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Viewers like you make this
program possible.

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Support your local PBS station.

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(man speaking Native American
language)

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It is a story
at the heart of America...

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one richer and more surprising
than we've been told.

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(tribal drumming)

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American Experience
presents a story

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that spans 300 years
and a vast continent.

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WOMAN:
The greatest thing a person can
have is the power.

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Benegotsi.  It's scary.

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It is a story of hope...

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courage...

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and survival.

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We were about to be
obliterated culturally.

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Our spiritual way of life,

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our entire way of life,
was about to be stamped out.

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(roaring)

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MAN:
Every tribe in this country
has a time of horror--

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absolute horror-- when they were
confronted by this invader.

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MAN:
What we did to the Southeastern
Indians, it's ethnic cleansing.

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MAN:
It was done to them,

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so they did it back.

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But better.

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MAN:
Whatever means and manner
we could,

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since the Europeans
arrived here,

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we've had to fight
for our survival.

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An epic history
of America...

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(whooping)

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seen through Native eyes...

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too remarkable...

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too inspiring...

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to ever forget.

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The master of life has appointed
this place

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for us to light our fires...

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And here we shall remain.

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(birds chirping)

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NARRATOR:
In 1886, in the blazing
summer heat,

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39 Apaches raced across
the desert Southwest,

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chased by 5,000
American soldiers.

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They were the only Indian people
in the entire nation

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still fighting the U.S. Army.

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For many months, the handful
of men, women and children

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evaded capture--
running, running,

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then running some more,
as much as 80 miles a day.

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Across the nation,
Americans were horrified

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by details of the chase--
some real, many exaggerated.

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Thirty-nine people were
on the run that summer,

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but the soldiers were really
after only one man.

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To his hunters he was
a vicious killer,

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capable of murdering
without mercy.

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To the Apaches
he was more complex--

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courageous yet vengeful,

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an unyielding protector
of his family's freedom,

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yet the cause of his people's
greatest suffering.

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In the course of the chase
and in the years that followed,

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he would become a legend

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and the symbol of the untamed
freedom of the American West.

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His name was Geronimo.

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WOMAN:
Long ago Coyote opened
a bag of darkness

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and it spread
over the world.

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Creatures of the night loved it.

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But birds and little animals
longed for day.

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The little animals played a game
to win back the light.

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They won, but one
night monster remained.

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After the game, the first human,
White Painted Woman,

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gave birth to a son.

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She hid him from the monster.

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When the boy was grown, he faced
the monster and killed it.

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(screeching)

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He was then called Apache.

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All Chiricahuas are named
after him.

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NARRATOR:
Geronimo was born
sometime in the 1820s

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at the headwaters
of the Gila River

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along the border of what became
Arizona and New Mexico.

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(speaking Apache language)

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NARRATOR:
As young as age six,

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Geronimo learned to hunt.

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He would have spent hours
crawling along the ground

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sneaking up on prey, catching
birds with his bare hands.

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When he made his first kill,

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he swallowed the animal's heart
raw and whole

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to insure a life of success
on the chase.

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OLIVER ENJADY:
Young kids grow up dodging
arrows, dodging rocks.

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They were taught to use the bow
and arrow very early.

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They were taught to run and run

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and run as young ones.

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And then as they grew older,
they depended on this.

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NARRATOR:
"No one is your friend,"
Geronimo was told,

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"but your legs.

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Your legs are your friends."

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TIM HARJO:
There was always danger.

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There was always that fear

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that just around the corner

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somebody would be coming across
it to take your life.

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NARRATOR:
Surrounded by their
traditional enemies--

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the Utes, the Comanches,
the Navajos--

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the Apache numbered just 8,000
people, split into many tribes.

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MICHAEL DARROW:
A lot of people think that
Apaches are just one tribe.

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But they are a group of nations,

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a separate people
with their own history

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and their own culture
and their own territory.

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The Chiricahua Apaches,
which are my people,

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and we had four
different groups,

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four bands within that tribe.

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We had the Chihenne, who are
the Warm Springs Apaches.

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We had the Chokonen, who lived
around the Chiricahua Mountains.

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There were the Nednai, the band
that lived mostly in Mexico.

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(bird cawing)

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NARRATOR:
Geronimo belonged
to the smallest band

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within the Chiricahua tribe,
the Bedonkohe.

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As a teenager he joined older
Bedonkohe men on raiding trips.

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The raids were lightning-quick
attacks.

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Apaches seized the horses
and provisions they wanted

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before melting into
the surrounding country.

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There's no getting
around the fact

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that Apache life was built
around raiding.

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They... they didn't raise
horses, they stole horses.

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ANDRÉS RESÉNDEZ:
Raiding was a very good way
to obtain horses,

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to obtain cattle,
to obtain captives,

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and there were markets for all
of these commodities.

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It was common for the
Chiricahua, for example,

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to raid one settlement
and trade in another.

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This had been going on
for a great many years.

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ROBERTS:
It wasn't considered
by the Apache a crime.

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You took what you needed

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and too bad if the people
who owned it got upset.

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People looked at the needs
of their people,

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their group of people, and said,
"Hey, we, we need food.

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"We need ammunition.

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We need some cattle."

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And so the raids were planned.

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NARRATOR:
Raiding had been a way of life
for the Apaches

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and their Indian neighbors
for generations,

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but Mexicans living on
or near Apache land

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found it intolerable.

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In response to the constant
theft of property,

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the Mexican government passed
laws offering cash payments

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for Apache scalps.

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Soon, bounty hunters were
roaming the desert,

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killing any Indian
they could find.

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(speaking Apache language)

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NARRATOR:
In spite of the bounty hunters,
the Apaches continued raiding.

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By the time he was 17, Geronimo
had successfully completed

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four raiding expeditions.

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Now, in the eyes of
the Bedonkohe, he was a man...

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old enough to join the hunt
and choose a wife.

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He fell hard for a slender
young girl named Alope.

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ROBERTS:
I think Alope was,

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to use a kind of corny
Americanism,

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the love of his life.

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Geronimo went to Alope's father
to ask for her hand in marriage

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and the old man said,

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"It's going to cost you
a lot of horses."

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And I think it's dad saying,
"She's too good for you."

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NARRATOR:
Geronimo disappeared.

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When he returned
several days later,

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he led a long string of horses.

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"This," Geronimo
later explained,

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"was all the marriage ceremony
necessary in our tribe."

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Within a few years, Alope and
Geronimo had three children.

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As their young ones grew, the
couple celebrated each stage

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of their lives
with age-old rituals.

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ELBYS HUGAR:
When the baby is born,

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there's a small ceremony
for the cradle.

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And then later on,
when they start walking,

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there's another small ceremony
for that.

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NARRATOR:
Like most Apache women,
Alope pierced her babies' ears

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to make her children grow faster

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and bathed them in water
steeped with wildflowers

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to make their skin strong.

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And just as their parents
had done,

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Alope and Geronimo taught
their children

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to sing prayers to Ussen,
the Creator,

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for health, strength and wisdom.

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One day in the early 1850s,

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Geronimo and his family
joined other Chiricahuas

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on a trading trip.

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The group camped on
the outskirts of a Mexican town

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called Janos and the men
headed in to trade.

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On the way back, the Chiricahuas
met distraught members

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of their band.

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Mexican soldiers had ransacked
their camp, the women cried,

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stealing their ponies
and supplies,

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leaving their wickiups in ruins.

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The Apaches scattered.

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That night Geronimo slipped back
into the camp.

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There he discovered the bodies
of his mother, his wife

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and his three small children,
lying in pools of blood.

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ZELDA YAZZA:
When he saw all his family
massacred there,

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he cut his hair, and he left
his hair there with them.

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You see all the pictures
that were taken.

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You see their hair short,
like mine.

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That was a sign of mourning,
that they lost someone.

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NARRATOR:
When Geronimo returned home,

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he ripped down his wife's
paintings,

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tore apart strings of beads
she'd made

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and gathered his
children's toys.

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And just as Apaches had done
for generations

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when loved ones died,

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he set everything his wife and
children had owned on fire.

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SILAS COCHISE:
Geronimo's attitude changed
after his mother was killed,

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after his wife was killed,
after his children was killed.

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And so that created an attitude
towards the non-Indians.

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It just changed him completely
and totally.

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Maybe it wasn't...
it wasn't a wise thing

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to deal with things like that,
but he wanted revenge.

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VERNON SIMMONS:
Your wife's dead,
your kids are dead,

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your mother's dead.

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That's your life, taken away
from you in an instant.

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It would want to make
you go kill everybody.

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NARRATOR:
"I had no purpose left,"
Geronimo later recalled.

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"My heart ached for revenge."

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WOMAN:
Power is everywhere.

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It lives in everything.

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It might be known
through a word,

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or come in the shape
of an animal.

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We all have Power, but some
tap into different rooms.

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Power speaks to those
who listen.

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HUGAR:
The greatest thing a person can
have is the power.

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Benegotsi.  It's scary.

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NARRATOR:
Not long after the vicious
murder of his family,

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a despondent Geronimo ventured
deep into Chiricahua country.

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Alone, he buried his head
in his hands and began to cry.

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Suddenly, he was startled
by a voice.

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(sonic boom)

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"No gun will ever kill you,"
it said.

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"I will take the bullets
from the guns of the Mexicans

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and I will guide your arrows."

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Geronimo later said
that he had been given

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what Apache people call Power,
a gift from Ussen.

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ROBERT HAOZOUS:
The concept of power is
fundamental in Apache belief.

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Everybody acknowledges

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that somebody has
a certain power,

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like the power of medicine,
the power of healing,

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the power of seeing or feeling
something at a distance.

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ENJADY:
There were people that knew
where you were,

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00:18:11,438 --> 00:18:15,688
people that knew about horses,
people that knew about hunting.

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We call this Power.

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NARRATOR:
Soon after the voice
spoke to him,

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Geronimo put his power
into action.

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He got permission
from the Chiricahua chiefs

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to take revenge for the massacre
at Janos.

243
00:18:51,563 --> 00:18:53,062
With a force of 200 men,

244
00:18:53,187 --> 00:18:57,062
he lured the Mexican soldiers
who had killed his family

245
00:18:57,187 --> 00:18:59,563
into battle.

246
00:19:03,646 --> 00:19:06,312
Leading the charge through
a hail of bullets,

247
00:19:06,396 --> 00:19:07,938
Geronimo whirled and dodged,

248
00:19:08,021 --> 00:19:11,438
killing with his knife
when his arrows ran out.

249
00:19:11,563 --> 00:19:15,563
So he's dashing back and forth,
running this zigzag pattern,

250
00:19:15,688 --> 00:19:19,563
and obviously scaring the
daylights out of the Mexicans.

251
00:19:19,646 --> 00:19:22,938
They have never run into an
antagonist quite like this guy.

252
00:19:23,062 --> 00:19:24,813
I don't care what you put up
against him,

253
00:19:24,896 --> 00:19:26,312
he'll come after you.

254
00:19:26,438 --> 00:19:27,813
That's the kind
of fighter he was.

255
00:19:27,938 --> 00:19:31,312
He was a true-blooded
Chiricahua fighter.

