1 00:00:00,733 --> 00:00:10,566 ♪♪ 2 00:00:26,600 --> 00:00:28,600 -What is a senator? 3 00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:30,533 One percent of one half 4 00:00:30,533 --> 00:00:33,833 of one of the three branches of government. 5 00:00:33,833 --> 00:00:36,266 Unless, of course, you're Mr. Moynihan. 6 00:00:36,266 --> 00:00:38,233 ♪♪ 7 00:00:38,233 --> 00:00:42,200 His life was one of the broadest and deepest public careers 8 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:44,533 in American history. 9 00:00:45,866 --> 00:00:48,600 -Politician, social philosopher, 10 00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:50,200 and statesman... 11 00:00:50,200 --> 00:00:53,066 Daniel Patrick Moynihan's wide-ranging influence 12 00:00:53,066 --> 00:00:55,466 can still be felt today. 13 00:00:55,466 --> 00:00:59,800 -I don't think you get many people in public life 14 00:00:59,800 --> 00:01:02,833 who have this kind of unique insight, 15 00:01:02,833 --> 00:01:04,933 from highway safety to welfare... 16 00:01:04,933 --> 00:01:06,600 -Social and family policy... 17 00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:08,166 -The role of the United Nations... 18 00:01:08,166 --> 00:01:10,033 -Infrastructure... -Public architecture... 19 00:01:10,033 --> 00:01:12,166 -Or Social Security. -Secrecy in government... 20 00:01:12,166 --> 00:01:14,333 -In the last half of the 20th century, 21 00:01:14,333 --> 00:01:17,133 Daniel Patrick Moynihan was at the center 22 00:01:17,133 --> 00:01:19,700 of America's most urgent political debates. 23 00:01:19,700 --> 00:01:22,666 -Equality and liberty are two different things. 24 00:01:22,666 --> 00:01:25,500 -He served four consecutive presidents 25 00:01:25,500 --> 00:01:28,566 and was elected to four terms in the Senate. 26 00:01:28,566 --> 00:01:31,166 It all began with his fight for America's poor. 27 00:01:31,166 --> 00:01:34,133 -Things are not getting better for everybody! 28 00:01:34,133 --> 00:01:38,333 There is a group of Americans for whom things get worse. 29 00:01:38,333 --> 00:01:40,733 -I certainly have memories of when the Moynihan Report 30 00:01:40,733 --> 00:01:44,866 exploded into controversy. 31 00:01:44,866 --> 00:01:46,900 -He rose to national celebrity 32 00:01:46,900 --> 00:01:48,966 as America's most famous representative 33 00:01:48,966 --> 00:01:51,066 to the United Nations. 34 00:01:51,066 --> 00:01:53,166 -One word that's attached to you wherever you go 35 00:01:53,166 --> 00:01:55,700 until you're probably sick to death of it is "flamboyant." 36 00:01:55,700 --> 00:01:58,133 "The flamboyant Patrick Moynihan." 37 00:01:58,133 --> 00:02:01,933 -Am I embarrassed to speak for a less-than-perfect democracy? 38 00:02:01,933 --> 00:02:03,866 Not one bit. 39 00:02:03,866 --> 00:02:05,633 Find me a better one. 40 00:02:05,633 --> 00:02:07,500 ♪♪ 41 00:02:07,500 --> 00:02:11,566 -He was a man shaped by the Depression. 42 00:02:11,566 --> 00:02:16,633 He saw government do an enormous amount of good. 43 00:02:16,633 --> 00:02:18,833 -He was always a liberal 44 00:02:18,833 --> 00:02:20,800 who knew that Liberalism thrived 45 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:24,533 only when it could question itself. 46 00:02:24,533 --> 00:02:28,000 -Moynihan hated the notion that government is the problem. 47 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:30,200 His own rejoinder to that 48 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:32,733 was, "If you have contempt for government, 49 00:02:32,733 --> 00:02:34,800 you will get contemptible government." 50 00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:38,566 ♪♪ 51 00:02:38,566 --> 00:02:41,533 -There's no doubt in my mind that if Pat Moynihan 52 00:02:41,533 --> 00:02:47,200 had been airdropped into New England in the 1770s, 53 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:49,633 he would've been one of the most prominent members 54 00:02:49,633 --> 00:02:51,300 of our founding fathers. 55 00:02:51,300 --> 00:02:53,133 ♪♪ 56 00:02:53,133 --> 00:02:56,200 -The great challenges of our time 57 00:02:56,200 --> 00:02:58,966 have been challenges of ideas. 