1 00:00:00,680 --> 00:00:02,720 (THEME MUSIC PLAYS) 2 00:00:18,920 --> 00:00:20,720 REPORTER: What do you hope to accomplish today 3 00:00:20,720 --> 00:00:21,680 with the Prime Minister? 4 00:00:21,680 --> 00:00:25,920 DONALD TRUMP: It's great to have the Prime Minister of Australia. 5 00:00:25,920 --> 00:00:29,320 A lot of friends over there. And this is one of them right here. 6 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,120 In about a year from now 7 00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:34,280 we'll have so much critical minerals and rare earths 8 00:00:34,280 --> 00:00:36,320 that you won't know what to do with them. 9 00:00:36,320 --> 00:00:41,160 ANGUS GRIGG: These once obscure minerals are now highly coveted. 10 00:00:41,160 --> 00:00:45,480 Increasing the security for the region and the world, 11 00:00:45,480 --> 00:00:50,720 to take our relationship to that next level. 12 00:00:50,720 --> 00:00:52,200 So, thank you very much, Mr President. 13 00:00:52,200 --> 00:00:55,600 Well, thank you very much, Anthony. It's an honour to sign this. 14 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:55,840 Well, thank you very much, Anthony. With deep reserves, 15 00:00:55,840 --> 00:00:57,680 With deep reserves, 16 00:00:57,680 --> 00:00:57,920 Australia has become With deep reserves, 17 00:00:57,920 --> 00:01:00,720 Australia has become a global player. 18 00:01:00,720 --> 00:01:02,480 IAN SATCHWELL: Well, Australia probably has 19 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:06,800 the widest range of critical minerals on the planet. 20 00:01:07,760 --> 00:01:10,160 DONALD TRUMP: We're really working on anything having to do 21 00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:14,960 with military ships, vehicles, guns, ammunition, everything. 22 00:01:14,960 --> 00:01:20,760 The US needs these minerals to power its economy and its military. 23 00:01:20,760 --> 00:01:23,000 But there's just one problem. 24 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:25,520 China controls the market. 25 00:01:25,520 --> 00:01:26,960 While the rest of the world slept, 26 00:01:26,960 --> 00:01:27,200 China built While the rest of the world slept, 27 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:29,680 China built end-to-end supply chains. 28 00:01:29,680 --> 00:01:29,920 China built Make no mistake, 29 00:01:29,920 --> 00:01:32,160 Make no mistake, 30 00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:35,680 this is China versus the world. 31 00:01:35,680 --> 00:01:35,920 You might think this is China versus the world. 32 00:01:35,920 --> 00:01:38,600 You might think we're all in with America... 33 00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:42,640 ..but we've discovered Australia is supplying China 34 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:47,400 with a mineral critical for its most advanced weaponry. 35 00:01:47,400 --> 00:01:51,080 This basin north of Perth contains key minerals 36 00:01:51,080 --> 00:01:55,640 for hypersonic missiles and nuclear technology. 37 00:01:55,640 --> 00:01:58,240 DAVID KILCULLEN: It's really important for us to have 38 00:01:58,240 --> 00:02:01,080 an understanding of where our minerals go. 39 00:02:01,080 --> 00:02:01,320 an understanding At the same time 40 00:02:01,320 --> 00:02:02,560 At the same time 41 00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:06,360 we're spending billions arming ourselves against China. 42 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:07,960 JENNIFER PARKER: The chances of conflict in this region 43 00:02:07,960 --> 00:02:08,200 JENNIFER PARKER: The chances are increasingly likely. 44 00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:09,560 are increasingly likely. 45 00:02:09,560 --> 00:02:12,040 That means Australia is potentially targeted. 46 00:02:12,040 --> 00:02:13,200 In fact, likely targeted. 47 00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:16,440 CHINESE COMMENTATOR: The Dongfeng-5C can strike any target 48 00:02:16,440 --> 00:02:16,680 CHINESE COMMENTATOR: The Dongfeng-5C around the world. 49 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:17,960 around the world. 50 00:02:18,920 --> 00:02:21,600 DAVID KILCULLEN: The build-up of Chinese nuclear weapons 51 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:25,520 is a pace and scale that we've never seen. 52 00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:25,760 is a pace and scale And, if hostilities go nuclear, 53 00:02:25,760 --> 00:02:28,640 And, if hostilities go nuclear, 54 00:02:28,640 --> 00:02:28,880 Australian minerals And, if hostilities go nuclear, 55 00:02:28,880 --> 00:02:32,720 Australian minerals will have once again played a part. 56 00:02:32,720 --> 00:02:32,960 Australian minerals JENNIFER PARKER: We need to look at 57 00:02:32,960 --> 00:02:34,040 JENNIFER PARKER: We need to look at 58 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:36,520 how does our economic and our trade policy 59 00:02:36,520 --> 00:02:38,760 support our security strategy. 60 00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:41,360 And we need to ask a lot of hard questions. 61 00:02:41,360 --> 00:02:45,520 Would China target those bases in the event of a conflict? 62 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:46,680 If there is a war, 63 00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:47,720 definitely. 64 00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:15,640 In WA's remote north-west 65 00:03:15,640 --> 00:03:19,560 the Indian Ocean collides with this ancient landscape. 66 00:03:25,680 --> 00:03:27,880 Once a Cold War outpost, 67 00:03:27,880 --> 00:03:33,720 the North West Cape is now more than ever prized for its strategic value. 68 00:03:57,000 --> 00:03:59,640 We've come to RAAF Base Learmonth 69 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:02,560 1,200km north of Perth. 70 00:04:06,760 --> 00:04:08,440 GREG PORCHE: This was a bare base. 71 00:04:08,440 --> 00:04:08,680 Normally bare bases GREG PORCHE: This was a bare base. 72 00:04:08,680 --> 00:04:10,640 Normally bare bases don't have people. 73 00:04:10,640 --> 00:04:13,240 They'll have a caretaker and that's about it. 74 00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:18,160 It's quiet right now, but that's changing. 75 00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:22,200 The Australian government is spending $880 million 76 00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:22,440 The Australian government to make this base battle-ready. 77 00:04:22,440 --> 00:04:25,120 to make this base battle-ready. 78 00:04:28,280 --> 00:04:31,000 What's going to happen is they're going to upgrade the taxiway 79 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:33,760 so it's used as an alternate main runway. 80 00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:38,160 Showing us around is Wing Commander Greg Porche. 81 00:04:38,160 --> 00:04:39,680 So, in effect, you'll have two runways here. 82 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:39,920 So, in effect, In effect, yes. 83 00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:40,920 In effect, yes. 84 00:04:44,480 --> 00:04:47,280 We can actually launch aircraft, refuel them. 85 00:04:47,280 --> 00:04:47,520 We can actually launch aircraft, That extends the range, 86 00:04:47,520 --> 00:04:48,520 That extends the range, 87 00:04:48,520 --> 00:04:50,440 and therefore we can operate further north 88 00:04:50,440 --> 00:04:51,600 than what we would normally do. 89 00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:54,720 And that's what they mean by holding an adversary at length. 90 00:04:54,720 --> 00:04:58,520 What is it that's so strategic about this location? 91 00:04:58,520 --> 00:05:00,360 Basically, it's right in the north-west. 92 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:03,760 So, if you look at the map and you tilt it sideways or on an angle, 93 00:05:03,760 --> 00:05:06,440 what you'll end up doing is looking out across Indonesia, 94 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:09,920 up into the South China Sea, China, that area, 95 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:11,200 that's the location of it. 96 00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:17,800 Is there a sense of urgency around upgrading this base? 97 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:19,280 I believe so, yes. 98 00:05:19,280 --> 00:05:22,160 These bases haven't had a lot of work done on them 99 00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:22,400 These bases haven't had in the last 35 years. 100 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:23,920 in the last 35 years. 101 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:24,160 It's a matter of bringing them up to speed, in the last 35 years. 102 00:05:24,160 --> 00:05:26,040 It's a matter of bringing them up to speed, 103 00:05:26,040 --> 00:05:29,240 making them contemporary in order to operate the platforms we need. 104 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:29,480 making them contemporary in order And is it a case that once again, 105 00:05:29,480 --> 00:05:31,720 And is it a case that once again, 106 00:05:31,720 --> 00:05:34,160 just like in World War II, 107 00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:35,600 this is now the front line? 108 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:37,080 Yeah, it is very much the front line. 109 00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:37,320 Yeah, We've operated in Afghanistan, 110 00:05:37,320 --> 00:05:39,000 We've operated in Afghanistan, 111 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:40,280 we've operated in Iraq, 112 00:05:40,280 --> 00:05:41,920 multiple places around the world. 