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Viewers like you make this
program possible.

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Support your local PBS station.

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(man speaking Native American
language)

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It is a story
at the heart of America...

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one richer and more surprising
than we've been told.

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(tribal drumming)

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American Experience
presents a story

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that spans 300 years
and a vast continent.

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WOMAN:
The greatest thing a person can
have is the power.

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Benegotsi.  It's scary.

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It is a story of hope...

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courage...

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and survival.

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We were about to be
obliterated culturally.

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Our spiritual way of life,

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our entire way of life,
was about to be stamped out.

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(roaring)

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MAN:
Every tribe in this country
has a time of horror--

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absolute horror-- when they were
confronted by this invader.

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MAN:
What we did to the Southeastern
Indians, it's ethnic cleansing.

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MAN:
It was done to them,

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so they did it back...

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But better.

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MAN:
Whatever means and manner
we could,

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since the Europeans
arrived here,

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we've had to fight
for our survival.

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An epic history
of America...

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(whooping)

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seen through Native eyes...

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too remarkable...

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too inspiring...

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to ever forget.

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The master of life has appointed
this place

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for us to light our fires...

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And here we shall remain.

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(men speaking Nipmuc)

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NARRATOR:
Almost nothing is known about
the most iconic feast

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in American history,
not even the date.

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It happened, most likely,
in the late summer of 1621,

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a little less than a year
after the Wampanoag

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saw a small group of strangers
land on their shores.

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Half these strangers--
men, women and children--

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had died of disease, hunger or
exposure in their first winter

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on the unforgiving edge
of North America.

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But by the next summer,
with the help of the Wampanoag,

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the Pilgrims had taken a harvest

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sure to sustain the settlement
through the next barren season.

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And they meant to celebrate
their faith

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that God had smiled
on their endeavor.

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Fill up the pot, my child,
and fetch some more water.

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Mind your step.

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More chairs here?

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We should have this
done in no time.

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NARRATOR:
As the "thanks giving" began,
a group of Wampanoag men,

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led by their chief, Massasoit,
entered the Plymouth settlement,

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not entirely sure
of the reception they'd get.

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MAN:
They're here.

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(offers greeting in Nipmuc)

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JENNY HALE PULSIPHER:
Sometimes the Pilgrims are
saying back off

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and sometimes I think they bring
the Wampanoags closer,

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depending on what
circumstances are like.

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But this is a celebration
of their survival,

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of their recognition that they
probably wouldn't have survived

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without the assistance
of these Indians.

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This is a time clearly when
they're welcome.

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The governor cannot
mean 'em to stay.

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NARRATOR:
Massasoit and his men had not
appeared empty-handed.

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They brought five
fresh-killed deer,

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providing some of the vittles
for a celebration

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that stretched over the next
three days.

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MILES STANDISH:
Musketeers, make ready!

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Musketeers, fire!

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(cheering)

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NARRATOR:
The Wampanoag and the Pilgrims
were an unlikely match,

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but the two peoples were bound
by what they shared:

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an urgent need for allies.

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The Pilgrims were completely
alone in a new world,

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separated by thousands
of miles of ocean

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from friends and family.

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The Wampanoag-- badly weakened
by rolling epidemics--

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lived in fear of rival tribes.

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That they found one another in
1621 looked like a boon to each.

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NEAL SALISBURY:
The Thanksgiving celebration
at Plymouth

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was certainly an unusual event.

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It's not something
we see thereafter.

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It symbolizes where
the relationship stood

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as of the fall of 1621.

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(laughs)

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(speaking Nipmuc):

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An.. kan... too... koche?

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(laughter)

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PILGRIM:
Well, I'm glad you're
amused, anyway.

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(speaking Nipmuc):

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PILGRIM:
You like it, there?

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Bellycheer.

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SALISBURY:
For the English,

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it establishes that they're
going to be able to survive

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because of the Native Americans.

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(laughter)

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(yells in excitement)

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It looks to be some kind
of gambling game.

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SALISBURY:
There are strong personal
relationships, certainly,

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going on among the leading
political figures on each side

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and, for all we know, among
other individuals as well.

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(laughter)

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NARRATOR:
For those who followed the
Pilgrims across the Atlantic,

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the first Thanksgiving would
enter into national mythology,

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where it remains the bright
opening chapter

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of the American creation story.

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For the Wampanoag,
and for Massasoit,

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the memory of that day would
recede into darker places,

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shadowed by betrayal and loss.

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JILL LEPORE:
It's as if you could take
the storybook version

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of American history-- the myth
of the first Thanksgiving--

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and turn it entirely
upside down.

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Here is this story that's sad,
that's sinister

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and finally is about cruelty
and power.

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COLIN CALLOWAY:
Looking back, Massasoit would,

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on one level have felt he was
true to himself,

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but on another level he must
have regretted what he'd done.

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He must have thought,
"What if we had taken

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a different course of action
in dealing with these people?"

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NARRATOR:
They lived in a place
of privilege,

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at the edge of a world,
where every new day began.

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And they called themselves
the Wampanoag--

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the People of the First Light.

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RAE GOULD:
Well, think about it:
you're here.

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You are in the east.

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You see the sun rise.

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In relation to your world,
to what you know,

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you are the
People of the First Light.

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You are the Wampanoag.

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NARRATOR:
Behind the Wampanoag,
the sun's west-moving light

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slowly revealed 3,000 miles
of human culture

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from the Atlantic Ocean
to the Pacific.

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CALLOWAY:
Indian people shaped
this continent.

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They established
civilizations here,

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societies that had risen--
and in some cases fallen--

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long before Europeans arrived.

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As you look across the continent
at this time,

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Shawnees in the Ohio Valley
are shaping that area,

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building their own societies;

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Cherokees in the Southeast;

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Sioux in the western Great Lakes
reaching out in the plains,

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Apaches on the southern plains
and in the Southwest.

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Everywhere across North America
there are communities and tribes

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and peoples whose histories
are ongoing.

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(speaking Nipmuc):

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NARRATOR:
The confederation of tribes
that made up the Wampanoag

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was one small network section
of the Native web

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that spread across
North America.

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The People of the First Light
hugged the coast

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of a vast ocean.

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To the north were the People of
the Big Hill, the Massachusett.

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To the west and inland were
the Nipmuc,

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the People of the Fresh Water.

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Then the Mohegan and Pequot,
and the Narragansett.

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GOULD:
Just think of this one
big circle,

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and everyone speaking
different dialects

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of an Algonquian language,

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but they were mutually
intelligible.

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So we're all interrelating with
each other, marrying, trading,

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sharing resources,
using resources.

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R. DAVID EDMUNDS:
It was a community
of communities

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and they had intermeshed

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and had their own agendas,
their own political problems,

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their own warfare,
and their own trade.

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There was a rich sort of
political interaction

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in this region.

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TALL OAK:
Sometimes everyone gets along
and sometimes they don't.

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But they resolved the conflicts
sometimes with military activity

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and sometimes through
negotiations.

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We had times when
we forgave offenses

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as part of our tradition, when
certain ceremonies were held,

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like the Green Corn Festival,

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which was held around the
harvest time for the corn.

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That was a time when you would
forgive all the offenses

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of different people that
you might not have been

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on good terms with,

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and you would invite them
to the ceremony

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and they would come and you'd
exchange songs and dances.

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We continue with that

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because we believe everything we
have is a gift from the Creator.

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NARRATOR:
The half-dozen neighboring
tribes had achieved

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a balance of power, the weaker
paying tribute to the stronger.

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The Wampanoag had
sufficient numbers

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to defend their territory
against their nearest rivals,

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the Narragansett.

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And the bounty of the land
itself eased inter-tribal
tensions.

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NARRATOR:
The shallows of the ocean
and the bays

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gave up heaps of shellfish;

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inland rivers watered
the growing fields,

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where the Wampanoag cultivated
corn, beans, squash.

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The woodlands were filled with
game for food and furs

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to get them through the cold
dark of winter.

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In 1615, the land sustained tens
of thousands of people.

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SALISBURY:
The explorers who describe
these regions

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all describe the Native peoples
of New England

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living in these very
populous villages.

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00:13:49,229 --> 00:13:52,021
In fact, Champlain,
sailing for the French,

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decided that they didn't want
to colonize New England

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because there were too many
people here.

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NARRATOR:
For a hundred years,

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alien ships had trolled
off the Wampanoag coast,

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00:14:06,271 --> 00:14:09,396
apparitions on the horizon.

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00:14:09,521 --> 00:14:11,771
Odd-looking European
explorers and fishermen

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00:14:11,855 --> 00:14:13,646
occasionally came ashore,

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00:14:13,771 --> 00:14:16,771
but they made scant effort
to establish relations.

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NARRATOR:
The visitors were known to kill
Native people,

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00:14:39,104 --> 00:14:42,146
or to capture and carry away
men and women.

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00:14:42,229 --> 00:14:44,271
But in the century since
Columbus,

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00:14:44,354 --> 00:14:47,021
the Europeans had yet to leave
any real footprint

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00:14:47,146 --> 00:14:49,021
on the Wampanoag shores.

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00:15:01,021 --> 00:15:04,521
(man speaking Nipmuc)

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SALISBURY:
In the years 1617 to '19,

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00:15:13,396 --> 00:15:16,771
an epidemic swept through
New England.

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We don't know exactly
what disease this was,

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00:15:19,646 --> 00:15:21,146
and some of the reports
of symptoms

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seem to suggest
different diseases.

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It's possible that one followed
rapidly upon the other.

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KAREN KUPPERMAN:
A normal epidemic
hits a few people

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00:15:35,021 --> 00:15:36,396
and then other people get sick,

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but the first people start
getting better.

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In this case,
everyone gets sick at once.

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SALISBURY:
A sickness was usually
interpreted as an invasion

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00:15:47,479 --> 00:15:51,146
of hostile spiritual powers.

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00:15:51,271 --> 00:15:53,396
And the Native people had
medicine men,

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whom they called "powwows,"

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who were experts at countering
the spirits of the diseases

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00:15:58,896 --> 00:16:01,646
with which Native people had
experienced.

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00:16:01,730 --> 00:16:05,271
In this case the powwows
were ineffective;

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00:16:05,396 --> 00:16:07,396
often they were victims
themselves.

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00:16:08,855 --> 00:16:10,896
LISA BROOKS:
The way that Native people
refer to it

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00:16:10,980 --> 00:16:13,646
is that the world
turned upside down.

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LEPORE:
A whole village might have
two survivors,

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00:16:39,021 --> 00:16:43,521
and those two survivors were
not just like any two people.

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They were two people who had
seen everyone they know die

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00:16:46,021 --> 00:16:51,021
miserable, wretched, painful--
excruciatingly painful-- deaths.

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00:17:03,730 --> 00:17:07,061
LEPORE:
So, it's not only that the
population was eviscerated,

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00:17:07,186 --> 00:17:11,437
it's that the survivors were
deeply affected

241
00:17:11,521 --> 00:17:13,186
by their experiences,

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00:17:13,271 --> 00:17:16,311
and vulnerable in ways that are
hard for us to imagine--

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00:17:16,396 --> 00:17:20,061
you know, this sort of
post-apocalyptic vulnerability.

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00:17:20,186 --> 00:17:23,812
NARRATOR:
Massasoit had seen nine of every
ten of his people perish

245
00:17:23,896 --> 00:17:25,812
of a cause nobody understood;

246
00:17:25,937 --> 00:17:28,437
tiny microbes for which
the Native population

247
00:17:28,562 --> 00:17:30,563
had no natural defense,

248
00:17:30,688 --> 00:17:33,938
alien diseases left behind
by European sailors.

249
00:17:38,688 --> 00:17:42,312
As the season of death subsided,
the Narragansett--

250
00:17:42,438 --> 00:17:45,438
largely spared the ravages
of the epidemic--

251
00:17:45,563 --> 00:17:47,688
began a series of raids
on Wampanoag villages.

252
00:17:47,771 --> 00:17:51,187
And the beleaguered Wampanoag
looked to Massasoit

253
00:17:51,271 --> 00:17:54,146
to lead them into
an uncertain future.

254
00:18:06,021 --> 00:18:08,062
EDWARD WINSLOW:
I think there's a channel
further starboard.