58 00:02:58,966 --> 00:03:00,333 ♪♪ 59 00:03:00,333 --> 00:03:03,366 Politics is an argument about the future. 60 00:03:03,366 --> 00:03:09,966 ♪♪ 61 00:03:13,866 --> 00:03:15,466 [ Crowd cheering ] 62 00:03:15,466 --> 00:03:17,500 [ Fanfare plays ] 63 00:03:17,500 --> 00:03:21,033 ♪♪ 64 00:03:21,033 --> 00:03:24,933 -When the Kennedy administration swept into office, 65 00:03:24,933 --> 00:03:27,166 the New Frontier, and there's this great excitement, 66 00:03:27,166 --> 00:03:29,133 the greatest since the New Deal. 67 00:03:29,133 --> 00:03:31,133 Brilliant people are leaving the Ivy League. 68 00:03:31,133 --> 00:03:33,700 They're going to Washington. 69 00:03:33,700 --> 00:03:36,666 -1960 election brought Jack Kennedy to town. 70 00:03:36,666 --> 00:03:39,500 Was supposed to empower the American professoriate. 71 00:03:39,500 --> 00:03:42,300 It was academia's moment. 72 00:03:42,300 --> 00:03:46,933 -And the idea was technocratic problem-solving. 73 00:03:46,933 --> 00:03:48,933 And that was Moynihan's specialty. 74 00:03:48,933 --> 00:03:51,000 ♪♪ 75 00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:54,333 -Moynihan at the time was teaching social policy 76 00:03:54,333 --> 00:03:56,533 at Syracuse University. 77 00:03:56,533 --> 00:03:59,300 He had worked for New York Governor Averell Harriman 78 00:03:59,300 --> 00:04:02,733 and was yearning to get back into politics. 79 00:04:02,733 --> 00:04:04,666 When Kennedy came along, 80 00:04:04,666 --> 00:04:06,700 it was, I would imagine, 81 00:04:06,700 --> 00:04:09,000 love at first sight. 82 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:12,133 Kennedy was an intellectual. He went to Harvard. 83 00:04:12,133 --> 00:04:14,800 He was a war hero. He was Irish. 84 00:04:16,500 --> 00:04:18,766 -I went into the Labor Department 85 00:04:18,766 --> 00:04:23,133 as an assistant to that great man Arthur Goldberg. 86 00:04:23,133 --> 00:04:25,700 -It's not entirely plain what his role was 87 00:04:25,700 --> 00:04:28,233 except, I think, that Arthur Goldberg 88 00:04:28,233 --> 00:04:32,900 enjoyed having a clever young man tossing out ideas. 89 00:04:32,900 --> 00:04:35,033 He had this extraordinary ability, 90 00:04:35,033 --> 00:04:36,700 amounting almost to genius, 91 00:04:36,700 --> 00:04:39,400 for seeing the broader implications 92 00:04:39,400 --> 00:04:43,266 in what other people would regard as banal facts. 93 00:04:44,466 --> 00:04:46,700 For example, he got a rather casual interest 94 00:04:46,700 --> 00:04:49,500 in the rebuilding of Pennsylvania Avenue, 95 00:04:49,500 --> 00:04:53,000 and he extrapolated that into a brilliant piece of writing 96 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:54,700 about what should be the principles 97 00:04:54,700 --> 00:04:57,166 of federal architecture, 98 00:04:57,166 --> 00:05:00,066 which is still used by the government of the United States 99 00:05:00,066 --> 00:05:02,366 to this day. 100 00:05:02,366 --> 00:05:04,933 -Solemnity gives way to celebration 101 00:05:04,933 --> 00:05:06,733 as the traditional Inaugural Parade... 102 00:05:06,733 --> 00:05:09,366 -These were seen as wonderful times economically 103 00:05:09,366 --> 00:05:10,700 in the United States. 104 00:05:10,700 --> 00:05:12,366 -...birth of a new generation of Americans. 105 00:05:12,366 --> 00:05:16,233 -Poverty had not really been an issue since the 1930s. 106 00:05:16,233 --> 00:05:19,033 -People forget that the great inaugural speech 107 00:05:19,033 --> 00:05:23,033 that Kennedy made, there was no mention of any domestic issues. 108 00:05:23,033 --> 00:05:29,633 ♪♪ 109 00:05:29,633 --> 00:05:33,033 -And then in '63, things began to change. 110 00:05:33,033 --> 00:05:35,000 [ Indistinct shouting ] 111 00:05:37,966 --> 00:05:40,966 -You had a Civil Rights Movement that would not rest, 112 00:05:40,966 --> 00:05:45,133 that was looking for equality for African-Americansnow. 113 00:05:45,133 --> 00:05:47,466 And intertwined with the Civil Rights Movement 114 00:05:47,466 --> 00:05:50,166 was seeing that there was a poverty problem. 