♪ ♪
[CHEERS AND APPLAUSE]
>> John: WELCOME, WELCOME,
WELCOME TO "LAST WEEK TONIGHT!"
I'M JOHN OLIVER.
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING
US.
JUST TIME FOR A QUICK RECAP OF
THE WEEK, IN WHICH A LOT
HAPPENED, FROM JOHN HICKENLOOPER
DROPPING OUT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL
RACE ‐‐ HE'S ONE OF THESE THREE
MEN.
IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO KNOW WHICH.
TO A RUSSIAN AIRPLANE HITTING A
FLOCK OF BIRDS AND CRASHING IN A
FIELD WITH NO ONE DYING, OR AS
IT'S MORE COMMONLY KNOWN, A
"DRY SULLY."
AND THEN, OF COURSE, THERE WAS
THIS.
>> NBC NEWS HAS CONFIRMED
PRESIDENT TRUMP HAS TALKED TO
AIDES AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS
ABOUT POSSIBLY BUYING GREENLAND.
>> John: YEAH, OF COURSE HE DID.
OF COURSE HE DID.
GREENLAND IS ICY, DISTANT, AND
SEMI‐AUTONOMOUS.
IT'S EXACTLY TRUMP'S TYPE.
NOW, SPECULATION ON TRUMP'S
COMMENTS ROSE TO SUCH A POINT
THIS WEEK THAT GREENLAND'S
PREMIER HAD TO ISSUE A STATEMENT
SAYING "GREENLAND IS NOT FOR
SALE."
SO IF YOU HAD "TWO AND A HALF
YEARS" IN YOUR OFFICE POOL OF
"WHEN A WORLD LEADER WOULD HAVE
TO TELL TRUMP, 'YOU CAN'T BUY
OUR COUNTRY'," CONGRATULATIONS.
YOU'RE A BIG WINNER.
BUT INSTEAD OF GETTING SUCKED
INTO THAT,
FOR NOW, LET'S TURN TO A
DIFFERENT DIPLOMATIC HOT SPOT:
HONG KONG.
IT'S THE CITY EQUIVALENT OF
USING HULU WITH YOUR
EX‐BOYFRIEND'S ACCOUNT, IN THAT
IT'S BASICALLY FREE, BUT THAT
COULD CHANGE AT ANY MINUTE.
FOR WEEKS NOW, HONG KONG HAS
BEEN IN A STATE OF UPHEAVAL.
>> THIS MORNING, HONG KONG NEAR
THE BRINK AFTER A DAY OF
VIOLENCE THAT SHUT ONE OF THE
WORLD'S BUSIEST AIRPORTS FOR A
SECOND DAY IN A ROW.
INTERNATIONAL TRAVELERS
CAUGHT IN THE STANDOFF WITH
HUNDREDS OF FLIGHTS CANCELED AS
LUGGAGE CARTS BLOCKED PASSENGERS
PLEADING WITH PROTESTERS TO MAKE
THEIR FLIGHTS.
>> HEY, GUYS!
COME ON!
YOU'RE BEING REALLY SELFISH NOW.
>> John: OH!
I GET THAT HE'S FRUSTRATED, BUT
HE'S IN A REALLY TOUGH SPOT
THERE.
"COME ON, GUYS.
I NEED TO CATCH MY FLIGHT, CAN
YOU TONE DOWN YOUR FIGHT FOR
DEMOCRACY?
LIKE, I'M NOT SAYING DON'T TRY
TO MAINTAIN YOUR FRAGILE GRASP
ON FREEDOM, BUT COULD YOU JUST
TAKE IT DOWN A COUPLE OF NOTCHES
SO I CAN GET TO MY GATE?
COME ON, GUYS.
YOU'RE BEING SELFISH."
THE PROTESTS INITIALLY BEGAN
OVER A BILL THAT WOULD'VE
ALLOWED CHINA TO EXTRADITE
HONG KONG CITIZENS TO THE
MAINLAND, WHICH OPPONENTS FEARED
WERE PART OF A LARGER PLAN TO
UNDERMINE HONG KONG'S AUTONOMY.
AND THE PROTESTORS HAVE BEEN
RESOURCEFUL, USING UMBRELLAS
AS SHIELDS AND LASERS TO
DISORIENT POLICE AND
CIRCUMVENTING A PROHIBITION
AGAINST MARCHES BY ORGANIZING
THEM ON EXPLAIN TO A SIGNIFICANT
OTHER WHAT THEY WERE DOING
LOOKING AT TINDER.
"I WAS RECRUITING PROTESTORS.
YES, FEMALE PROTESTORS AGE 24 TO
29 INTERESTED IN PUBLIC SEX,
THREESOMES, AND ASS PLAY.
THAT'S REALLY WHAT THIS MOVEMENT
IS ABOUT."
IN RESPONSE, THE CHINESE
GOVERNMENT HAS BEEN FLEXING ITS
MUSCLES, MOVING ARMORED
PERSONNEL CARRIERS TO THE BORDER
AND ESCALATING THEIR RHETORIC,
CLAIMING PROTESTERS "SHOW SIGNS
OF TERRORISM."
AND WITHIN CHINA, STATE MEDIA
HAS FRAMED THE PROTESTS AS THE
WORK OF FOREIGN FORCES, AND ONE
IN PARTICULAR:
>> THERE ARE MORE AND MORE
INDICATIONS SHOWING THAT THERE
ARE CERTAIN EXTRATERRITORIAL
FORCES WHO'VE PLAYED A HORRIBLE
ROLE IN THIS CHAOS.
THERE ARE PICTURES OF FOREIGN
AGENTS GIVING PROTESTERS MONEY,
ENCOURAGING THEM TO MOLD PUBLIC
OPINION.
WHO ARE THEY?
IT'S FAIR TO SAY THE CIA HAS
SPENT OVER 70 YEARS PLOTTING IN
HONG KONG.
>> John: LOOK: NO ONE'S SAYING
THE CIA DOESN T HAVE A LONG,
SHITTY HISTORY OF MEDDLING IN
OTHER COUNTRIES' POLITICS.
IT HELPED OVERTHROW THE IRANIAN
GOVERNMENT AND REINSTALLED THE
SHAH, IT SPONSORED THE BAY OF
PIGS INVASION, AND IT CREATED
THE SHOW "PAW PATROL" TO
BRAINWASH THE PLANET'S TODDLERS
WITH AN AUTHORITARIAN WORLDVIEW.