113 00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:43,800 This is about the homeland. 114 00:05:51,400 --> 00:05:52,880 As we discover, 115 00:05:52,880 --> 00:05:56,440 defending the homeland requires plenty of fuel. 116 00:06:02,040 --> 00:06:04,360 And you'll see the blast walls down there as well. 117 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:04,600 And you'll see the blast walls Yep. 118 00:06:04,600 --> 00:06:05,360 Yep. 119 00:06:05,360 --> 00:06:05,600 And then you can see the fuel farm Yep. 120 00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:08,160 And then you can see the fuel farm in the distance. 121 00:06:12,600 --> 00:06:15,200 Fuel is the bloodline of the air base. 122 00:06:15,200 --> 00:06:17,840 If we don't have fuel on the base, we don't operate. 123 00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:22,440 This base is just one part 124 00:06:22,440 --> 00:06:22,680 of the deepening alliance This base is just one part 125 00:06:22,680 --> 00:06:25,640 of the deepening alliance with the United States. 126 00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:25,880 of the deepening alliance US defence documents 127 00:06:25,880 --> 00:06:27,120 US defence documents 128 00:06:27,120 --> 00:06:32,680 show the Americans want their own massive fuel farm here. 129 00:06:32,680 --> 00:06:37,320 Its capacity would be 500,000 barrels of jet fuel. 130 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:41,640 That's 40 times bigger than the current stockpile. 131 00:06:43,840 --> 00:06:45,000 We see advantage 132 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:45,240 in the US being anchored We see advantage 133 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:48,360 in the US being anchored in the Indo-Pacific region 134 00:06:48,360 --> 00:06:51,440 as a balancing weight against other forces in the region. 135 00:06:51,440 --> 00:06:51,680 as a balancing weight against other forces in the region. Historically, we've enjoyed 136 00:06:51,680 --> 00:06:53,600 Historically, we've enjoyed 137 00:06:53,600 --> 00:06:55,240 a 10-year warning time to conflict. 138 00:06:55,240 --> 00:06:58,280 We now assess that that warning time has evaporated 139 00:06:58,280 --> 00:07:01,320 and that we need to be ready sooner than that. 140 00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:02,400 To understand how... 141 00:07:02,400 --> 00:07:07,920 Learmonth is one of five bases being upgraded across northern Australia. 142 00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:11,960 This redevelopment of bases, ports and barracks, 143 00:07:11,960 --> 00:07:13,960 costing up to $18 billion, 144 00:07:13,960 --> 00:07:17,880 is designed to counter the growing threat from China. 145 00:07:17,880 --> 00:07:21,120 So, Angus, this is our network of northern bases. 146 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:26,040 They stretch from Learmonth across in Western Australia, 147 00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:26,280 They stretch from Learmonth to Curtin up near Derby. 148 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:28,520 to Curtin up near Derby. 149 00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:30,560 We've obviously got Darwin and Tindal, 150 00:07:30,560 --> 00:07:32,160 which is one of our main operating bases 151 00:07:32,160 --> 00:07:36,880 that accommodate the F-35 and also our MQ-4 Tritons. 152 00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:39,120 If they're under attack, 153 00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:40,880 then we need to be able to manoeuvre our forces 154 00:07:40,880 --> 00:07:43,120 across this network of northern bases 155 00:07:43,120 --> 00:07:44,720 so that we can survive. 156 00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:55,040 The Vice Chief of Defence, Air Marshal Rob Chipman, 157 00:07:55,040 --> 00:08:01,560 wants Australians to know the risk of a major conflict is real and growing. 158 00:08:01,560 --> 00:08:04,040 You can see how close China really is. 159 00:08:04,040 --> 00:08:06,640 And I guess you're directly up into the South China Sea, 160 00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:09,720 which is the sort of area of potential conflict, right? 161 00:08:09,720 --> 00:08:13,320 It's certainly an area that we think very deeply about. 162 00:08:13,320 --> 00:08:16,200 What Australia offers is strategic geography, 163 00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:19,040 a place that the US can base its forces 164 00:08:19,040 --> 00:08:21,280 and project firepower into the region. 165 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:33,720 If the US ever goes to war with China, 166 00:08:33,720 --> 00:08:38,120 Australia will have little choice but to support our long-time ally. 167 00:08:41,800 --> 00:08:43,160 Two months ago 168 00:08:43,160 --> 00:08:47,360 the world got a taste of how that war might be fought. 169 00:08:49,120 --> 00:08:55,400 (MILITARY MUSIC AND SINGING) 170 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:14,960 VICTOR GAU: If you want to defend peace, 171 00:09:14,960 --> 00:09:20,040 you need to be able to have one single, seamless killing machine. 172 00:09:30,200 --> 00:09:31,360 Is this the hypersonic? 173 00:09:31,360 --> 00:09:33,080 JENNIFER PARKER: So, this is a hypersonic missile. 174 00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:36,080 We're seeing a huge military build-up in China 175 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:37,800 and the use of those military capabilities 176 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:38,040 and the use to bully areas in the region. 177 00:09:38,040 --> 00:09:40,000 to bully areas in the region. 178 00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:42,640 See the range of nuclear missiles on display. 179 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:45,200 We are entering a period 180 00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:48,360 where conflict is increasingly likely. 181 00:09:48,360 --> 00:09:48,600 where conflict Potentially conflict over Taiwan. 182 00:09:48,600 --> 00:09:49,920 Potentially conflict over Taiwan. 183 00:09:49,920 --> 00:09:50,160 But there are other flashpoints Potentially conflict over Taiwan. 184 00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:52,160 But there are other flashpoints in our region. 185 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:52,400 And what that means for Australia But there are other flashpoints in our region. 186 00:09:52,400 --> 00:09:54,000 And what that means for Australia 187 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:56,760 is, for the first time since World War II, 188 00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:59,720 Australia is potentially targeted, in fact, likely targeted 189 00:09:59,720 --> 00:09:59,960 in the event of a conflict. in fact, likely targeted 190 00:09:59,960 --> 00:10:01,040 in the event of a conflict. 191 00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:01,280 in the event of a conflict. I think anyone who's been watching the... 192 00:10:01,280 --> 00:10:03,200 I think anyone who's been watching the... 193 00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:05,840 Jennifer Parker is a former operations director 194 00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:08,600 for coalition forces in the Middle East. 195 00:10:08,600 --> 00:10:08,840 for coalition forces She tells us this is the first time 196 00:10:08,840 --> 00:10:10,560 She tells us this is the first time 197 00:10:10,560 --> 00:10:15,400 we've seen China's new arsenal of hypersonic missiles. 198 00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:18,440 This is a road-mobile hypersonic missile. 199 00:10:18,440 --> 00:10:21,160 If one was placed in the South China Sea, 200 00:10:21,160 --> 00:10:25,280 it could probably just reach the tip of Australia. 201 00:10:25,280 --> 00:10:28,240 But, being a road-mobile hypersonic missile, 202 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:31,440 it means it's hard to target, hard to find where it is 203 00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:31,680 it means it's hard to target, and hard to take it out. 204 00:10:31,680 --> 00:10:33,840 and hard to take it out. 205 00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:35,240 What are we looking at here? 206 00:10:35,240 --> 00:10:37,720 So, what we're looking at here is actually really significant. 207 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:40,840 It is the demonstration of the nuclear triad. 208 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:42,440 So, we've thought for a while 209 00:10:42,440 --> 00:10:44,640 that China had the ability to launch nuclear weapons 210 00:10:44,640 --> 00:10:48,480 from land, subsurface and from the air. 211 00:10:48,480 --> 00:10:50,440 But, actually, what we saw in front of us 212 00:10:50,440 --> 00:10:53,440 is the first demonstration of all of that together 213 00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:55,560 and really the first confirmation from China 214 00:10:55,560 --> 00:10:55,800 and really that they have that ability. 215 00:10:55,800 --> 00:10:57,360 that they have that ability. 216 00:10:58,960 --> 00:11:01,640 Whilst China doesn't have the amount of nuclear warheads 217 00:11:01,640 --> 00:11:04,520 anywhere near that the US has or Russia, 218 00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:08,520 the number of different delivery systems is phenomenal. 