 00:32:42,802
YOU KNOW,
JUST NEED TO GET BY.
612
00:32:42,904 --> 00:32:43,703
"JUST"? YEAH?
613
00:32:43,805 --> 00:32:45,205
YOU JUST NEED TO GET BY?
YEAH.
614
00:32:45,307 --> 00:32:47,240
LET'S SEE IF WE CAN FIND THAT
POSITION FOR HIM.
615
00:32:47,342 --> 00:32:49,476
OKAY. ALL RIGHT.
616
00:32:53,682 --> 00:32:54,781
ALL RIGHT.
617
00:32:54,883 --> 00:32:56,216
OOH!
618
00:32:56,318 --> 00:32:58,551
[ COUGHING ]
619
00:32:58,653 --> 00:33:01,688
Clark: THEY WOULD CONFRONT ANY
STRANGER THAT CAME INTO TOWN,
620
00:33:01,790 --> 00:33:05,492
BASED ON THE RUMORS THAT FRICK
WAS GOING TO BRING IN OUTSIDERS
621
00:33:05,594 --> 00:33:08,428
TO OPERATE THE MILL.
622
00:33:08,530 --> 00:33:09,963
[ HAWK SCREECHES ]
623
00:33:12,534 --> 00:33:17,737
AS A FEW DAYS WENT BY, EVERYBODY
IN HOMESTEAD WAS NERVOUS.
624
00:33:22,010 --> 00:33:24,411
Narrator:
TO PROTECT THE FACTORY,
625
00:33:24,513 --> 00:33:28,014
FRICK HIRES THE INFAMOUS
PINKERTON DETECTIVE AGENCY.
626
00:33:28,116 --> 00:33:30,984
ALL RIGHT, GENTLEMEN,
OUR ORDERS ARE TO PROTECT
627
00:33:31,086 --> 00:33:34,621
ANY NON-UNION MEMBERS
THAT CROSS THE LINE.
628
00:33:34,689 --> 00:33:37,390
WE'RE NOT SURE EXACTLY WHAT
OPPOSITION WE MAY FACE.
629
00:33:37,492 --> 00:33:43,463
THE PINKERTONS THAT FRICK HIRED
WERE A SMALL ARMY OF TOUGH MEN,
630
00:33:43,565 --> 00:33:49,402
ARMED TO THE TEETH, WHO WERE
BROUGHT TO SECURE THE MILL.
631
00:33:49,504 --> 00:33:52,105
Narrator: AS THE PINKERTONS
MOVE ON HOMESTEAD,
632
00:33:52,207 --> 00:33:54,974
FRICK TELEGRAPHS CARNEGIE
IN SCOTLAND,
633
00:33:55,043 --> 00:33:57,944
UPDATING HIM ON
EACH NEW DEVELOPMENT.
634
00:33:58,046 --> 00:34:02,615
Pepperell: HE AND FRICK WERE
IN VERY REGULAR COMMUNICATION.
635
00:34:02,717 --> 00:34:06,619
AND CARNEGIE SAID,
"I SUPPORT ENTIRELY WHAT YOU DO.
636
00:34:06,721 --> 00:34:08,688
I'M 100% BEHIND YOU."
637
00:34:08,790 --> 00:34:12,125
Narrator:
CARNEGIE'S FINAL RESPONSE --
638
00:34:12,227 --> 00:34:15,228
"NO DOUBT,
YOU WILL GET HOMESTEAD RIGHT."
639
00:34:22,904 --> 00:34:24,938
[ HAWK SCREECHES ]
640
00:34:29,111 --> 00:34:31,411
[ MEN SHOUTING IN DISTANCE ]
641
00:34:32,714 --> 00:34:34,481
FRICK'S SENDING IN
THE PINKERTONS.
642
00:34:34,583 --> 00:34:37,117
THESE GUYS ARE TROUBLE,
BUT WE'LL BE READY FOR 'EM.
643
00:34:37,219 --> 00:34:39,853
WE DON'T KNOW HOW MANY
THEY'LL BE, BUT NO MATTER WHAT,
644
00:34:39,955 --> 00:34:42,021
WE'RE GONNA FIGHT,
AND WE'RE GONNA WIN.