YES, IT DID ALL OF THOSE THINGS.
BUT ALL INDICATIONS ARE THAT
WHAT'S HAPPENING IN HONG KONG IS
LOCAL AND THE RESULT OF
LONG‐SIMMERING INTERNAL
TENSIONS.
AND IF THIS IS AN AMERICAN PLOT,
ONE THING'S FOR SURE, NOBODY
TOLD THE PRESIDENT, BECAUSE
TRUMP NOT ONLY BARELY SEEMS
AWARE OF WHAT'S GOING ON THERE,
HE ALSO ESSENTIALLY GAVE
CHINA A GREEN LIGHT TO DO
WHATEVER THEY WANT, LIKE WHEN HE
SAID THIS AT THE START OF THE
MONTH:
>> WELL, SOMETHING IS PROBABLY
HAPPENING WITH HONG KONG BECAUSE
WHEN YOU LOOK AT, YOU KNOW,
WHAT'S GOING ON, THEY'VE HAD
RIOTS FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME.
AND I DON'T KNOW WHAT CHINA'S
ATTITUDE IS.
SOMEBODY SAID THAT AT SOME POINT
THEY'RE GONNA WANT TO STOP THAT.
BUT THAT'S BETWEEN HONG KONG AND
THAT'S BETWEEN CHINA, BECAUSE
HONG KONG IS A PART OF CHINA.
THEY'LL HAVE TO DEAL WITH THAT
THEMSELVES.
THEY DON'T NEED ADVICE.
>> John: NAILED IT.
AND LOOK, SOMEHOW THERE'S BOTH A
LOT AND NOTHING TO UNPACK THERE,
BUT I WILL SAY, "THEY'RE GONNA
WANNA STOP THAT" IS EXACTLY THE
WRONG MESSAGE TO SEND TO CHINA
RIGHT NOW.
ANYTHING WOULD HAVE BEEN BETTER
THAN THAT.
IF HE HAD SAID "WHAT DO I THINK
OF HONG KONG?
WELL, IT'S STRONG, IT'S ANGRY,
AND I DON'T LIKE WHEN IT THROWS
BARRELS AT MARIO," I'D THINK
"OKAY, YOU'RE CLEARLY THINKING
OF DONKEY KONG, NOT HONG KONG,
BUT AT LEAST YOU DIDN'T WINK AT
THE POSSIBLE USE OF FORCE, SO NO
HARM DONE THERE."
AND TRUMP EFFECTIVELY GIVING
CHINA A TACIT ENDORSEMENT TO USE
FORCE AGAINST PROTESTERS IS
UNFORTUNATELY NOT AT ALL
SURPRISING.
HE SENDS THE WRONG SIGNALS TO
OTHER COUNTRIES 100% OF THE
TIME, AND UNTIL HIS TERM ENDS,
WE'RE ALL JUST GOING TO HAVE TO
LIVE WITH THE FACT WE HAVE A
PRESIDENT WHO LOOKS AT AMERICA'S
ALLIES AND SAYS, "GO FUCK
YOURSELVES," LOOKS AT RUSSIAN
INTERFERENCE IN OUR ELECTIONS
AND SAYS, "NO BIG DEAL," AND
LOOKS AT GREENLAND AND SAYS,
"200 BUCKS PLUS DON JR., FINAL
OFFER."
AND NOW THIS.
>> Announcer: AND NOW, IT'S THAT
TIME OF YEAR AGAIN...
AGAIN.
>> STARBUCKS WILL OFFER ITS
SEASONAL PUMPKIN SPICE LATTE ON
THE 27TH, THAT'S TWO WEEKS FROM
TODAY, THE EARLIEST IT HAS EVER
STARTED.
>> BEHOLD!
PUMPKIN SPICE LATTE HAS RETURNED
EARLIER THAN EVER BEFORE!
>> NOT THAT I'M COMPLAINING AT
ALL, BECAUSE I ADMITTEDLY AM A
PSL LOVER, BUT THAT'S NOT EVEN
FALL YET.
AUGUST 27TH.
>> 21ST IS NEXT WEDNESDAY.
>> ON WEDNESDAY WE RIDE THROUGH
THE NUTMEG GATES!
>> THAT, BY THE WAY, FOLKS, IS
THE EARLIEST LAUNCH EVER FOR THE
SO‐CALLED PSL.
>> YOU KNOW SUMMER IS OVER WHEN
THEY WHIP OUT THE PUMPKIN LATTE.
>> IT'S OVER.
GIVEN UP.
>> YOU CAN'T ESCAPE THE SWEET
OBLIVION OF THE SPICE!
>> I DON'T KNOW.
IT'S NOT EVEN PUMPKIN.
I DON'T KNOW WHY IT'S CALLED
PUMPKIN SPICE.
THERE'S NO PUMPKIN IN IT.
>> YOU FOOL!
THE GLORY OF THE SPICE IS BEYOND
YOUR FEEBLE HUMAN COMPREHENSION!
>> STARBUCKS SAYING THEY'LL BE
INTRODUCING THAT TREAT WHICH,
FOR SOME REASON, LIKE McRIBS,
HAS A CULT‐LIKE FOLLOWING.
>> IT IS KIND OF LIKE THE McRIB!
>> PUMPKIN SPICE LATTE, PUMPKIN
SPICE COFFEE, USUALLY COMING OUT
IN THE FALL, BUT NOW SPAM WANTS
TO JUMP IN THIS.
>> YEAH!
LET THE BEAST OF THE PUMPKIN
FEAST BEGIN!
>> John: MOVING ON.
OUR MAIN STORY TONIGHT CONCERNS
DOCTORS: RATED NUMBER ONE BY
"REASONS THERE'S A FINGER IN
YOUR ASS MAGAZINE."
DOCTORS HAVE HELD A POSITION OF
HIGH ESTEEM IN OUR SOCIETY FOR
GENERATIONS, AS YOU CAN SEE IN
THE 1930s FILM "MEN OF
MEDICINE."
>> IN EVERY U. S. CITY AND TOWN,
THERE IS ONE HOUSE THAT
EVERYBODY KNOWS ‐‐ THE DOCTOR.
AVAILABLE HERE ARE THE SERVICES
OF THE MAN WHO, BY LAW, IS
PRIVILEGED TO PRACTICE THE MOST
RESPECTED OF ALL PROFESSIONS.