219 00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:11,920 DAVID KILCULLEN: All Western countries 220 00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:13,160 are a little bit behind the curve 221 00:11:13,160 --> 00:11:13,400 given the massive military build-up, including nuclear build-up, are a little bit behind the curve 222 00:11:13,400 --> 00:11:16,720 given the massive military build-up, including nuclear build-up, 223 00:11:16,720 --> 00:11:19,560 that the Chinese have been engaging in. 224 00:11:19,560 --> 00:11:19,840 that the Chinese have been engaging in. And that doesn't mean we need to be aggressive, 225 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:22,200 And that doesn't mean we need to be aggressive, 226 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:26,440 but it means we need to be realistic about the nature of the threat. 227 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:36,480 Happening at the same time as this global military build-up 228 00:11:36,480 --> 00:11:36,720 Happening at the same time is a shadow race for raw materials. 229 00:11:36,720 --> 00:11:39,560 is a shadow race for raw materials. 230 00:11:39,560 --> 00:11:39,760 is a shadow race for raw materials. In this race China is miles ahead, 231 00:11:39,760 --> 00:11:42,440 In this race China is miles ahead, 232 00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:42,680 and it's not just because In this race China is miles ahead, 233 00:11:42,680 --> 00:11:46,680 and it's not just because Beijing has greater mineral reserves. 234 00:11:46,680 --> 00:11:51,600 As we've discovered, Australia supplies China with one key commodity 235 00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:55,680 vital for building hypersonic missiles, fighter jets 236 00:11:55,680 --> 00:11:58,040 and nuclear-powered submarines. 237 00:12:02,800 --> 00:12:04,840 IAN SATCHWELL: From a strategic perspective, 238 00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:05,080 IAN SATCHWELL: critical minerals are really vital. 239 00:12:05,080 --> 00:12:07,320 critical minerals are really vital. 240 00:12:07,320 --> 00:12:09,560 The demand for them is rising. 241 00:12:09,560 --> 00:12:11,360 But for so many 242 00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:14,480 China controls the market. 243 00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:16,000 While the rest of the world slept, 244 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:19,280 China built end-to-end supply chains. 245 00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:23,480 The rest of the world has woken up now. 246 00:12:28,240 --> 00:12:34,120 This vast expanse of mineral sands north of Perth is rich in zirconium, 247 00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:37,720 an element vital to China's military build-up. 248 00:12:39,880 --> 00:12:43,080 Australia has the world's largest reserves, 249 00:12:43,080 --> 00:12:43,320 Australia has the world's but China dominates processing. 250 00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:46,200 but China dominates processing. 251 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:54,480 Well, we're in the middle of one of the world's largest fields 252 00:12:54,480 --> 00:12:54,720 Well, we're in the middle for heavy mineral sands. 253 00:12:54,720 --> 00:12:56,760 for heavy mineral sands. 254 00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:01,760 We've come to meet Adjunct Professor Ian Satchwell, 255 00:13:01,760 --> 00:13:05,760 one of Australia's leading authorities on critical minerals. 256 00:13:08,640 --> 00:13:10,520 What's the significance of this area? 257 00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:10,800 Heavy mineral sands, generally, have come out of volcanoes, What's the significance of this area? 258 00:13:10,800 --> 00:13:15,160 Heavy mineral sands, generally, have come out of volcanoes, 259 00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:17,080 been worn down into sand, 260 00:13:17,080 --> 00:13:17,320 been worn down into sand, stirred by the sea and the tides over many, many millions of years 261 00:13:17,320 --> 00:13:21,240 stirred by the sea and the tides over many, many millions of years 262 00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:21,480 stirred by the sea and the tides and not degraded. 263 00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:22,720 and not degraded. 264 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:25,760 So, they are very robust minerals. 265 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:26,000 Zirconium has a wide, wide range So, they are very robust minerals. 266 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:28,920 Zirconium has a wide, wide range of uses, 267 00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:31,440 everything from whitening our bathroom tiles 268 00:13:31,440 --> 00:13:34,000 and our basins and toilets 269 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:34,240 through to sheathing and our basins and toilets 270 00:13:34,240 --> 00:13:37,880 through to sheathing nuclear fuel rods. 271 00:13:38,840 --> 00:13:41,080 China needs zirconium, 272 00:13:41,080 --> 00:13:42,560 and lots of it. 273 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:47,640 With a melting point of more than 1,800 degrees, 274 00:13:47,640 --> 00:13:51,520 it's used in the protective coating for hypersonic missiles 275 00:13:51,520 --> 00:13:56,320 that travel at more than five times the speed of sound. 276 00:13:56,320 --> 00:14:01,440 It's also a vital ingredient in the nuclear fuel cycle. 277 00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:05,120 Zircon exists in some places in abundance, 278 00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:05,360 Zircon exists particularly in Australia, 279 00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:06,920 particularly in Australia, 280 00:14:06,920 --> 00:14:09,320 but in other places like China 281 00:14:09,320 --> 00:14:11,240 they have very little or none of it. 282 00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:18,920 Beijing clearly understands its strategic weakness. 283 00:14:18,920 --> 00:14:23,400 A study in May from China's National University of Defense Technology, 284 00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:23,640 A study in May from China's National a research arm of the PLA, 285 00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:25,520 a research arm of the PLA, 286 00:14:25,520 --> 00:14:29,080 spells out how vital zirconium is. 287 00:14:29,080 --> 00:14:29,320 It outlines zirconium's increasingly spells out how vital zirconium is. 288 00:14:29,320 --> 00:14:34,320 It outlines zirconium's increasingly important role in new weapon systems, 289 00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:38,520 including hypersonic technology, aerospace vehicles 290 00:14:38,520 --> 00:14:38,760 including hypersonic technology, and nuclear reactors. 291 00:14:38,760 --> 00:14:41,000 and nuclear reactors. 292 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:45,280 The paper warns that China faces severe challenges 293 00:14:45,280 --> 00:14:48,320 securing all the zirconium it needs. 294 00:14:51,320 --> 00:14:54,720 China did understand a strategic value of these minerals. 295 00:14:54,720 --> 00:14:59,520 China was getting very strategic about commodities back in the 1990s. 296 00:14:59,520 --> 00:14:59,800 Their companies have been encouraged to go overseas and find resources. China was getting very strategic about commodities back in the 1990s. 297 00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:03,840 Their companies have been encouraged to go overseas and find resources. 298 00:15:08,120 --> 00:15:11,640 China has put this strategy into action. 299 00:15:16,040 --> 00:15:19,360 Just two hours north of the Perth CBD 300 00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:24,400 is where a Chinese company with deep links to Beijing's defence industry 301 00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:28,560 purchased a stake in the ASX-listed Image Resources. 302 00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:34,400 Australia's Foreign Investment Review Board waved through the deal in 2015. 303 00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:39,200 If that deal was put forward today, would it be approved? 304 00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:44,440 It would certainly have much more rigorous scrutiny from FIRB. 305 00:15:44,440 --> 00:15:44,720 Australia has recently tightened up its FIRB oversight It would certainly have much more rigorous scrutiny from FIRB. 306 00:15:44,720 --> 00:15:48,680 Australia has recently tightened up its FIRB oversight 307 00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:48,920 Australia has recently tightened up its FIRB oversight of investment, 308 00:15:48,920 --> 00:15:51,240 of investment, 309 00:15:51,240 --> 00:15:57,800 and a number of Chinese investments have been refused or modified. 310 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:04,360 The largest shareholder in Image Resources is China's LB Group, 311 00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:09,400 which is also the major buyer of its mineral sands via a subsidiary. 312 00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:13,880 It's just gone under the radar. 313 00:16:13,880 --> 00:16:18,400 Academic Vlado Vivoda studies the shifting geopolitics 314 00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:20,360 around critical minerals. 315 00:16:21,960 --> 00:16:23,520 It would be very difficult to argue 316 00:16:23,520 --> 00:16:25,920 that there is no state intervention 317 00:16:25,920 --> 00:16:30,000 and some sort of a control or leverage over these entities, 318 00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:34,760 even though they're, on paper, fully private. 