255
00:18:08,187 --> 00:18:09,813
STANDISH:
I spy it.

256
00:18:13,021 --> 00:18:15,062
WINSLOW:
Not much further now, lads.

257
00:18:15,187 --> 00:18:16,813
STANDISH:
Haul away.

258
00:18:16,896 --> 00:18:18,813
Put your backs
into it.

259
00:18:18,938 --> 00:18:23,688
Pull, lads, pull!

260
00:18:23,771 --> 00:18:27,062
NARRATOR:
In December of 1620,
after 66 days at sea

261
00:18:27,187 --> 00:18:31,438
and five uneasy weeks on
the northern tip of Cape Cod,

262
00:18:31,521 --> 00:18:33,938
a scraggly cult from England
anchored its sailing vessel--

263
00:18:34,062 --> 00:18:36,688
the Mayflower--
off the mainland coast

264
00:18:36,813 --> 00:18:40,312
and sent a small party of men
to scout the wooded shores.

265
00:18:40,438 --> 00:18:41,646
STANDISH:
Ship oars.

266
00:18:44,062 --> 00:18:47,563
Prepare to set sail.

267
00:18:47,688 --> 00:18:51,312
MAN:
That'll keep
'em away.

268
00:18:51,438 --> 00:18:54,438
NARRATOR:
Radical religious views had made
the Pilgrims unwelcome

269
00:18:54,563 --> 00:18:56,688
and unwanted in England.

270
00:18:56,813 --> 00:18:58,438
They had no home to go back to

271
00:18:58,563 --> 00:19:00,646
if they failed to make one
in this new world.

272
00:19:03,021 --> 00:19:05,187
Soon after coming ashore,

273
00:19:05,312 --> 00:19:09,438
the scout party stumbled
onto the Wampanoag village
of Patuxet.

274
00:19:09,521 --> 00:19:12,187
Miles, it's a village.

275
00:19:12,312 --> 00:19:17,938
JONATHAN PERRY:
Prior to the 1600s,
Patuxet was a large community

276
00:19:18,021 --> 00:19:22,563
of, it's estimated,
well over 2,000 Native people.

277
00:19:22,688 --> 00:19:26,312
In 1618, the sickness reduces
the population to almost zero.

278
00:19:31,187 --> 00:19:33,563
Some kind
of jewelry.

279
00:19:33,646 --> 00:19:37,312
PERRY:
When the English arrive,
they find houses fallen to ruin,

280
00:19:37,438 --> 00:19:39,688
fields lying fallow,

281
00:19:39,813 --> 00:19:41,438
human bones bleaching in the sun

282
00:19:41,521 --> 00:19:43,062
that have been scattered
by animals.

283
00:19:43,146 --> 00:19:47,813
They attributed this devastation
to God looking out

284
00:19:47,896 --> 00:19:49,688
and clearing the way
for his chosen people.

285
00:19:54,187 --> 00:19:55,563
I think we've found a home.

286
00:19:57,896 --> 00:19:59,688
MAN:
We'll need more wood
piled up over here.

287
00:19:59,813 --> 00:20:02,062
NARRATOR:
Patuxet had easy access
to fresh water,

288
00:20:02,146 --> 00:20:04,438
a decent harbor,
and high ground

289
00:20:04,563 --> 00:20:06,438
from which the Pilgrims could
defend themselves.

290
00:20:06,521 --> 00:20:10,563
They set their lone cannon
on a nearby hill

291
00:20:10,646 --> 00:20:13,438
and christened the village
New Plymouth.

292
00:20:13,521 --> 00:20:16,688
The fortifications were hardly
sufficient to the task;

293
00:20:16,813 --> 00:20:19,438
the Wampanoag, even in their
weakened state,

294
00:20:19,563 --> 00:20:21,938
could have wiped out
the visitors with ease;

295
00:20:22,062 --> 00:20:27,062
instead Massasoit sent warriors
to keep an eye on the strangers.

296
00:20:27,187 --> 00:20:30,062
TALL OAK:
The Pilgrims reported themselves
in their journals

297
00:20:30,187 --> 00:20:31,813
that they saw Indians.

298
00:20:31,938 --> 00:20:33,813
And, of course,
when they didn't see them,

299
00:20:33,938 --> 00:20:35,438
they thought they saw them

300
00:20:35,563 --> 00:20:37,688
because any time
a bush would move

301
00:20:37,771 --> 00:20:39,813
they were sure there was
an Indian behind it.

302
00:20:39,938 --> 00:20:42,187
Our people always had to watch.

303
00:20:42,312 --> 00:20:43,688
It was part of survival.

304
00:20:43,813 --> 00:20:46,813
You had to watch anyone,
to observe how they were

305
00:20:46,938 --> 00:20:48,563
and to see how they were going
to act.

306
00:20:48,688 --> 00:20:52,563
CALLOWAY:
When Indian people see
the strangers who have arrived

307
00:20:52,688 --> 00:20:55,187
and they've brought with them
women and children,

308
00:20:55,271 --> 00:20:57,438
that makes them different

309
00:20:57,563 --> 00:21:00,438
from previous Europeans that
they've seen or heard of.

310
00:21:00,563 --> 00:21:02,688
JESSIE LITTLE DOE:
In Wampanoag tradition,

311
00:21:02,813 --> 00:21:04,438
if you're thinking about
making trouble,

312
00:21:04,563 --> 00:21:08,938
you don't bring your women and
you don't bring your children.

313
00:21:09,021 --> 00:21:12,187
So to see folks showing up
with women and children,

314
00:21:12,271 --> 00:21:13,938
immediately they're
not a threat.

315
00:21:14,021 --> 00:21:18,438
Secondly, they're really,
really sickly

316
00:21:18,563 --> 00:21:21,312
and they're starving.

317
00:21:21,438 --> 00:21:26,062
WILLIAM BREWSTER:
To you who are troubled,
rest with us,

318
00:21:26,187 --> 00:21:29,187
when the Lord Jesus shall be
revealed from Heaven

319
00:21:29,312 --> 00:21:33,062
with his mighty angels,
in flame and fire

320
00:21:33,187 --> 00:21:37,563
taking vengeance on them
that know not God,

321
00:21:37,688 --> 00:21:40,312
and that obey not the gospel
of our Lord Jesus Christ.

322
00:21:40,438 --> 00:21:44,187
We pray always
for you,

323
00:21:44,312 --> 00:21:49,938
that our God would
count you worthy
of this calling...

324
00:21:50,062 --> 00:21:52,438
NARRATOR:
The longer the Wampanoag
watched,

325
00:21:52,521 --> 00:21:55,312
the more pitiful the strangers
appeared.

326
00:21:55,438 --> 00:21:57,312
One hundred and two Pilgrims
had made the trip

327
00:21:57,438 --> 00:21:59,438
across the Atlantic.

328
00:21:59,563 --> 00:22:00,938
Midway through that winter,

329
00:22:01,062 --> 00:22:03,938
15 had died of disease
or deprivation.

330
00:22:04,021 --> 00:22:06,438
By the end of the winter,

331
00:22:06,521 --> 00:22:10,062
the Pilgrims had buried 45
of their fellow travelers.

332
00:22:10,187 --> 00:22:13,938
Thirteen of the 18 women
had died.

333
00:22:14,062 --> 00:22:16,312
But even as their
numbers dwindled,

334
00:22:16,438 --> 00:22:19,813
it was clear the strangers
were not giving up

335
00:22:19,938 --> 00:22:22,438
and anxiety grew
among the Wampanoag.

336
00:22:24,021 --> 00:22:27,062
While many powerful tribal
leaders-- or sachems--

337
00:22:27,187 --> 00:22:29,312
argued that it was time
to finish off the Pilgrims

338
00:22:29,438 --> 00:22:31,688
before their settlement
took hold,

339
00:22:31,813 --> 00:22:34,813
Massasoit counseled patience.

340
00:22:34,938 --> 00:22:38,146
The final decision on handling
the strangers would fall to him.

341
00:22:58,563 --> 00:23:01,062
Sachem of the Pokanokets--

342
00:23:01,187 --> 00:23:04,187
one of the groups that made up
the Wampanoag confederacy--

343
00:23:04,312 --> 00:23:07,438
he had risen to the leadership
of all the Wampanoag,

344
00:23:07,521 --> 00:23:11,312
earning his title, Massasoit.

345
00:23:11,396 --> 00:23:15,813
Massasoit is a classic sort
of village chief

346
00:23:15,896 --> 00:23:19,187
or super village chief
in the Algonquian world.

347
00:23:19,271 --> 00:23:22,938
He is a man of great respect
among his people.

348
00:23:23,062 --> 00:23:25,062
He doesn't have
the coercive power

349
00:23:25,187 --> 00:23:28,813
that a European sovereign
or a monarch would have.

350
00:23:28,938 --> 00:23:31,438
He is a person who leads
by example,

351
00:23:31,563 --> 00:23:36,187
and people have faith in his
leadership and his experience.

352
00:23:36,312 --> 00:23:38,563
NARRATOR:
Throughout that winter,

353
00:23:38,688 --> 00:23:40,187
Massasoit wrestled
with the question

354
00:23:40,312 --> 00:23:43,187
of how to deal
with the newcomers.

355
00:23:43,312 --> 00:23:44,438
The chief's first impulse
had been to put a curse

356
00:23:44,563 --> 00:23:48,187
on the Pilgrims and watch them
die off altogether.

357
00:23:48,312 --> 00:23:52,062
But the weakened Wampanoag
needed any friends
they could get.

358
00:23:52,146 --> 00:23:55,688
Massasoit was paying steep
tribute to the Narragansett,

359
00:23:55,813 --> 00:23:57,938
but he knew his near neighbors
had the numbers

360
00:23:58,062 --> 00:23:59,813
to overrun the remaining
Wampanoag villages

361
00:23:59,896 --> 00:24:02,312
whenever they chose.

362
00:24:02,396 --> 00:24:04,062
And he was aware
that the strangers

363
00:24:04,146 --> 00:24:07,062
came from a nation of wealth
and military might.

364
00:24:21,187 --> 00:24:25,688
KAREN KUPPERMAN:
During the winter of 1620-21,

365
00:24:25,771 --> 00:24:27,938
Massasoit must have been
thinking about the possibilities

366
00:24:28,062 --> 00:24:30,312
of some kind of alliance

367
00:24:30,438 --> 00:24:33,563
because the Pilgrims look
pretty manageable,

368
00:24:33,646 --> 00:24:36,062
given the fact that 50%
of them are dead

369
00:24:36,187 --> 00:24:38,021
by the end of the first winter.

370
00:24:40,896 --> 00:24:44,312
Massasoit-- and this is
an assumption that was made

371
00:24:44,438 --> 00:24:46,563
by Indians all up and down
the coast--

372
00:24:46,688 --> 00:24:48,563
would have thought,
"This will be good.

373
00:24:48,688 --> 00:24:50,312
"I can have these people here.

374
00:24:50,396 --> 00:24:53,062
"I can get from them the things

375
00:24:53,146 --> 00:24:56,563
"that I want from Europeans
and I can control them.

376
00:24:56,646 --> 00:25:02,938
So they'll be an ally and
a benefit to me and my people."

377
00:25:35,938 --> 00:25:39,062
This country ain't
fit for man or beast.

378
00:25:39,146 --> 00:25:40,646
That's ready now.

379
00:25:43,312 --> 00:25:47,187
MAN:
We'll need more
wood over here.

380
00:25:47,312 --> 00:25:48,563
(man yells in distance)

381
00:25:48,646 --> 00:25:49,938
PILGRIM:
Get the guns!

382
00:25:52,813 --> 00:25:54,187
Stay there.

383
00:25:54,312 --> 00:25:56,813
NARRATOR:
In the first days
of spring, 1621,

384
00:25:56,938 --> 00:26:00,563
Massasoit sent a small party
into the Pilgrim settlement.

385
00:26:00,688 --> 00:26:02,312
Stay back,
everyone.

386
00:26:02,438 --> 00:26:04,771
(dog barking)

387
00:26:08,563 --> 00:26:10,187
(speaks Nipmuc)
Please.