256
00:19:31,438 --> 00:19:34,563
And he said he didn't... he
wasn't scared of bullets.

257
00:19:34,646 --> 00:19:36,688
That I heard from my grandpa.

258
00:19:38,646 --> 00:19:42,438
NARRATOR:
Geronimo and his men
decimated the enemy.

259
00:19:42,521 --> 00:19:47,062
From that day forward, Mexicans
would shudder at his name,

260
00:19:47,187 --> 00:19:50,438
while the Chiricahuas would
accord him great respect.

261
00:19:53,938 --> 00:19:55,688
As a sign of his status,

262
00:19:55,813 --> 00:19:58,187
over the years he would take
many wives,

263
00:19:58,271 --> 00:20:00,813
including the daughter of
the greatest Chiricahua chief,

264
00:20:00,938 --> 00:20:02,271
Cochise.

265
00:20:04,396 --> 00:20:07,938
Yet Geronimo would never be
a chief himself.

266
00:20:08,062 --> 00:20:12,563
For the Apaches, he was
too impulsive, too fretful,

267
00:20:12,646 --> 00:20:14,312
too vengeful.

268
00:20:18,646 --> 00:20:20,312
We had many people in our tribe
who had the characteristics

269
00:20:20,438 --> 00:20:22,438
appropriate for being a chief,

270
00:20:22,563 --> 00:20:25,187
who were well respected
and who were known

271
00:20:25,312 --> 00:20:30,312
for making careful decisions for
the well-being of the people.

272
00:20:30,438 --> 00:20:34,146
And Geronimo was
not among those.

273
00:20:37,021 --> 00:20:40,187
NARRATOR:
For the ten years after
his celebrated victory,

274
00:20:40,312 --> 00:20:42,563
Geronimo fought one bloody
battle after another

275
00:20:42,688 --> 00:20:43,771
with Mexicans.

276
00:20:44,938 --> 00:20:49,563
In all that time he was
completely unknown to Americans.

277
00:20:49,688 --> 00:20:52,062
His first encounter with them
was friendly.

278
00:20:55,187 --> 00:20:58,438
A handful of land surveyors
came through Apache country

279
00:20:58,521 --> 00:21:01,938
and Geronimo traded ponies,
skins and blankets with them

280
00:21:02,062 --> 00:21:03,938
for clothing and food.

281
00:21:04,062 --> 00:21:06,813
"They were good men,"
he remembered,

282
00:21:06,938 --> 00:21:09,688
"and we were sorry they had gone
on into the west.

283
00:21:09,813 --> 00:21:13,813
They were the first white men
I ever saw."

284
00:21:13,896 --> 00:21:16,813
ROBERTS:
He may wonder, "This is a whole
different species of person

285
00:21:16,938 --> 00:21:19,187
"from the Mexicans,

286
00:21:19,271 --> 00:21:23,438
"who have raided and killed and
enslaved us for maybe a century.

287
00:21:23,521 --> 00:21:25,813
Maybe we have something to hope
from these 'white eyes.'"

288
00:21:27,771 --> 00:21:30,062
NARRATOR:
The Apaches didn't know
it at the time,

289
00:21:30,187 --> 00:21:32,062
but the men who traded
with Geronimo

290
00:21:32,187 --> 00:21:34,688
had been sent to mark a new
international boundary.

291
00:21:37,062 --> 00:21:40,688
At the end of the
Mexican-American War in 1848,

292
00:21:40,813 --> 00:21:43,688
the United States had wrested
huge swaths of territory

293
00:21:43,813 --> 00:21:48,563
from Mexico, including large
areas of Apache land.

294
00:21:48,688 --> 00:21:50,688
The surveyors were followed
in the 1850s

295
00:21:50,813 --> 00:21:52,938
by thousands of other Americans,

296
00:21:53,062 --> 00:21:55,688
as fortune hunters streamed
through Chiricahua country

297
00:21:55,813 --> 00:21:58,187
on the way to California gold.

298
00:22:00,396 --> 00:22:04,438
The Apaches debated how
to respond to the newcomers.

299
00:22:04,521 --> 00:22:05,938
They looked to the one leader

300
00:22:06,062 --> 00:22:08,688
who could speak
for all of the Chiricahua bands,

301
00:22:08,813 --> 00:22:12,688
Geronimo's father-in-law,
Cochise.

302
00:22:12,813 --> 00:22:15,688
Cochise was probably
the greatest warrior and chief

303
00:22:15,813 --> 00:22:18,938
that the Chiricahuas
had ever had.

304
00:22:19,021 --> 00:22:21,312
I think even to this very day

305
00:22:21,438 --> 00:22:23,688
that that name is spoken
with great reverence.

306
00:22:23,771 --> 00:22:29,938
Cochise is one of those people
who earns a reputation,

307
00:22:30,062 --> 00:22:31,688
not only as a warrior
but as a statesman,

308
00:22:31,771 --> 00:22:33,187
if you like, as a diplomat.

309
00:22:33,312 --> 00:22:37,187
NARRATOR:
The Americans, Cochise believed,
were an irritant,

310
00:22:37,312 --> 00:22:38,813
not a threat.

311
00:22:38,896 --> 00:22:41,438
He negotiated a deal
allowing travelers,

312
00:22:41,563 --> 00:22:45,312
goods and mail to pass through
his people's land.

313
00:22:46,896 --> 00:22:50,563
But when Spanish gold mines were
rediscovered in the Southwest,

314
00:22:50,688 --> 00:22:53,813
American prospectors
came to stay.

315
00:22:53,896 --> 00:22:58,187
MOSES:
The miners that descend
on Arizona

316
00:22:58,271 --> 00:23:02,438
are mostly a lawless bunch
of people.

317
00:23:02,521 --> 00:23:04,438
R. DAVID EDMUNDS:
Mining camps are
full of young men

318
00:23:04,521 --> 00:23:07,688
who are almost completely beyond
any social bounds.

319
00:23:07,813 --> 00:23:10,813
They are one of the worst places
in the American West.

320
00:23:10,938 --> 00:23:13,938
They are absolutely
full of racism.

321
00:23:14,062 --> 00:23:17,813
Miners are disastrous for most
Native American people.

322
00:23:22,688 --> 00:23:24,813
NARRATOR:
Some miners were barbarous,

323
00:23:24,938 --> 00:23:27,688
poisoning the Apaches' food
with strychnine,

324
00:23:27,813 --> 00:23:30,438
cutting fetuses out of the
bellies of pregnant women,

325
00:23:30,563 --> 00:23:33,813
selling Apache girls
into slavery.

326
00:23:38,062 --> 00:23:41,187
When Americans decapitated
a venerated Apache chief

327
00:23:41,271 --> 00:23:44,688
and sent his boiled skull back
east as a gruesome trophy,

328
00:23:44,813 --> 00:23:46,938
they pushed Cochise too far.

329
00:23:50,187 --> 00:23:52,813
He believed in punishing someone
that was wrong,

330
00:23:52,938 --> 00:23:58,312
and in punishing people that
were responsible for,

331
00:23:58,438 --> 00:24:01,646
you know, his people dying
or getting hurt.

332
00:24:03,187 --> 00:24:06,938
He wasn't going to let anybody
take advantage of him

333
00:24:07,062 --> 00:24:08,396
or his people.

334
00:24:13,021 --> 00:24:16,312
NARRATOR:
Cochise urged Geronimo and
the Chiricahuas to take revenge.

335
00:24:20,813 --> 00:24:22,813
"All of the Indians agreed
not to be friendly

336
00:24:22,938 --> 00:24:26,312
with the white man anymore,"
Geronimo later said.

337
00:24:26,396 --> 00:24:28,062
"Sometimes we attacked
the white men,

338
00:24:28,187 --> 00:24:30,938
sometimes they attacked us."

339
00:24:31,062 --> 00:24:32,312
(gunshot, horse whinnying)

340
00:24:32,438 --> 00:24:35,688
The Chiricahuas ambushed
stagecoaches and wagon trains,

341
00:24:35,771 --> 00:24:40,938
mutilating their victims,
smashing heads with rocks,

342
00:24:41,062 --> 00:24:43,563
stabbing corpses
with their spears,

343
00:24:43,688 --> 00:24:47,021
dangling bodies over fires.

344
00:24:50,771 --> 00:24:55,146
ENJADY:
What happened back then happened
because they were humans.

345
00:24:57,563 --> 00:25:00,062
It was done to them...

346
00:25:06,813 --> 00:25:08,521
so they did it back.

347
00:25:11,438 --> 00:25:13,312
But better.

348
00:25:19,771 --> 00:25:25,688
NARRATOR:
In his 40s now, Geronimo's face
showed the ravages of war.

349
00:25:25,813 --> 00:25:28,813
ROBERTS:
The scars from bullets
across his cheek...

350
00:25:28,896 --> 00:25:32,688
one journalist spoke of how

351
00:25:32,771 --> 00:25:35,062
one of those injuries had caused
him to seem to have

352
00:25:35,146 --> 00:25:37,187
a perpetual sneer,

353
00:25:37,271 --> 00:25:40,271
a sneer of hatred,
a sneer of contempt.

354
00:25:41,938 --> 00:25:45,813
KEITH BASSO:
The man had a very
impressive face,

355
00:25:45,938 --> 00:25:50,312
extremely handsome in his way.

356
00:25:50,438 --> 00:25:53,312
In Apache, one would say hashke.

357
00:25:53,396 --> 00:25:59,688
There is a measure of meanness
and anger in the face.

358
00:26:09,062 --> 00:26:11,563
(birds chirping)

359
00:26:13,688 --> 00:26:17,938
NARRATOR:
Through the 1860s, as the war
with the Apaches raged,

360
00:26:18,062 --> 00:26:19,688
the growing population
of white settlers

361
00:26:19,813 --> 00:26:21,187
became increasingly angry

362
00:26:21,312 --> 00:26:23,271
that the government was not
protecting them.

363
00:26:25,646 --> 00:26:27,688
In the frontier town of Tucson,

364
00:26:27,813 --> 00:26:30,187
to the east of Chiricahua
territory,

365
00:26:30,312 --> 00:26:33,438
newspapers called
for retribution.

366
00:26:33,563 --> 00:26:35,187
While "utter extermination"

367
00:26:35,271 --> 00:26:36,813
might not be considered
practical,

368
00:26:36,938 --> 00:26:40,062
one columnist wrote,
"sound whippings" of Apaches

369
00:26:40,187 --> 00:26:42,062
should be encouraged.

370
00:26:44,062 --> 00:26:47,563
"We must stand by our race, for
blood is thicker than water,"

371
00:26:47,646 --> 00:26:49,563
declared another.

372
00:26:49,688 --> 00:26:54,312
"Let slip the dogs of war in
good earnest upon all Indians."

373
00:26:57,938 --> 00:27:01,438
News of the escalating violence
shook Washington.

374
00:27:01,563 --> 00:27:05,062
To bring order to the Southwest,
President Ulysses S. Grant

375
00:27:05,187 --> 00:27:08,187
sent his most respected Indian
fighter to Arizona.

376
00:27:10,438 --> 00:27:12,187
A veteran of the Civil War,

377
00:27:12,271 --> 00:27:17,187
General George Crook had been
fighting Indians ever since.