319 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:42,560 The level of state intervention 320 00:16:42,560 --> 00:16:42,800 is revealed in LB Group's The level of state intervention 321 00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:47,080 is revealed in LB Group's Chinese company filings. 322 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:54,280 Looking through the LB Group annual report, 323 00:16:54,280 --> 00:16:58,920 there's 11 pages detailing all the subsidies and assistance it gets. 324 00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:01,200 Now, I spent six years as a correspondent in China, 325 00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:01,440 Now, I spent six years and I've never seen this before, 326 00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:03,040 and I've never seen this before, 327 00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:06,120 and it really shows how closely connected 328 00:17:06,120 --> 00:17:08,800 this company is to the Chinese government. 329 00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:13,360 Its annual report shows 330 00:17:13,360 --> 00:17:13,600 LB Group enjoys a tax rate Its annual report shows 331 00:17:13,600 --> 00:17:18,160 LB Group enjoys a tax rate of just 15% in China, 332 00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:23,240 a generous discount due to its status as a strategic enterprise. 333 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:27,840 It received grants for its production of nuclear-grade zirconium 334 00:17:27,840 --> 00:17:32,120 and special funds for its strategic innovation. 335 00:17:32,120 --> 00:17:38,040 Last year it reported $85 million in Chinese government assistance. 336 00:17:40,880 --> 00:17:42,800 China puts massive amounts of money 337 00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:45,520 into research and development in the critical minerals, 338 00:17:45,520 --> 00:17:45,760 into research and development particularly if there is a need 339 00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:48,920 particularly if there is a need 340 00:17:48,920 --> 00:17:52,400 for defence and military applications 341 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:56,320 where it could give China a... you know, a level-up 342 00:17:56,320 --> 00:18:00,520 in terms of its strategic competition with the United States. 343 00:18:03,280 --> 00:18:05,320 In China it's standard practice 344 00:18:05,320 --> 00:18:09,560 for civilian industry to be harnessed for military use. 345 00:18:14,200 --> 00:18:17,360 DAVID KILCULLEN: China has the military-civil fusion doctrine, 346 00:18:17,360 --> 00:18:17,640 which has been around for about 10 years, DAVID KILCULLEN: China has the military-civil fusion doctrine, 347 00:18:17,640 --> 00:18:21,120 which has been around for about 10 years, 348 00:18:21,120 --> 00:18:21,360 which has been around which puts commercial companies 349 00:18:21,360 --> 00:18:24,360 which puts commercial companies 350 00:18:24,360 --> 00:18:24,560 which puts commercial companies and commercial tech development 351 00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:27,480 and commercial tech development 352 00:18:27,480 --> 00:18:30,000 under the control of the military. 353 00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:35,960 David Kilcullen is a military strategist 354 00:18:35,960 --> 00:18:39,400 and former adviser to the US Secretary of State. 355 00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:45,640 Do you think you can separate China's civilian nuclear program 356 00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:48,920 and its military nuclear program? 357 00:18:48,920 --> 00:18:52,240 I would say that basically everything now, 358 00:18:52,240 --> 00:18:54,760 not only in nuclear technology but writ large, 359 00:18:54,760 --> 00:18:56,640 is dual use. 360 00:18:56,640 --> 00:18:59,440 And that's particularly true of nuclear capability. 361 00:18:59,440 --> 00:19:03,160 Big Chinese companies have not only a Communist Party branch, 362 00:19:03,160 --> 00:19:06,640 but in many cases a Chinese people's militia branch. 363 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:12,160 They are under very strict control by the Chinese Communist Party. 364 00:19:12,160 --> 00:19:15,040 And, of course, unlike a commercial firm 365 00:19:15,040 --> 00:19:15,280 And, of course, in the United States or Australia, 366 00:19:15,280 --> 00:19:17,520 in the United States or Australia, 367 00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:19,160 the difference between a Chinese commercial firm 368 00:19:19,160 --> 00:19:19,400 the difference between and a government-owned enterprise 369 00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:20,520 and a government-owned enterprise 370 00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:22,520 is basically one phone call. 371 00:19:27,120 --> 00:19:30,760 Image Resources is a smaller, more nimble company 372 00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:33,840 than perhaps some of our competitors at this time. 373 00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:36,120 Image Resources doesn't hide 374 00:19:36,120 --> 00:19:40,200 the potential military applications for its minerals. 375 00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:43,360 Its latest annual report 376 00:19:43,360 --> 00:19:46,920 states zirconium can be used in nuclear energy, 377 00:19:46,920 --> 00:19:52,000 jet engines, rockets and hypersonic vehicles. 378 00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:57,320 It's the newer, higher-end uses of these materials 379 00:19:57,320 --> 00:19:59,840 that are making the demand grow even higher. 380 00:20:00,680 --> 00:20:02,520 In a 2017 interview 381 00:20:02,520 --> 00:20:05,120 Image Resources CEO Patrick Mutz 382 00:20:05,120 --> 00:20:09,680 talked up zirconium's use in China's nuclear industry. 383 00:20:09,680 --> 00:20:11,000 He said a related company 384 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:15,720 was one of the few in China licensed to produce nuclear-grade zirconium 385 00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:15,960 was one of the few in China licensed for nuclear reactors. 386 00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:18,200 for nuclear reactors. 387 00:20:19,080 --> 00:20:22,000 Mr Mutz declined an on-camera interview. 388 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:22,240 Mr Mutz declined In a statement 389 00:20:22,240 --> 00:20:23,320 In a statement 390 00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:26,120 he did not address the possible military uses 391 00:20:26,120 --> 00:20:28,160 for the company's mineral sands, 392 00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:30,800 saying it sold small quantities 393 00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:35,840 to customers who further processed it "for use in everyday products 394 00:20:35,840 --> 00:20:39,320 "such as paint, pigments and floor tiles." 395 00:20:39,320 --> 00:20:42,440 He said the company meets its government requirements 396 00:20:42,440 --> 00:20:46,720 and its mineral sands are covered by export permits. 397 00:20:48,680 --> 00:20:50,280 I think it's really important 398 00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:55,400 for us to have an understanding of where our minerals go. 399 00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:58,680 And there are conflict minerals agreements 400 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:00,720 about a number of different commodities, 401 00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:03,600 and I think it's appropriate to be applying those 402 00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:08,200 to things that might be used for nuclear or missile production. 403 00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:10,440 It would be something that any Australian government 404 00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:12,720 would want to be tracking pretty closely. 405 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:12,960 would want to be tracking (MISSILE WHOOSHES) 406 00:21:12,960 --> 00:21:16,080 (MISSILE WHOOSHES) 407 00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:16,920 (EXPLOSION) 408 00:21:18,400 --> 00:21:22,040 Australian zirconium isn't just going to China. 409 00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:23,000 (EXPLOSION) 410 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:28,600 Our research suggests it could be helping Vladimir Putin's war machine. 411 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:28,840 Our research suggests it could be (MISSILES WHOOSH) 412 00:21:28,840 --> 00:21:32,680 (MISSILES WHOOSH) 413 00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:38,120 (EXPLOSION) 414 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:43,480 (ALARMS BLARE) 415 00:21:48,360 --> 00:21:49,360 (EXPLOSION) 416 00:21:49,360 --> 00:21:51,520 The year Russia invaded Ukraine, 417 00:21:51,520 --> 00:21:51,760 The year Russia invaded Ukraine, from China surged more than 300%. 418 00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:57,080 its imports of zirconium from China surged more than 300%. 419 00:21:57,080 --> 00:21:57,360 its imports of zirconium from China surged more than 300%. LB Group, the largest shareholder in Australia's Image Resources, 420 00:21:57,360 --> 00:22:01,920 LB Group, the largest shareholder in Australia's Image Resources, 421 00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:02,160 LB Group, the largest shareholder is a key player in this trade. 