645
00:34:44,459 --> 00:34:46,059
ARE YOU READY?!
646
00:34:46,161 --> 00:34:47,827
YEAH!
YEAH!
647
00:34:47,929 --> 00:34:49,095
LET'S GO!
648
00:34:51,533 --> 00:34:55,902
Narrator:
TO SECURE THE MILL AND PROTECT
THE REPLACEMENT WORKERS,
649
00:34:56,004 --> 00:34:58,471
THE PINKERTONS ARRIVE
HEAVILY ARMED.
650
00:34:58,573 --> 00:35:01,541
Clark: AS THE PINKERTONS
CAME UP THE RIVER,
651
00:35:01,643 --> 00:35:04,077
THE UNION HAD SPIES
ALL UP AND DOWN.
652
00:35:04,179 --> 00:35:06,312
THE WORD WENT OUT.
653
00:35:14,623 --> 00:35:17,390
WE PUSH FORWARD UNTIL
WE REACH THE FACTORY.
654
00:35:17,492 --> 00:35:18,525
DO NOT RETREAT.
655
00:35:18,627 --> 00:35:21,227
DO NOT STOP UNTIL
WE'RE ON THE PROPERTY.
656
00:35:21,329 --> 00:35:22,295
MOVE.
657
00:35:25,433 --> 00:35:28,134
[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]
658
00:35:32,741 --> 00:35:34,941
THIS IS OUR HOME!
THIS IS OUR PLANT!
659
00:35:35,043 --> 00:35:36,776
PUT IT DOWN!
660
00:35:36,878 --> 00:35:37,911
DROP IT!
661
00:35:38,013 --> 00:35:38,945
DROP IT!
662
00:35:43,418 --> 00:35:44,617
Man: GET OUT OF HERE!
663
00:35:46,454 --> 00:35:48,621
[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]
664
00:35:51,893 --> 00:35:57,964
Narrator:
FRICK'S PLAN TO TAKE HOMESTEAD
THROUGH FORCE BACKFIRES.
665
00:35:58,066 --> 00:35:59,666
10 PEOPLE WERE KILLED...
666
00:35:59,768 --> 00:36:01,167
[ HAWK SCREECHES ]
667
00:36:01,269 --> 00:36:05,939
...SOME ON THE PINKERTONS' SIDE,
SOME ON THE STEELWORKERS' SIDE.
668
00:36:06,041 --> 00:36:09,842
Pepperell: IT WAS JUST
AN APPALLING SITUATION.
669
00:36:09,945 --> 00:36:13,613
GROUPS OF MEN ESSENTIALLY FROM
THE SAME CLASS
670
00:36:13,715 --> 00:36:15,715
WERE FIGHTING EACH OTHER,
671
00:36:15,817 --> 00:36:18,651
AND MANY OF THEM
REALLY DIDN'T KNOW WHY.
672
00:36:20,555 --> 00:36:23,223
Narrator: FOR THE PRESS,
IT'S A FEEDING FRENZY.
673
00:36:23,325 --> 00:36:26,459
Man: EXTRA! EXTRA!
READ ALL ABOUT IT!
674
00:36:26,561 --> 00:36:30,496
AS SOON AS THE NEWS OF HOMESTEAD
REACHES SCOTLAND,
675
00:36:30,599 --> 00:36:34,467
CARNEGIE GOES INTO
DAMAGE CONTROL.
676
00:36:34,569 --> 00:36:36,569
MR. CARNEGIE,
I NEED YOU TO COMMENT ON
677
00:36:36,671 --> 00:36:38,004
WHAT HAPPENED AT HOMESTEAD.
678
00:36:38,106 --> 00:36:39,172
YES, OF COURSE.
679
00:36:39,274 --> 00:36:40,974
SIT DOWN.
680
00:36:41,076 --> 00:36:44,310
IT WAS MY INTENTION TO
CLOSE THE PLANT INDEFINITELY
681
00:36:44,412 --> 00:36:47,046
UNTIL BOTH SIDES OF THE PARTY
CAN COME TO AN AGREEMENT.
682
00:36:47,148 --> 00:36:50,416
YOU ARE SUGGESTING
MR. FRICK ACTED ALONE.