115 00:05:50,166 --> 00:05:54,233 ♪♪ 116 00:05:54,233 --> 00:05:57,733 -Michael Harrington. Author and expert on poverty. 117 00:05:57,733 --> 00:06:00,633 -One of the most terrible things about poor people 118 00:06:00,633 --> 00:06:03,033 is that they are people who are literally without hope. 119 00:06:03,033 --> 00:06:05,466 And when you stick them off in a corner of the society, 120 00:06:05,466 --> 00:06:09,033 where most of the people don't even know they exist anymore, 121 00:06:09,033 --> 00:06:11,200 they feel, rightly, that they're left out, 122 00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:14,200 that nobody cares, that there's no place for them. 123 00:06:14,200 --> 00:06:15,733 -Kennedy certainly read 124 00:06:15,733 --> 00:06:18,833 "The Other America" by Michael Harrington. 125 00:06:18,833 --> 00:06:22,900 And the administration was moving towards seeing poverty 126 00:06:22,900 --> 00:06:26,600 as an important political issue in a very cautious way. 127 00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:27,966 [ Applause ] 128 00:06:27,966 --> 00:06:30,300 When Lyndon Johnson came in, he's, 129 00:06:30,300 --> 00:06:31,900 "We're going to do this nationally 130 00:06:31,900 --> 00:06:33,366 and we're going to do it big." 131 00:06:33,366 --> 00:06:38,266 -And this administration today, here and now, 132 00:06:38,266 --> 00:06:43,433 declares unconditional war on poverty in America. 133 00:06:43,433 --> 00:06:46,266 [ Applause ] 134 00:06:46,266 --> 00:06:48,800 -Moynihan was one of the people -- 135 00:06:48,800 --> 00:06:50,800 Moynihan, being an Assistant Secretary of Labor 136 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:52,700 in early '64, 137 00:06:52,700 --> 00:06:55,266 was one of the people who helped Johnson 138 00:06:55,266 --> 00:06:58,933 design what became known as the War on Poverty. 139 00:06:58,933 --> 00:07:02,666 -It was ultimately headed by Sargent Shriver. 140 00:07:02,666 --> 00:07:04,366 -[Chuckling] I remember... 141 00:07:04,366 --> 00:07:06,866 There was one week when they were really 142 00:07:06,866 --> 00:07:09,833 trying to draw up what it would be. 143 00:07:09,833 --> 00:07:11,533 And every -- 144 00:07:11,533 --> 00:07:14,566 They all were working in other places 145 00:07:14,566 --> 00:07:18,333 and, at 5:00, would show up at our house. 146 00:07:18,333 --> 00:07:19,700 [ Laughs ] 147 00:07:19,700 --> 00:07:22,266 And it was Adam Yarmolinsky -- 148 00:07:22,266 --> 00:07:24,233 came from Defense Department. 149 00:07:24,233 --> 00:07:25,833 Frank Mankiewicz. 150 00:07:25,833 --> 00:07:27,600 Pat's friend Mike Harrington, 151 00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:30,333 who'd written the book on poverty. 152 00:07:30,333 --> 00:07:32,433 And Pat. 153 00:07:32,433 --> 00:07:34,666 And the War on Poverty 154 00:07:34,666 --> 00:07:37,533 was planned over spaghetti dinners 155 00:07:37,533 --> 00:07:38,666 at the Moynihans'. 156 00:07:38,666 --> 00:07:41,333 [ Laughs ] 157 00:07:41,333 --> 00:07:45,066 -For the first time in our history, 158 00:07:45,066 --> 00:07:50,133 an America without hunger is a practical prospect. 159 00:07:50,133 --> 00:07:53,466 -We're only at the beginning of the road 160 00:07:53,466 --> 00:07:55,533 to the Great Society. 161 00:07:55,533 --> 00:07:59,166 ♪♪ 162 00:07:59,166 --> 00:08:04,633 -I've been unemployed now since 1962. 163 00:08:04,633 --> 00:08:06,033 I need a job. 164 00:08:06,033 --> 00:08:08,300 -I've been out of work over four years. 165 00:08:08,300 --> 00:08:11,566 I'll go down and try to get work and can't get no work. 166 00:08:23,300 --> 00:08:27,200 -Moynihan, as early as early 1964, 167 00:08:27,200 --> 00:08:28,766 is writing memoranda 168 00:08:28,766 --> 00:08:32,000 about the need to do something special 169 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:34,000 for poor Black people, 170 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:37,566 as opposed toallpoor people. 