378
00:27:17,271 --> 00:27:20,688
Though he would prove ruthless
in his pursuit of the Apaches,

379
00:27:20,813 --> 00:27:24,312
Crook had an unusual empathy
for Indians.

380
00:27:24,396 --> 00:27:27,312
DARROW:
General Crook, from the
perspective of our own tribe,

381
00:27:27,438 --> 00:27:30,312
was one of the generals
who tried hardest

382
00:27:30,396 --> 00:27:34,813
to understand things from
an Apache's perspective.

383
00:27:34,938 --> 00:27:37,813
And it was something
that our people at that time

384
00:27:37,938 --> 00:27:39,271
greatly appreciated,

385
00:27:39,312 --> 00:27:41,938
that there was somebody who
would actually talk with them.

386
00:27:42,021 --> 00:27:45,563
BASSO:
Crook was forever talking about
how intelligent Apaches were.

387
00:27:45,688 --> 00:27:47,438
He was a firm believer

388
00:27:47,521 --> 00:27:51,938
that with proper forms
of formal education,

389
00:27:52,062 --> 00:27:56,938
Apache people could quickly
become "civilized"

390
00:27:57,021 --> 00:28:00,563
and become upstanding members
of society.

391
00:28:02,438 --> 00:28:04,187
NARRATOR:
Crook was charged
with implementing

392
00:28:04,312 --> 00:28:07,312
a new federal Indian policy.

393
00:28:07,396 --> 00:28:09,938
Instead of treating Native
tribes as sovereign nations,

394
00:28:10,021 --> 00:28:12,688
as the U.S. had been doing
for more than a century,

395
00:28:12,813 --> 00:28:15,021
Indians would now be
wards of the state.

396
00:28:16,563 --> 00:28:18,438
Over the next decade,

397
00:28:18,521 --> 00:28:20,938
the American army would force
tribe after tribe

398
00:28:21,062 --> 00:28:22,688
onto reservations.

399
00:28:26,688 --> 00:28:29,187
PHILIP DELORIA:
The reservation becomes
this dominant way

400
00:28:29,312 --> 00:28:31,187
of containing Indian people.

401
00:28:34,187 --> 00:28:35,813
This place where Indian people
can be contained

402
00:28:35,938 --> 00:28:37,813
and then worked on, right,

403
00:28:37,896 --> 00:28:40,438
transformed and changed
so that they can have a future

404
00:28:40,563 --> 00:28:41,688
within American society.

405
00:28:41,813 --> 00:28:48,813
Crook's strategy was as simple
as it was difficult

406
00:28:48,896 --> 00:28:50,563
to enforce.

407
00:28:50,646 --> 00:28:57,563
His basic idea was that
if Apache people would stay

408
00:28:57,646 --> 00:29:02,563
on their reservations, he would
do everything he could

409
00:29:02,688 --> 00:29:05,688
to make their lives comfortable.

410
00:29:05,813 --> 00:29:09,438
But those who refused and
who continued raiding,

411
00:29:09,563 --> 00:29:14,062
he vowed to hunt down
to the very last man.

412
00:29:16,813 --> 00:29:20,563
NARRATOR:
Ten years earlier the Apaches
neighbors, the Navajos,

413
00:29:20,688 --> 00:29:22,438
had faced a similar choice--

414
00:29:22,563 --> 00:29:26,438
comply with the American demands
or fight.

415
00:29:26,563 --> 00:29:28,062
The Navajos chose war.

416
00:29:29,563 --> 00:29:32,062
After a brutal
military campaign,

417
00:29:32,187 --> 00:29:36,563
the American army forced them
into submission.

418
00:29:36,646 --> 00:29:38,813
Survivors were marched off their
ancestral land

419
00:29:38,938 --> 00:29:40,688
to a distant reservation.

420
00:29:40,813 --> 00:29:45,938
Along the way hundreds died
of starvation and disease.

421
00:29:46,021 --> 00:29:48,563
Apaches knew this history well.

422
00:29:48,688 --> 00:29:51,438
HARJO:
The Navajo people
and Apache people

423
00:29:51,563 --> 00:29:54,813
knew one another,
they shared information.

424
00:29:54,938 --> 00:29:58,813
There was a whole network
of information exchange

425
00:29:58,938 --> 00:30:00,938
between the tribes in the area.

426
00:30:04,271 --> 00:30:07,563
NARRATOR:
Many Apaches reluctantly agreed
to settle on reservations.

427
00:30:10,938 --> 00:30:14,688
Crook played Apaches
against each other.

428
00:30:14,813 --> 00:30:16,688
He offered them incentives
to become scouts

429
00:30:16,813 --> 00:30:18,563
for the U.S. Army

430
00:30:18,688 --> 00:30:22,813
and lead the hunt for Apaches
who refused to give in.

431
00:30:22,938 --> 00:30:26,813
(speaking Apache language)

432
00:31:18,312 --> 00:31:19,563
NARRATOR:
For several years,

433
00:31:19,646 --> 00:31:23,312
as one by one Apache chiefs
agreed to reservation life,

434
00:31:23,396 --> 00:31:26,271
Cochise and the Chiricahuas
continued to fight.

435
00:31:29,396 --> 00:31:32,187
But the time came when the great
Chiricahua leader realized

436
00:31:32,312 --> 00:31:34,521
his people could not
resist forever.

437
00:31:38,438 --> 00:31:41,062
ROBERTS:
Cochise recognized
that the Anglo-Americans

438
00:31:41,187 --> 00:31:45,271
were a more formidable foe
than the Mexicans.

439
00:31:47,062 --> 00:31:49,312
They had better technology,

440
00:31:49,438 --> 00:31:52,938
their army was far more
efficient

441
00:31:53,021 --> 00:31:57,062
and he sensed that there was
too many of them;

442
00:31:57,187 --> 00:31:59,813
there were so many people
compared to his people.

443
00:32:09,438 --> 00:32:12,938
NARRATOR:
After a decade of war, Cochise
agreed to halt the killing

444
00:32:13,062 --> 00:32:15,938
and to end Apache raids north
of the Mexican border.

445
00:32:19,187 --> 00:32:21,813
In return, the Americans would
create a reservation

446
00:32:21,938 --> 00:32:24,438
for the Chiricahua on their
ancestral homeland,

447
00:32:24,521 --> 00:32:28,438
a pristine wilderness of
mountains, canyons, streams

448
00:32:28,521 --> 00:32:30,187
and open fields.

449
00:32:30,312 --> 00:32:34,187
Prime land in the eyes
of the settlers.

450
00:32:34,312 --> 00:32:35,563
DARROW:
The United States told them,

451
00:32:35,688 --> 00:32:41,187
"Well, all you have to do is
just stay in this one spot."

452
00:32:41,312 --> 00:32:43,187
That was the arrangement
they had made

453
00:32:43,312 --> 00:32:45,771
in order to stay
on their own land.

454
00:32:49,438 --> 00:32:52,187
NARRATOR:
With minimal interference
from the U.S.,

455
00:32:52,271 --> 00:32:55,312
the Chiricahuas lived much as
they had for generations,

456
00:32:55,438 --> 00:32:59,312
raiding into Mexico whenever
they needed horses and supplies.

457
00:33:01,688 --> 00:33:05,187
But just two years later,
Cochise died,

458
00:33:05,312 --> 00:33:09,688
and the deal he had struck with
the Americans was put at risk.

459
00:33:09,813 --> 00:33:13,312
ROBERTS:
Cochise's death was
an irreplaceable loss.

460
00:33:13,396 --> 00:33:15,187
No one would ever take
his place,

461
00:33:15,312 --> 00:33:19,187
no one would ever unite the
various bands of Chiricahua

462
00:33:19,271 --> 00:33:21,438
the way Cochise succeeded
in doing.

463
00:33:21,563 --> 00:33:24,938
The death of Cochise brought out

464
00:33:25,021 --> 00:33:28,187
what the Americans thought
was an opportunity

465
00:33:28,312 --> 00:33:33,312
to open up that area of land
for mining and settlement,

466
00:33:33,438 --> 00:33:36,688
and that without leaders
such as Cochise,

467
00:33:36,771 --> 00:33:40,813
they would be much easier
to eventually conquer.

468
00:33:40,938 --> 00:33:42,688
NARRATOR:
With Cochise gone,

469
00:33:42,813 --> 00:33:45,813
the federal government decided
to move the Chiricahua

470
00:33:45,896 --> 00:33:49,563
150 miles north to
a mosquito-ridden reservation

471
00:33:49,688 --> 00:33:51,688
called San Carlos.

472
00:33:51,771 --> 00:33:54,563
This would open the valuable
Chiricahua land

473
00:33:54,688 --> 00:33:57,688
for American settlement
and appease the Mexicans,

474
00:33:57,813 --> 00:34:00,563
who were fed up
with Apache raiding.

475
00:34:00,646 --> 00:34:05,187
A young reservation agent
named John Clum

476
00:34:05,312 --> 00:34:08,146
was sent from San Carlos
to deliver the news.

477
00:34:10,479 --> 00:34:13,354
Reluctantly, the Chiricahuas
agreed to move.

478
00:34:16,396 --> 00:34:19,021
Clum's final meeting was with
Geronimo's brother-in-law,

479
00:34:19,104 --> 00:34:20,771
Chief Juh.

480
00:34:20,896 --> 00:34:25,396
Juh stuttered, so Geronimo
spoke for him.

481
00:34:25,521 --> 00:34:28,771
"We will move to San Carlos,"
Geronimo told Clum.

482
00:34:28,896 --> 00:34:30,521
"Just give us a little time."

483
00:34:35,271 --> 00:34:37,646
That night, after strangling
their own dogs

484
00:34:37,771 --> 00:34:39,896
so the barking would not
give them away,

485
00:34:39,979 --> 00:34:43,896
Geronimo, Juh and some 700
Chiricahuas slipped away.

486
00:34:51,229 --> 00:34:52,729
Clum was furious.

487
00:34:55,646 --> 00:34:57,896
Blaming Geronimo, not Juh,

488
00:34:58,021 --> 00:35:00,021
he became obsessed with
capturing the Indian

489
00:35:00,146 --> 00:35:02,646
he believed responsible
for the double cross.

490
00:35:08,146 --> 00:35:14,146
On April 21, 1877, Geronimo rode
into Clum's carefully laid trap.

491
00:35:17,646 --> 00:35:20,521
As he arrived at Ojo Caliente,
New Mexico,

492
00:35:20,646 --> 00:35:21,896
to trade some horses,

493
00:35:22,021 --> 00:35:26,646
dozens of Apache scouts--
including Cochise's son Naiche--

494
00:35:26,771 --> 00:35:28,896
surrounded him.

495
00:35:33,146 --> 00:35:36,271
They carted him back
to San Carlos in chains.

496
00:35:39,271 --> 00:35:40,646
ROBERTS:
He thought he was going to die.

497
00:35:40,730 --> 00:35:42,980
He thought he would be executed.

498
00:35:44,646 --> 00:35:49,771
MOSES:
He understands that
he may not die in battle,

499
00:35:49,855 --> 00:35:53,771
something that his power tells
him, "This will never happen."