388
00:26:13,312 --> 00:26:15,438
NARRATOR:
The Wampanoag chief
and 60 of his men

389
00:26:15,563 --> 00:26:18,312
waited on the far side
of a small river;

390
00:26:18,396 --> 00:26:20,312
he refused to enter
the village himself

391
00:26:20,396 --> 00:26:23,688
until the Pilgrims agreed
to give up a hostage.

392
00:26:29,688 --> 00:26:32,438
The English chose a young man
with little to lose.

393
00:26:32,521 --> 00:26:35,563
Edward Winslow was a 25-year-old

394
00:26:35,688 --> 00:26:37,563
whose wife was just days
from death.

395
00:26:37,688 --> 00:26:39,563
You're all
right, lad.

396
00:26:41,312 --> 00:26:43,312
NARRATOR:
Winslow agreed to go
as the hostage

397
00:26:43,438 --> 00:26:47,813
and to deliver Governor John
Carver's invitation to Massasoit

398
00:26:47,896 --> 00:26:49,896
to enter Plymouth for talks.

399
00:27:10,938 --> 00:27:12,563
WINSLOW:
I come from
King James...

400
00:27:16,438 --> 00:27:21,396
who welcomes you
with love and peace.

401
00:27:23,646 --> 00:27:25,563
(speaking
Nipmuc)

402
00:27:25,646 --> 00:27:29,312
The King sees you, my lord,
as his friend and ally.

403
00:27:29,396 --> 00:27:33,396
Please, enter
our village.

404
00:27:35,187 --> 00:27:40,813
Mr. Carver-- the governor--
would like to speak with you.

405
00:27:42,062 --> 00:27:45,062
Please, we wish to be
at peace with you

406
00:27:45,187 --> 00:27:47,563
as our closest
neighbors.

407
00:27:47,688 --> 00:27:49,688
(loud metallic clang)

408
00:27:49,771 --> 00:27:50,938
Please.

409
00:28:03,312 --> 00:28:05,521
(trumpeter plays)

410
00:28:15,062 --> 00:28:17,062
(trumpeter and drummer
play together)

411
00:28:25,062 --> 00:28:26,938
NARRATOR:
Among the men with Massasoit
that day

412
00:28:27,021 --> 00:28:30,187
was a Wampanoag who could act
as translator.

413
00:28:30,312 --> 00:28:32,563
(speaks Nipmuc)

414
00:28:32,688 --> 00:28:36,062
NARRATOR:
Tisquantum, or Squanto, had been
kidnapped years earlier

415
00:28:36,187 --> 00:28:37,688
and sold into slavery in Europe.

416
00:28:37,813 --> 00:28:40,688
When he made his way back home,

417
00:28:40,771 --> 00:28:42,688
Squanto could speak
a little English

418
00:28:42,813 --> 00:28:45,187
and was familiar
with European custom.

419
00:28:49,312 --> 00:28:52,563
(speaks Nipmuc)

420
00:28:56,563 --> 00:28:58,938
My king welcomes
you here.

421
00:29:04,688 --> 00:29:08,187
CALLOWAY:
This is one of the very first
of these treaty encounters

422
00:29:08,312 --> 00:29:09,938
that are going to become
such an important part

423
00:29:10,021 --> 00:29:11,688
of Anglo-American relations

424
00:29:11,813 --> 00:29:14,062
with Indian peoples
across the continent.

425
00:29:14,187 --> 00:29:17,813
We want to be at peace with you.

426
00:29:17,896 --> 00:29:21,563
We want you to promise that none
of your people

427
00:29:21,688 --> 00:29:23,312
will harm any
of our people.

428
00:29:23,438 --> 00:29:25,771
(speaks Nipmuc)

429
00:29:35,438 --> 00:29:42,312
Let us agree then that if anyone
unjustly attack you,

430
00:29:42,396 --> 00:29:43,438
that we will help you,

431
00:29:43,521 --> 00:29:46,563
and if anyone
unjustly attack us,

432
00:29:46,688 --> 00:29:49,438
then you will help us.

433
00:29:49,563 --> 00:29:52,688
NARRATOR:
There was cause for joy
on both sides.

434
00:29:52,771 --> 00:29:55,062
The Pilgrims had friends to help
them navigate

435
00:29:55,187 --> 00:29:57,563
the unfamiliar hardships
of their new home.

436
00:29:57,688 --> 00:29:59,438
The Wampanoag had made
themselves

437
00:29:59,563 --> 00:30:02,813
the first and favored ally
of the new English colony.

438
00:30:14,646 --> 00:30:16,062
JENNY HALE PULSIPHER:
There's a very clear sense

439
00:30:16,187 --> 00:30:21,438
that Massasoit understands
the entire treaty as reciprocal.

440
00:30:21,521 --> 00:30:25,438
At the very end of the treaty
it says if you do these things,

441
00:30:25,563 --> 00:30:29,438
then King James will esteem you
his friend and ally.

442
00:30:29,563 --> 00:30:32,312
So it would make very good sense
for the Indians

443
00:30:32,438 --> 00:30:35,062
to think this is an alliance,

444
00:30:35,187 --> 00:30:38,896
this is a meeting
between friends.

445
00:30:40,563 --> 00:30:43,813
As soon as the treaty is
concluded, that very day,

446
00:30:43,938 --> 00:30:45,813
Massasoit says,

447
00:30:45,938 --> 00:30:47,938
"Tomorrow I'll bring my people
and we'll plant corn

448
00:30:48,062 --> 00:30:50,187
on the other side
of the stream."

449
00:30:50,312 --> 00:30:51,938
So this sense that,
"Oh, we're the same people now.

450
00:30:52,021 --> 00:30:53,896
We're going to be sharing
everything."

451
00:30:57,896 --> 00:31:00,563
NARRATOR:
Over the coming months,

452
00:31:00,646 --> 00:31:02,062
the two peoples made
halting moves

453
00:31:02,187 --> 00:31:04,563
towards codifying
their alliance.

454
00:31:04,646 --> 00:31:05,938
As a show of friendship,

455
00:31:06,062 --> 00:31:09,312
Massasoit formally ceded the
settlers the village of Patuxet

456
00:31:09,438 --> 00:31:13,563
and all the planting land
and hunting grounds around it.

457
00:31:13,688 --> 00:31:17,062
In July, Edward Winslow
made a 40-mile journey

458
00:31:17,146 --> 00:31:19,312
to Massasoit's village,
Pokanoket,

459
00:31:19,438 --> 00:31:22,688
and presented the chief a gift
of a copper chain.

460
00:31:22,813 --> 00:31:25,563
The Wampanoag agreed to trade
with the English alone

461
00:31:25,688 --> 00:31:27,312
and not the French.

462
00:31:27,396 --> 00:31:30,312
Massasoit would benefit as
the facilitator of trade

463
00:31:30,438 --> 00:31:32,438
between the English
and other tribes.

464
00:31:32,563 --> 00:31:35,312
A few weeks after
Winslow's visit,

465
00:31:35,438 --> 00:31:36,938
the Pilgrims invited the
Wampanoag to take part

466
00:31:37,062 --> 00:31:38,646
in their first American
thanksgiving.

467
00:31:41,563 --> 00:31:43,312
But what sealed the relationship

468
00:31:43,438 --> 00:31:45,938
was a simple show
of personal respect.

469
00:31:51,312 --> 00:31:53,563
In February of 1623,

470
00:31:53,688 --> 00:31:55,688
when a messenger arrived
at Plymouth with the news

471
00:31:55,813 --> 00:31:58,187
that Massasoit was
desperately ill,

472
00:31:58,312 --> 00:32:01,938
Winslow-- like many Algonquian--
rushed to his side.

473
00:32:02,062 --> 00:32:07,396
(men and women speaking,
wailing)

474
00:32:17,771 --> 00:32:22,688
KUPPERMAN:
Winslow makes the point that
this is what Indians do.

475
00:32:22,813 --> 00:32:24,688
When a friend is sick,

476
00:32:24,813 --> 00:32:28,563
everyone congregates
at the friend's bedside.

477
00:32:28,688 --> 00:32:32,187
This is one of those places
where Winslow is acting

478
00:32:32,312 --> 00:32:34,312
as he knows Indians expect
people to act.

479
00:32:35,938 --> 00:32:37,062
Massasoit.

480
00:32:58,938 --> 00:33:01,938
KUPPERMAN:
Edward Winslow is a very
interesting man.

481
00:33:02,021 --> 00:33:04,688
He was the second in command
in Plymouth

482
00:33:04,813 --> 00:33:08,688
and he's the one who takes it
upon himself

483
00:33:08,771 --> 00:33:13,021
to become the principal emissary
to Massasoit.

484
00:33:27,271 --> 00:33:31,187
KUPPERMAN:
Some Indians had a dual
chiefdom system.

485
00:33:31,312 --> 00:33:33,938
That is, they had
a overall chief,

486
00:33:34,062 --> 00:33:36,187
who is called the
"inside chief,"

487
00:33:36,312 --> 00:33:40,688
who is responsible
for the community

488
00:33:40,771 --> 00:33:44,187
and basically stays
within the community.

489
00:33:44,312 --> 00:33:46,312
And then there's an
"outside chief,"

490
00:33:46,438 --> 00:33:48,813
who is responsible
for, essentially,

491
00:33:48,896 --> 00:33:52,563
foreign relations and war.

492
00:33:52,688 --> 00:33:56,396
Winslow is acting
as the outside chief.

493
00:34:21,896 --> 00:34:27,896
Please, heavenly Father, watch
over your child Massasoit.

494
00:34:28,021 --> 00:34:33,021
Imbue him with your strength
of spirit.

495
00:34:33,146 --> 00:34:37,021
NARRATOR:
Winslow's medicine was of no
particular benefit to Massasoit,

496
00:34:37,146 --> 00:34:39,646
but the chief did recover
and Winslow was there,

497
00:34:39,771 --> 00:34:42,646
representing the entire
Plymouth colony,

498
00:34:42,771 --> 00:34:46,271
when Massasoit was able
to rise again.

499
00:35:07,479 --> 00:35:09,021
NARRATOR:
In spite of a growing trust

500
00:35:09,104 --> 00:35:11,896
between Edward Winslow
and Massasoit,

501
00:35:12,021 --> 00:35:13,646
the relationship between the
Pilgrims and the Wampanoag

502
00:35:13,771 --> 00:35:15,521
remained tentative.

503
00:35:15,646 --> 00:35:18,271
The Pilgrims were separatists,

504
00:35:18,396 --> 00:35:20,896
devout Christians who had fled
the Old World

505
00:35:20,980 --> 00:35:23,521
for fear its corruptions would
darken the Godly light

506
00:35:23,646 --> 00:35:25,396
in which they dwelled.

507
00:35:25,521 --> 00:35:27,730
Corrupting influences
lurked everywhere.

508
00:35:31,146 --> 00:35:32,771
She cannot mean to eat this.

509
00:35:34,646 --> 00:35:37,021
NARRATOR:
Even Winslow, who found the
Wampanoag and other tribes

510
00:35:37,146 --> 00:35:39,896
"trustworthy," "quick of
apprehension," and "just,"

511
00:35:40,021 --> 00:35:42,771
fretted about close contact
with Indians.

512
00:35:45,021 --> 00:35:47,521
LEPORE:
You see at the beginning
of the 17th century

513
00:35:47,604 --> 00:35:52,021
this kind of cautious
getting to know one another.

514
00:35:52,146 --> 00:35:55,021
As those peoples become more and
more dependent on one another

515
00:35:55,146 --> 00:35:57,271
and exchange more and more goods
and ideas,

516
00:35:57,396 --> 00:36:00,396
and people--
children, wives, families--

517
00:36:00,479 --> 00:36:01,771
have more and more contact
with one another,

518
00:36:01,896 --> 00:36:06,146
in a sense, the two peoples come
to share a great deal.

519
00:36:06,271 --> 00:36:09,771
The English come to be more like
Indians in many ways.

520
00:36:09,855 --> 00:36:13,146
They dress more like Indians;
they use Indian words.

521
00:36:13,229 --> 00:36:14,396
They're familiar
with Indian ways.

522
00:36:14,479 --> 00:36:17,021
And the Indians come to be more
like English.

523
00:36:17,146 --> 00:36:19,396
A lot of Indians speak English;
they wear English clothes;

524
00:36:19,521 --> 00:36:21,646
they build houses
that are English.