>> AHHH.
>> John: "YES, ONLY DOCTORS HAVE
THE PRIVILEGE OF SHOVING A STICK
INTO A CHILD'S MOUTH AND
DIAGNOSING THE CONDITION THAT
WE IN THE 1930s KNOW AS
'GROSS THROAT.'
THE CURE FOR IT IS DROWNING."
BUT WHILE MEDICINE MAY BE
"THE MOST RESPECTED OF ALL
PROFESSIONS," IT'S IMPORTANT TO
KNOW THAT NOT EVERYONE HAS THE
SAME EXPERIENCE WHEN THEY VISIT
A DOCTOR.
>> I THINK I WOULD HAVE BEEN
TREATED COMPLETELY DIFFERENTLY
IF I HAD BEEN MALE.
YOU WILL HEAR DOCTORS AND NURSES
LIKE, "OH, THEY'RE JUST
EXAGGERATING," YOU KNOW, AND NOT
REALLY LISTENING TO THEM BECAUSE
IT'S A BLACK PERSON.
BUT IF IT'S, LIKE, A WHITE
PERSON, IT'S JUST LIKE, "OH, MY
GOD, LIKE, THIS IS SERIOUS."
>> John: IT'S TRUE,
IF YOU'RE A WOMAN AND/OR A
PERSON OF COLOR IN THE U. S., YOU
MAY WELL HAVE A VERY DIFFERENT
RELATIONSHIP TO OUR HEALTH CARE
SYSTEM THAN A WHITE MAN.
SO, FRANKLY, WHO BETTER TO TALK
AT YOU FOR 20 MINUTES ABOUT THIS
THAN ME, THE WHITEST OF WHITE
MEN?
LOOK, I GET A SUNBURN WATCHING
THE TRAVEL CHANNEL.
I AM A WALKING CIDER DOUGHNUT ‐‐
PALE, FILLED WITH CAKE, AND
FOUND AT EVERY FARMER'S MARKET
IN THE NORTHEAST.
BUT THIS IS A DISCUSSION THAT WE
NEED TO HAVE, BECAUSE WHILE THE
VAST MAJORITY OF DOCTORS ARE
DOING HARD WORK WITH SOMETIMES
LIMITED RESOURCES, BIAS IN
MEDICINE IS A SERIOUS ISSUE.
AND WHILE IT'S NOT BE THE ONLY
FACTOR IN DETERMINING HEALTH
OUTCOMES, IT CAN HAVE A MASSIVE
EFFECT.
SO TONIGHT, LET'S TALK ABOUT
BIAS IN MEDICINE IN TWO SPECIFIC
AREAS, FIRST SEX AND THEN RACE.
AND IN THE WORDS OF EVERY
THERAPIST I'VE EVER HAD, LET'S
START WITH SEX.
HISTORICALLY, WOMEN'S BODIES
HAVE ALWAYS BEEN FRAUGHT WITH
JUDGMENT AND MISCONCEPTIONS.
>> MOM, CAN I GO SWIMMING WITH
PEGGY TOMORROW AFTER SCHOOL?
>> NO, IT'S NOT A GOOD IDEA THE
FIRST TWO OR THREE DAYS OF YOUR
PERIOD.
YOU MIGHT GET CHILLS AND CATCH
COLD.
>> OH, THAT'S RIGHT.
PEGGY, OF COURSE I CAN'T GO
SWIMMING.
YOU KNOW I'VE GOT THE CURSE.
>> John: YEAH, PEGGY!
WHAT ARE YOU, AN IDIOT?
SHE'S GOT THE CURSE.
SHE CAN'T SWIM.
SHE'LL FUCKING SINK.
IT'S TRUE.
IN THE '50s, WOMEN REFERRED TO
THEIR PERIOD AS "THE CURSE."
BUT THAT'S NOT ALL ‐‐ BREASTS
WERE "THE HAUNTED MOUNTAINS,"
BUTTS WERE "THE VALLEY OF DOOM,"
PREGNANCY WAS "THE HAPPENING,"
AND GIVING BIRTH WAS CALLED
"THE BABADOOK."
IT WAS A VERY, VERY SCARY TIME
TO BE A WOMAN.
AND, LOOK, THINGS HAVE CLEARLY
IMPROVED SINCE THEN, BUT WOMEN
CAN STILL FACE AN UPHILL BATTLE
TO GET QUALITY HEALTHCARE.
THERE ARE MANY, MANY STUDIES
SHOWING THIS.
FOR INSTANCE, THEY FOUND THAT
WOMEN WERE LESS LIKELY TO BE
REFERRED FOR KNEE REPLACEMENTS
THAN MEN.
IF THEY'RE OVER 50 AND
CRITICALLY ILL, THEY'RE LESS
LIKELY TO RECEIVE LIFESAVING
INTERVENTIONS.
AND WHEN GOING TO THE E. R. WITH
URGENT ABDOMINAL PAIN, WOMEN
WERE LESS LIKELY TO RECEIVE ANY
PAIN MEDICINE.
JUST LISTEN TO ONE DOCTOR SUM UP
HOW TOO MANY IN HER PROFESSION
TREAT FEMALE PATIENTS:
>> I THINK THAT, A LOT OF TIMES,
WOMEN'S SYMPTOMS, ESPECIALLY
PAIN, ARE ATTRIBUTED TO
EMOTIONAL IMBALANCE OR, YOU
KNOW, WOMEN BEING HYSTERICAL OR
CRYING WOLF ABOUT THEIR PAIN.
AND THAT'S ABSOLUTELY WRONG.
>> John: YEAH, OF COURSE IT IS.
THE ONLY TIME IT'S
UNDERSTANDABLE FOR A DOCTOR NOT
TO HEAR A WOMAN'S COMPLAINTS
ABOUT PAIN IS IF SHE'S CALLING
INTO THE OFFICE AND SHE'S GOT
AT&T.
BECAUSE THE CALLS KEEP DROPPING
OUT!
BOOM, BUSINESS DADDY!
I GOT YOU AGAIN!
BUSINESS BABY WOKE UP ALL
WAH!
I'M AIRING MY DIRTY DIAPERS IN
PUBLIC AGAIN!
WAH!
I'M HIGH MAINTENANCE!
WAH!