500
00:35:56,521 --> 00:35:59,771
But it didn't say much
about him dying

501
00:35:59,896 --> 00:36:02,646
at the end of a hangman's rope.

502
00:36:13,771 --> 00:36:17,896
NARRATOR:
Clum threw Geronimo into
the San Carlos guardhouse,

503
00:36:17,980 --> 00:36:22,396
confident that he would
soon be hanged.

504
00:36:22,521 --> 00:36:25,604
But Clum was unexpectedly
relieved of his command.

505
00:36:27,271 --> 00:36:28,896
The new reservation agent
saw no need

506
00:36:29,021 --> 00:36:32,021
to keep Geronimo locked up.

507
00:36:32,146 --> 00:36:35,646
After four months, he was
released from the guardhouse.

508
00:36:35,771 --> 00:36:37,646
But he was hardly free.

509
00:36:40,146 --> 00:36:44,646
Soldiers treated him like any
Apache on the reservation.

510
00:36:44,771 --> 00:36:48,271
They took away his gun, made him
wear an identification tag,

511
00:36:48,396 --> 00:36:50,021
forced him to attend
a daily head count

512
00:36:50,146 --> 00:36:52,896
and demanded he obtain an
official pass to go anywhere,

513
00:36:52,980 --> 00:36:54,521
even to hunt for food.

514
00:36:56,855 --> 00:36:59,521
They ordered him to plant
vegetables and dig ditches.

515
00:37:01,146 --> 00:37:04,271
DARROW:
It was too hot and too rocky
and too thorny.

516
00:37:04,396 --> 00:37:05,271
If there was any good land,

517
00:37:05,396 --> 00:37:07,521
it probably belonged
to somebody else.

518
00:37:08,771 --> 00:37:10,271
YAZZA:
There was nothing there.

519
00:37:12,229 --> 00:37:15,896
They didn't like it at all.

520
00:37:16,021 --> 00:37:18,021
(bird caws)

521
00:37:18,146 --> 00:37:22,646
Not even the dogs like it there.

522
00:37:25,229 --> 00:37:29,521
HARJO:
To top it off, they were
expected to become farmers.

523
00:37:29,646 --> 00:37:33,146
Not only are we not farmers,
but there's nothing to farm.

524
00:37:35,021 --> 00:37:36,146
NARRATOR:
For four years,

525
00:37:36,271 --> 00:37:39,021
Geronimo struggled with life
on the reservation.

526
00:37:44,396 --> 00:37:46,771
Then, in the summer of 1881,

527
00:37:46,855 --> 00:37:48,396
he was drawn to
the startling message

528
00:37:48,479 --> 00:37:51,855
of a charismatic Apache medicine
man called the Dreamer.

529
00:37:54,521 --> 00:37:57,771
A former military scout well
versed in American ways,

530
00:37:57,896 --> 00:38:01,229
he urged a return to traditional
Apache life.

531
00:38:03,271 --> 00:38:06,771
Apaches came from miles around
to attend his ceremony.

532
00:38:09,896 --> 00:38:12,521
The Dreamer marked east, south,
west and north

533
00:38:12,604 --> 00:38:14,521
with sacred cattail pollen.

534
00:38:20,104 --> 00:38:23,396
People circled around him
as he preached.

535
00:38:25,354 --> 00:38:28,521
Apaches should not take revenge
against the white man,

536
00:38:28,646 --> 00:38:30,271
the Dreamer said.

537
00:38:30,396 --> 00:38:32,021
Ussen would see that
the Americans suffered

538
00:38:32,146 --> 00:38:35,521
for their sins in the afterlife.

539
00:38:35,646 --> 00:38:37,646
It was a plea for
unity and peace

540
00:38:37,771 --> 00:38:40,521
for a people who had seen
little of either.

541
00:38:42,521 --> 00:38:44,896
(speaking Apache language)

542
00:39:04,980 --> 00:39:07,021
NARRATOR:
Reservation officials feared
that the medicine man

543
00:39:07,146 --> 00:39:11,896
might incite a revolt and sent
85 soldiers and 23 Apache scouts

544
00:39:12,021 --> 00:39:14,396
to arrest or kill him.

545
00:39:14,521 --> 00:39:16,521
When the soldiers seized
the Dreamer,

546
00:39:16,646 --> 00:39:19,021
a group of angry Apaches
surrounded them.

547
00:39:19,146 --> 00:39:21,271
Suddenly a firefight erupted.

548
00:39:21,396 --> 00:39:23,396
(gunshot)

549
00:39:23,521 --> 00:39:26,896
Within moments the Dreamer
had been wounded.

550
00:39:28,771 --> 00:39:31,646
Enraged by an attack
on a peaceful medicine man,

551
00:39:31,771 --> 00:39:34,146
Apache scouts turned their guns
on the soldiers.

552
00:39:34,271 --> 00:39:35,479
(gunshot)

553
00:39:38,146 --> 00:39:42,896
When the shooting was over,
seven cavalrymen, 17 Apaches

554
00:39:43,021 --> 00:39:46,021
and the Dreamer were dead.

555
00:39:49,021 --> 00:39:52,604
(speaking Apache language)

556
00:40:00,855 --> 00:40:03,396
NARRATOR:
The Americans limped back
to their fort.

557
00:40:03,479 --> 00:40:07,271
The scouts who had mutinied were
arrested and several hanged.

558
00:40:08,980 --> 00:40:12,146
News of the battle shot
across the country.

559
00:40:12,271 --> 00:40:14,646
The New York Times  claimed
that Apaches in Arizona

560
00:40:14,730 --> 00:40:18,354
had carried out a massacre as
horrible as Custer's last stand.

561
00:40:20,229 --> 00:40:23,396
Anxious officials called for
reinforcements from New Mexico

562
00:40:23,521 --> 00:40:25,146
and California.

563
00:40:25,229 --> 00:40:28,104
Soon San Carlos was swarming
with U.S. soldiers.

564
00:40:29,604 --> 00:40:33,021
No one felt more endangered
than Geronimo.

565
00:40:33,146 --> 00:40:37,771
It didn't make sense to stay
in an area

566
00:40:37,855 --> 00:40:40,896
with a large group of soldiers

567
00:40:41,021 --> 00:40:43,771
who you knew had a history
of them trying to kill you.

568
00:40:46,980 --> 00:40:49,271
NARRATOR:
On September 30, 1881,

569
00:40:49,396 --> 00:40:52,896
accompanied by Juh
and 72 Chiricahuas,

570
00:40:52,980 --> 00:40:56,521
Geronimo escaped from San Carlos
and headed south.

571
00:41:03,396 --> 00:41:04,896
It was the beginning
of five years

572
00:41:05,021 --> 00:41:07,146
of bloody Chiricahua resistance,

573
00:41:07,271 --> 00:41:11,271
the last Indian war ever fought
on United States soil

574
00:41:11,354 --> 00:41:15,146
and the transformation
of Geronimo into a legend.

575
00:41:26,146 --> 00:41:30,396
Geronimo raced towards
the relative safety of Mexico.

576
00:41:30,521 --> 00:41:34,271
When he passed near
the frontier town of Tombstone,

577
00:41:34,396 --> 00:41:37,730
terrified businessmen
demanded protection.

578
00:41:39,521 --> 00:41:42,021
The town's newly elected mayor
was John Clum,

579
00:41:42,146 --> 00:41:44,896
the former San Carlos
reservation agent.

580
00:41:44,980 --> 00:41:48,271
He relished the opportunity of
a second chance at his nemesis.

581
00:41:50,229 --> 00:41:51,521
He rounded up a posse,

582
00:41:51,646 --> 00:41:54,771
including a former sheriff made
famous by a recent gun fight

583
00:41:54,855 --> 00:41:57,646
in Tombstone, Wyatt Earp.

584
00:41:57,730 --> 00:42:00,646
"If we get Geronimo this time,"
Clum declared,

585
00:42:00,771 --> 00:42:04,396
"we'll send him back to the army
nailed up in a long, narrow box

586
00:42:04,521 --> 00:42:07,021
with a paper lily on his chest."

587
00:42:09,771 --> 00:42:12,521
For two days the posse
pursued Geronimo,

588
00:42:12,646 --> 00:42:15,021
but never even caught
a glimpse of him.

589
00:42:16,604 --> 00:42:21,271
Geronimo headed for the one
place Chiricahuas felt safe,

590
00:42:21,396 --> 00:42:24,271
a part of Apache territory
high in the Sierra Madre

591
00:42:24,396 --> 00:42:28,021
that no outsiders
had ever penetrated.

592
00:42:28,146 --> 00:42:32,021
The Americans called it
the Apache Stronghold,

593
00:42:32,146 --> 00:42:34,021
but it was much more than that.

594
00:42:37,396 --> 00:42:39,271
HARJO:
What you're really talking about

595
00:42:39,354 --> 00:42:44,771
is a whole territory
of land or place

596
00:42:44,855 --> 00:42:46,771
that a group of people
called home,

597
00:42:46,896 --> 00:42:49,980
you know, stretched for hundreds
and hundreds of miles.

598
00:42:52,354 --> 00:42:55,646
NARRATOR:
There, Geronimo joined the
greatest Apache force assembled

599
00:42:55,771 --> 00:42:59,396
since the days of Cochise.

600
00:42:59,521 --> 00:43:02,771
They were the only Indians in
the entire nation still fighting

601
00:43:02,896 --> 00:43:06,021
the American army.

602
00:43:06,104 --> 00:43:07,396
In the past two decades,

603
00:43:07,521 --> 00:43:10,396
one tribe after the next
had been defeated.

604
00:43:10,521 --> 00:43:12,646
The Kiowa...

605
00:43:12,730 --> 00:43:14,646
the Comanche...

606
00:43:14,771 --> 00:43:18,146
the Cheyenne had been forced
onto reservations.

607
00:43:18,271 --> 00:43:21,521
The Lakota had surrendered.

608
00:43:21,604 --> 00:43:25,146
Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce
had agreed to terms.

609
00:43:26,980 --> 00:43:30,271
Only the Chiricahuas
were still free.

610
00:43:30,396 --> 00:43:32,521
They celebrated with a dance.

611
00:43:35,646 --> 00:43:39,271
(man chanting)

612
00:43:39,354 --> 00:43:41,896
ENJADY:
Everything that an Apache does

613
00:43:42,021 --> 00:43:46,396
is sacred.

614
00:43:46,521 --> 00:43:49,271
Even the dancing.

615
00:43:49,354 --> 00:43:52,855
(chanting, drums beating)

616
00:44:08,896 --> 00:44:10,396
(man yells)

617
00:44:31,771 --> 00:44:35,146
ROBERTS:
They feel a power
and invincibility.

618
00:44:35,271 --> 00:44:36,896
They say, "Well, maybe
we have to give up

619
00:44:37,021 --> 00:44:38,396
"Arizona and New Mexico.

620
00:44:38,479 --> 00:44:42,521
"Maybe we can't live anymore
north of the border,

621
00:44:42,646 --> 00:44:45,146
but we can live forever here."