525
00:36:21,730 --> 00:36:23,646
There's a reciprocity
of exchange

526
00:36:23,771 --> 00:36:26,271
that actually turns out...

527
00:36:26,354 --> 00:36:28,396
we might think, "Oh, how lovely.

528
00:36:28,521 --> 00:36:31,021
What a nice multicultural fest
that is."

529
00:36:31,146 --> 00:36:34,021
But actually it makes everyone
very, very nervous.

530
00:36:35,855 --> 00:36:38,271
NARRATOR:
The Pilgrims were
especially wary;

531
00:36:38,354 --> 00:36:41,396
they were badly outnumbered
and many Indians, they believed,

532
00:36:41,479 --> 00:36:44,021
bore the English
"an inveterate malice."

533
00:36:44,146 --> 00:36:47,146
They also knew Massasoit hadn't
the power to shield them

534
00:36:47,229 --> 00:36:49,021
from every danger.

535
00:36:49,104 --> 00:36:52,146
So, in the spring of 1623,

536
00:36:52,271 --> 00:36:53,646
after hearing rumors
of a planned attack

537
00:36:53,771 --> 00:36:56,021
by Massachusett Indians
to the north,

538
00:36:56,146 --> 00:36:59,271
the Pilgrims-- under their
militia leader Miles Standish--

539
00:36:59,396 --> 00:37:01,646
made a deadly preemptive raid

540
00:37:01,771 --> 00:37:04,271
and returned to Plymouth
with an object lesson

541
00:37:04,396 --> 00:37:06,271
to those who would cross them.

542
00:37:06,354 --> 00:37:10,646
STANDISH:
Gentlemen, here is
a proper trophy.

543
00:37:10,730 --> 00:37:13,896
(cheering)

544
00:37:16,646 --> 00:37:19,396
NARRATOR:
"This sudden and
unexpected execution

545
00:37:19,521 --> 00:37:22,396
has so terrified the Indians,"
Edward Winslow wrote,

546
00:37:22,479 --> 00:37:24,646
"that many have fled
their homes.

547
00:37:24,771 --> 00:37:29,229
Living like this, on the run,
many have fallen sick and died."

548
00:37:31,354 --> 00:37:33,771
Shocking and brutal
as the raid was,

549
00:37:33,855 --> 00:37:35,396
Massasoit counseled his sachems

550
00:37:35,521 --> 00:37:37,646
to keep up relations
with Plymouth.

551
00:37:37,730 --> 00:37:41,521
The Wampanoag were still the
favored friends of the English

552
00:37:41,604 --> 00:37:44,646
and the English were surely
no threat to their friends.

553
00:37:44,771 --> 00:37:49,271
CALLOWAY:
Massasoit is able to keep
this peace for a long time,

554
00:37:49,396 --> 00:37:53,521
which suggests that it's not
simply his personality

555
00:37:53,604 --> 00:37:55,271
and his command
that's doing that.

556
00:37:55,396 --> 00:38:00,521
The nature of Native society
means that he is representing

557
00:38:00,646 --> 00:38:02,396
what the majority of his people
want to do.

558
00:38:02,521 --> 00:38:06,521
The Indians wanted certain
things from the Europeans:

559
00:38:06,646 --> 00:38:12,396
knives, axes, swords
and steel drills.

560
00:38:12,521 --> 00:38:14,271
JEAN O'BRIEN:
Europeans bring things like
metal kettles

561
00:38:14,396 --> 00:38:16,021
that are very useful
for Indian people

562
00:38:16,104 --> 00:38:17,646
and Indian people incorporate
those goods

563
00:38:17,771 --> 00:38:19,021
into their own cultures

564
00:38:19,104 --> 00:38:20,771
on their own terms
and in their own ways.

565
00:38:20,896 --> 00:38:22,646
LISA BROOKS:
For Native people,

566
00:38:22,771 --> 00:38:24,521
trade is about binding
people together

567
00:38:24,604 --> 00:38:26,396
in relationships of reciprocity.

568
00:38:26,521 --> 00:38:27,646
So that was the question.

569
00:38:27,771 --> 00:38:29,521
How do we bring the English

570
00:38:29,604 --> 00:38:31,396
into these relationships
of reciprocity?

571
00:38:42,021 --> 00:38:43,271
(speaking Nipmuc)

572
00:38:51,146 --> 00:38:53,271
TALL OAK:
We lived right near
the shoreline,

573
00:38:53,396 --> 00:38:55,146
and we harvested the quahogs,

574
00:38:55,229 --> 00:38:57,521
which you make
the quahog chowder from

575
00:38:57,604 --> 00:38:58,896
and all the other good things.

576
00:38:59,021 --> 00:39:03,146
And then, after you eat the
contents, you saved the shell.

577
00:39:03,229 --> 00:39:04,896
We wasted nothing
that the Creator gave

578
00:39:04,980 --> 00:39:06,396
because everything was a gift,

579
00:39:06,479 --> 00:39:08,396
and from the shell
from the quahog,

580
00:39:08,521 --> 00:39:11,271
the purple spot is what we made
the wampum beads from.

581
00:39:11,354 --> 00:39:14,646
All the tribes respected
the wampum,

582
00:39:14,730 --> 00:39:16,771
and the value that wampum had

583
00:39:16,896 --> 00:39:19,521
was spiritual more so
than material.

584
00:39:19,646 --> 00:39:24,521
We used it in ceremony;
it sealed agreements;

585
00:39:24,646 --> 00:39:26,896
it was what notarized
a transaction.

586
00:39:27,021 --> 00:39:28,896
When wampum was exchanged,

587
00:39:28,980 --> 00:39:31,771
no one would break the agreement
that went along with the wampum,

588
00:39:31,896 --> 00:39:35,021
be it marriage agreement
or a treaty or whatever,

589
00:39:35,146 --> 00:39:36,646
because it was so sacred,

590
00:39:36,771 --> 00:39:38,771
and you don't go against
the Creator.

591
00:39:40,855 --> 00:39:43,021
EDMUNDS:
Initially the Europeans
then will say,

592
00:39:43,146 --> 00:39:44,521
"Well, this must be like silver
or gold.

593
00:39:44,646 --> 00:39:46,521
"This is something that Indian
people will use

594
00:39:46,604 --> 00:39:48,521
and trade back and forth."

595
00:39:48,604 --> 00:39:52,646
So they accepted it initially
as well, and wampum is seen

596
00:39:52,730 --> 00:39:55,646
as Native American currency
by the English.

597
00:39:59,855 --> 00:40:01,521
NARRATOR:
European traders,

598
00:40:01,646 --> 00:40:03,521
long familiar
with a money economy,

599
00:40:03,646 --> 00:40:04,896
set in motion a system

600
00:40:05,021 --> 00:40:07,146
for exchanging hard goods
for wampum,

601
00:40:07,271 --> 00:40:10,146
making the Indian's traditional
ceremonial amulet

602
00:40:10,271 --> 00:40:13,146
the coin of the American realm.

603
00:40:13,271 --> 00:40:16,771
Trade flourished under
this ingenious new system.

604
00:40:16,896 --> 00:40:19,146
English merchants eagerly
awaited Indian furs

605
00:40:19,229 --> 00:40:20,896
from the New World;

606
00:40:21,021 --> 00:40:23,396
the beaver hat was the
fashionable new accessory

607
00:40:23,521 --> 00:40:25,146
on the streets of London.

608
00:40:25,271 --> 00:40:27,021
And the arrival at Plymouth
of product-laden ships

609
00:40:27,146 --> 00:40:29,896
from England was happy news
to all.

610
00:40:30,021 --> 00:40:32,146
With the import of steel drills,

611
00:40:32,271 --> 00:40:36,771
Native tribes could greatly
speed the manufacture of wampum.

612
00:40:36,855 --> 00:40:40,271
KUPPERMAN:
It's much easier to create
a wampum shell,

613
00:40:40,396 --> 00:40:42,146
to drill that hole
through the center,

614
00:40:42,271 --> 00:40:44,521
with a steel drill
than with a stone drill,

615
00:40:44,646 --> 00:40:48,396
and so suddenly there's
a large supply of wampum.

616
00:40:48,479 --> 00:40:49,521
And what this means is

617
00:40:49,646 --> 00:40:51,771
that tribes in the interior

618
00:40:51,896 --> 00:40:55,271
who previously had very
little access to wampum

619
00:40:55,396 --> 00:40:57,771
now are able to get it,

620
00:40:57,896 --> 00:41:01,771
and they're also groups that
have furs and other things

621
00:41:01,855 --> 00:41:03,396
to trade to the Europeans.

622
00:41:03,521 --> 00:41:05,896
DANIEL K. RICHTER:
Plymouth colonists
rely on Massasoit

623
00:41:06,021 --> 00:41:09,021
to begin brokering connections
with other Native groups.

624
00:41:09,146 --> 00:41:10,521
So Massasoit becomes

625
00:41:10,646 --> 00:41:13,271
this very important node in
these regional exchanges

626
00:41:13,396 --> 00:41:16,646
among furs and European goods
and wampum,

627
00:41:16,730 --> 00:41:19,521
all of which are being exchanged
many times in different groups

628
00:41:19,646 --> 00:41:21,146
depending on who has what.

629
00:41:21,229 --> 00:41:25,771
NARRATOR:
With the Pilgrims integrated
into the web of his alliances,

630
00:41:25,896 --> 00:41:29,021
Massasoit's gamble--
welcoming the strangers--

631
00:41:29,146 --> 00:41:33,521
seemed to have paid
handsome dividends.

632
00:41:33,646 --> 00:41:36,271
RICHTER:
I think he would have looked
back over the previous decade

633
00:41:36,354 --> 00:41:39,396
and thought that he had done
some pretty good work.

634
00:41:39,479 --> 00:41:41,771
It must have seemed possible
to Wampanoags

635
00:41:41,896 --> 00:41:44,646
and to other Native groups
in southern New England

636
00:41:44,771 --> 00:41:48,271
to envision a future in which
English and Native communities

637
00:41:48,396 --> 00:41:51,521
could live profitably together.

638
00:42:00,396 --> 00:42:02,271
NARRATOR:
In the spring of 1630,

639
00:42:02,396 --> 00:42:04,396
a fleet of ships,
led by the Arabella,

640
00:42:04,479 --> 00:42:06,646
appeared off the coast
to the north of Plymouth

641
00:42:06,730 --> 00:42:09,896
carrying a thousand
new immigrants.

642
00:42:10,021 --> 00:42:13,521
While the Pilgrims had been
escaping Europe,

643
00:42:13,604 --> 00:42:15,521
these Puritans meant
to re-create

644
00:42:15,604 --> 00:42:18,396
a new and more pious England
in America.

645
00:42:18,521 --> 00:42:21,271
They had embarked from England
with a grant from their king

646
00:42:21,354 --> 00:42:23,896
to establish the Massachusetts
Bay colony

647
00:42:24,021 --> 00:42:26,646
and with a boundless sense
of mission.

648
00:42:26,771 --> 00:42:29,021
EDMUNDS:
In Europe at this time,

649
00:42:29,146 --> 00:42:31,646
and particularly among the
Christian kingdoms of Europe,

650
00:42:31,730 --> 00:42:33,896
there was this belief
in the right to go out

651
00:42:34,021 --> 00:42:38,396
and usurp land that was not
occupied by Christian people.

652
00:42:38,521 --> 00:42:40,771
And this... there was a
religious basis for this--

653
00:42:40,896 --> 00:42:42,271
as well as political--

654
00:42:42,354 --> 00:42:46,146
in that this was
a God-ordained practice

655
00:42:46,229 --> 00:42:48,771
in which one would be spreading
Christianity

656
00:42:48,896 --> 00:42:52,271
and would be spreading
European civilization,

657
00:42:52,396 --> 00:42:55,146
and there was a moral obligation
to do so.

658
00:42:57,104 --> 00:42:59,396
NARRATOR:
On board the Arabella,
days before it landed,

659
00:42:59,479 --> 00:43:02,771
the future governor of the new
Massachusetts Bay colony,

660
00:43:02,896 --> 00:43:06,021
John Winthrop,
essayed the epic vision.