AND LOOK, LOOK, WHILE SOME OF
THIS MAY HAVE TO DO WITH
IMPLICIT BIAS ON DOCTORS' PARTS,
THERE'S ALSO A SYSTEMIC PROBLEM
HERE WHERE DOCTORS MAY LITERALLY
KNOW LESS ABOUT WOMEN'S BODIES,
BECAUSE HISTORICALLY, MEDICINE
HAS STUDIED MEN'S BODIES ‐‐
WHICH HERE MEANS THOSE ASSIGNED
MALE AT BIRTH ‐‐ AS A PROXY FOR
ALL BODIES.
AND AS ONE RESEARCHER WHO'S
STUDIED THIS WILL TELL YOU, THE
REASON FOR THAT WAS INCREDIBLY
DUMB:
>> THERE'S THIS ASSUMPTION THAT
YOU ARE ME WITH PESKY HORMONES.
>> OH, WITH PESKY HORMONES.
>> THE IDEA IS THAT THE
FUNDAMENTAL THINGS ARE
SIMILAR BETWEEN YOU AND ME.
SO THAT IRONICALLY THE BEST WAY
TO STUDY YOU IS TO STUDY ME.
BECAUSE WHEN ‐‐
>> BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE PESKY
HORMONES.
>> RIGHT.
WE'RE STUDYING ALL THE
FUNDAMENTAL THINGS IN YOU
WITHOUT THIS SORT OF NUISANCE
STUFF.
>> John: YES, WOMEN ARE FULL OF
"NUISANCE STUFF."
WHICH IS WHY MEDICINE HAS LONG
CHOSEN TO BELIEVE THAT WOMEN ARE
JUST HORMONAL MEN.
ALSO, CHILDREN ARE TINY MEN,
DOGS ARE FURRY MEN, TREES ARE
BIG HARD STILL MEN, BIRDS ARE
MEN WHO CAN FLY, FISH ARE MEN
WHO CAN GLUB, AND VOLCANOS ARE
MEN WHO, FOR SOME REASON,
EJACULATE LAVA.
AND THIS IDEA THAT WOMEN ARE
JUST MEN WITH PESKY HORMONES HAS
LED TO SOME WOMAN‐SHAPED
BLIND SPOTS IN MEDICINE.
FOR DECADES, WOMEN WERE
BASICALLY EXCLUDED FROM MEDICAL
RESEARCH TRIALS, IN PART BECAUSE
OF CONCERN THEIR MENSTRUAL
CYCLES WOULD COMPLICATE THE
RESULTS, WHICH YOU WOULD THINK
WOULD BE ALL THE MORE REASON TO
INCLUDE THEM IN TESTS, BECAUSE
WOMEN ARE HALF THE POPULATION
AND CAN RESPOND TO TREATMENT OR
DRUGS VERY DIFFERENTLY.
AND IN SOME CASES THEIR
EXCLUSION WAS UTTERLY
RIDICULOUS, AS THIS NEWS REPORT
FROM THE '90s SHOWS:
>> IN 1990, THE "JOURNAL OF THE
NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE"
PUBLISHED THIS REPORT WHICH
LOOKED AT THE IMPACT OF DIET ON
ESTROGEN METABOLISM AND ITS
LINKS TO CANCER OF THE BREAST
AND UTERUS.
ALL OF THE SUBJECTS WERE MEN.
>> John: IT'S TRUE.
THEY STUDIED A WAY TO PREVENT
CANCER OF THE UTERUS ON PEOPLE
WHO DID NOT HAVE ONE.
THAT'S RIDICULOUSLY UNHELPFUL.
THAT'S LIKE STUDYING HEALTHY
CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND ONLY
SURVEYING THE REAL HOUSEWIVES OF
NEW YORK.
THEY'VE RESOLVED NO CONFLICTS.
LUANN'S STILL PISSED OFF ABOUT
DORINDA'S FISH ROOM, RAMONA'S
TURNED UP UNINVITED AT BARBARA'S
CLAMBAKE, AND TINSLEY'S FURIOUS
BECAUSE THEY LAUGHED AT THE FACT
THAT SHE FROZE HER DEAD DOG.
THE GROUP'S DYNAMIC IS STILL A
MESS AND THE SHOW IS ALL THE
BETTER FOR IT.
AND WHEN YOU HAVE THE MALE BODY
AS THE DEFAULT REFERENCE, AND
DOCTORS WHO MIGHT NOT TAKE
WOMEN'S PAIN SERIOUSLY, THE
CONSEQUENCES CAN BE DEADLY.
TAKE HEART ATTACKS.
YOU'RE CONDITIONED TO THINK OF
THEM AS LOOKING LIKE THEY DO ON
TV ALL THE TIME, PEOPLE GRABBING
THEIR CHEST AND THEN FALLING
OVER.
BUT FOR MANY WOMEN, THAT IS NOT
WHAT THEY LOOK LIKE.
INSTEAD, THEIR HEART ATTACKS
PRESENT WITH SUBTLER SYMPTOMS
LIKE PAIN IN THE BACK OR JAW,
NAUSEA, AND UNUSUAL FATIGUE.
AND LOTS OF DOCTORS MISS THAT.
JUST LOOK WHAT HAPPENED TO
KATHERINE LEON, WHO WENT TO THE
E.R. WITH SERIOUS HEART PROBLEMS
AND WAS TOLD THIS:
>> THE YOUNG DOCTOR CAME IN,
VERY CONDESCENDING, THOUGHT I
WAS JUST A DRAMA QUEEN, AND HE
SAID, "IT'S NOT MY JOB TO TELL
YOU WHAT'S WRONG WITH YOU, IT'S
MY JOB TO TELL YOU WHAT IT'S
NOT, AND IT'S NOT YOUR HEART."
AND THAT WAS IT.
I WAS LIKE, "WELL, WHAT DO I DO
NEXT?"
AND HE'S LIKE, "YOU GO HOME."
>> John: WOW.
THAT DOCTOR MANAGED TO FIND
LITERALLY THE ONLY TIME THAT
TELLING SOMEONE TO GO HOME IS
BAD ADVICE.
'CAUSE HAVING A BAD DAY AT WORK?
GO HOME.
AT A PARTY STUCK NEXT TO A GUY
WHO WANTS TO TALK ABOUT BITCOIN?
GO HOME.
YOU'RE ON SECOND AND YOUR BUDDY
GROUNDS A SINGLE INTO LEFT
FIELD, THE OUTFIELDER PICKS IT
UP AND THROWS TO FIRST AS YOU
ROUND THIRD, BUT YOU REALIZE
HE'S OVERTHROWN?