622
00:44:52,521 --> 00:44:55,771
NARRATOR:
For several months, Geronimo and
the Chiricahuas enjoyed a return

623
00:44:55,896 --> 00:44:58,896
to their traditional life.

624
00:44:58,980 --> 00:45:01,771
The men hunted and raided;

625
00:45:01,896 --> 00:45:04,396
the women gathered mescal,
dried beef

626
00:45:04,521 --> 00:45:06,980
and made clothes
from plundered Mexican cloth.

627
00:45:08,521 --> 00:45:11,646
But Geronimo couldn't
stop worrying.

628
00:45:11,771 --> 00:45:14,021
He knew that it was becoming
increasingly risky

629
00:45:14,104 --> 00:45:16,021
to raid local villages

630
00:45:16,104 --> 00:45:20,396
and Mexican troops were
gathering in the mountains.

631
00:45:20,521 --> 00:45:21,646
And he understood

632
00:45:21,730 --> 00:45:23,771
that as long as they lived
off the reservation,

633
00:45:23,855 --> 00:45:26,896
the American army would
be after them too.

634
00:45:29,980 --> 00:45:32,021
They needed more people.

635
00:45:32,146 --> 00:45:34,271
To get them, Geronimo posed
an audacious

636
00:45:34,396 --> 00:45:37,021
and controversial plan.

637
00:45:37,146 --> 00:45:38,396
In a heated debate,

638
00:45:38,479 --> 00:45:41,021
he argued they should return
to San Carlos,

639
00:45:41,146 --> 00:45:45,646
abduct their own people-- 400
Chiricahuas under Chief Loco-

640
00:45:45,771 --> 00:45:48,146
and force them to join
the resistance.

641
00:45:50,479 --> 00:45:52,396
ROBERTS:
Geronimo was
a brilliant manipulator.

642
00:45:52,521 --> 00:45:54,896
He was able to talk people
into things

643
00:45:55,021 --> 00:45:58,271
that their better judgment told
them would not work.

644
00:45:58,396 --> 00:46:00,396
Geronimo was said to be
a good talker.

645
00:46:00,521 --> 00:46:04,646
That seems to be one of his
primary characteristics.

646
00:46:04,730 --> 00:46:08,271
SILAS COCHISE:
Geronimo was a person
that came to some conclusion

647
00:46:08,354 --> 00:46:11,896
and he wanted to do something
about it right then,

648
00:46:12,021 --> 00:46:14,521
no matter what
the situation was,

649
00:46:14,604 --> 00:46:16,396
no matter what the cost was.

650
00:46:18,021 --> 00:46:20,896
NARRATOR:
At dawn on April 19, 1882,

651
00:46:20,980 --> 00:46:23,646
Geronimo and a group
of armed Chiricahuas

652
00:46:23,771 --> 00:46:26,646
slipped onto San Carlos
reservation.

653
00:46:26,771 --> 00:46:29,146
They confronted Loco
with guns drawn.

654
00:46:30,771 --> 00:46:33,646
"Take them all,"
one of Geronimo's men shouted.

655
00:46:33,730 --> 00:46:36,396
"Shoot down anyone who refuses
to come with us!"

656
00:46:38,521 --> 00:46:40,646
SILAS COCHISE:
Loco didn't want to leave.

657
00:46:40,771 --> 00:46:44,271
He wanted to settle down.

658
00:46:44,354 --> 00:46:50,271
A lot of these small group
leaders wanted to settle down.

659
00:46:50,396 --> 00:46:52,271
ANITA LESTER:
It seems like all
the other leaders

660
00:46:52,396 --> 00:46:57,104
were trying to make peace
for their women and children.

661
00:47:02,229 --> 00:47:04,271
NARRATOR:
Loco and his band were forced

662
00:47:04,396 --> 00:47:07,146
on a harrowing trip
to the Stronghold.

663
00:47:11,146 --> 00:47:13,896
Within sight
of the Sierra Madre,

664
00:47:14,021 --> 00:47:16,021
they rode
into a Mexican ambush.

665
00:47:20,479 --> 00:47:22,646
Geronimo's hostages
were unarmed

666
00:47:22,771 --> 00:47:25,271
and whole families were
slaughtered on the spot.

667
00:47:25,354 --> 00:47:29,896
78 Apaches, mostly women
and children, were killed.

668
00:47:31,104 --> 00:47:33,771
Many of the survivors blamed
Geronimo.

669
00:47:36,396 --> 00:47:40,146
"We were filled with gloom and
despair," one of them recalled.

670
00:47:40,271 --> 00:47:43,646
"What had we done to be treated
so cruelly by our own race?"

671
00:47:47,271 --> 00:47:49,021
MOSES:
Geronimo's unwillingness
to consider

672
00:47:49,104 --> 00:47:51,396
the wishes of Loco
and his people

673
00:47:51,521 --> 00:47:55,021
points to a certain selfishness
on his part.

674
00:47:55,104 --> 00:47:57,146
ROBERTS:
Cochise would not have done
the same thing.

675
00:47:57,271 --> 00:47:59,021
Cochise respected the idea

676
00:47:59,146 --> 00:48:02,021
that Loco could have chosen
for himself.

677
00:48:04,646 --> 00:48:07,021
NARRATOR:
Geronimo saw it differently.

678
00:48:07,104 --> 00:48:09,896
He had added more people
to the Chiricahua band,

679
00:48:10,021 --> 00:48:13,271
the last living free
off the reservation.

680
00:48:13,396 --> 00:48:17,271
If he had any regrets,
he never spoke of them.

681
00:48:21,896 --> 00:48:27,146
WOMAN:
Coyote threw a stone into water.

682
00:48:27,229 --> 00:48:32,521
He said, "If this sinks,
all that live will die."

683
00:48:34,479 --> 00:48:40,021
Coyote knew all along
that the stone would sink,

684
00:48:40,146 --> 00:48:42,771
for he is the trickster.

685
00:48:42,855 --> 00:48:46,896
Because of his stone,
man must die.

686
00:48:47,021 --> 00:48:50,771
All that men do,
Coyote did first.

687
00:49:00,271 --> 00:49:02,771
NARRATOR:
One spring night in 1883,

688
00:49:02,896 --> 00:49:05,271
U.S. soldiers apprehended
a young Apache man

689
00:49:05,354 --> 00:49:08,896
slipping onto the San Carlos
reservation.

690
00:49:08,980 --> 00:49:13,271
His name was Tzoe, but the
Americans called him Peaches.

691
00:49:13,354 --> 00:49:15,771
They suspected he might have
information

692
00:49:15,896 --> 00:49:18,771
that would lead them
to Geronimo.

693
00:49:18,896 --> 00:49:22,396
They put him in chains,
suspended him by his arms

694
00:49:22,479 --> 00:49:24,896
and interrogated him.

695
00:49:25,021 --> 00:49:29,021
Finally he broke down and told
a remarkable story.

696
00:49:30,271 --> 00:49:32,021
Although he wasn't Chiricahua,

697
00:49:32,146 --> 00:49:35,896
he said he had been taken
by Geronimo with Loco's band.

698
00:49:36,021 --> 00:49:37,771
When the group was ambushed
by Mexicans,

699
00:49:37,896 --> 00:49:41,146
he lost both his wives.

700
00:49:41,229 --> 00:49:43,771
For a year, Peaches lived
in the Stronghold,

701
00:49:43,896 --> 00:49:47,396
but he missed his family.

702
00:49:47,521 --> 00:49:49,896
Peaches, we must remember,
is not a Chiricahua.

703
00:49:51,521 --> 00:49:55,271
He is kept under surveillance
in the Stronghold,

704
00:49:55,396 --> 00:49:59,396
because people already think
he might be a turncoat.

705
00:49:59,479 --> 00:50:03,855
JENNIE HENRY:

706
00:50:16,521 --> 00:50:20,771
NARRATOR:
Life in the Stronghold,
Peaches said, was hard.

707
00:50:20,855 --> 00:50:25,646
The Chiricahuas moved every
few days and were low on food.

708
00:50:25,771 --> 00:50:28,396
Yearning to see his mother
at San Carlos,

709
00:50:28,521 --> 00:50:30,396
Peaches slipped away one night

710
00:50:30,521 --> 00:50:32,021
and walked backed
to the reservation.

711
00:50:34,980 --> 00:50:37,146
It was the break Crook needed.

712
00:50:37,229 --> 00:50:38,896
Peaches knew where
the Stronghold was

713
00:50:39,021 --> 00:50:40,771
and how to get there.

714
00:50:40,896 --> 00:50:43,896
He could lead the U.S.
Army to Geronimo.

715
00:50:44,021 --> 00:50:47,771
(thunder)

716
00:50:47,855 --> 00:50:51,771
Six weeks later, Geronimo
was in Chihuahua, Mexico,

717
00:50:51,855 --> 00:50:54,271
when he had a premonition.

718
00:50:54,396 --> 00:50:56,271
"Our base camp,"
he told the other men,

719
00:50:56,396 --> 00:50:58,521
"has been invaded
by U.S. troops."

720
00:51:02,646 --> 00:51:03,771
They raced back to find

721
00:51:03,896 --> 00:51:05,646
that Crook had occupied
their camp

722
00:51:05,771 --> 00:51:09,396
with several hundred soldiers
and Apache scouts.

723
00:51:09,521 --> 00:51:12,271
The Stronghold had been
breached.

724
00:51:12,354 --> 00:51:18,146
Now there was nowhere
for the Chiricahuas to hide.

725
00:51:18,271 --> 00:51:21,521
It dealt an absolutely
shattering psychological blow

726
00:51:21,604 --> 00:51:24,396
to Geronimo and the other
Chiricahua.

727
00:51:24,479 --> 00:51:27,771
They believed, "We are always
safe here in the Stronghold.

728
00:51:27,896 --> 00:51:31,021
"We can always, even if we can
never live in...

729
00:51:31,146 --> 00:51:33,354
north of the border, we can
always come here and flourish."

730
00:51:37,479 --> 00:51:39,896
NARRATOR:
Reluctantly, Geronimo
and the band agreed

731
00:51:40,021 --> 00:51:42,396
to return to the reservation.

732
00:51:49,521 --> 00:51:55,521
For almost two years, it seemed
as if peace had come to Arizona.

733
00:51:55,646 --> 00:51:57,521
Intent on keeping
the Chiricahuas

734
00:51:57,646 --> 00:51:59,271
on the reservation for good,

735
00:51:59,354 --> 00:52:01,271
General Crook allowed them
to decide

736
00:52:01,396 --> 00:52:04,021
where they wanted to live.

737
00:52:05,980 --> 00:52:08,521
They chose the fertile banks
of Turkey Creek,

738
00:52:08,646 --> 00:52:10,771
a spot resembling the cool
mountain pastures

739
00:52:10,896 --> 00:52:14,646
of their traditional home.

740
00:52:14,771 --> 00:52:19,771
For the first time in years,
most Chiricahuas felt settled.

741
00:52:19,855 --> 00:52:21,271
Not Geronimo.

742
00:52:23,730 --> 00:52:26,896
He tried his hand
at farming, but didn't like it,

743
00:52:26,980 --> 00:52:28,646
and he bridled
at being bossed around

744
00:52:28,730 --> 00:52:31,646
by young, white officials.