683
00:36:50,518 --> 00:36:52,118
I AM SAYING I WAS CLEAR
684
00:36:52,220 --> 00:36:54,520
IN HOW THE ARBITRATION
SHOULD HAVE BEEN HANDLED,
685
00:36:54,623 --> 00:36:56,723
AND THE PINKERTONS WERE NOT
A PART OF THIS.
686
00:36:56,825 --> 00:37:00,760
Pepperell:
THE EVENTS AT HOMESTEAD
WERE HUGELY PUBLICIZED.
687
00:37:00,862 --> 00:37:06,299
AND CARNEGIE TRIED VERY PUBLICLY
TO DISTANCE HIMSELF
688
00:37:06,401 --> 00:37:11,504
FROM THOSE EVENTS, PASSING ALL
RESPONSIBILITY ONTO FRICK
689
00:37:11,606 --> 00:37:16,276
IN HIS MANAGERIAL CAPACITY
AT THE PLANT.
690
00:37:16,378 --> 00:37:20,546
MR. CARNEGIE, HOW MANY PEOPLE
DIED AT HOMESTEAD?
691
00:37:20,649 --> 00:37:22,515
ANY FURTHER QUESTIONS
REGARDING HOMESTEAD
692
00:37:22,617 --> 00:37:24,417
AND THE TRAGIC RIOT THAT
HAPPENED THERE
693
00:37:24,519 --> 00:37:26,019
SHOULD BE ASKED TO
HENRY FRICK.
694
00:37:26,121 --> 00:37:30,423
BUT CERTAINLY, PRIVATELY,
CARNEGIE, DURING THE EVENTS,
695
00:37:30,525 --> 00:37:32,525
HAD BEEN 100% SUPPORTIVE.
696
00:37:32,627 --> 00:37:34,694
HE KNEW EXACTLY
WHAT WAS GOING ON.
697
00:37:40,969 --> 00:37:44,404
CARNEGIE THINKS HE CAN
SIT ME OUT WITH THE DUCKS,
698
00:37:44,539 --> 00:37:46,472
AS IF I ACTED ALONE ON THIS.
699
00:37:46,574 --> 00:37:49,575
Narrator: FRICK IS BLIND-SIDED
BY CARNEGIE'S ROLE REVERSAL.
700
00:37:49,678 --> 00:37:52,345
THE STEELWORKERS
ATTACKED MY MEN.
701
00:37:52,447 --> 00:37:56,849
IMMEDIATELY AFTER HOMESTEAD,
FRICK BECOMES ENRAGED
702
00:37:56,951 --> 00:38:00,019
BY ANDREW CARNEGIE
WITH HIS DOUBLE TALK,
703
00:38:00,121 --> 00:38:03,022
TRYING TO BLAME EVERYTHING
ON FRICK.
704
00:38:03,124 --> 00:38:04,691
IF WE LET THIS GO ON
MUCH LONGER,
705
00:38:04,793 --> 00:38:06,859
IT'S GOING TO START AFFECTING
OUR BOTTOM LINE.
706
00:38:06,961 --> 00:38:08,928
THIS NEEDS TO END
WITHIN THE MONTH.
707
00:38:09,064 --> 00:38:10,096
CERTAINLY.
708
00:38:10,198 --> 00:38:13,599
FRICK CERTAINLY PUT THE BLAME ON
THE MILL WORKERS.
709
00:38:13,702 --> 00:38:16,436
THESE UNIONS ARE GOING TO
DESTROY MY COMPANY
710
00:38:16,538 --> 00:38:18,538
IF I DON'T
DESTROY THEM FIRST.
711
00:38:18,640 --> 00:38:21,708
Narrator: FOR FRICK,
CARNEGIE'S BETRAYAL
712
00:38:21,810 --> 00:38:26,179
AND PUBLIC BACKLASH WILL SOON BE
THE LEAST OF HIS WORRIES.
713
00:38:26,281 --> 00:38:27,447
[ GUN COCKS ]
714
00:38:38,360 --> 00:38:41,661
Narrator:
THE CARNAGE AT HOMESTEAD
NOW THREATENS THE FUTURE OF
715
00:38:41,763 --> 00:38:44,497
AMERICA'S GREATEST
STEEL ENTERPRISE.