422 00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:05,000 is a key player in this trade. 423 00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:07,040 In one 12-month period 424 00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:12,000 it sold more than $5 million worth of zirconium to Russia. 425 00:22:14,360 --> 00:22:18,240 We need to look at how does our economic and our trade policy 426 00:22:18,240 --> 00:22:18,480 We need to look at how does support our security strategy? 427 00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:20,280 support our security strategy? 428 00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:21,280 And in that 429 00:22:21,280 --> 00:22:21,520 And in that we need to ask a lot of hard questions 430 00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:22,720 we need to ask a lot of hard questions 431 00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:25,720 about what we are trading, who we're trading it with, 432 00:22:25,720 --> 00:22:27,840 what does that mean for their capability 433 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:29,600 and what does that mean for vulnerabilities for us? 434 00:22:31,560 --> 00:22:35,840 Trade data shows the biggest buyer of Chinese zirconium in Russia 435 00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:38,680 is manufacturing giant CMP. 436 00:22:38,680 --> 00:22:44,560 It's an arm of Russia's state-owned nuclear corporation Rosatom. 437 00:22:44,560 --> 00:22:48,880 CMP produces the cladding for nuclear fuel rods 438 00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:51,880 and the alloys in hypersonic missiles - 439 00:22:51,880 --> 00:22:55,880 the weapons changing how modern wars are fought. 440 00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:01,200 DAVID KILCULLEN: Hypersonic, by definition, 441 00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:03,440 is faster than Mach 5, right? 442 00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:06,360 So, faster than five times the speed of sound. 443 00:23:07,360 --> 00:23:10,760 But it's manoeuvring hypersonic missiles 444 00:23:10,760 --> 00:23:11,000 But it's manoeuvring that can evade defensive systems 445 00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:13,480 that can evade defensive systems 446 00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:15,600 that are the real sort of gold standard now, 447 00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:15,880 that are the real sort of gold standard now, what are sometimes called carrier killer missiles 448 00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:18,800 what are sometimes called carrier killer missiles 449 00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:19,040 what are sometimes called that are able to, you know, 450 00:23:19,040 --> 00:23:20,320 that are able to, you know, 451 00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:22,720 penetrate the defences of a fleet, 452 00:23:22,720 --> 00:23:24,520 get in and sink a major ship. 453 00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:27,120 (MISSILE WHOOSHES) 454 00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:37,800 JENNIFER PARKER: In terms of missiles and delivery vehicles, 455 00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:40,360 the US is only really now fielding hypersonic weapons 456 00:23:40,360 --> 00:23:44,520 for their navy and their army right now and their air force soon, 457 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:46,720 so, they are at least five years behind. 458 00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:48,200 (EXPLOSION) 459 00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:56,360 (SIREN WAILS) 460 00:23:59,160 --> 00:24:00,680 The war in Ukraine 461 00:24:00,680 --> 00:24:06,000 is the first time these hypersonic weapons have been used in combat. 462 00:24:11,760 --> 00:24:13,120 Last year 463 00:24:13,120 --> 00:24:17,400 Russia used its hypersonic missile, dubbed 'The Zircon', 464 00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:17,640 Russia used its hypersonic missile, against civilian targets. 465 00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:19,960 against civilian targets. 466 00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:27,560 Defence Minister Richard Marles 467 00:24:27,560 --> 00:24:31,360 understands the military uses of zirconium. 468 00:24:31,360 --> 00:24:36,360 He doesn't think tighter controls on Russia and China are the answer. 469 00:24:36,360 --> 00:24:39,200 Well, there are challenges in this space. 470 00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:39,440 Well, there are challenges I very much accept that. 471 00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:41,800 I very much accept that. 472 00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:42,040 There are other sources of zirconium from around the world I very much accept that. 473 00:24:42,040 --> 00:24:44,680 There are other sources of zirconium from around the world 474 00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:47,280 such that Australia withdrawing from the zirconium market 475 00:24:47,280 --> 00:24:47,520 such that Australia withdrawing would not mean 476 00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:48,920 would not mean 477 00:24:48,920 --> 00:24:49,160 would not mean that the military use of zirconium would also stop. 478 00:24:49,160 --> 00:24:52,960 that the military use of zirconium would also stop. 479 00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:53,200 that the military use of zirconium We've discovered that zirconium 480 00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:55,520 We've discovered that zirconium 481 00:24:55,520 --> 00:24:58,280 is being re-exported from China to Russia 482 00:24:58,280 --> 00:24:58,520 is being re-exported from China and is most likely being used 483 00:24:58,520 --> 00:25:00,000 and is most likely being used 484 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:00,240 as part of Vladimir Putin's and is most likely being used 485 00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:03,760 as part of Vladimir Putin's war effort against Ukraine. 486 00:25:03,760 --> 00:25:04,000 as part of Vladimir Putin's Does that concern you? 487 00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:05,120 Does that concern you? 488 00:25:05,120 --> 00:25:08,800 Well, I mean, I come back to the point that I've made earlier, 489 00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:10,240 I don't for a moment think 490 00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:12,960 that an Australian withdrawal from this market 491 00:25:12,960 --> 00:25:13,200 that an Australian withdrawal would stop any country 492 00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:14,680 would stop any country 493 00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:14,920 from developing would stop any country 494 00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:16,720 from developing their military capability. 495 00:25:16,720 --> 00:25:19,920 Doesn't it show, though, that Australia's sort of economic policy 496 00:25:19,920 --> 00:25:23,320 and its security policy in this instance 497 00:25:23,320 --> 00:25:25,080 are working at cross purposes? 498 00:25:25,080 --> 00:25:28,840 No, but it does show that there's a complexity here, for sure. 499 00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:32,640 We do engage with China in terms of trade and commerce. 500 00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:36,240 There are thousands upon thousands of jobs in our economy 501 00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:37,680 which are based upon that. 502 00:25:37,680 --> 00:25:39,920 And that has really been very important 503 00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:42,440 in terms of Australia's economic growth for decades. 504 00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:46,320 So, you know, you can't divorce yourself from that reality. 505 00:25:46,320 --> 00:25:49,040 Ultimately, at the heart of the question that you're asking 506 00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:49,280 Ultimately, at the heart is the fact that, you know, 507 00:25:49,280 --> 00:25:50,520 is the fact that, you know, 508 00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:50,760 China is our largest trading partner is the fact that, you know, 509 00:25:50,760 --> 00:25:55,720 China is our largest trading partner on the one hand 510 00:25:55,720 --> 00:25:59,680 and it is our biggest source of security and anxiety on the other. 511 00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:02,680 And that's just... that is the way the world is. 512 00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:13,920 Beijing's Chang'An Avenue - the Avenue of Eternal Peace - 513 00:26:13,920 --> 00:26:17,880 divides Tiananmen Square and the Forbidden City. 514 00:26:17,880 --> 00:26:18,120 divides Tiananmen Square (MILITARY MUSIC AND SINGING) 515 00:26:18,120 --> 00:26:20,600 (MILITARY MUSIC AND SINGING) 516 00:26:24,520 --> 00:26:25,920 CHINESE COMMENTATOR: Now coming to us 517 00:26:25,920 --> 00:26:29,240 is the second nuclear missiles formation. 518 00:26:29,240 --> 00:26:30,560 The Dongfeng-5C... 519 00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:32,600 It's where China's Communist Party 520 00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:37,400 recently unveiled its growing arsenal of nuclear weapons. 521 00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:39,840 ..can strike any target around the world 522 00:26:39,840 --> 00:26:40,080 ..can strike any target with its extensive shooting range. 523 00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:42,680 with its extensive shooting range. 