661
00:43:06,146 --> 00:43:08,896
"The Lord shall make us
a praise and glory,

662
00:43:09,021 --> 00:43:12,396
"for we must consider that we
shall be as a city upon a hill.

663
00:43:12,521 --> 00:43:15,521
The eyes of all people
are upon us."

664
00:43:20,980 --> 00:43:23,146
The Puritans washed
into Massachusetts Bay

665
00:43:23,271 --> 00:43:25,521
by the thousands in the next
five years,

666
00:43:25,604 --> 00:43:27,521
establishing town after town,

667
00:43:27,646 --> 00:43:30,146
their path cleared by new waves
of small pox

668
00:43:30,229 --> 00:43:32,896
hitting tribes in New England.

669
00:43:32,980 --> 00:43:35,646
TALL OAK:
One of the historians
of the Puritans--

670
00:43:35,771 --> 00:43:38,146
I'm quite sure it was one
of the clergymen-- said,

671
00:43:38,229 --> 00:43:40,021
in reference
to the death of so many

672
00:43:40,146 --> 00:43:41,896
of the Massachusetts
people, that,

673
00:43:42,021 --> 00:43:45,771
"The land was almost cleared
of those pernicious creatures,

674
00:43:45,896 --> 00:43:47,896
so as to make way
for a better growth."

675
00:43:48,021 --> 00:43:51,271
Now he's talking about women,
children, all of that,

676
00:43:51,396 --> 00:43:54,021
but that's the way they related
because their unfounded notion

677
00:43:54,146 --> 00:43:56,354
of European superiority.

678
00:43:58,021 --> 00:44:02,021
They kept coming,
one boatload after another.

679
00:44:02,104 --> 00:44:05,896
BROOKS:
You have all of these people
who are coming over from England

680
00:44:05,980 --> 00:44:08,646
with that sense of entitlement.

681
00:44:08,730 --> 00:44:12,146
They have this image
of the colonies

682
00:44:12,271 --> 00:44:16,021
as if there's just great space
for them to occupy

683
00:44:16,146 --> 00:44:20,021
and there are great resources
that are for the taking.

684
00:44:31,104 --> 00:44:32,396
NARRATOR:
In less than a generation,

685
00:44:32,521 --> 00:44:34,271
Massasoit saw
the English population

686
00:44:34,396 --> 00:44:38,396
surrounding the Wampanoag rise
from 300 to 20,000.

687
00:44:46,271 --> 00:44:48,771
KUPPERMAN:
The animals that the English
bring with them

688
00:44:48,855 --> 00:44:51,146
are incredibly devastating

689
00:44:51,271 --> 00:44:53,521
because they just let them
run loose.

690
00:44:58,104 --> 00:45:00,521
The pigs in particular
had apparently

691
00:45:00,646 --> 00:45:02,646
no natural enemies here.

692
00:45:04,479 --> 00:45:09,021
They would talk about, you know,
innumerable numbers of pigs

693
00:45:09,146 --> 00:45:11,396
just vacuuming up the acorns

694
00:45:11,521 --> 00:45:14,396
and the other things on which
Native people relied for food

695
00:45:14,479 --> 00:45:15,896
and on which these animals

696
00:45:16,021 --> 00:45:21,021
that the Native people
were accustomed to hunt
relied for food.

697
00:45:22,104 --> 00:45:24,146
(pigs squealing)

698
00:45:24,271 --> 00:45:26,646
(yelling in Nipmuc)

699
00:45:29,771 --> 00:45:31,896
RICHTER:
The population of
the English colonies

700
00:45:32,021 --> 00:45:33,646
was growing dramatically

701
00:45:33,771 --> 00:45:36,521
with an increasing demand
to establish new towns,

702
00:45:36,604 --> 00:45:38,646
create farms and expand.

703
00:45:38,771 --> 00:45:40,271
The one thing
that Native people have

704
00:45:40,396 --> 00:45:43,521
that the English people
want is their land.

705
00:45:43,604 --> 00:45:47,271
CALLOWAY:
Access to and acquisition of
this so-called "free land"

706
00:45:47,354 --> 00:45:50,771
that the Americas offer is
a source of constant

707
00:45:50,855 --> 00:45:54,229
and recurrent conflict
with Indian people.

708
00:45:55,521 --> 00:45:59,771
The English came from a society
where land was in short supply.

709
00:45:59,896 --> 00:46:03,021
Ownership of land was
a mark of status

710
00:46:03,146 --> 00:46:05,271
as well as a source of wealth.

711
00:46:05,354 --> 00:46:09,646
For Indian people,
land is homeland.

712
00:46:09,771 --> 00:46:11,896
You are rooted to it

713
00:46:12,021 --> 00:46:15,396
by generations of living
on the land;

714
00:46:15,521 --> 00:46:17,021
your identity is tied up in it.

715
00:46:17,146 --> 00:46:20,104
It's not a commodity
to be bought and sold.

716
00:46:22,271 --> 00:46:24,771
NARRATOR:
Massasoit had not felt
pressured to sell land

717
00:46:24,896 --> 00:46:27,396
for the first 20 years
of Plymouth's existence,

718
00:46:27,521 --> 00:46:29,896
and his first commitments
to cede territory

719
00:46:29,980 --> 00:46:31,646
had seemed harmless.

720
00:46:31,771 --> 00:46:34,896
But just as the English became
more aggressively acquisitive,

721
00:46:35,021 --> 00:46:37,896
Massasoit found himself
in a weak bargaining position.

722
00:46:38,021 --> 00:46:41,271
The beaver population
was badly depleted,

723
00:46:41,396 --> 00:46:43,271
collapsing the trade
on which his relationship

724
00:46:43,396 --> 00:46:45,646
with the Pilgrims
had been built;

725
00:46:45,771 --> 00:46:47,646
and the English no longer needed
Massasoit's help

726
00:46:47,771 --> 00:46:50,271
in expanding their
commercial reach.

727
00:46:50,354 --> 00:46:54,396
So he was forced to bend to his
ally's desire to have his land.

728
00:46:54,521 --> 00:46:59,021
The chief got what he could
for the Wampanoag land.

729
00:46:59,146 --> 00:47:02,771
He sold one parcel for ten
fathom of beads and a coat.

730
00:47:02,896 --> 00:47:08,021
As time went on he asked for
more: hatchets, hoes, knives,

731
00:47:08,104 --> 00:47:11,021
iron kettles, moose skins,
matchlock muskets,

732
00:47:11,146 --> 00:47:14,771
yards of cotton and
pounds of English coin.

733
00:47:14,855 --> 00:47:16,271
PULSIPHER:
There are several incidents

734
00:47:16,396 --> 00:47:17,896
where Massasoit's clearly
disgruntled

735
00:47:18,021 --> 00:47:20,521
with the way things
are changing.

736
00:47:20,646 --> 00:47:22,396
For instance, he agrees to sell
some of his land

737
00:47:22,479 --> 00:47:25,521
to some of the settlers
down in Rhode Island.

738
00:47:25,646 --> 00:47:29,271
And they pay him for it
and he says,

739
00:47:29,354 --> 00:47:31,896
"This is... this is nowhere
near enough."

740
00:47:32,021 --> 00:47:33,146
And he gives it back.

741
00:47:33,271 --> 00:47:35,396
And they refuse to take it.

742
00:47:35,521 --> 00:47:39,271
They refuse to take the gifts...
the payment back.

743
00:47:39,396 --> 00:47:42,146
And they say, you know,
"You can't return this

744
00:47:42,271 --> 00:47:44,021
"and this is a done deal.

745
00:47:44,146 --> 00:47:45,271
This land is now ours."

746
00:47:56,646 --> 00:47:58,771
NARRATOR:
The English were in a race
to establish empire

747
00:47:58,896 --> 00:48:00,146
in the Americas,

748
00:48:00,229 --> 00:48:03,271
jockeying for territory
with the French, the Spanish,

749
00:48:03,354 --> 00:48:06,146
the Swedish, the Dutch.

750
00:48:09,646 --> 00:48:16,021
KUPPERMAN:
They're very expansive, and
they don't expand incrementally.

751
00:48:16,146 --> 00:48:17,771
They're aware that
the Connecticut River

752
00:48:17,855 --> 00:48:21,271
is a major conduit of trade.

753
00:48:21,354 --> 00:48:24,646
The Dutch are already
on the lower end of the river

754
00:48:24,771 --> 00:48:27,771
and so clearly they want to
control the Connecticut River

755
00:48:27,896 --> 00:48:30,271
from its midsection.

756
00:48:32,021 --> 00:48:35,771
With the influx of English
people in the 1630s,

757
00:48:35,855 --> 00:48:41,396
Puritan New England ceases to be
weak and vulnerable

758
00:48:41,521 --> 00:48:43,896
and now becomes a power
in the region.

759
00:48:44,021 --> 00:48:50,646
As they look further west,
they see another major power.

760
00:48:50,771 --> 00:48:53,146
The English identify the Pequot

761
00:48:53,271 --> 00:48:56,896
as an obstacle
to their expansion.

762
00:49:01,271 --> 00:49:04,146
NARRATOR:
In the spring of 1637,

763
00:49:04,271 --> 00:49:05,771
Massasoit received word
that a force,

764
00:49:05,855 --> 00:49:08,396
led by Massachusetts Bay
and Plymouth colonies,

765
00:49:08,521 --> 00:49:10,146
had destroyed the Pequot,

766
00:49:10,229 --> 00:49:14,521
the most powerful Indian
confederacy in the area.

767
00:49:14,646 --> 00:49:17,271
In the final battle,
English soldiers--

768
00:49:17,354 --> 00:49:19,271
to the horror
of their Indian allies--

769
00:49:19,354 --> 00:49:22,896
had burned an undefended
village, killing hundreds.

770
00:49:25,646 --> 00:49:28,646
O'BRIEN:
The Pequot War established
in Indian minds

771
00:49:28,771 --> 00:49:31,646
the potential savagery
of the English.

772
00:49:31,771 --> 00:49:36,271
The idea of 700 people--
men, women and children--

773
00:49:36,396 --> 00:49:39,396
perishing in the burning
of a fort

774
00:49:39,479 --> 00:49:42,146
was incomprehensible to Indians.

775
00:49:42,271 --> 00:49:46,521
It was a cautionary tale
that Massasoit did not forget.

776
00:49:58,229 --> 00:50:00,646
NARRATOR:
Soon after the destruction
of the Pequot,

777
00:50:00,730 --> 00:50:03,146
Massasoit traveled
to Massachusetts Bay Colony

778
00:50:03,271 --> 00:50:06,021
to deliver to its governor,
John Winthrop,

779
00:50:06,104 --> 00:50:07,896
a gift of 16 beaver skins

780
00:50:08,021 --> 00:50:10,521
and to restate
his long-standing friendship

781
00:50:10,604 --> 00:50:11,771
with the colonists,

782
00:50:11,896 --> 00:50:14,146
all in hopes that they
would continue to honor

783
00:50:14,271 --> 00:50:16,021
the promise of shared security

784
00:50:16,146 --> 00:50:19,396
the English had made in
that first, long-ago treaty.

785
00:50:19,521 --> 00:50:21,771
PULSIPHER:
Massasoit hopes
that this tribute

786
00:50:21,855 --> 00:50:24,896
is going to solidify his
friendship with Massachusetts

787
00:50:25,021 --> 00:50:28,396
because he's worried,
and he's not the only one.

788
00:50:28,521 --> 00:50:32,271
Winthrop writes in his journal
that after the Pequot War,

789
00:50:32,396 --> 00:50:37,146
dozens of Indian groups in
the area come to Massachusetts

790
00:50:37,271 --> 00:50:39,646
to the court and try
to make friends--

791
00:50:39,771 --> 00:50:42,396
say, you know, "We want to be
your friends, your partners,

792
00:50:42,521 --> 00:50:44,271
your subjects,"
whatever it takes.

793
00:50:44,354 --> 00:50:46,604
They're frightened.

794
00:50:55,521 --> 00:50:58,396
(children laughing)

795
00:51:04,771 --> 00:51:07,896
NARRATOR:
Massasoit's eventual heir--
his second son--

796
00:51:08,021 --> 00:51:10,521
was born around the time
of the Pequot War

797
00:51:10,604 --> 00:51:14,646
and nearly 20 years after
the arrival of the Pilgrims.