716
00:38:44,599 --> 00:38:46,499
AS IF
I ACTED ALONE ON THIS.
717
00:38:46,601 --> 00:38:50,303
FOR CARNEGIE, HOMESTEAD IS
HIS BIGGEST MISTAKE.
718
00:38:52,273 --> 00:38:55,575
LETTING FRICK WAR AGAINST
THE WORKERS
719
00:38:55,677 --> 00:38:58,745
WAS A TERRIBLE DISASTER.
720
00:39:01,549 --> 00:39:05,718
Narrator: BUT THE BLOWBACK
IS FAR FROM OVER.
721
00:39:05,820 --> 00:39:10,456
Sanger: ALEXANDER BERKMAN WAS
A VERY, VERY ANGRY ANARCHIST.
722
00:39:10,558 --> 00:39:13,893
HE FELT THE PROLETARIAT
HAD TO BE FREED.
723
00:39:13,995 --> 00:39:15,094
[ GUN COCKS ]
724
00:39:15,196 --> 00:39:18,131
AND HE DECIDED THAT
THE WAY TO SOLVE IT
725
00:39:18,233 --> 00:39:21,434
WAS TO KILL THE MANY-HEADED
HYDRA HENRY CLAY FRICK.
726
00:39:21,536 --> 00:39:23,770
FRICK! MURDERER!
727
00:39:23,872 --> 00:39:24,871
[ GUNSHOT ]
728
00:39:24,973 --> 00:39:28,908
Pepperell:
BERKMAN HIT HIM IN THE NECK,
729
00:39:29,010 --> 00:39:33,446
AND AS HE STEPPED FORWARD FOR
THE KILL SHOT, THE GUN JAMMED.
730
00:39:34,716 --> 00:39:37,650
AND HE STARTED TO STAB FRICK.
731
00:39:37,752 --> 00:39:39,519
[ GRUNTS ]
732
00:39:39,621 --> 00:39:44,157
AT THAT POINT, HE WAS MANHANDLED
BY ONE OF FRICK'S ASSOCIATES.
733
00:39:44,259 --> 00:39:46,526
[ HEART POUNDING ]
734
00:39:46,628 --> 00:39:49,529
Narrator:
FRICK SURVIVES THE ATTACK,
735
00:39:49,631 --> 00:39:54,300
RESULTING IN A SURGE OF
PUBLIC SYMPATHY AND SUPPORT.
736
00:39:54,402 --> 00:39:57,703
BERKMAN'S ATTEMPTED
ASSASSINATION
737
00:39:57,806 --> 00:40:00,139
IS NOT DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO
THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION.
738
00:40:00,241 --> 00:40:01,741
NO ONE AT
THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION
739
00:40:01,843 --> 00:40:03,176
KNOWS WHO BERKMAN IS.
740
00:40:03,278 --> 00:40:06,946
BUT THE TWO BECOME LINKED
IN PEOPLE'S MINDS.
741
00:40:07,048 --> 00:40:10,716
AND AMERICANS, BY AND LARGE,
TURN AGAINST WORKERS,
742
00:40:10,819 --> 00:40:15,354
AT LEAST IN THE FEW YEARS AFTER
THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE.
743
00:40:15,457 --> 00:40:20,393
Narrator: STEEL PRODUCTION
COMES TO A HALT.
744
00:40:20,495 --> 00:40:22,028
Nelson: THE PLANT SHUT DOWN
FOR THREE MONTHS,
745
00:40:22,130 --> 00:40:24,530
AND THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION
NO LONGER EXISTS
746
00:40:24,632 --> 00:40:26,165
AT THE HOMESTEAD WORKS.
747
00:40:26,267 --> 00:40:29,302
Narrator:
$2 MILLION IN REVENUE
748
00:40:29,404 --> 00:40:34,140
AND $1.5 MILLION IN WAGES
ARE LOST.
749
00:40:34,242 --> 00:40:37,877
WHEN THE PLANT REOPENS,
THERE IS ONE CLEAR WINNER.
750
00:40:37,979 --> 00:40:41,647
THE WORKERS COME BACK ENTIRELY
UNDER FRICK'S CONTROL.