745
00:52:31,771 --> 00:52:33,521
Finally, he'd had enough.

746
00:52:40,396 --> 00:52:45,146
On May 17, 1885, Geronimo
and nearly 150 people

747
00:52:45,271 --> 00:52:46,896
fled Turkey Creek,

748
00:52:47,021 --> 00:52:50,271
leaving the majority of
Chiricahuas on the reservation.

749
00:52:50,396 --> 00:52:54,104
U.S. troops followed
close behind.

750
00:52:56,646 --> 00:52:59,146
SIMMONS:
"We were running all the time,"
my grandpa said.

751
00:52:59,229 --> 00:53:01,896
"Always living one part
one night,

752
00:53:02,021 --> 00:53:06,146
"moving someplace the next time.

753
00:53:06,229 --> 00:53:08,521
"The cavalry was always
chasing us somewhere.

754
00:53:08,604 --> 00:53:11,521
We were running,
always running."

755
00:53:11,646 --> 00:53:14,396
NARRATOR:
The fleeing Chiricahuas
dispersed.

756
00:53:14,521 --> 00:53:20,021
Geronimo led a small group
of men, women and children.

757
00:53:20,104 --> 00:53:23,771
Now in his 60s,
he was respected as an elder.

758
00:53:23,855 --> 00:53:25,271
Although he was not a chief,

759
00:53:25,396 --> 00:53:27,646
his band looked to him
for leadership and guidance.

760
00:53:29,271 --> 00:53:30,396
HARJO:
In times of danger,

761
00:53:30,479 --> 00:53:33,479
he was the man to be with.

762
00:53:36,271 --> 00:53:38,146
ROBERT GERONIMO:
According to my grandmother,

763
00:53:38,271 --> 00:53:41,646
they were walking miles
and miles and miles.

764
00:53:43,354 --> 00:53:44,396
SILAS COCHISE:
The men would run

765
00:53:44,521 --> 00:53:48,271
and the women would ride
the horses and follow.

766
00:53:48,396 --> 00:53:53,021
The Chiricahua people, they
could move 70 miles or 80 miles

767
00:53:53,146 --> 00:53:54,896
in one day, you know,

768
00:53:55,021 --> 00:53:56,646
where the cavalry
that was following them

769
00:53:56,771 --> 00:53:58,771
a lot of times couldn't keep up.

770
00:54:00,604 --> 00:54:03,646
HUGAR:
They were running
from the cavalry

771
00:54:03,771 --> 00:54:07,771
and they ran into these rocks.

772
00:54:07,896 --> 00:54:14,146
And they turned themselves
into rocks.

773
00:54:16,521 --> 00:54:20,146
MOSES:
Among Geronimo's powers

774
00:54:20,229 --> 00:54:25,896
was the ability to suspend
time and space.

775
00:54:25,980 --> 00:54:27,396
On one particular raid,

776
00:54:27,521 --> 00:54:31,396
he was actually able
to hold off the dawn

777
00:54:31,479 --> 00:54:33,771
for a few hours,

778
00:54:33,896 --> 00:54:37,521
and so they could approach
in darkness.

779
00:54:40,730 --> 00:54:44,271
NARRATOR:
The Chiricahuas killed anyone
who crossed their path.

780
00:54:44,354 --> 00:54:47,396
"If we were seen by a civilian,"
one Apache recalled,

781
00:54:47,479 --> 00:54:50,771
"it meant that Geronimo would be
reported to the military

782
00:54:50,855 --> 00:54:52,646
"and they would be after us,

783
00:54:52,771 --> 00:54:55,146
"so there was nothing to do
but kill.

784
00:54:55,229 --> 00:54:57,646
"It was terrible to see
little children killed,

785
00:54:57,730 --> 00:55:01,021
but the soldiers killed
our women and children too."

786
00:55:03,396 --> 00:55:06,396
Once, Geronimo feigned
friendship with a rancher,

787
00:55:06,521 --> 00:55:08,396
asking him to slaughter
some sheep

788
00:55:08,521 --> 00:55:10,646
and cook them for his men.

789
00:55:10,771 --> 00:55:12,396
After they feasted on mutton,

790
00:55:12,479 --> 00:55:14,271
Geronimo shot
and stabbed his host

791
00:55:14,354 --> 00:55:16,271
and the man's wife and children.

792
00:55:16,354 --> 00:55:19,896
He would have killed
the White Mountain Apache family

793
00:55:19,980 --> 00:55:21,146
living on the ranch,

794
00:55:21,271 --> 00:55:24,396
but members of his band
intervened, guns drawn,

795
00:55:24,479 --> 00:55:28,396
forcing Geronimo to back down.

796
00:55:28,521 --> 00:55:30,521
He was driven, and his people
were driven

797
00:55:30,646 --> 00:55:34,521
to such a sense of desperation
and futility and humiliation

798
00:55:34,646 --> 00:55:39,146
that... that striking back
in anger could take, you know,

799
00:55:39,271 --> 00:55:43,730
oftentimes really quite awfully
horrific sorts of forms.

800
00:55:45,479 --> 00:55:47,896
You don't take over a continent
in an easy way

801
00:55:47,980 --> 00:55:50,146
and you don't give up a
continent without fighting hard.

802
00:55:50,271 --> 00:55:52,521
So there is a long history
that everyone understands

803
00:55:52,646 --> 00:55:53,896
that that's what the fight
is about

804
00:55:54,021 --> 00:55:55,896
and that it's going to be bloody
and awful and violent

805
00:55:56,021 --> 00:55:58,354
and painful.

806
00:55:59,980 --> 00:56:02,646
NARRATOR:
Most settlers in the Southwest
now saw Geronimo

807
00:56:02,771 --> 00:56:05,646
as simply a vicious killer.

808
00:56:05,730 --> 00:56:10,396
Every time someone died
or got raided,

809
00:56:10,521 --> 00:56:12,521
it was always Chiricahuas.

810
00:56:12,646 --> 00:56:16,146
Even if they were far away.

811
00:56:16,271 --> 00:56:19,771
And it was because Geronimo
was about, here and there,

812
00:56:19,896 --> 00:56:22,521
bragging and saying things.

813
00:56:26,104 --> 00:56:30,521
NARRATOR:
By early 1886, the years of
hiding, raiding and running

814
00:56:30,604 --> 00:56:33,021
had taken their toll.

815
00:56:33,146 --> 00:56:35,021
Even Geronimo was tired.

816
00:56:35,146 --> 00:56:38,771
ROBERTS:
Morale is pretty low.

817
00:56:38,896 --> 00:56:40,521
There are too few of them.

818
00:56:40,646 --> 00:56:45,896
There's a sense of doom hovering
over the Chiricahua existence.

819
00:56:52,479 --> 00:56:55,896
NARRATOR:
That March, Geronimo arrived
at Cañon de los Embudos,

820
00:56:56,021 --> 00:56:59,396
south of the Mexican border,
to meet with General Crook.

821
00:57:01,896 --> 00:57:05,271
Surrounded by two dozen
armed Chiricahuas, he sat down

822
00:57:05,396 --> 00:57:07,604
to talk about terms
for surrender.

823
00:57:09,521 --> 00:57:13,646
Beads of sweat rolled down
his temples.

824
00:57:13,771 --> 00:57:17,521
"There are very few of my men
left now," Geronimo said.

825
00:57:17,646 --> 00:57:21,271
"They have done some bad things
but I want them all rubbed out,

826
00:57:21,396 --> 00:57:23,771
and let us never speak
of them again."

827
00:57:24,980 --> 00:57:27,396
Crook had orders to demand
unconditional surrender

828
00:57:27,521 --> 00:57:29,021
from the Chiricahuas,

829
00:57:29,146 --> 00:57:32,646
but he knew that Geronimo would
never agree.

830
00:57:32,771 --> 00:57:35,396
After several days
of negotiating, Crook promised

831
00:57:35,479 --> 00:57:38,396
that if the Apaches spent two
years in an East Coast prison

832
00:57:38,521 --> 00:57:42,521
they could return to Arizona.

833
00:57:42,646 --> 00:57:45,021
Geronimo and the Chiricahuas
finally accepted

834
00:57:45,104 --> 00:57:47,146
Crook's terms.

835
00:57:47,271 --> 00:57:50,771
"I give myself up to you,"
Geronimo said.

836
00:57:50,896 --> 00:57:52,771
"Do with me what you please.

837
00:57:52,896 --> 00:57:55,021
"Once I moved about
like the wind.

838
00:57:55,104 --> 00:57:57,980
Now I surrender to you
and that is all."

839
00:58:05,479 --> 00:58:09,021
It wasn't all.

840
00:58:09,146 --> 00:58:11,896
Geronimo has one last change
of heart, one more vacillation,

841
00:58:12,021 --> 00:58:13,521
his always vacillating mind.

842
00:58:15,146 --> 00:58:18,021
How did he know this wasn't
another double cross?

843
00:58:20,396 --> 00:58:21,521
NARRATOR:
Two days later,

844
00:58:21,646 --> 00:58:24,146
as most of the Chiricahuas
headed north with Crook,

845
00:58:24,271 --> 00:58:28,271
Geronimo led a group of 21 men,
14 women and six children,

846
00:58:28,396 --> 00:58:32,521
mostly members of his family,
into the night.

847
00:58:43,479 --> 00:58:45,646
HAOZOUS:
When Geronimo made
that final break,

848
00:58:45,771 --> 00:58:48,271
it's hard to understand what was
going through his mind,

849
00:58:48,396 --> 00:58:49,896
because he knew.

850
00:58:49,980 --> 00:58:51,771
He knew what he was facing.

851
00:58:54,604 --> 00:58:59,146
ENJADY:
Maybe they wanted to go back
for one more last look,

852
00:58:59,271 --> 00:59:04,396
to say thank you for all that
this land has provided them.

853
00:59:05,646 --> 00:59:07,896
ROBERTS:
I don't think he had
a coherent plan

854
00:59:07,980 --> 00:59:12,271
for a survival strategy that
would last for another decade.

855
00:59:12,396 --> 00:59:14,604
He was an improviser.

856
00:59:16,271 --> 00:59:20,521
NARRATOR:
Geronimo took his band
into New Mexico.

857
00:59:20,604 --> 00:59:23,896
"We were reckless for our
lives," he later recalled.

858
00:59:24,021 --> 00:59:27,146
"For we felt every man's hand
was against us.

859
00:59:27,229 --> 00:59:29,021
"If we returned
to the reservation,

860
00:59:29,146 --> 00:59:31,271
"we would be put in prison
and killed.

861
00:59:31,396 --> 00:59:32,771
"If we stayed in Mexico,

862
00:59:32,855 --> 00:59:35,896
"they would continue to send
soldiers to fight us.

863
00:59:35,980 --> 00:59:40,271
So we gave no quarter to anyone
and asked no favors."

864
00:59:42,354 --> 00:59:44,896
Word spread across Arizona
and New Mexico

865
00:59:45,021 --> 00:59:48,146
that Geronimo was
on the loose again.

866
00:59:48,271 --> 00:59:51,271
Ranchers pleaded with the
White House for protection.