798
00:51:14,771 --> 00:51:16,646
He knew no world but the one
in which English and Wampanoag

799
00:51:16,730 --> 00:51:18,021
lived together.

800
00:51:18,146 --> 00:51:22,146
Even his names would suggest a
man comfortable in two cultures;

801
00:51:22,271 --> 00:51:27,271
he was first called Metacom,
and later Philip.

802
00:51:27,396 --> 00:51:29,396
He came of age in the 1650s,

803
00:51:29,521 --> 00:51:32,146
in a world his forefathers
could not have imagined.

804
00:51:32,229 --> 00:51:36,146
He fancied fine English lacework
and richly detailed wampum.

805
00:51:36,271 --> 00:51:38,896
He was one of the few Wampanoag
who kept pigs.

806
00:51:38,980 --> 00:51:40,646
And he counted among
his close friends

807
00:51:40,730 --> 00:51:42,646
both Indians and Englishmen.

808
00:51:44,146 --> 00:51:46,771
He was described
by an English traveler

809
00:51:46,855 --> 00:51:49,896
as walking through
the streets of Boston

810
00:51:50,021 --> 00:51:53,146
decked out in massive amounts
of wampum,

811
00:51:53,271 --> 00:51:57,021
showing his wealth
and his power,

812
00:51:57,146 --> 00:51:58,521
comfortable walking
in this world

813
00:51:58,646 --> 00:52:00,021
that had been created together

814
00:52:00,104 --> 00:52:02,396
by the English and
the Native people of the region.

815
00:52:02,521 --> 00:52:05,396
NARRATOR:
As he approached manhood,

816
00:52:05,521 --> 00:52:09,271
Philip was more and more aware
of his father's growing unease.

817
00:52:09,396 --> 00:52:11,521
Massasoit's tribal borders
had receded

818
00:52:11,604 --> 00:52:13,521
in around Narragansett Bay.

819
00:52:13,646 --> 00:52:16,521
Disease continued to thin
the Wampanoag.

820
00:52:16,646 --> 00:52:20,646
His trusted ally,
Edward Winslow, had died.

821
00:52:20,771 --> 00:52:23,521
The new leadership in Plymouth
had little memory of the time

822
00:52:23,646 --> 00:52:26,521
they had needed
Massasoit's help.

823
00:52:26,604 --> 00:52:31,646
When do the English
lose their sense of openness?

824
00:52:31,730 --> 00:52:34,146
Well, when they become
more independent.

825
00:52:34,271 --> 00:52:36,646
When they realize that they
no longer need the Indians.

826
00:52:36,730 --> 00:52:41,146
And right around that same time,
in the 1650s,

827
00:52:41,229 --> 00:52:44,646
they make one attempt to convert
the Indians to Christianity,

828
00:52:44,730 --> 00:52:47,146
which is to say, in effect,

829
00:52:47,271 --> 00:52:48,896
"Well, if you're going to live
among us,

830
00:52:49,021 --> 00:52:50,646
"you need to basically
become us,

831
00:52:50,730 --> 00:52:51,896
"because we can't live
with people

832
00:52:51,980 --> 00:52:54,146
who are different
from ourselves."

833
00:52:54,271 --> 00:52:56,021
NARRATOR:
In 1651,

834
00:52:56,146 --> 00:52:59,396
Puritan minister John Eliot
established a "praying town"

835
00:52:59,479 --> 00:53:00,896
in Natick, Massachusetts.

836
00:53:01,021 --> 00:53:04,771
In Natick, as in the dozen
praying towns that followed,

837
00:53:04,855 --> 00:53:07,271
Indians who converted
to Christianity

838
00:53:07,396 --> 00:53:11,521
were assured physical security
and the promise of eternal life

839
00:53:11,604 --> 00:53:13,646
so long as they agreed to live
by moral codes

840
00:53:13,730 --> 00:53:17,146
drawn up by Puritan clergy.

841
00:53:17,229 --> 00:53:19,771
TALL OAK:
The praying Indian towns were
set up by the English

842
00:53:19,896 --> 00:53:23,271
to basically control Indians.

843
00:53:23,396 --> 00:53:26,146
You had all these rules
that were alien in concept,

844
00:53:26,229 --> 00:53:30,396
and Native people had to do
everything in the English way;

845
00:53:30,479 --> 00:53:32,396
and everything Indian,
of course--

846
00:53:32,521 --> 00:53:35,271
all the traditions that were
sacred to your fathers

847
00:53:35,396 --> 00:53:38,146
and your father's father
since time immemorial--

848
00:53:38,271 --> 00:53:39,771
you had to reject all that

849
00:53:39,855 --> 00:53:41,771
in favor of following
the English way.

850
00:53:41,896 --> 00:53:45,396
So you had to look down
on your own people,

851
00:53:45,479 --> 00:53:47,021
essentially,
is what it boiled down to.

852
00:53:47,146 --> 00:53:48,896
Wampanoag people here
got the idea

853
00:53:48,980 --> 00:53:56,521
that somehow if we are
to survive at all,

854
00:53:56,604 --> 00:54:00,521
we've got to at least say
that we're assimilated.

855
00:54:00,604 --> 00:54:02,896
We've got to say that we're
Christian, whatever that means,

856
00:54:03,021 --> 00:54:04,646
or we're going to be wiped out
completely.

857
00:54:04,771 --> 00:54:07,771
In order to be accepted as
a full member of the church,

858
00:54:07,896 --> 00:54:10,521
you needed to relate
a conversion experience

859
00:54:10,604 --> 00:54:12,396
that was witnessed
by the congregation

860
00:54:12,521 --> 00:54:17,271
and that was deemed sufficient
that you've been saved,

861
00:54:17,396 --> 00:54:18,896
that you believe yourself
to be saved.

862
00:54:18,980 --> 00:54:21,771
We have this remarkable set
of documents

863
00:54:21,896 --> 00:54:24,771
that were published at the time
called Tears of Repentance

864
00:54:24,896 --> 00:54:27,021
that were Indians from Natick

865
00:54:27,146 --> 00:54:29,646
relating their conversion
experiences.

866
00:54:29,771 --> 00:54:33,146
And they were witnessed
by a panel of ministers.

867
00:54:34,855 --> 00:54:36,521
MAN (dramatized reading):
I heard that Word,

868
00:54:36,646 --> 00:54:40,896
that it is a shame for a man
to wear long hair,

869
00:54:40,980 --> 00:54:44,771
and that there was no such
custom in the Churches;

870
00:54:44,896 --> 00:54:48,771
at first I thought I loved not
long hair, but I did,

871
00:54:48,855 --> 00:54:52,146
and found it very hard
to cut it off;

872
00:54:52,271 --> 00:54:55,896
and then I prayed to God
to pardon that sin also.

873
00:54:58,354 --> 00:55:00,771
MAN (dramatized reading):
When they said the devil
was my god,

874
00:55:00,896 --> 00:55:04,271
I was angry,
because I was proud.

875
00:55:04,396 --> 00:55:06,646
I loved to pray to many gods.

876
00:55:06,730 --> 00:55:11,896
Then, going to your house,
I more desired to hear of God.

877
00:55:11,980 --> 00:55:15,771
Then I was angry with myself
and loathed myself

878
00:55:15,896 --> 00:55:19,229
and thought God will not
forgive my sins.

879
00:55:21,229 --> 00:55:25,771
MAN (dramatized reading):
I see God is still angry with me
for all my sins

880
00:55:25,896 --> 00:55:30,021
and He hath afflicted me by the
death of three of my children,

881
00:55:30,146 --> 00:55:35,771
and I fear God is still angry
because great are my sins,

882
00:55:35,896 --> 00:55:39,855
and I fear lest my children
be not gone to Heaven.

883
00:55:41,604 --> 00:55:45,896
The English missionaries
demanded from Indian people

884
00:55:45,980 --> 00:55:51,271
much more than an expressed
belief in their god.

885
00:55:51,354 --> 00:55:54,396
It was part of an English
cultural assault,

886
00:55:54,521 --> 00:55:57,521
which Massasoit must have seen
was tearing apart

887
00:55:57,646 --> 00:55:59,771
many Native communities.

888
00:55:59,896 --> 00:56:01,396
And I think that's why

889
00:56:01,479 --> 00:56:04,396
he wants to try and
curb the missionaries,

890
00:56:04,521 --> 00:56:07,521
try and stop this kind
of assault taking place.

891
00:56:07,646 --> 00:56:10,896
(whooping)

892
00:56:10,980 --> 00:56:13,271
NARRATOR:
As Massasoit's days drew down,

893
00:56:13,396 --> 00:56:15,646
he made a point of stipulating
in land deeds

894
00:56:15,730 --> 00:56:17,146
that Christian missionaries
stay out

895
00:56:17,271 --> 00:56:20,021
of what remained
of Wampanoag territory.

896
00:56:20,146 --> 00:56:22,980
(singing)

897
00:56:29,146 --> 00:56:31,396
(cheering)

898
00:56:39,354 --> 00:56:40,771
(speaking Nipmuc)

899
00:56:40,896 --> 00:56:43,521
NARRATOR:
Having watched the English erode
his tribe's landholdings

900
00:56:43,646 --> 00:56:45,271
and his father's authority,

901
00:56:45,396 --> 00:56:48,521
Philip determined to make
a marriage of power.

902
00:56:48,646 --> 00:56:50,521
He wed a woman who was a leader
in her own right,

903
00:56:50,604 --> 00:56:54,271
the daughter of a chief who had
opposed Massasoit's alliance

904
00:56:54,396 --> 00:56:55,646
with the English
from the beginning.

905
00:56:58,104 --> 00:57:01,521
CALLOWAY:
Massasoit must have wondered
what kind of world

906
00:57:01,646 --> 00:57:05,646
he was handing on to his sons,
to his children.

907
00:57:05,771 --> 00:57:08,896
I think there's
a certain resignation

908
00:57:09,021 --> 00:57:11,521
in some of his actions toward
the end of his life,

909
00:57:11,604 --> 00:57:16,521
an attempt to stem the tide of
English assault on Indian land,

910
00:57:16,604 --> 00:57:19,271
on Indian culture,
on Indian sovereignty,

911
00:57:19,396 --> 00:57:25,896
and a lingering hope that maybe
things will still work out okay,

912
00:57:25,980 --> 00:57:27,146
maybe there can still be peace,

913
00:57:27,271 --> 00:57:29,771
because I think that
was his vision

914
00:57:29,896 --> 00:57:32,146
of what New England would be,
was a vision of peace.

915
00:57:39,479 --> 00:57:42,521
NARRATOR:
Massasoit died
in the early 1660s,

916
00:57:42,646 --> 00:57:46,646
40 years after his first
alliance with the Pilgrims.

917
00:57:46,730 --> 00:57:49,396
His passing came just as
a new hard-edged generation

918
00:57:49,521 --> 00:57:51,271
of English leaders
was rising to power--

919
00:57:51,396 --> 00:57:54,896
men like Josiah Winslow,
Edward's son,

920
00:57:54,980 --> 00:57:57,146
who was intent on hastening
the final reckoning

921
00:57:57,271 --> 00:58:00,521
between the Wampanoag
and the English.

922
00:58:00,604 --> 00:58:03,521
Philip, just 24 years old,

923
00:58:03,646 --> 00:58:07,771
took his father's place
as the Wampanoag chief.

924
00:58:07,855 --> 00:58:09,646
JONATHAN PERRY:
And suddenly it's all on him.

925
00:58:09,730 --> 00:58:12,896
He was leading in
a very difficult

926
00:58:13,021 --> 00:58:15,146
and very dangerous time,

927
00:58:15,229 --> 00:58:18,646
where essentially every part
of our society

928
00:58:18,730 --> 00:58:21,771
was being stripped away.

929
00:58:21,855 --> 00:58:24,396
RICHTER:
The wampum trade was declining;
the fur trade was declining.

930
00:58:24,479 --> 00:58:26,771
The demand for the English

931
00:58:26,896 --> 00:58:31,521
to acquire more and more
Algonquian land was increasing.

932
00:58:31,646 --> 00:58:34,521
More and more Native people,
for whatever reason,

933
00:58:34,604 --> 00:58:37,396
were choosing to move
to praying towns.