751
00:40:43,818 --> 00:40:48,788
Clark: IT OPENED NON-UNION WITH
SIGNIFICANTLY SLASHED WAGES.
752
00:40:48,890 --> 00:40:52,391
SO ON MOST COUNTS,
IF NOT ON ALL COUNTS,
753
00:40:52,494 --> 00:40:55,895
CARNEGIE AND FRICK
WON THE BATTLE OF HOMESTEAD.
754
00:40:55,997 --> 00:40:58,431
Narrator: THE DAMAGE IS DONE.
755
00:40:58,533 --> 00:41:03,069
FRICK AND CARNEGIE BOTH AGREE
ONE OF THEM HAS TO GO.
756
00:41:03,171 --> 00:41:05,404
IN 1899, HENRY CLAY FRICK
AND OTHERS
757
00:41:05,507 --> 00:41:08,074
TRY TO BUY OUT CARNEGIE,
AND THAT FAILS.
758
00:41:10,778 --> 00:41:15,047
CARNEGIE'S RESPONSE IS TO
USE THE IRONCLAD AGREEMENT
759
00:41:15,149 --> 00:41:16,782
AGAINST FRICK.
760
00:41:16,885 --> 00:41:18,684
HE PERSUADES
MOST OF THE OTHER MEMBERS
761
00:41:18,786 --> 00:41:21,587
TO VOTE FRICK OUT OF THE FIRM.
762
00:41:21,689 --> 00:41:23,489
FRICK GOES BANANAS.
763
00:41:23,591 --> 00:41:27,793
HE RESPONDS BY
THREATENING TO SUE.
764
00:41:27,896 --> 00:41:30,596
Narrator: THIS PUBLIC SPAT
CATCHES THE ATTENTION OF
765
00:41:30,698 --> 00:41:33,132
BANKING TITAN J.P. MORGAN,
766
00:41:33,234 --> 00:41:37,303
WHO MAKES AN OFFER
THEY CAN'T REFUSE.
767
00:41:37,405 --> 00:41:39,539
Nelson: FRICK WALKS AWAY WITH
$61 MILLION
768
00:41:39,641 --> 00:41:42,308
AT THE END OF
THE CREATION OF U.S. STEEL.
769
00:41:42,410 --> 00:41:44,243
CARNEGIE WITH OVER $400 MILLION.
770
00:41:44,345 --> 00:41:49,115
Narrator:
THE TWO MEN WHO JUST MADE
EACH OTHER AN INCREDIBLE FORTUNE
771
00:41:49,217 --> 00:41:52,318
SAY GOODBYE FOR THE LAST TIME.
772
00:41:52,420 --> 00:41:54,754
FRICK WAS DONE WITH
ANDREW CARNEGIE
773
00:41:54,856 --> 00:41:58,124
ESSENTIALLY AFTER
THE HOMESTEAD STEEL STRIKE.
774
00:41:58,226 --> 00:42:02,728
THEY WENT THEIR SEPARATE WAYS
AND NEVER SPOKE TO EACH OTHER
775
00:42:02,830 --> 00:42:05,164
FOR THE FINAL
20 YEARS OF THEIR LIVES.
776
00:42:05,266 --> 00:42:10,069
Narrator:
FOR CARNEGIE, RETIREMENT
BECOMES HIS REDEMPTION.
777
00:42:10,171 --> 00:42:12,738
THE REST OF HIS LIFE,
HE'S HAUNTED BY HOMESTEAD
778
00:42:12,840 --> 00:42:14,907
AND WANTS TO
DO EVERYTHING HE CAN
779
00:42:15,009 --> 00:42:16,742
TO MAKE PEOPLE REMEMBER
SOMETHING ELSE
780
00:42:16,844 --> 00:42:21,414
FROM CARNEGIE'S NAME,
BESIDES THE TERROR, THE DEATHS.