GO HOME!
GO HOME NOW!
BUT KATHERINE LEON WAS HAVING A
HEART ATTACK.
SHE SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN SENT
HOME.
AND SHE'S BY NO MEANS ALONE.
ONE STUDY FOUND WOMEN WHO CAME
TO THE HOSPITAL WITH
HEART ATTACK SYMPTOMS WERE SEVEN
TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN MEN TO BE
MISDIAGNOSED AND SENT HOME FROM
THE HOSPITAL, WHICH IS TERRIBLE.
THE ONLY THING A WOMAN SHOULD BE
SEVEN TIMES MORE LIKELY TO DO IS
RECOGNIZE THOSE REAL HOUSEWIVES
REFERENCES FROM EARLIER, AND YOU
KNOW WHAT?
EVEN THAT IS NOT OKAY.
THAT SHOW IS BOTH NUANCED AND
SEARING PORTRAYAL OF
WEALTH, POWER, AND LONELINESS IN
MANHATTAN, ALL UNIVERSAL THEMES
THAT SHOULD TRANSCEND WHATEVER
SUPERFICIAL BOXES IN WHICH IT'S
CURRENTLY CONFINED.
IT IS OUR "MUCH ADO ABOUT
NOTHING," AND ANDY COHEN IS OUR
SHAKESPEARE.
BUT THAT'S ‐‐ THAT'S NOT THE
POINT.
IT'S A VERY GOOD POINT.
IN FACT, IT'S AN EXCELLENT
POINT.
BUT IT'S NOT THE POINT WE'RE
MAKING HERE, WHICH IS, SEX AND
GENDER BIAS CAN CLEARLY DISTORT
MEDICAL OUTCOMES, BUT THEY'RE
NOT THE ONLY FORMS OF BIAS THAT
CAN DO THAT.
AND NOW, IF I MAY QUOTE THE
INSIDE OF DONALD TRUMP'S HEAD
WHEN ENERGY AT A RALLY SEEMS TO
BE FLAGGING, LET'S GET TO THE
RACISM STUFF, BECAUSE THERE IS A
HUGE DISPARITY IN LIFE
EXPECTANCY BETWEEN BLACK AND
WHITE AMERICANS, PARTICULARLY
FOR BLACK MEN.
IN FACT, WHEN ONE STUDY TRIED TO
QUANTIFY WHAT'S CALLED THE
"MORTALITY GAP," THEY FOUND SOME
SHOCKING NUMBERS, WHICH THIS
DOCUMENTARY CHOSE TO ILLUSTRATE
IN THE MOST JARRING WAY
POSSIBLE:
>> WE FOUND OVER 83,000 EXCESS
DEATHS PER YEAR IN THE
AFRICAN‐AMERICAN COMMUNITY
ALONE.
>> 83,000 EXCESS DEATHS EACH
YEAR.
THAT'S THE EQUIVALENT OF A MAJOR
AIRLINER FILLED WITH BLACK
PASSENGERS FALLING OUT OF THE
SKY EVERY SINGLE DAY EVERY YEAR.
>> John: OKAY, BUT THAT IS SUCH
A WEIRDLY SPECIFIC WAY TO PUT
THAT.
YOU DON'T NEED TO TAKE A NUMBER
THAT'S ALREADY A DISASTER AND
PUT IT IN TERMS OF ANOTHER
DISASTER.
"83,000 EXCESS DEATHS.
IT'S LIKE FOUR DOUBLE‐DECKER
BUSES DRIVING INTO EACH OTHER
EVERY SIX HOURS.
IT'S 32 HOT‐AIR BALLOONS
EXPLODING EVERY MINUTE FOR A
WEEK.
IT'S THE DEATH OF PRINCESS DIANA
83,000 TIMES."
I GET IT.
IT'S PRETTY BAD.
I GET IT.
NOW, CLEARLY, THERE ARE SYSTEMIC
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THAT
NUMBER, BUT EVEN JUST WHEN IT
COMES TO CONTACT WITH THE
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, THERE CAN BE
APPALLING DISPARITIES.
THERE ARE, AGAIN, MANY STUDIES
SHOWING AFRICAN‐AMERICANS HAVE A
LOWER LIKELIHOOD OF RECEIVING
RECOMMENDED CARE FOR EVERYTHING
FROM PNEUMONIA TO HIP FRACTURES
TO MULTIPLE CANCERS.
AND WHILE THERE'S NO ONE CAUSE
FOR THESE DISPARITIES, IT
CERTAINLY DOESN'T HELP THAT, AS
A STUDY OF MED STUDENTS AND
DOCTORS FOUND JUST THREE YEARS
AGO, MISINFORMATION ABOUT
AFRICAN‐AMERICAN PATIENTS IS
RAMPANT.
>> THE STUDY FOUND SOME DOCTORS
BELIEVED THERE ARE BIOLOGICAL
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO
RACES.
FOR EXAMPLE, 25% OF DOCTOR
RESIDENTS THOUGHT BLACKS HAVE
THICKER SKIN.
>> John: HOLY SHIT.
YOU DO NOT EXPECT TO HEAR THAT
AT A MEDICAL SCHOOL.
YOU BARELY EXPECT TO HEAR IT
YELLED ACROSS A TABLE BY A
RACIST GRANDFATHER AT
THANKSGIVING.
"WHAT ARE YOU TALKING ABOUT,
GRANDPA?
HIS SKIN ISN'T THICKER THAN
YOURS.
AND EVEN IF IT WERE, THAT IS NOT
WHY YOU DIDN'T VOTE FOR HIM."
AND THAT IS NOT THE ONLY INSANE
BELIEF THAT STUDY FOUND.
14% OF SECOND‐YEAR MED STUDENTS
AGREED THAT BLACK PEOPLE'S NERVE
ENDINGS ARE LESS SENSITIVE THAN
WHITES, WHICH THEY OBVIOUSLY
AREN'T.
AND 17% BELIEVED THAT BLACK
PEOPLE'S BLOOD COAGULATES MORE
QUICKLY THAN WHITES, WHICH IT
OBVIOUSLY DOESN'T.
AND AT THAT POINT, I WOULDN'T BE
SURPRISED TO LEARN 86% OF THEM
BELIEVE THAT IRISH JIZZ IS GREEN
ON HOLIDAYS.