934
00:58:37,521 --> 00:58:40,021
The world that had
created Philip

935
00:58:40,104 --> 00:58:43,146
was collapsing around him.

936
00:58:43,229 --> 00:58:47,021
NARRATOR:
Philip hoped to strike
a delicate balance,

937
00:58:47,146 --> 00:58:49,146
maintaining his alliances
among the English

938
00:58:49,271 --> 00:58:51,396
while also maintaining
what remained

939
00:58:51,521 --> 00:58:54,021
of Wampanoag sovereignty.

940
00:58:54,146 --> 00:58:58,396
He continued to abide by the
terms of his father's treaty.

941
00:58:58,521 --> 00:59:01,271
But like his father,
he rejected repeated efforts

942
00:59:01,396 --> 00:59:04,396
by Puritan missionaries
to convert him.

943
00:59:04,521 --> 00:59:07,771
"If I became a praying sachem,
I shall be a poor and weak one,"

944
00:59:07,896 --> 00:59:11,896
he said, "and easily
trod upon by others."

945
00:59:11,980 --> 00:59:15,896
He also declared a moratorium
on land sales.

946
00:59:16,021 --> 00:59:19,396
English authorities had little
interest in humoring

947
00:59:19,521 --> 00:59:21,896
the young Wampanoag chief.

948
00:59:21,980 --> 00:59:23,771
O'BRIEN:
There were a variety of ways

949
00:59:23,896 --> 00:59:26,896
that English claimed possession
of Indian lands--

950
00:59:27,021 --> 00:59:29,271
everything from just
seizing them

951
00:59:29,396 --> 00:59:32,896
and then attending to
the legalities much later;

952
00:59:33,021 --> 00:59:36,396
merely occupying lands that
they want to declare vacant

953
00:59:36,521 --> 00:59:39,271
and thus available
for the taking;

954
00:59:39,354 --> 00:59:41,646
and one that is, I think,
often overlooked

955
00:59:41,771 --> 00:59:44,896
is that the English would get
Indians indebted.

956
00:59:45,021 --> 00:59:48,896
As Indians continued
to experience ill health

957
00:59:49,021 --> 00:59:50,646
and epidemic disease,

958
00:59:50,771 --> 00:59:52,021
one of the things
they become indebted for

959
00:59:52,146 --> 00:59:56,146
is health care that's being
provided by English guardians.

960
00:59:56,271 --> 00:59:59,021
These English guardians
used this as a way

961
00:59:59,146 --> 01:00:01,021
to get their hands
on Indian land.

962
01:00:01,104 --> 01:00:05,521
So that once the debts have
been accumulated,

963
01:00:05,604 --> 01:00:09,646
they go to the Indian estate
for the land for payment.

964
01:00:09,771 --> 01:00:11,521
And this becomes
a massive mechanism

965
01:00:11,646 --> 01:00:13,521
of Indian dispossession.

966
01:00:13,646 --> 01:00:18,021
What people felt for millennia--

967
01:00:18,146 --> 01:00:22,896
"This is my land,
and my land is me, and I am it,"

968
01:00:23,021 --> 01:00:28,146
obviously, because we come
from it, and we eat from it,

969
01:00:28,229 --> 01:00:30,771
and things die,
they go into the land,

970
01:00:30,896 --> 01:00:32,396
and we eat from what grows
from there.

971
01:00:32,521 --> 01:00:36,521
So when we say land-- ahh-key,
it's just ahh-key--  land.

972
01:00:36,646 --> 01:00:40,646
But if you say "my land,"
you have to say na-tahh-keem.

973
01:00:40,771 --> 01:00:43,771
This means that
"I am physically the land,

974
01:00:43,896 --> 01:00:46,271
and the land is physically me."

975
01:00:46,354 --> 01:00:51,396
And after Europeans were here
for about 70 years,

976
01:00:51,521 --> 01:00:56,271
people started to write
na-tahh-key,  which is so sad,

977
01:00:56,354 --> 01:00:57,646
because that means

978
01:00:57,771 --> 01:01:00,521
"I am not necessarily
part of the land anymore"--

979
01:01:00,646 --> 01:01:04,521
my land can  be separated
from my person.

980
01:01:06,896 --> 01:01:09,646
EDMUNDS:
There is a continual erosion

981
01:01:09,771 --> 01:01:12,896
of tribal people's ability
to maintain control

982
01:01:13,021 --> 01:01:14,396
over their own lives.

983
01:01:14,521 --> 01:01:16,521
And I think by the 1660s,

984
01:01:16,646 --> 01:01:18,521
Philip finds himself
up against the wall.

985
01:01:18,646 --> 01:01:21,771
In other words,
unless one makes a stand,

986
01:01:21,896 --> 01:01:24,771
the Wampanoag
or the tribal people

987
01:01:24,855 --> 01:01:26,771
are going to be completely
overrun.

988
01:01:33,604 --> 01:01:35,771
NARRATOR:
In 1671, rumors spread

989
01:01:35,896 --> 01:01:41,146
that Philip was growing angry
and preparing to act.

990
01:01:41,271 --> 01:01:42,771
Authorities in Plymouth--

991
01:01:42,896 --> 01:01:44,646
Josiah Winslow
chief among them--

992
01:01:44,771 --> 01:01:47,021
summoned Philip
to account for himself.

993
01:01:55,730 --> 01:01:58,396
LEPORE:
Josiah Winslow has
no curiosity whatsoever

994
01:01:58,521 --> 01:02:00,521
about these people with whom
he's grown up.

995
01:02:00,646 --> 01:02:02,771
He's known them all his life.

996
01:02:02,855 --> 01:02:04,521
He considers them an obstacle.

997
01:02:04,646 --> 01:02:07,646
He considers them untrustworthy.

998
01:02:07,771 --> 01:02:11,896
He wants nothing more than to
find a means of provoking a war

999
01:02:12,021 --> 01:02:13,646
that could lead
to their extermination.

1000
01:02:13,771 --> 01:02:15,271
WINSLOW:
You have,

1001
01:02:15,396 --> 01:02:18,021
have you not,
in recent times,

1002
01:02:18,104 --> 01:02:21,646
procured a great and unusual
supply of both ammunition

1003
01:02:21,771 --> 01:02:23,896
and provisions,

1004
01:02:23,980 --> 01:02:26,021
planning an attack on us
both here in Taunton

1005
01:02:26,146 --> 01:02:27,646
and in other places?

1006
01:02:27,730 --> 01:02:31,396
These charges against me
are false.

1007
01:02:31,521 --> 01:02:34,521
If you have
no such designs,

1008
01:02:34,646 --> 01:02:37,896
have your men hand
over their weapons.

1009
01:02:37,980 --> 01:02:41,646
TALL OAK:
He had two choices:
either give all the weapons up

1010
01:02:41,730 --> 01:02:44,521
or acknowledge to the English

1011
01:02:44,646 --> 01:02:47,896
that he was preparing for war,
as they were accusing him of.

1012
01:02:48,021 --> 01:02:50,271
So he had to choose the lesser
of the two evils.

1013
01:02:59,980 --> 01:03:04,021
(men conversing angrily)

1014
01:03:10,146 --> 01:03:13,146
NARRATOR:
Before taking his leave,

1015
01:03:13,229 --> 01:03:15,271
Philip was made to sign
a confession

1016
01:03:15,396 --> 01:03:17,646
in which he admitted disloyalty
to the English

1017
01:03:17,771 --> 01:03:19,021
and promised to turn over

1018
01:03:19,146 --> 01:03:23,146
any weapons the Wampanoag
had amassed.

1019
01:03:23,229 --> 01:03:25,521
RICHTER:
This is a real turning point
for Philip

1020
01:03:25,646 --> 01:03:28,646
in that it's quite clear that
the aims now of the English

1021
01:03:28,771 --> 01:03:31,521
are not just to gain more
and more land,

1022
01:03:31,646 --> 01:03:33,396
not just to undercut
Native people

1023
01:03:33,521 --> 01:03:35,521
economically and spiritually,

1024
01:03:35,646 --> 01:03:39,521
but clearly to make Native
people their subjects.

1025
01:03:39,604 --> 01:03:42,646
EDMUNDS:
They no longer are being treated
as equals;

1026
01:03:42,730 --> 01:03:45,021
they're no longer being treated
as allies;

1027
01:03:45,146 --> 01:03:46,771
they're being treated
essentially

1028
01:03:46,896 --> 01:03:50,730
as second-class citizens
in their own country.

1029
01:03:52,146 --> 01:03:55,646
NARRATOR:
Philip was not eager to make
a fight with the English.

1030
01:03:55,771 --> 01:03:58,396
A war would shred his father's
historic alliance

1031
01:03:58,521 --> 01:04:01,771
and put his entire tribe
in peril.

1032
01:04:01,896 --> 01:04:04,396
There were only a thousand
Wampanoag remaining,

1033
01:04:04,521 --> 01:04:07,271
and nearly half were living
in the praying towns.

1034
01:04:07,396 --> 01:04:09,521
Philip had few warriors.

1035
01:04:09,604 --> 01:04:11,896
But the Wampanoag chief
did prepare,

1036
01:04:12,021 --> 01:04:14,021
seeking allies
among nearby tribes

1037
01:04:14,104 --> 01:04:16,646
and quietly buying up firearms.

1038
01:04:16,730 --> 01:04:20,771
At home in Mount Hope,
with his English friends nearby,

1039
01:04:20,896 --> 01:04:22,271
Philip wrestled
with the enormity

1040
01:04:22,396 --> 01:04:27,896
of a war against Josiah Winslow
and Plymouth colony.

1041
01:04:27,980 --> 01:04:35,146
He was clearly a person caught
in historical forces

1042
01:04:35,271 --> 01:04:39,896
that gave him very difficult
choices,

1043
01:04:40,021 --> 01:04:42,021
and like many Indian leaders

1044
01:04:42,104 --> 01:04:45,396
in those situations
across the continent,

1045
01:04:45,521 --> 01:04:48,771
he must have been weighing
the options of peace and war,

1046
01:04:48,896 --> 01:04:51,771
he must have been trying to
balance conflicting pressures.

1047
01:04:51,896 --> 01:04:56,771
NARRATOR:
Betrayal forced Philip's hand.

1048
01:04:56,896 --> 01:04:58,771
In January 1675,

1049
01:04:58,896 --> 01:05:01,396
Philip's personal secretary
traveled to Plymouth

1050
01:05:01,521 --> 01:05:04,646
to warn Governor Winslow that
Philip was arming for war.

1051
01:05:04,771 --> 01:05:07,771
Three weeks later,
the secretary was dead.

1052
01:05:07,896 --> 01:05:11,146
English authorities arrested
three of Philip's men,

1053
01:05:11,229 --> 01:05:14,646
tried them for the murder
and executed them.

1054
01:05:14,771 --> 01:05:16,521
For Indian people, of course,

1055
01:05:16,646 --> 01:05:20,896
a killing of an Indian
by an Indian in Indian country

1056
01:05:20,980 --> 01:05:24,146
was something that should have
been settled by Indian people.

1057
01:05:24,271 --> 01:05:29,021
After that blatant assault
on Indian sovereignty,

1058
01:05:29,146 --> 01:05:31,646
Philip must have been
under incredible pressure

1059
01:05:31,730 --> 01:05:35,521
from his warriors to step up
and do something about this.

1060
01:05:37,646 --> 01:05:39,021
NARRATOR:
As whispers of a coming war

1061
01:05:39,104 --> 01:05:41,771
spread among the English
colonists that following summer,

1062
01:05:41,896 --> 01:05:44,146
the deputy governor
of Rhode Island

1063
01:05:44,271 --> 01:05:49,271
invited Philip to a meeting
to offer some friendly advice.

1064
01:05:49,354 --> 01:05:51,896
Koonepeam,  Philip.

1065
01:05:57,396 --> 01:05:59,021
EASTON:
We thank you
for coming over

1066
01:05:59,146 --> 01:06:00,646
to speak with us.

1067
01:06:00,730 --> 01:06:04,896
Our business is to try to
prevent you from doing wrong.

1068
01:06:13,479 --> 01:06:15,855
We have done no wrong.