524 00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:53,320 For years Australia supplied uranium to China. 525 00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:56,720 After record exports in 2017, 526 00:26:56,720 --> 00:27:01,880 trade data shows shipments suddenly ceased a year later. 527 00:27:03,360 --> 00:27:07,800 It was around this time China stopped reporting key details 528 00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:11,400 about its stockpile of nuclear material. 529 00:27:14,920 --> 00:27:18,480 But it's not just uranium that China needs. 530 00:27:20,160 --> 00:27:27,200 Any country seeking to expand its nuclear arsenal also needs zirconium, 531 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:32,320 which is used in reactors to clad nuclear fuel rods. 532 00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:41,040 JENNIFER PARKER: We've seen a doubling 533 00:27:41,040 --> 00:27:43,320 of China's nuclear warheads, 534 00:27:43,320 --> 00:27:43,560 so, from about 300, or just under, five years ago to about 600 now. of China's nuclear warheads, 535 00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:47,960 so, from about 300, or just under, five years ago to about 600 now. 536 00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:50,840 The estimate is it's going to be about 1,000 by 2030. 537 00:27:50,840 --> 00:27:51,080 The estimate is it's going to be about 1,000 by 2030. Their breadth of capabilities 538 00:27:51,080 --> 00:27:52,240 Their breadth of capabilities 539 00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:53,560 to employ those nuclear weapons 540 00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:56,120 is actually much broader than the US. 541 00:27:56,120 --> 00:27:56,400 The build-up of Chinese nuclear weapons over the last five years is actually much broader than the US. 542 00:27:56,400 --> 00:28:00,800 The build-up of Chinese nuclear weapons over the last five years 543 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:01,040 The build-up of Chinese nuclear is a pace and scale 544 00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:02,800 is a pace and scale 545 00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:03,000 is a pace and scale that we've never seen. 546 00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:04,760 that we've never seen. 547 00:28:04,760 --> 00:28:06,960 Just having those nuclear weapons 548 00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:12,000 creates a significant effective deterrent for China 549 00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:14,520 as it's building up its conventional forces. 550 00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:25,840 China doesn't like to talk about its nuclear weapons program. 551 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:32,160 What the world DOES know is partly thanks to this man. 552 00:28:34,640 --> 00:28:36,880 DECKER EVELETH: We had seen some indications 553 00:28:36,880 --> 00:28:39,760 that they were planning for some sort of major expansion, 554 00:28:39,760 --> 00:28:41,360 and we had heard rumours and some talk 555 00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:41,600 and we had heard about the scale of that expansion. 556 00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:43,840 about the scale of that expansion. 557 00:28:46,840 --> 00:28:48,200 In 2021 558 00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:53,240 Decker Eveleth began searching for China's rumoured nuclear sites. 559 00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:59,120 You're talking about thousands of square kilometres of terrain 560 00:28:59,120 --> 00:28:59,360 You're talking about thousands to look through. 561 00:28:59,360 --> 00:29:00,760 to look through. 562 00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:10,120 After more than 100 hours of scouring satellite imagery 563 00:29:10,120 --> 00:29:12,960 he uncovered a field of nuclear silos - 564 00:29:12,960 --> 00:29:17,600 the infrastructure for launching intercontinental ballistic missiles, 565 00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:17,840 the infrastructure for launching or ICBMs. 566 00:29:17,840 --> 00:29:19,360 or ICBMs. 567 00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:26,600 Other US researchers later found two more silo fields. 568 00:29:28,880 --> 00:29:30,800 Combined, we're talking about 569 00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:35,360 320 solid fuel nuclear missile sites 570 00:29:35,360 --> 00:29:35,640 320 solid fuel nuclear missile sites spread across three different missile fields, 571 00:29:35,640 --> 00:29:38,840 spread across three different missile fields, 572 00:29:38,840 --> 00:29:41,080 and that alone represents 573 00:29:41,080 --> 00:29:43,080 about a five-fold increase 574 00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:49,040 in the number of nuclear ICBMs China was fielding at the time. 575 00:29:52,680 --> 00:29:55,400 China believes that ambiguity 576 00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:59,520 is a deterrence mechanism that can work very effectively 577 00:29:59,520 --> 00:30:02,960 by basically obfuscating the exact number 578 00:30:02,960 --> 00:30:05,520 of launchers, missiles, platforms that they have. 579 00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:10,320 Professor Wang Yiwei is a former diplomat, 580 00:30:10,320 --> 00:30:12,560 now with the School of International Studies 581 00:30:12,560 --> 00:30:15,560 at the People's University in Beijing. 582 00:30:15,560 --> 00:30:18,520 He says China's nuclear weapons build-up 583 00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:21,680 is a response to US aggression. 584 00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:24,680 Why does China not talk about its nuclear program? 585 00:30:24,680 --> 00:30:29,720 Doesn't that add to the risk of miscalculation or destabilisation? 586 00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:52,080 Decker Eveleth's findings 587 00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:57,480 clearly show the world is now dealing with three major nuclear powers. 588 00:30:58,480 --> 00:31:02,880 Now we are in a world in which we have three major nuclear states. 589 00:31:02,880 --> 00:31:06,720 There are a lot of dangerous, unanswered questions 590 00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:06,960 There are a lot about how this is all going to work. 591 00:31:06,960 --> 00:31:09,640 about how this is all going to work. 592 00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:09,880 Deterring in a multi-actor about how this is all going to work. 593 00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:14,280 Deterring in a multi-actor environment is completely different, 594 00:31:14,280 --> 00:31:18,080 much more complicated, much more dynamic and nonlinear 595 00:31:18,080 --> 00:31:22,280 than just a straight-up mutual-assured destruction. 596 00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:24,880 It's rapidly expanding its nuclear arsenal. 597 00:31:24,880 --> 00:31:27,400 China is also working to further its effort 598 00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:31,040 to undermine American influence and alliances around the world. 599 00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:31,280 to undermine American influence And we cannot let them succeed. 600 00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:33,520 And we cannot let them succeed. 601 00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:40,720 Decker Eveleth, who works for CNA - the US Navy's research body - 602 00:31:40,720 --> 00:31:46,280 says America is moving to counter China's nuclear expansion. 603 00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:55,120 The United States is investing in a sea-launched nuclear cruise missile 604 00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:57,640 to put aboard some of our nuclear submarines. 605 00:31:57,640 --> 00:32:01,120 Could they be deployed on the Virginia-class submarines 606 00:32:01,120 --> 00:32:04,280 that we will see rotating through Australia? 607 00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:10,320 Sorry, I am hesitating for some information-quarantine reasons. 608 00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:13,760 I know the answer, I'm just... I'm just making sure. 609 00:32:16,080 --> 00:32:17,080 Yeah. OK. 610 00:32:17,080 --> 00:32:18,720 I'll ask you that again. 611 00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:20,960 The nuclear cruise missiles, 612 00:32:20,960 --> 00:32:21,200 could they be deployed The nuclear cruise missiles, 613 00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:24,480 could they be deployed on the Virginia-class submarines 614 00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:27,000 that we will see rotating through Australia? 615 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:27,240 that we will see Yes, absolutely. 616 00:32:27,240 --> 00:32:28,480 Yes, absolutely. 617 00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:30,680 If US submarines visit Australia, 618 00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:32,920 they may or may not be carrying nuclear weapons. 619 00:32:36,920 --> 00:32:38,440 Defence Minister Richard Marles 620 00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:42,480 says Australia respects the long-standing US position 621 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:42,720 says Australia respects of neither confirming nor denying 622 00:32:42,720 --> 00:32:44,960 of neither confirming nor denying 623 00:32:44,960 --> 00:32:47,080 the presence of nuclear weapons 624 00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:49,400 on its ships or aircraft. 