NOT EVEN JUST ST. PATRICK'S DAY,
ALL HOLIDAYS, EVEN YOM KIPPUR.
THAT'S THE WORST TIME TO
EJACULATE.
NOW, IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY
EXACTLY WHERE THEY CAME BY THOSE
BELIEFS, BUT MEDICAL TEXTBOOKS
ARE NOT IMMUNE FROM BIAS.
THIS NURSING TEXTBOOK WAS
AVAILABLE UNTIL JUST TWO YEARS
AGO, WHEN IT WAS PULLED AFTER IT
EMERGED THAT IT FEATURED
STATEMENTS LIKE, AND I QUOTE:
"HISPANICS MAY BELIEVE THAT PAIN
IS A FORM OF PUNISHMENT AND THAT
SUFFERING MUST BE ENDURED IF
THEY ARE TO ENTER HEAVEN,"
AFRICAN‐AMERICANS "BELIEVE
SUFFERING AND PAIN ARE
INEVITABLE," AND
NATIVE AMERICANS "MAY PICK A
SACRED NUMBER WHEN ASKED TO RATE
PAIN ON A NUMERICAL PAIN SCALE."
AND YOU EXPECT THAT A TEXTBOOK
MIGHT HAVE TYPOS OR OUTDATED
INFORMATION.
YOU DO NOT EXPECT IT TO
BASICALLY SAY "HISPANICS
THINK GOD IS KINKY AND
NATIVE AMERICANS WILL TELL YOU
WIZARD NUMBERS."
AND MISCONCEPTIONS CAN HAVE
TANGIBLE EFFECTS ON TREATMENT.
JUST THINK ABOUT IT, IF A
QUARTER OF ALL MEDICAL RESIDENTS
THINK THAT BLACK PEOPLE HAVE
THICKER SKIN AND NURSES HAVE
BEEN TOLD THAT THEY THINK
SUFFERING IS INEVITABLE, THAT
MIGHT LEAD TO BLACK PATIENTS'
PAIN BEING TREATED DIFFERENTLY,
WHICH HAPPENS.
AND I ACTUALLY THINK WANDA SYKES
SUMMED THIS UP BEST.
>> BECAUSE OF RACISM, BLACK
PEOPLE, WE DON'T EVEN GET OUR
HANDS ON OPIOIDS.
THEY DON'T EVEN GIVE THEM TO US.
WHITE PEOPLE GET OPIOIDS LIKE
THEY TIC TACS.
IT AMAZES ME HOW MANY OPIOIDS
YOU MOTHERFUCKERS HAVE.
I HAD A DOUBLE MASTECTOMY.
YOU KNOW WHAT THEY SENT MY
BLACK ASS HOME WITH?
IBU‐FUCKING‐PROFEN.
>> John: OKAY, OKAY, FIRST, FROM
NOW ON, ADVIL SHOULD ABSOLUTELY
CALL ITSELF IBU‐FUCKING‐PROFEN.
THAT IS NONNEGOTIABLE.
THAT HAS TO HAPPEN.
BUT SECOND, THAT'S BY NO MEANS
UNUSUAL.
ONE RECENT ANALYSIS FOUND THAT
BLACK PATIENTS WERE 34% LESS
LIKELY TO BE PRESCRIBED OPIOIDS
FOR PAIN THAN WHITE PATIENTS
WITH SIMILAR CONDITIONS.
AND WHILE THERE ARE A LOT OF
GOOD REASONS TO PRESCRIBE FEWER
OPIOIDS, "MY PATIENTS ARE BLACK"
IS JUST NOT ONE OF THEM.
AND THE DANGER IS, IF YOU
CONSISTENTLY HAVE BAD
EXPERIENCES WITH HEALTH CARE,
YOU MIGHT BE LESS INCLINED TO
SEEK HELP THAT YOU NEED IN THE
FUTURE.
JUST LISTEN TO THIS WOMAN, WHO
WAS DIAGNOSED WITH LUPUS,
DESCRIBE HOW SHE WAS IMPACTED BY
THE RESPONSE FROM DOCTORS WHEN
SHE SOUGHT PAIN TREATMENT.
>> IT WAS JUST THIS BELIEF THAT
I WAS MAKING THINGS UP, THAT
WHAT I WAS SAYING WASN'T REAL,
THAT I MUST BE SEEKING DRUGS OR
SELLING THE DRUGS OR SOME SUCH
THING.
>> IS THAT REALLY WHAT PEOPLE
WOULD ‐‐ THAT'S WHAT YOU WERE
GETTING IN THE DOCTOR'S OFFICE?
>> OH, YEAH, ABSOLUTELY,
ABSOLUTELY.
AND SO WHAT HAPPENS IS, YOU
START TO DEVELOP A TON OF FEAR
AROUND GOING TO THE DOCTOR.
>> John: YEAH, OF COURSE YOU'D
BE FRIGHTENED TO GO TO THE
DOCTOR IF YOU THOUGHT THEY'D
TREAT YOU LIKE A DRUG DEALER.
I'M TERRIFIED OF THEM, AND THE
WORST THING DOCTORS EVER SAY TO
ME IS, "MR. OLIVER, YOU'RE 42
AND YOU SHOULD NO LONGER NEED TO
BE BRIBED WITH A LOLLIPOP TO GET
A FLU SHOT."
BUT I WANT ONE.
I WANT A WOWWIPOP.
I'VE BEEN VERY BRAVE.
GIVE ME A WOWWIPOP.
AND LOOK, I'M NOT SAYING THAT
ALL DOCTORS ARE RACIST OR SEXIST
BECAUSE THEY OBVIOUSLY AREN'T.
BUT PEOPLE HAVE BIASES, AND
DOCTORS ARE PEOPLE, AND THEY
MAY'VE COME UP IN A SYSTEM THAT,
INTENTIONALLY OR NOT, HAS OFTEN
DISCOUNTED THE EXPERIENCES OF A
MAJOR PORTION OF THE POPULATION.
AND THEIR BIASES ‐‐ EXPLICIT OR
IMPLICIT ‐‐ HAVE LIFE‐OR‐DEATH
CONSEQUENCES.
AND THERE'S PERHAPS NO STARKER
EXPRESSION OF WHERE SEX AND RACE
CAN NEGATIVELY IMPACT HEALTH
CARE OUTCOMES THAN MATERNAL
MORTALITY.