1069
01:06:18,646 --> 01:06:20,146
EASTON:
If you start a war
against the English,

1070
01:06:20,271 --> 01:06:21,896
much blood will be spilt.

1071
01:06:21,980 --> 01:06:24,771
A war will bring in
all Englishmen,

1072
01:06:24,855 --> 01:06:26,896
for we're all
under one king.

1073
01:06:27,021 --> 01:06:30,646
I urge you to lay down
your arms, Philip,

1074
01:06:30,771 --> 01:06:33,521
because the English are
too strong for you.

1075
01:06:33,646 --> 01:06:36,521
Then the English should treat us
as we treated the English

1076
01:06:36,604 --> 01:06:39,646
when we were too strong
for the English.

1077
01:06:47,271 --> 01:06:48,896
NARRATOR:
Philip's angry young warriors

1078
01:06:49,021 --> 01:06:52,021
refused to heed Easton's warning
that war with Plymouth

1079
01:06:52,146 --> 01:06:55,021
would bring every colony in
New England down on their heads.

1080
01:06:55,146 --> 01:06:58,896
Days after the conference
with Easton,

1081
01:06:59,021 --> 01:07:00,771
Philip sent warning
from Mount Hope

1082
01:07:00,896 --> 01:07:03,771
to an old English friend
in nearby Swansea:

1083
01:07:03,855 --> 01:07:07,604
it might be best
to leave the area.

1084
01:07:21,646 --> 01:07:25,021
NARRATOR:
When Wampanoag warriors began
their rampage,

1085
01:07:25,146 --> 01:07:26,896
Philip stood with them,

1086
01:07:26,980 --> 01:07:29,521
convincing other aggrieved
tribes in the area,

1087
01:07:29,646 --> 01:07:32,896
including the Wampanoags'
old rival, the Narragansett,

1088
01:07:32,980 --> 01:07:35,396
to join their fight
against New England,

1089
01:07:35,521 --> 01:07:39,271
a fight the English would come
to call King Philip's War.

1090
01:07:40,730 --> 01:07:44,271
EDMUNDS:
This war that breaks out in
New England is a major war.

1091
01:07:44,354 --> 01:07:48,521
It has a big impact on the
societies in New England,

1092
01:07:48,604 --> 01:07:50,521
both Native American and white.

1093
01:07:50,604 --> 01:07:57,146
By the winter of 1676 or so,
to get outside of Boston

1094
01:07:57,271 --> 01:08:00,646
for Europeans was a very
dangerous prospect.

1095
01:08:00,771 --> 01:08:03,521
RICHTER:
Native American forces had
devastating victories

1096
01:08:03,646 --> 01:08:05,896
over the English in the early
months of that war,

1097
01:08:05,980 --> 01:08:09,396
destroyed large numbers of towns
and people and property,

1098
01:08:09,479 --> 01:08:11,771
and were very much winning
that war

1099
01:08:11,896 --> 01:08:14,146
and putting the English
on the defensive.

1100
01:08:14,271 --> 01:08:15,980
EDMUNDS:
The war spread to Connecticut.

1101
01:08:16,062 --> 01:08:17,187
The war spread
into Rhode Island.

1102
01:08:17,312 --> 01:08:20,438
The war spread
into eastern New York.

1103
01:08:20,563 --> 01:08:25,688
Tribe after tribe after tribe
became involved in this.

1104
01:08:25,813 --> 01:08:28,187
NARRATOR:
English colonists
from the outlying villages

1105
01:08:28,312 --> 01:08:30,187
fled to bigger towns.

1106
01:08:30,271 --> 01:08:33,563
Some simply boarded ships
and headed back to Europe.

1107
01:08:33,688 --> 01:08:35,688
Alarmists among
the English feared

1108
01:08:35,813 --> 01:08:38,813
they would all be driven
into the sea.

1109
01:08:38,896 --> 01:08:43,688
The English look now very
differently at Indian people,

1110
01:08:43,813 --> 01:08:46,438
even those Indian people
who have lived among them,

1111
01:08:46,563 --> 01:08:49,563
even those Indian people
who have committed

1112
01:08:49,646 --> 01:08:53,438
to living a Christian life and
are living in the praying towns.

1113
01:08:53,521 --> 01:08:58,438
These Indians now come to be
regarded as, at the very least,

1114
01:08:58,563 --> 01:09:00,688
a potential fifth column--

1115
01:09:00,813 --> 01:09:03,187
as people who cannot be trusted,

1116
01:09:03,312 --> 01:09:06,312
as people who are liable
to turn on you at any time.

1117
01:09:09,938 --> 01:09:11,563
NARRATOR:
As winter approached,

1118
01:09:11,688 --> 01:09:14,312
the colonists banished hundreds
of Christian Indians

1119
01:09:14,396 --> 01:09:18,312
living in the praying towns--
men, women and children.

1120
01:09:18,438 --> 01:09:21,563
They took them on a forced march
to the Charles River,

1121
01:09:21,688 --> 01:09:23,312
put them in canoes,

1122
01:09:23,438 --> 01:09:28,438
and put them on Deer Island
in the middle of Boston Harbor,

1123
01:09:28,563 --> 01:09:31,438
which at that time of year
is a cold, blustery place.

1124
01:09:31,521 --> 01:09:37,688
Over 300 or 400 perished
from lack of food and exposure,

1125
01:09:37,813 --> 01:09:41,688
because they gave them no
blankets or food or anything

1126
01:09:41,813 --> 01:09:43,396
and just dumped them there.

1127
01:09:46,021 --> 01:09:49,062
NARRATOR:
The war ground on,
month after month,

1128
01:09:49,146 --> 01:09:51,438
exacting a terrible price.

1129
01:09:51,563 --> 01:09:54,312
25 English towns were destroyed.

1130
01:09:54,438 --> 01:09:57,688
More than 2,000 English
colonists died.

1131
01:09:57,771 --> 01:10:00,312
But the shared danger
did unite the colonies,

1132
01:10:00,438 --> 01:10:03,187
and they lashed back.

1133
01:10:03,312 --> 01:10:07,813
In early 1676, Philip could feel
the tide turning,

1134
01:10:07,896 --> 01:10:12,062
and then the powerful Mohawks,
longtime allies of the English,

1135
01:10:12,146 --> 01:10:13,688
made a surprise attack,

1136
01:10:13,813 --> 01:10:19,146
killing almost 500 of Philip's
men and dooming his confederacy.

1137
01:10:20,938 --> 01:10:25,187
(woman sobbing)

1138
01:10:27,896 --> 01:10:29,813
A year into the war,

1139
01:10:29,896 --> 01:10:32,688
scores of Indian villages had
been burned to ash.

1140
01:10:32,813 --> 01:10:35,813
5,000 Native people had died.

1141
01:10:35,938 --> 01:10:38,312
Hundreds of men, women and
children who did survive--

1142
01:10:38,438 --> 01:10:42,187
"heathen malefactors,"
Josiah Winslow called them--

1143
01:10:42,312 --> 01:10:45,688
were loaded onto boats, shipped
to the West Indies and Europe

1144
01:10:45,813 --> 01:10:48,813
and sold into slavery.

1145
01:10:48,938 --> 01:10:53,187
(wailing)

1146
01:10:53,271 --> 01:10:56,563
Native tribes in southern
New England had been crushed

1147
01:10:56,688 --> 01:11:00,187
and would never again control
their destiny in their homeland.

1148
01:11:07,938 --> 01:11:12,187
In the summer of 1676,
Philip retreated home

1149
01:11:12,312 --> 01:11:14,688
to Mount Hope with his wife
and children,

1150
01:11:14,771 --> 01:11:17,813
his cause all but lost.

1151
01:11:29,646 --> 01:11:31,938
PULSIPHER:
It does seem a little unusual

1152
01:11:32,062 --> 01:11:34,563
that he would come back
to Mount Hope,

1153
01:11:34,688 --> 01:11:36,563
because there are so many troops
around there

1154
01:11:36,688 --> 01:11:37,938
looking for him.

1155
01:11:38,062 --> 01:11:41,312
It's like consciously walking
into a trap.

1156
01:11:41,438 --> 01:11:45,312
LEPORE:
When he returns to Mount Hope,
he certainly has given up.

1157
01:11:45,438 --> 01:11:47,187
He's going there to die.

1158
01:11:47,271 --> 01:11:51,187
Rather than a grand,
heroic military figure,

1159
01:11:51,271 --> 01:11:53,688
he's a more poignant,
sad figure,

1160
01:11:53,771 --> 01:11:58,813
a person filled with sorrow
at the end of his life.

1161
01:11:58,896 --> 01:12:03,438
NARRATOR:
On August 12, 1676,
an English militia unit--

1162
01:12:03,521 --> 01:12:06,438
along with a praying Indian
named John Alderman--

1163
01:12:06,563 --> 01:12:10,187
surprised Philip and his
dwindling band of followers.

1164
01:12:11,813 --> 01:12:14,938
PERRY:
After Philip was shot
by Alderman,

1165
01:12:15,021 --> 01:12:16,438
they dismembered his body.

1166
01:12:16,563 --> 01:12:21,563
The scarred right hand of Philip
was given to Alderman

1167
01:12:21,646 --> 01:12:24,438
as a trophy of the war.

1168
01:12:24,563 --> 01:12:28,187
His parts were strewn
about the colonies,

1169
01:12:28,312 --> 01:12:31,563
spread to the four corners.

1170
01:12:31,646 --> 01:12:35,062
This is a warning to other
people, to other Indian people.

1171
01:12:35,187 --> 01:12:37,688
This is what the English will...

1172
01:12:37,813 --> 01:12:41,312
This is how the English will
deal with rebellion,

1173
01:12:41,396 --> 01:12:42,813
deal with treason.

1174
01:12:42,896 --> 01:12:45,563
And remember that in English
eyes, Philip was a traitor,

1175
01:12:45,688 --> 01:12:48,187
and this was the punishment
meted out

1176
01:12:48,271 --> 01:12:52,062
by 17th-century Englishmen
to traitors.

1177
01:12:52,146 --> 01:12:55,312
NARRATOR:
Massasoit's son was dead
and scattered,

1178
01:12:55,438 --> 01:12:58,187
but the colonists were taking
no chances;

1179
01:12:58,312 --> 01:13:01,938
they captured Philip's son
and heir-- a nine-year-old boy--

1180
01:13:02,062 --> 01:13:04,688
and locked him in a jail
in Plymouth.

1181
01:13:04,813 --> 01:13:06,938
While English authorities
deliberated

1182
01:13:07,021 --> 01:13:10,563
on whether to sell the boy into
slavery or simply murder him,

1183
01:13:10,688 --> 01:13:13,187
the Puritans gave thanks
to their God.

1184
01:13:13,312 --> 01:13:16,187
LEPORE:
And the final day
of thanksgiving of the war

1185
01:13:16,312 --> 01:13:19,062
is the day that Philip's head
is marched into Plymouth.

1186
01:13:19,187 --> 01:13:22,438
This decapitated head on a pole,

1187
01:13:22,521 --> 01:13:25,312
it's erected
in the center of town

1188
01:13:25,438 --> 01:13:28,521
and is cause
for a great celebration.

1189
01:13:31,146 --> 01:13:33,688
NARRATOR:
They wouldn't take it down,
Philip's head.

1190
01:13:33,813 --> 01:13:37,187
For two decades, while Philip's
son lived in slavery

1191
01:13:37,312 --> 01:13:38,813
in the West Indies,

1192
01:13:38,896 --> 01:13:40,813
the head was displayed
in Plymouth,

1193
01:13:40,938 --> 01:13:43,938
a reminder to the Indians
about who was in charge,

1194
01:13:44,062 --> 01:13:45,563
a reminder to the English

1195
01:13:45,688 --> 01:13:49,187
that God continued to smile
on their endeavor.

1196
01:13:59,688 --> 01:14:05,563
CALLOWAY:
It's hard to see how conflict
could have been avoided

1197
01:14:05,688 --> 01:14:11,563
and how the outcome of that war
could have been different.

1198
01:14:11,688 --> 01:14:16,312
Looking at the generation
before this war,

1199
01:14:16,438 --> 01:14:21,563
there is at least a moment
where things were different.

1200
01:14:50,396 --> 01:14:52,771
Captioned by
Media Access Group at WGBH
access.wgbh.org