625 00:32:57,240 --> 00:33:01,440 Australia's alliance with the US is meant to protect us, 626 00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:03,680 but if a regional conflict goes nuclear, 627 00:33:03,680 --> 00:33:06,680 then Australia could become a target. 628 00:33:08,920 --> 00:33:12,920 If it escalates to a nuclear exchange, 629 00:33:12,920 --> 00:33:15,760 there are all kinds of sites in Australia 630 00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:16,040 there are all kinds of sites in Australia that would be on an adversary's nuclear target list. 631 00:33:16,040 --> 00:33:19,600 that would be on an adversary's nuclear target list. 632 00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:23,080 Tindal and Darwin would potentially be on that target list. 633 00:33:23,080 --> 00:33:23,320 Tindal and Darwin would potentially So would Pine Gap. 634 00:33:23,320 --> 00:33:24,560 So would Pine Gap. 635 00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:28,640 Nuclear-armed submarines in port in Western Australia - 636 00:33:28,640 --> 00:33:31,200 for sure that would be a potential target as well. 637 00:33:32,320 --> 00:33:36,160 Would China target those bases in the event of a conflict? 638 00:33:57,760 --> 00:33:59,040 Ready for take-off. 639 00:33:59,040 --> 00:34:02,560 (INDISTINCT RADIO CHATTER) 640 00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:06,440 Copy that. We'll be descending to one-six. 641 00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:08,480 We're gonna enter from the east at one-six. 642 00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:16,120 (INDISTINCT RADIO CHATTER) 643 00:34:17,840 --> 00:34:20,960 As the risk of nuclear conflict grows, 644 00:34:20,960 --> 00:34:24,720 the global arms control regime is breaking down. 645 00:34:24,720 --> 00:34:24,960 the global arms control regime 6.1. 646 00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:25,880 6.1. 647 00:34:33,720 --> 00:34:36,600 JENNIFER PARKER: There are no real effective nuclear arms control 648 00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:36,880 agreements, discussions between China and the US, JENNIFER PARKER: There are no real effective nuclear arms control 649 00:34:36,880 --> 00:34:39,240 agreements, discussions between China and the US, 650 00:34:39,240 --> 00:34:39,480 agreements, discussions and part of that is because 651 00:34:39,480 --> 00:34:40,480 and part of that is because 652 00:34:40,480 --> 00:34:40,720 China won't really come to the table and part of that is because 653 00:34:40,720 --> 00:34:42,960 China won't really come to the table on talks 654 00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:46,240 until they see themselves on par in terms of number of nuclear warheads 655 00:34:46,240 --> 00:34:46,480 until they see themselves on par in with the US. 656 00:34:46,480 --> 00:34:47,760 with the US. 657 00:34:47,760 --> 00:34:49,240 That is deeply concerning. 658 00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:55,560 TILMAN RUFF: On several occasions 659 00:34:55,560 --> 00:35:00,480 the world has come perilously close to nuclear war. 660 00:35:00,480 --> 00:35:03,200 The US alone has threatened to use nuclear weapons 661 00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:03,440 The US alone has threatened on at least 25 occasions... 662 00:35:03,440 --> 00:35:05,680 on at least 25 occasions... 663 00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:08,960 Melbourne physician Tilman Ruff and his colleagues 664 00:35:08,960 --> 00:35:12,040 won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017 665 00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:16,920 for spearheading a global campaign to ban nuclear weapons. 666 00:35:16,920 --> 00:35:17,160 for spearheading a global campaign No nuclear-armed state is disarming. 667 00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:19,080 No nuclear-armed state is disarming. 668 00:35:19,080 --> 00:35:19,320 Instead, all nine No nuclear-armed state is disarming. 669 00:35:19,320 --> 00:35:21,920 Instead, all nine are investing massively 670 00:35:21,920 --> 00:35:24,440 in modernising their nuclear arsenals... 671 00:35:24,440 --> 00:35:26,680 Their campaign paved the way 672 00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:30,200 for the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, 673 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:30,440 for the Treaty on the Prohibition known as the Ban Treaty. 674 00:35:30,440 --> 00:35:32,800 known as the Ban Treaty. 675 00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:36,240 It's been signed by 95 countries. 676 00:35:36,240 --> 00:35:38,080 ..130 million deaths. 677 00:35:39,040 --> 00:35:45,080 In 2018 Anthony Albanese and Richard Marles publicly endorsed that treaty 678 00:35:45,080 --> 00:35:45,320 In 2018 Anthony Albanese and Richard at the ALP's National Conference. 679 00:35:45,320 --> 00:35:48,600 at the ALP's National Conference. 680 00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:51,240 This is a Nobel Peace Prize... 681 00:35:51,240 --> 00:35:53,800 (CHEERING, APPLAUSE) 682 00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:56,560 ..awarded to an organisation 683 00:35:56,560 --> 00:35:56,800 made up of activists concerned ..awarded to an organisation 684 00:35:56,800 --> 00:36:01,320 made up of activists concerned about our place in the world. 685 00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:01,560 made up of activists concerned (CHEERING, APPLAUSE) 686 00:36:01,560 --> 00:36:04,520 (CHEERING, APPLAUSE) 687 00:36:04,520 --> 00:36:07,280 TILMAN RUFF: So, Labor took an important step 688 00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:10,880 at its National Conference in 2018 in Adelaide. 689 00:36:10,880 --> 00:36:14,240 Labor and government will sign and ratify 690 00:36:14,240 --> 00:36:18,600 the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. 691 00:36:18,600 --> 00:36:18,840 the UN Treaty on the Prohibition (CHEERING, APPLAUSE) 692 00:36:18,840 --> 00:36:22,920 (CHEERING, APPLAUSE) 693 00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:23,160 This resolution (CHEERING, APPLAUSE) 694 00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:26,560 This resolution is Labor at our best. 695 00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:31,360 TILMAN RUFF: Championed by the current prime minister, Mr Albanese, 696 00:36:31,360 --> 00:36:31,640 Labor enshrined in its national policy platform TILMAN RUFF: Championed by the current prime minister, Mr Albanese, 697 00:36:31,640 --> 00:36:34,880 Labor enshrined in its national policy platform 698 00:36:34,880 --> 00:36:38,520 a commitment to in government sign and ratify 699 00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:38,800 a commitment to in government sign and ratify the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. 700 00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:41,200 the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. 701 00:36:42,440 --> 00:36:46,360 Richard Marles stood up to second that motion. 702 00:36:46,360 --> 00:36:49,840 We have today before this conference 703 00:36:49,840 --> 00:36:52,760 a resolution that we can all agree upon. 704 00:36:52,760 --> 00:36:57,520 We can all agree on the aim of the Ban Treaty 705 00:36:57,520 --> 00:37:01,440 to remove nuclear weapons from the world. 706 00:37:01,440 --> 00:37:01,680 to remove nuclear weapons Six months into its second term 707 00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:04,080 Six months into its second term 708 00:37:04,080 --> 00:37:04,320 the Albanese government Six months into its second term 709 00:37:04,320 --> 00:37:08,600 the Albanese government still hasn't signed the Ban Treaty. 710 00:37:08,600 --> 00:37:10,000 In 2018 711 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:12,880 the ALP National Conference agreed 712 00:37:12,880 --> 00:37:13,120 to sign or adopt the ALP National Conference agreed 713 00:37:13,120 --> 00:37:16,600 to sign or adopt the nuclear weapons Ban Treaty. 714 00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:16,840 to sign or adopt Why has that not happened? 715 00:37:16,840 --> 00:37:18,360 Why has that not happened? 716 00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:23,440 Well, we have been consistent with our position 717 00:37:23,440 --> 00:37:23,680 Well, we have been consistent in relation to this. 718 00:37:23,680 --> 00:37:25,520 in relation to this. 719 00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:25,760 in relation to this. The... I mean, that is a decision of government, 720 00:37:25,760 --> 00:37:29,000 The... I mean, that is a decision of government, 721 00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:32,880 and government has been consistent in terms of its position 722 00:37:32,880 --> 00:37:33,120 and government has been consistent in respect of that treaty. 723 00:37:33,120 --> 00:37:35,480 in respect of that treaty. 724 00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:37,720 You said you were going to sign the treaty and you haven't done it. 725 00:37:37,720 --> 00:37:37,960 You said you were going to sign (STAMMERS) 726 00:37:37,960 --> 00:37:38,920 (STAMMERS) 727 00:37:38,920 --> 00:37:39,160 What's really clear (STAMMERS) 728 00:37:39,160 --> 00:37:42,720 What's really clear is that the conference understands 729 00:37:42,720 --> 00:37:45,680 that this is a decision of government, 730 00:37:45,680 --> 00:37:51,200 and that is...and that is a decision of Labor in government, 731 00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:54,160 and the decision that Labor has made in government 732 00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:57,160 has been to follow the Non-Proliferation Treaty, 733 00:37:57,160 --> 00:38:02,640 and the NPT is at the core of Labor and government's policy. 