CURRENTLY THE UNITED STATES HAS
THE HIGHEST RATE OF MATERNAL
MORTALITY IN THE DEVELOPED
WORLD, WHICH IS ALREADY
TERRIBLE, BUT IT GETS EVEN WORSE
FOR BLACK WOMEN.
>> IF YOU'RE A WOMAN OF COLOR IN
THIS COUNTRY, ESPECIALLY IF
YOU'RE BLACK, YOUR ODDS OF DYING
IN CHILDBIRTH ARE THREE TO FOUR
TIMES HIGHER ON AVERAGE IN OUR
COUNTRY.
>> WHY?
'CAUSE YOU'RE NOT TALKING ABOUT
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE.
YOU'RE NOT TALKING ABOUT MONEY
OR EDUCATION.
>> NO.
AND THIS IS GONNA BE HARD TO
HEAR.
WE BELIEVE BLACK WOMEN LESS WHEN
THEY EXPRESS CONCERNS ABOUT THE
SYMPTOMS THEY'RE HAVING,
PARTICULARLY AROUND PAIN.
>> John: YEAH.
THAT IS HARD TO HEAR.
BUT IT IS WORTH UNDERSCORING
WHAT HE JUST SAID THERE: THESE
RACIAL DISCREPANCIES EXIST EVEN
WHEN YOU CONTROL FOR
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS LIKE
EDUCATION OR INSURANCE STATUS.
WE ARE LITERALLY DISBELIEVING
BLACK WOMEN TO DEATH.
AND THAT IS APPALLING ENOUGH IN
THEORY, BUT IT IS HEARTBREAKING
IN PRACTICE.
TAKE KIRA JOHNSON, WHO GAVE
BIRTH TO A SON ONLY FOR THINGS
TO GO HORRIBLY WRONG.
HER HUSBAND SAYS SHE WAITED
HOURS FOR A CT SCAN, AND BY THE
TIME DOCTORS TOOK THE SITUATION
SERIOUSLY, IT WAS TOO LATE.
SHE DIED IN SURGERY.
AND TO THIS DAY HER HUSBAND
WONDERS WHAT HE COULD HAVE DONE
DIFFERENTLY.
>> I SIT AWAKE AT NIGHTS
THINKING, "MAN, LIKE, MAYBE I
SHOULD HAVE GRABBED SOMEBODY BY
THEIR COLLAR, RIGHT?
MAYBE I SHOULD HAVE TURNED THE
TABLE OVER, RIGHT?
WOULD THAT HAVE MADE A
DIFFERENCE?"
I DEFINITELY THOUGHT ABOUT THE
WHOLE ISSUE OF, I DIDN'T WANT TO
BE SEEN, NOT ONLY AS ANGRY, BUT
ANGRY BLACK MAN, RIGHT?
I'M NOT THE SMALLEST GUY IN THE
WORLD.
AND WHAT THAT WOULD MEAN AND HOW
WE WOULD BE PERCEIVED AND HOW IT
WOULD BE TREATED AS A RESULT OF
THAT PERCEPTION.
WHEN THIS FIRST HAPPENED, I
WOULD GET THE QUESTION A LOT,
"WELL, DO YOU THINK IT WAS
BECAUSE SHE WAS BLACK?
YOU THINK WOULD BE DIFFERENT IF
KIRA WAS WHITE, WAS A DIFFERENT
COLOR?"
AND THE WAY I ANSWER THAT
QUESTION IS, THE SIMPLE FACT
THAT YOU HAVE TO ASK THAT
QUESTION IS A PROBLEM.
>> John: YEAH, IT IS.
IT'S A HUGE FUCKING PROBLEM,
'CAUSE THAT'S DEVASTATING.
A WOMAN NO ONE WOULD LISTEN TO
AND A MAN WHO FEARED IF HE SPOKE
UP, HE WOULD BE JUDGED FOR THE
COLOR OF HIS SKIN.
LOOK, I DON'T THINK ANYONE IN
THEIR RIGHT MIND WOULD BE
COMFORTABLE WITH THE IDEA OF
SOMEONE GETTING WORSE MEDICAL
CARE BECAUSE OF THEIR RACE OR
SEX.
SO GIVEN THAT WE ALL AGREE ON
THAT, WHAT CAN BE DONE HERE?
WELL, IDEALLY, WE'D SIMPLY
FIGURE OUT A WAY FOR NO ONE TO
EVER GET SICK AGAIN, THUS MAKING
TRIPS TO THE DOCTOR AN
EMBARRASSMENT OF THE PAST, YOU
KNOW, LIKE VCRs OR MTV GIVING
OUT SOMETHING CALLED THE
"MICHAEL JACKSON VIDEO VANGUARD
AWARD."
HOLD ON, 2019?
THEY'RE STILL DOING IT?
IS THAT A DIFFERENT
MICHAEL JACKSON?
IT MUST BE, RIGHT?
WHY DRAG MISSY ELLIOTT
INTO THIS SHIT?
BUT THERE ARE ALSO CONCRETE
MEASURES THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY
CAN TAKE HERE.
STANDARDIZING CARE IS A GOOD
FIRST STEP.
SINCE 2006, CALIFORNIA HAS CUT
ITS RATE OF WOMEN DYING IN
CHILDBIRTH BY MORE THAN HALF, IN
PART BY INSTITUTING PROTOCOLS
FOR MATERNAL CARE.
SOME HOSPITALS THERE NOW DO
THINGS LIKE QUANTIFYING BLOOD
LOSS AFTER BIRTH BY GATHERING
THE SPONGES AND PADS AND
WEIGHING THEM ON A SCALE.
THAT WAY, THE DOCTOR'S POTENTIAL
BIASES ARE REMOVED FROM THE
EQUATION, 'CAUSE IF A PATIENT IS
BLEEDING TOO MUCH, THE SCALE
WILL SAY SO.
BUT THAT IS JUST ONE EXAMPLE TO
SOLVE ONE VERY SPECIFIC PROBLEM.
CLEARLY, WE NEED TO THINK MUCH
BIGGER HERE.
AND I KNOW I AM JUST NOT THE
BEST VEHICLE FOR THIS MESSAGE.
WHAT WE REALLY NEED IS SOMEONE
WHO CAN SPEAK WITH AUTHORITY
FROM REAL EXPERIENCE.
AND LUCKILY I KNOW JUST THE
PERSON.
PLEASE WELCOME WANDA SYKES.