781
00:42:21,516 --> 00:42:24,150
ANDREW CARNEGIE,
IN HIS FINAL YEARS,
782
00:42:24,252 --> 00:42:28,287
STARTED BASICALLY WHAT'S KNOWN
AS PROFESSIONAL PHILANTHROPY
783
00:42:28,389 --> 00:42:31,290
AND ACTUALLY
GAVE ALL OF HIS MONEY AWAY,
784
00:42:31,392 --> 00:42:33,792
BUT ALWAYS
WITH HIS NAME ATTACHED.
785
00:42:33,861 --> 00:42:38,831
Narrator:
FRICK, NOT TO BE OUTDONE BY
CARNEGIE, FOLLOWS SUIT.
786
00:42:38,933 --> 00:42:45,504
FRICK GAVE 5/6 OF HIS FORTUNE
TO NONPROFITS, HOSPITALS, PARKS,
787
00:42:45,607 --> 00:42:47,974
THINGS OF THAT NATURE.
788
00:42:48,076 --> 00:42:51,444
Narrator:
BUT FRICK STANDS BY HIS ACTIONS.
789
00:42:51,546 --> 00:42:54,080
Nelson: CARNEGIE WAS
HAUNTED BY HOMESTEAD.
790
00:42:54,182 --> 00:42:56,816
FOR FRICK,
IT WAS JUST ANOTHER DAY.
791
00:42:56,918 --> 00:42:59,385
PEOPLE DIED, AND HE WON.
792
00:42:59,487 --> 00:43:02,154
Narrator:
FOR DECADES TO COME,
793
00:43:02,256 --> 00:43:05,524
THE STEEL UNION
REMAINS IN TATTERS.
794
00:43:05,627 --> 00:43:09,328
Nelson:
THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION IS
EFFECTIVELY A DEAD LETTER.
795
00:43:09,430 --> 00:43:12,164
THERE ARE STILL
AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION WORKERS,
796
00:43:12,266 --> 00:43:13,699
BUT THEY HIDE THEIR CARDS.
797
00:43:13,801 --> 00:43:16,969
AND IT GOES BACK TO BEING
A SECRET UNION.
798
00:43:17,071 --> 00:43:19,939
AND IT'S REALLY ONLY
10 OR 15 YEARS LATER
799
00:43:20,041 --> 00:43:21,741
THAT THE MEMORIES OF
THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE
800
00:43:21,843 --> 00:43:27,179
START TO LEAD TO A GROWING SENSE
THAT THESE WERE THE MARTYRS.
801
00:43:27,281 --> 00:43:30,983
Narrator:
WHILE THEIR INNOVATIONS
COME AT A STEEP PRICE,
802
00:43:31,085 --> 00:43:34,654
ANDREW CARNEGIE
AND HENRY CLAY FRICK'S LEGACY
803
00:43:34,756 --> 00:43:38,090
REMAINS UNDENIABLE.
804
00:43:38,192 --> 00:43:41,527
Nelson: THEIR POWER,
THEIR INFLUENCE, MAKE THE U.S.
805
00:43:41,629 --> 00:43:45,398
UNIQUELY POSITIONED TO BECOME
AN INTERNATIONAL POWER.
806
00:43:47,669 --> 00:43:51,137
Pepperell:
THEY WERE A PERFECT FIT.
807
00:43:51,239 --> 00:43:55,808
THE COKE BARON
AND THE STEEL BARON COMBINE
808
00:43:55,910 --> 00:43:59,812
ALL OF THESE VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
UNDER ONE ROOF
809
00:43:59,914 --> 00:44:05,384
TO BECOME THE BIGGEST PRODUCER
OF STEEL THE WORLD HAD KNOWN.
810
00:44:05,486 --> 00:44:07,586
Narrator:
BY THE END OF THEIR CAREERS,
811
00:44:07,689 --> 00:44:12,758
CARNEGIE AND FRICK'S COMBINED
WORTH EXCEEDS $350 BILLION
812
00:44:12,860 --> 00:44:15,394
IN TODAY'S MONEY.
813
00:44:15,496 --> 00:44:21,634
BUT THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO
THE WORLD ARE IMMEASURABLE.
814
00:44:21,736 --> 00:44:24,670
ANDREW CARNEGIE
AND HENRY CLAY FRICK
815
00:44:24,772 --> 00:44:30,076
DIE WITHIN FOUR MONTHS
OF EACH OTHER IN 1919.