867
00:59:53,771 --> 00:59:56,396
"We are surrounded by Apaches,"
one wrote.

868
00:59:56,479 --> 00:59:58,896
"We have many small children
and women with us.

869
00:59:58,980 --> 01:00:01,980
For the sake of humanity,
send us some soldiers."

870
01:00:03,229 --> 01:00:05,521
ROBERTS:
The terror,
the psychological trauma

871
01:00:05,646 --> 01:00:09,896
that Geronimo wrought at the end
created this fantasy,

872
01:00:10,021 --> 01:00:12,646
the great American
Western fantasy:

873
01:00:12,771 --> 01:00:14,646
"I'm surrounded by Indians.

874
01:00:14,771 --> 01:00:16,730
They're going to kill us all."

875
01:00:18,896 --> 01:00:21,646
NARRATOR:
Incensed that Crook had allowed
Geronimo to escape,

876
01:00:21,771 --> 01:00:25,271
federal officials removed him
from his post.

877
01:00:25,396 --> 01:00:29,021
His replacement, General Nelson
Miles, was a hard-liner

878
01:00:29,146 --> 01:00:31,855
with little use for Crook's
Apache scouts.

879
01:00:33,646 --> 01:00:35,646
Miles requested thousands
of reinforcements

880
01:00:35,771 --> 01:00:40,646
to bring in the fleeing
Chiricahuas.

881
01:00:40,730 --> 01:00:42,396
The Chiricahua were a tricky
group of people.

882
01:00:42,521 --> 01:00:44,521
Smart, wise decisions were made.

883
01:00:44,646 --> 01:00:50,771
The U.S. military hunted for
them almost all over Arizona

884
01:00:50,896 --> 01:00:55,146
and on into Mexico,
but they were chasing spirits.

885
01:00:58,396 --> 01:01:02,271
ROBERTS:
They're being pursued
by 5,000 American troops--

886
01:01:02,396 --> 01:01:04,521
one quarter of the U.S. Army,

887
01:01:04,646 --> 01:01:09,646
3,000 Mexican troops,
possibly a thousand vigilantes.

888
01:01:09,771 --> 01:01:14,771
So you've got 9,000 hunters
against 39 fugitives

889
01:01:14,896 --> 01:01:16,896
and they never succeed
in capturing

890
01:01:17,021 --> 01:01:20,646
a single man, woman or child.

891
01:01:20,730 --> 01:01:26,646
If that isn't brilliant,
nothing is.

892
01:01:29,896 --> 01:01:31,771
NARRATOR:
Journalists flocked
to the Southwest

893
01:01:31,855 --> 01:01:35,396
and provided lurid and riveting
accounts of the fugitives.

894
01:01:35,479 --> 01:01:38,896
MOSES:
He had achieved a notoriety
that went well beyond

895
01:01:39,021 --> 01:01:41,521
the American Southwest.

896
01:01:41,646 --> 01:01:43,146
ROBERTS:
That's when he really becomes

897
01:01:43,271 --> 01:01:45,646
the most famous Indian
in the West

898
01:01:45,730 --> 01:01:47,646
and, in the phrase of the day,

899
01:01:47,730 --> 01:01:49,896
the "worst Indian
who ever lived."

900
01:01:49,980 --> 01:01:55,521
Geronimo assumes an important
symbolic status.

901
01:01:55,646 --> 01:01:59,146
His resistance is seen
as the last resistance,

902
01:01:59,271 --> 01:02:01,396
not only of Chiricahua Apache
people,

903
01:02:01,479 --> 01:02:05,396
but of Indian people
in North America.

904
01:02:08,396 --> 01:02:10,396
NARRATOR:
After three months
of fruitless searching,

905
01:02:10,521 --> 01:02:15,146
Miles was forced to turn
to the scouts he disdained.

906
01:02:15,271 --> 01:02:16,771
Within weeks,

907
01:02:16,896 --> 01:02:19,646
two Chiricahua scouts
with family ties to Geronimo

908
01:02:19,771 --> 01:02:23,521
climbed towards his remote
mountain camp.

909
01:02:23,646 --> 01:02:26,396
Geronimo wanted to kill them,

910
01:02:26,479 --> 01:02:29,771
but a member of the band
intervened.

911
01:02:29,896 --> 01:02:33,521
YAZZA:
My grandfather drew his gun
against Geronimo

912
01:02:33,604 --> 01:02:36,521
and told him not to shoot
because they're family.

913
01:02:36,646 --> 01:02:38,271
If Geronimo had his way,

914
01:02:38,396 --> 01:02:40,521
those two would have never
climbed that hill.

915
01:02:43,896 --> 01:02:45,396
NARRATOR:
"The troops are coming after you

916
01:02:45,479 --> 01:02:47,271
from all over
the United States,"

917
01:02:47,354 --> 01:02:49,021
one of the scouts said.

918
01:02:49,104 --> 01:02:51,396
"If you are awake at night and
a rock rolls down the mountain

919
01:02:51,479 --> 01:02:54,396
"or a stick breaks,
you will be running.

920
01:02:54,479 --> 01:02:56,646
"You even eat your meals
running.

921
01:02:56,730 --> 01:02:59,896
You have no friends whatsoever
in the world."

922
01:03:00,021 --> 01:03:02,896
"I live at the agency,"
he added.

923
01:03:03,021 --> 01:03:04,646
"Nobody bothers me.

924
01:03:04,730 --> 01:03:06,146
"I sleep well.

925
01:03:06,271 --> 01:03:09,021
I have my little patch of corn."

926
01:03:10,271 --> 01:03:13,146
Geronimo finally agreed to meet
with an army officer

927
01:03:13,271 --> 01:03:16,271
who outlined the terms
of surrender.

928
01:03:16,396 --> 01:03:20,146
SILAS COCHISE:
In spite of the feelings
that Geronimo might have had,

929
01:03:20,271 --> 01:03:23,521
the wisdom that came
with the Chiricahuas

930
01:03:23,646 --> 01:03:28,521
was still a part of his life.

931
01:03:28,604 --> 01:03:31,396
I think in the end
the wisdom took over.

932
01:03:31,521 --> 01:03:37,646
And so he negotiated
with the cavalry, you know.

933
01:03:39,271 --> 01:03:43,021
NARRATOR:
Geronimo and his band would be
sent to a prison in Florida.

934
01:03:43,146 --> 01:03:45,021
The president himself
would determine

935
01:03:45,146 --> 01:03:47,896
when they could return home.

936
01:03:48,021 --> 01:03:50,521
As the negotiations wore on,
the Chiricahuas learned

937
01:03:50,646 --> 01:03:54,646
that the Americans had decided
to deport their entire tribe.

938
01:03:54,771 --> 01:03:56,146
Even the scouts

939
01:03:56,271 --> 01:03:58,396
and those living peacefully
at Turkey Creek

940
01:03:58,521 --> 01:04:00,896
would be sent to Florida.

941
01:04:01,021 --> 01:04:05,771
"My wife and children have been
captured," one of the men said.

942
01:04:05,896 --> 01:04:09,271
"I love them
and I want to be with them."

943
01:04:09,354 --> 01:04:12,896
The Chiricahuas began
to surrender, one by one.

944
01:04:12,980 --> 01:04:15,855
Geronimo was the last
to give in.

945
01:04:18,521 --> 01:04:20,146
Family.

946
01:04:20,271 --> 01:04:23,521
It's just... that's everything,
and that's it.

947
01:04:23,604 --> 01:04:25,771
Everything else is secondary.

948
01:04:28,646 --> 01:04:32,771
DARROW:
The whole of our history
is primarily of parents

949
01:04:32,896 --> 01:04:35,646
and the children and the cousins
and the aunts and uncles

950
01:04:35,771 --> 01:04:37,896
and grandparents
and grandchildren.

951
01:04:37,980 --> 01:04:45,396
All of that is integral
to Apache community,

952
01:04:45,521 --> 01:04:47,396
is the Apache existence.

953
01:04:48,646 --> 01:04:51,646
And the men didn't exist
in isolation.

954
01:05:11,146 --> 01:05:16,896
NARRATOR:
On September 8, 1886, Geronimo
and his band boarded a train

955
01:05:17,021 --> 01:05:19,771
bound for Florida.

956
01:05:19,896 --> 01:05:23,021
Like most of the Chiricahuas,
Geronimo had never set foot

957
01:05:23,104 --> 01:05:26,604
on a train before and had never
left the Southwest.

958
01:05:29,730 --> 01:05:33,646
HUGAR:
I had a grandfather
and a grandmother,

959
01:05:33,771 --> 01:05:40,521
along with their
children, went on this train.

960
01:05:43,271 --> 01:05:47,146
It wasn't their fault.

961
01:05:47,271 --> 01:05:49,896
SILAS COCHISE:
The Apaches that were
on that train

962
01:05:50,021 --> 01:05:52,771
felt like it was the end
of their time,

963
01:05:52,855 --> 01:05:55,021
that the non-Indian was going
to wipe them out.

964
01:05:55,146 --> 01:05:59,021
This was another trick
of the non-Indian world.

965
01:06:00,646 --> 01:06:03,646
NARRATOR:
When they finally arrived,
Geronimo's band was imprisoned

966
01:06:03,771 --> 01:06:06,271
alongside Chiricahuas
from Turkey Creek

967
01:06:06,354 --> 01:06:11,521
and the scouts who had loyally
served the U.S. Army.

968
01:06:11,646 --> 01:06:15,271
The entire Chiricahua tribe
now numbered fewer than 500,

969
01:06:15,396 --> 01:06:17,521
just one quarter of those
who had lived free

970
01:06:17,646 --> 01:06:20,146
in the days of Cochise.

971
01:06:20,271 --> 01:06:23,021
They were all paying
a terrible price

972
01:06:23,104 --> 01:06:26,646
for Geronimo's brave
but stubborn resistance.

973
01:06:26,771 --> 01:06:30,646
Families were separated,
the men taken to Fort Pickens,

974
01:06:30,771 --> 01:06:32,521
the women and children
to Fort Marion,

975
01:06:32,604 --> 01:06:35,646
more than 300 miles away.

976
01:06:35,730 --> 01:06:39,021
Almost immediately,
the prisoners began dying

977
01:06:39,104 --> 01:06:42,271
of malaria and other
tropical diseases.

978
01:06:42,354 --> 01:06:47,521
The humidity, the heat, the...
even the bugs were different,

979
01:06:47,646 --> 01:06:49,396
the mosquitoes
and everything else,

980
01:06:49,479 --> 01:06:52,271
and it's just... to them
it was miserable.

981
01:06:54,521 --> 01:06:58,146
NARRATOR:
Within three years,
119 people had died,

982
01:06:58,271 --> 01:07:01,771
including Geronimo's wife
and four-year-old daughter.

983
01:07:01,855 --> 01:07:04,271
ENJADY:
The United States almost put

984
01:07:04,354 --> 01:07:09,146
that final... dagger,
should I say,

985
01:07:09,271 --> 01:07:14,146
into the hearts of our people...

986
01:07:14,271 --> 01:07:20,896
almost carried out
that manifest destiny,

987
01:07:21,021 --> 01:07:28,271
in a land, in a place that
was worse than San Carlos.