734 00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:05,520 Today we have an opportunity... 735 00:38:05,520 --> 00:38:10,760 The NPT, or Non-Proliferation Treaty, is something entirely different. 736 00:38:10,760 --> 00:38:14,000 It seeks to limit the number of nuclear-armed states, 737 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:14,240 It seeks to limit not ban nuclear weapons. 738 00:38:14,240 --> 00:38:16,840 not ban nuclear weapons. 739 00:38:16,840 --> 00:38:20,960 It's been Labor policy for more than 50 years. 740 00:38:20,960 --> 00:38:25,400 I don't argue that this is easy. I don't argue that it's simple. 741 00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:28,120 But I do argue that it's just. 742 00:38:28,120 --> 00:38:30,360 I commend the resolution. 743 00:38:32,520 --> 00:38:34,760 Anthony Albanese stood outside Parliament 744 00:38:34,760 --> 00:38:37,960 and campaigned very fiercely in opposition 745 00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:38,200 and campaigned very fiercely for support of that treaty. 746 00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:39,440 for support of that treaty. 747 00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:39,680 Surely that's a broken for support of that treaty. 748 00:38:39,680 --> 00:38:41,160 Surely that's a broken election promise. 749 00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:41,400 Surely that's a broken It's definitely not. 750 00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:42,640 It's definitely not. 751 00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:46,040 (CAMERA SHUTTERS CLICK) 752 00:38:46,040 --> 00:38:48,280 If Labor had signed the Ban Treaty, 753 00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:50,680 Australia would be the first nation 754 00:38:50,680 --> 00:38:53,520 under America's so-called 'nuclear umbrella' 755 00:38:53,520 --> 00:38:55,960 to take that position. 756 00:38:55,960 --> 00:38:58,880 It would mean nuclear-armed submarines or bombers 757 00:38:58,880 --> 00:38:59,120 It would mean would not be welcome here. 758 00:38:59,120 --> 00:39:01,120 would not be welcome here. 759 00:39:04,160 --> 00:39:05,400 The main obstacle 760 00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:09,520 has really been concern about the United States reaction 761 00:39:09,520 --> 00:39:11,760 and opposition from the United States. 762 00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:13,240 Critics would say 763 00:39:13,240 --> 00:39:15,680 that in government 764 00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:17,240 the US has leant on you 765 00:39:17,240 --> 00:39:20,680 and said that that treaty, the nuclear weapons Ban Treaty, 766 00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:20,920 and said that that treaty, is inconsistent 767 00:39:20,920 --> 00:39:22,400 is inconsistent 768 00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:25,880 with Australia falling under the US nuclear umbrella 769 00:39:25,880 --> 00:39:27,920 and indeed the ANZUS Treaty. 770 00:39:27,920 --> 00:39:29,920 Is that correct? That's not correct. 771 00:39:29,920 --> 00:39:30,160 Is that correct? I've not had a single conversation 772 00:39:30,160 --> 00:39:33,240 I've not had a single conversation 773 00:39:33,240 --> 00:39:33,480 with an American counterpart I've not had a single conversation 774 00:39:33,480 --> 00:39:36,360 with an American counterpart about any of this. 775 00:39:36,360 --> 00:39:39,880 Critics might say that you taking that to National Conference 776 00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:40,120 Critics might say that you and advocating for that treaty 777 00:39:40,120 --> 00:39:42,560 and advocating for that treaty 778 00:39:42,560 --> 00:39:45,520 was either naive or dishonest. 779 00:39:45,520 --> 00:39:47,000 Well, again, I don't accept that. 780 00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:49,760 And, I mean, you know, this is an issue 781 00:39:49,760 --> 00:39:52,720 that had been worked through at length 782 00:39:52,720 --> 00:39:56,440 and...and we arrived at the position that we did. 783 00:39:56,440 --> 00:39:56,680 and...and we arrived (INDISTINCT CHATTER) 784 00:39:56,680 --> 00:40:02,240 (INDISTINCT CHATTER) 785 00:40:02,240 --> 00:40:07,880 Do you think the age of disarmament and nuclear-arms control is over? 786 00:40:09,120 --> 00:40:10,880 Yes, unfortunately, 787 00:40:10,880 --> 00:40:15,120 it really does seem to be the end of an era. 788 00:40:15,120 --> 00:40:19,080 At a time of weakened international co-operation, 789 00:40:19,080 --> 00:40:23,400 it significantly increases the urgency 790 00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:26,720 of getting disarmament, preventing nuclear war. 791 00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:36,400 Australia has a role to play in this new age of nuclear expansion. 792 00:40:39,160 --> 00:40:41,680 At the Tindal air base south of Darwin 793 00:40:41,680 --> 00:40:46,240 the US and Australia have been busy upgrading facilities. 794 00:40:46,240 --> 00:40:48,080 The runway is being extended, 795 00:40:48,080 --> 00:40:50,280 fuel tanks enlarged 796 00:40:50,280 --> 00:40:52,160 and ammunition dumps constructed. 797 00:41:02,280 --> 00:41:05,400 As Four Corners revealed in 2022, 798 00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:05,640 the centrepiece As Four Corners revealed in 2022, 799 00:41:05,640 --> 00:41:09,200 the centrepiece will be a giant expanse of concrete 800 00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:09,440 the centrepiece for six nuclear-capable B-52 bombers. 801 00:41:09,440 --> 00:41:13,400 for six nuclear-capable B-52 bombers. 802 00:41:18,080 --> 00:41:23,000 We're seeing a transformation to actual operational basing 803 00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:23,240 We're seeing a transformation where nuclear-weapons operation 804 00:41:23,240 --> 00:41:24,720 where nuclear-weapons operation 805 00:41:24,720 --> 00:41:27,960 could actually be launched from Australia, 806 00:41:27,960 --> 00:41:31,160 particularly from B-52s that might be based in Tindal. 807 00:41:31,160 --> 00:41:31,400 particularly from B-52s How does China view 808 00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:33,240 How does China view 809 00:41:33,240 --> 00:41:38,880 the stationing of B-52 bombers, American B-52 bombers, in Australia? 810 00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:09,400 We have a very good relationship... 811 00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:13,360 As the world inches closer to a possible nuclear conflict, 812 00:42:13,360 --> 00:42:17,360 Donald Trump wants to cut a deal with China and Russia. 813 00:42:17,360 --> 00:42:20,080 We have the most nuclear weapons. Russia second. 814 00:42:20,080 --> 00:42:22,800 China is actually third by a long way, 815 00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:26,080 but they'll be even within four or five years. 816 00:42:26,080 --> 00:42:27,920 And we are talking about de-escalation. 817 00:42:27,920 --> 00:42:28,160 And we are talking about That's already being talked about. 818 00:42:28,160 --> 00:42:29,960 That's already being talked about. 819 00:42:29,960 --> 00:42:32,360 (GUNFIRE) 820 00:42:32,360 --> 00:42:33,280 (EXPLOSION) 821 00:42:33,280 --> 00:42:34,800 (GUNFIRE) 822 00:42:36,720 --> 00:42:38,280 JENNIFER PARKER: I think we need to say 823 00:42:38,280 --> 00:42:40,720 that the chances of conflict in this region are increasingly likely. 824 00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:45,520 We are likely to experience significant loss of life 825 00:42:45,520 --> 00:42:46,600 if there was a conflict 826 00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:49,840 of not only ADF personnel but civilian population. 827 00:42:49,840 --> 00:42:52,200 It means that the Australian way of life 828 00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:54,720 and this fundamental safety that we've all been born in 829 00:42:54,720 --> 00:42:54,960 and this fundamental safety would absolutely change. 830 00:42:54,960 --> 00:42:56,480 would absolutely change. 831 00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:03,400 We're paid to be pessimists. 832 00:43:03,400 --> 00:43:05,680 We're paid to think about the world's worst days 833 00:43:05,680 --> 00:43:07,560 and make sure that we're prepared for those. 834 00:43:07,560 --> 00:43:11,760 And, so, it is natural that I worry about what might be in our future. 835 00:43:11,760 --> 00:43:16,040 The single organising principle of all Australian state craft - 836 00:43:16,040 --> 00:43:19,040 diplomacy, military, economic, everything - 837 00:43:19,040 --> 00:43:19,280 diplomacy, military, economic, for the next 30 years 838 00:43:19,280 --> 00:43:21,120 for the next 30 years 839 00:43:21,120 --> 00:43:21,360 needs to be preventing a war for the next 30 years 840 00:43:21,360 --> 00:43:24,640 needs to be preventing a war between the United States and China. 841 00:43:24,640 --> 00:43:29,200 It's an issue for the whole of nation and the whole of society, 842 00:43:29,200 --> 00:43:31,440 so, we all have to start caring about it. 843 00:43:31,440 --> 00:43:35,080 The fact is it's something that we all need to be worried about. 844 00:43:38,440 --> 00:43:40,640 (THEME MUSIC PLAYS) 845 00:43:56,640 --> 00:43:58,640 Captions by Red Bee Media 846 00:43:58,640 --> 00:44:00,840 Copyright Australian Broadcasting Corporation