[CHEERS AND APPLAUSE]
WANDA, WANDA, I'VE GOT TO SAY,
WANDA ‐‐
[CHEERS AND APPLAUSE]
EXACTLY.
WANDA, I'M SO, SO GLAD YOU'RE
HERE.
>> I BET YOU ARE.
>> John: I WAS A BIT WORRIED
THAT I MIGHT BE A BIT TOO WHITE
TO GIVE ADVICE ON THIS SUBJECT.
>> WELL, THAT'S BECAUSE YOU ARE.
YOU'RE REAL WHITE.
>> John: I AM.
YEAH.
>> I BET YOU CLAP ON THE ONE AND
THE THREE, DON'T YOU?
>> John: I HONESTLY WOULDN'T
KNOW HOW ELSE TO DO IT.
>> UH‐HUH.
SO YOU'RE JUST GONNA HAVE ME
STAND HERE?
>> John OH, WOULD YOU RATHER ‐‐
>> YEAH, I WOULD.
>> John: SURE, PLEASE.
>> YOU GET TO SIT.
LET ME SIT.
>> John: SHOULD I JUST CROUCH
HERE?
>> YOU CAN GO.
>> John: OH, I SHOULD GO.
>> THANK YOU.
[CHEERS AND APPLAUSE]
HELLO AND WELCOME TO
"LAST SAD TONIGHT WITH
SPECTACLES McDORKY."
OKAY, LOOK, IF YOU'RE A WOMAN OR
A PERSON OF COLOR, GOING TO THE
DOCTOR CAN BE ROUGH.
BEEN THERE, DONE THAT, GOT THE
IBU‐FUCKING‐PROFEN.
BUT THERE'S SOME THINGS WE CAN
DO.
FIRST, DOCTORS AND MED STUDENTS
SHOULD GET BIAS TRAINING.
I KNOW THAT DOESN'T SOUND LIKE
FUN, BUT IT'S ONE OF THOSE
THINGS THAT'S NOT FUN, BUT YOU
SHOULD DO IT ANYWAY, LIKE
READING WITH YOUR KIDS.
TRUST ME.
YOU DON'T WANT TO HEAR THAT YOUR
CHILD HAS A READING PROBLEM AND
IT'S YOU.
SECOND, WE NEED MORE DIVERSITY
IN THE MEDICAL FIELD.
WE NEED MORE NON‐WHITE DOCTORS
IN ACTUAL HOSPITALS, NOT JUST
THE ONES MADE UP BY
SHONDA RHIMES.
AND FINALLY, UNTIL WE DO THOSE
FIRST TWO THINGS, YOU'VE GOT TO
ADVOCATE FOR YOURSELF.
AND IF THAT DOESN'T WORK, DON'T
WORRY.
I'VE GOT A BACKUP PLAN.
IT'S CALLED "BRING A WHITE MAN."
BASICALLY, IF YOUR DOCTOR'S
IGNORING YOU, JUST BRING A
WHITE MAN TO REPEAT EVERYTHING
YOU SAID.
AND IF YOU'RE THINKING, "WANDA,
WHERE THE FUCK AM I GOING TO
GET ‐‐ FIND ONE OF THOSE?"
DON'T WORRY ‐‐ I'VE GOT A WHITE
FRIEND WHO LOVES COMPLAINING TO
DOCTORS, AND HE'S RECORDED SOME
MESSAGES YOU CAN USE.
SO LET'S SAY YOU'RE HAVING A
HEART ATTACK, AND THEY'RE NOT
LISTENING.
JUST TAKE OUT YOUR PHONE AND
SHOW YOUR DOCTOR THIS:
>> HEY, YOU KNOW WHAT?
I'M HAVING A HEART ATTACK, BUT
IT'S NOT LIKE...
[GROANS]
NO, IT'S A ‐‐ IT'S A LADY
HEART ATTACK.
I'M HAVING A LADY HEART ATTACK.
>> THEY'RE NOT SENDING THAT MAN
HOME!
THEY'RE NOT SENDING HIM HOME.
THEY'RE GIVING HIM AN EKG, AN
MRI, AND A BLT IF HE ASKS FOR
IT.
LOOK, IT'S NOT JUST
HEART ATTACKS.
I GOT LARRY TO RECORD MESSAGES
FOR EVERY OCCASION.
>> MY ELBOW HURTS WHEN I DO
THIS ‐‐ LIKE, LIKE A WHIPPING
MOTION.
MY KNEE, I CAN'T BEND IT.
I CANNOT SQUAT.
OY, MY UTERUS IS KILLING ME.
I'VE GOT SOME PESKY HORMONES
TODAY.
I SHOULDN'T HAVE TO SAY THIS,
BUT MY SPEED 13 IS PRETTY MUCH
THE SAME AS EVERYONE ELSE'S.
IT'S HARD FOR ME TO EXPLAIN
WHAT'S GOING ON WITH MY ASS, BUT
I'M GOING TO TELL YOU SOMETHING:
IT HURTS, OKAY?
SIDE TO SIDE AND THE CRACK.
AND IT'S LIKE, I DON'T KNOW IF
IT'S COMING FROM THE CRACK AND
THAT'S WHY THE SIDES HURT OR IF
IT'S COMING FROM THE SIDES AND
THAT'S WHY THE CRACK HURTS.
OH, NO, I CAN'T GO SWIMMING.
I'VE GOT THE CURSE.
>> YEAH.
YOU CAN FIND ALL
OF THOSE AND MORE AT
WhatsLarrysProblem.com.
>> THAT'S SO GREAT, WANDA.
BUT LET ME JUST ASK QUICKLY,
WHAT IF A DOCTOR STILL IGNORES
YOU?
>> OH, DON'T WORRY.
I GOT LARRY TO RECORD THE
WHITE PERSON SEVEN‐WORD
MATING CALL.
CHECK IT OUT.
>> I'D LIKE TO SPEAK TO YOUR
SUPERVISOR.
>> BOOM.
CONVERSATION OVER.
>> John: IT'S DONE.
IT'S ALL OVER.
THAT'S GREAT, WANDA.
THANK YOU SO MUCH.
THAT'S OUR SHOW, THANKS SO MUCH
FOR WATCHING.
OUR THANKS TO LARRY DAVID AND
THE GREAT WANDA SYKES!
WE'RE OFF UNTIL SEPTEMBER 8.
GOOD NIGHT!