988
01:07:29,896 --> 01:07:32,146
NARRATOR:
Government authorities took
the Chiricahua children

989
01:07:32,271 --> 01:07:35,146
to a boarding school
in Pennsylvania.

990
01:07:35,229 --> 01:07:38,396
School officials cut
the children's hair,

991
01:07:38,521 --> 01:07:40,771
forbade them to speak Apache
and tried to convert them

992
01:07:40,896 --> 01:07:42,771
to Christianity.

993
01:07:42,896 --> 01:07:45,646
DARROW:
Our people were being told,
"Well, that's all over with.

994
01:07:45,771 --> 01:07:48,021
"You can't go back.

995
01:07:48,104 --> 01:07:51,021
Don't clutter their minds
with all this old information."

996
01:07:51,104 --> 01:07:55,021
HAOZOUS:
They taught them how
to be Western,

997
01:07:55,146 --> 01:07:58,271
how to dismiss their religion,
how to dismiss their power,

998
01:07:58,396 --> 01:08:00,146
how to dismiss the power
of their elders.

999
01:08:02,646 --> 01:08:05,646
NARRATOR:
Tuberculosis spread through
the boarding school.

1000
01:08:05,730 --> 01:08:07,521
Only children dying
of the disease

1001
01:08:07,646 --> 01:08:09,646
were allowed to return
to their families.

1002
01:08:13,104 --> 01:08:15,146
After less than two years
in Florida,

1003
01:08:15,229 --> 01:08:19,438
all the Chiricahuas were sent
to a prison camp in Alabama,

1004
01:08:19,521 --> 01:08:22,396
then moved again
to Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

1005
01:08:24,396 --> 01:08:29,771
In all, they would spend
27 years as prisoners of war.

1006
01:08:32,896 --> 01:08:35,813
LESTER:
What the government did
is deplorable.

1007
01:08:35,896 --> 01:08:39,938
And they should be somehow
held accountable.

1008
01:08:40,062 --> 01:08:43,688
NARRATOR:
Even when the federal government
finally freed the Chiricahuas

1009
01:08:43,813 --> 01:08:47,813
in 1913, the state of Arizona
refused to allow them

1010
01:08:47,896 --> 01:08:51,563
to return to their homeland.

1011
01:08:51,688 --> 01:08:54,563
DARROW:
Most people in the United States
don't realize

1012
01:08:54,688 --> 01:08:58,062
that there was an entire tribe
of people who were imprisoned

1013
01:08:58,187 --> 01:09:00,187
not because they'd done
anything wrong,

1014
01:09:00,312 --> 01:09:02,813
but because of who they were.

1015
01:09:08,771 --> 01:09:12,438
NARRATOR:
In a few short years,
Americans came to view Geronimo

1016
01:09:12,563 --> 01:09:14,688
in an entirely new way.

1017
01:09:15,688 --> 01:09:17,938
When he had first arrived
in Florida,

1018
01:09:18,021 --> 01:09:20,187
crowds gathered
at the prison to gawk

1019
01:09:20,312 --> 01:09:23,271
at "the wickedest Indian
who ever lived."

1020
01:09:25,312 --> 01:09:27,688
Eight years later, as Geronimo
was being taken

1021
01:09:27,813 --> 01:09:32,688
from Alabama to Oklahoma,
crowds gathered again.

1022
01:09:32,771 --> 01:09:35,646
This time they came to cheer
a national hero.

1023
01:09:37,813 --> 01:09:41,563
What had changed
was America itself.

1024
01:09:41,646 --> 01:09:44,062
Geronimo's surrender had ended
the Indian wars

1025
01:09:44,187 --> 01:09:48,312
that had raged for nearly
three centuries.

1026
01:09:48,396 --> 01:09:50,312
Once that moment is
perceived to be over,

1027
01:09:50,438 --> 01:09:51,938
there's an almost
immediate turn

1028
01:09:52,021 --> 01:09:53,938
to a kind of nostalgic
sensibility.

1029
01:09:54,062 --> 01:09:56,312
"Boy, you know, those were
the days, right,

1030
01:09:56,438 --> 01:09:58,187
"when we faced off against
these, you know,

1031
01:09:58,312 --> 01:10:00,938
"these challenging, dangerous
Indian opponents.

1032
01:10:01,062 --> 01:10:02,771
Gosh! I miss those times."

1033
01:10:03,938 --> 01:10:05,688
NARRATOR:
Once the despised savage,

1034
01:10:05,813 --> 01:10:08,813
Geronimo was now the valiant
warrior who had held out

1035
01:10:08,938 --> 01:10:11,062
against impossible odds.

1036
01:10:12,312 --> 01:10:15,187
ROBERTS:
By the 20th century,
Geronimo comes to stand

1037
01:10:15,271 --> 01:10:18,438
for some of the values we hold
most dear in America--

1038
01:10:18,563 --> 01:10:21,312
the lone battler,

1039
01:10:21,396 --> 01:10:23,563
the champion of his people,

1040
01:10:23,688 --> 01:10:27,688
the guy who never gives up,
the ultimate underdog.

1041
01:10:30,062 --> 01:10:32,062
He becomes an icon,

1042
01:10:32,187 --> 01:10:37,062
a sentimental icon
of what was once a real enemy.

1043
01:10:37,187 --> 01:10:38,813
And there's something
amazingly American

1044
01:10:38,896 --> 01:10:41,563
about that transformation.

1045
01:10:41,646 --> 01:10:45,187
NARRATOR:
While other Chiricahuas
were kept under guard,

1046
01:10:45,312 --> 01:10:48,062
Geronimo was allowed to travel.

1047
01:10:48,146 --> 01:10:53,938
He attended expositions and
appeared in Wild West shows.

1048
01:10:54,021 --> 01:10:58,563
Geronimo adopting, or seen
to adopt, American culture

1049
01:10:58,688 --> 01:11:02,062
represents a major
symbolic victory.

1050
01:11:02,187 --> 01:11:04,813
American civilization
has arrived,

1051
01:11:04,938 --> 01:11:08,396
and even Geronimo
is now embracing it.

1052
01:11:11,646 --> 01:11:15,688
NARRATOR:
In 1905, President Theodore
Roosevelt asked Geronimo

1053
01:11:15,771 --> 01:11:18,938
to lead his inaugural
procession.

1054
01:11:19,021 --> 01:11:22,563
As the 80-year-old Apache rode
down Pennsylvania Avenue,

1055
01:11:22,646 --> 01:11:25,563
people threw their hats
in the air and shouted,

1056
01:11:25,646 --> 01:11:27,563
"Hooray for Geronimo!"

1057
01:11:29,312 --> 01:11:31,938
Several days later,
Geronimo met with the president

1058
01:11:32,021 --> 01:11:34,688
and asked if he could return
to Arizona.

1059
01:11:36,187 --> 01:11:40,312
"My hands are tied
as with a rope," Geronimo said.

1060
01:11:40,396 --> 01:11:43,438
"I pray you to cut the ropes
and make me free.

1061
01:11:43,563 --> 01:11:47,438
Let me die in my own country."

1062
01:11:47,563 --> 01:11:49,688
"It is best for you
to stay where you are,"

1063
01:11:49,813 --> 01:11:51,438
Roosevelt replied.

1064
01:11:51,563 --> 01:11:55,187
Resentment still burns
in Arizona, he explained.

1065
01:11:55,312 --> 01:11:59,021
"That is all I can say,
Geronimo."

1066
01:12:05,146 --> 01:12:08,062
One day in February 1909,

1067
01:12:08,146 --> 01:12:10,938
the most famous Indian alive
was riding home

1068
01:12:11,062 --> 01:12:14,438
when he was thrown
from his horse.

1069
01:12:14,563 --> 01:12:18,312
He lay out in the freezing cold
all night.

1070
01:12:18,438 --> 01:12:23,187
When an old friend found him,
Geronimo was gravely ill.

1071
01:12:23,271 --> 01:12:26,938
He died six days later,
still a prisoner of war.

1072
01:12:28,688 --> 01:12:30,938
Although Americans
celebrated him,

1073
01:12:31,062 --> 01:12:32,938
Geronimo provoked
complicated feelings

1074
01:12:33,062 --> 01:12:35,813
in the hearts of many Apaches.

1075
01:12:35,896 --> 01:12:38,938
HARJO:
We have different perspectives
on the man--

1076
01:12:39,021 --> 01:12:43,062
who he was, how he lived his
life, why he did what he did,

1077
01:12:43,187 --> 01:12:45,187
and how that affected the rest
of the tribe.

1078
01:12:45,271 --> 01:12:48,312
Apache people suffered
because of him.

1079
01:12:48,438 --> 01:12:50,187
We all suffered with him.

1080
01:12:50,271 --> 01:12:53,312
HAOZOUS:
Most of the tribe
were angry with him

1081
01:12:53,438 --> 01:12:54,438
and they blamed him.

1082
01:12:54,563 --> 01:12:56,146
We don't look at him as a hero.

1083
01:12:58,187 --> 01:12:59,938
LESTER:
He wasn't alone.

1084
01:13:00,021 --> 01:13:05,187
And when these white people
think about all these things

1085
01:13:05,312 --> 01:13:06,563
that were going on,

1086
01:13:06,646 --> 01:13:09,062
they should name all the group
that was with him

1087
01:13:09,187 --> 01:13:11,688
instead of just Geronimo.

1088
01:13:11,813 --> 01:13:15,187
Because he didn't do it alone.

1089
01:13:15,312 --> 01:13:19,312
ENJADY:
And then there are
a lot of other names also,

1090
01:13:19,396 --> 01:13:20,813
lost in history,

1091
01:13:20,938 --> 01:13:25,062
lost in the canyons of Mexico,

1092
01:13:25,146 --> 01:13:28,187
lost in the mountains
of the Chiricahuas,

1093
01:13:28,312 --> 01:13:31,396
names long forgotten.

1094
01:13:33,187 --> 01:13:35,438
NARRATOR:
While other Apaches remained
in the Southwest,

1095
01:13:35,521 --> 01:13:40,187
the Chiricahua had paid dearly
for Geronimo's resistance.

1096
01:13:40,271 --> 01:13:45,438
They were never allowed home.

1097
01:13:47,563 --> 01:13:50,938
HUGAR:
Well, he killed a lot of people.

1098
01:13:51,062 --> 01:13:56,563
Why is he remembered when
he did all these bad things?

1099
01:13:58,688 --> 01:14:05,021
It's because he put a mark
on the American people.

1100
01:14:07,021 --> 01:14:09,938
He put a scar on them.

1101
01:14:28,396 --> 01:14:31,813
NARRATOR:
In the end,
even Geronimo had regrets.

1102
01:14:31,938 --> 01:14:35,563
On his deathbed, he summoned
his nephew to his side.

1103
01:14:35,646 --> 01:14:37,187
"I should never have
surrendered,"

1104
01:14:37,312 --> 01:14:39,187
the old man whispered.

1105
01:14:39,312 --> 01:14:42,938
"I should have fought until
I was the last man alive."

1106
01:15:02,438 --> 01:15:06,688
Captioned by
Media Access Group at WGBH
access.wgbh.org