171 00:08:37,566 --> 00:08:41,000 -I felt that the great crises 172 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:44,166 having to do with the protection of the liberties 173 00:08:44,166 --> 00:08:46,800 of Negro Americans in the South 174 00:08:46,800 --> 00:08:49,266 were probably coming to an end. 175 00:08:49,266 --> 00:08:52,500 It seemed to me that we would now turn to the problems 176 00:08:52,500 --> 00:08:55,533 of the Northern ghettos, the Northern slums, 177 00:08:55,533 --> 00:08:59,133 where just passing a law wasn't going to change things, 178 00:08:59,133 --> 00:09:02,766 where problems were much more difficult. 179 00:09:02,766 --> 00:09:05,866 -Moynihan's interest in urban Black poverty 180 00:09:05,866 --> 00:09:09,366 was triggered, in part, by a study he had led a year earlier. 181 00:09:09,366 --> 00:09:11,833 Eager to boost its ranks during the Cold War, 182 00:09:11,833 --> 00:09:14,433 the military was concerned that too many men 183 00:09:14,433 --> 00:09:16,700 were failing their exams. 184 00:09:16,700 --> 00:09:18,900 What Moynihan found was that many of them 185 00:09:18,900 --> 00:09:21,633 came from single-parent homes, 186 00:09:21,633 --> 00:09:27,066 and a disproportionate number were impoverished Black men. 187 00:09:27,066 --> 00:09:30,800 -Moynihan sat down to write his report on the Black family, 188 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:32,666 which was titled "The Negro Family: 189 00:09:32,666 --> 00:09:34,866 The Case for National Action," 190 00:09:34,866 --> 00:09:39,633 on January 1st, or thereabouts, 1965... 191 00:09:39,633 --> 00:09:43,033 and, with the help of Paul Barton, a chief aide, 192 00:09:43,033 --> 00:09:44,900 finished it in the remarkably quick time 193 00:09:44,900 --> 00:09:46,566 of little more than three months. 194 00:09:46,566 --> 00:09:49,200 -That report began, "The United States is facing 195 00:09:49,200 --> 00:09:51,966 a new crisis in race relations." 196 00:09:51,966 --> 00:09:59,466 ♪♪ 197 00:09:59,466 --> 00:10:01,966 -Teenage unemployment in the Negro world today 198 00:10:01,966 --> 00:10:04,166 is almost 25%. 199 00:10:04,166 --> 00:10:07,300 That is a social crime! That's an outrage! 200 00:10:07,300 --> 00:10:09,700 -He was one of the first scholars 201 00:10:09,700 --> 00:10:12,966 to integrate structural analysis, for example, 202 00:10:12,966 --> 00:10:17,466 the problems of urbanization, joblessness, 203 00:10:17,466 --> 00:10:19,700 Jim Crow segregation, and so on, 204 00:10:19,700 --> 00:10:22,800 and their effects on the Black population... 205 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:24,333 and cultural analysis. 206 00:10:24,333 --> 00:10:26,300 That is, the way Blacks respond 207 00:10:26,300 --> 00:10:30,333 to chronic, racial, and economic subordination. 208 00:10:30,333 --> 00:10:33,666 And sometimes the response is problematic. 209 00:10:33,666 --> 00:10:35,900 -The very start of the second chapter says, 210 00:10:35,900 --> 00:10:38,500 "At the heart of the deterioration 211 00:10:38,500 --> 00:10:40,700 of the fabric of Negro society 212 00:10:40,700 --> 00:10:44,433 is the deterioration of the Negro family." 213 00:10:44,433 --> 00:10:48,100 -Moynihan immersed himself in a raft of statistics 214 00:10:48,100 --> 00:10:50,333 that convinced him impoverished Black families 215 00:10:50,333 --> 00:10:52,200 were under enormous stress, 216 00:10:52,200 --> 00:10:54,400 their children deeply affected. 217 00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:57,566 By 1960, nearly 24% of these families 218 00:10:57,566 --> 00:10:59,966 were headed by single parents. 219 00:10:59,966 --> 00:11:02,166 This was some 8 times greater 220 00:11:02,166 --> 00:11:03,966 than the rate for white families. 221 00:11:03,966 --> 00:11:05,366 -How'd you learn how to behave? 222 00:11:05,366 --> 00:11:07,266 From your father and your mother 223 00:11:07,266 --> 00:11:08,833 and the people around you. 224 00:11:08,833 --> 00:11:11,366 Well, supposing there is no father, 225 00:11:11,366 --> 00:11:13,233 where children are just brought up 226 00:11:13,233 --> 00:11:16,200 without that support which a family gives it. 227 00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:18,266 Then what do you end up with? 228 00:11:18,266 --> 00:11:20,700 You end up with the cycle reproducing itself. 229 00:11:20,700 --> 00:11:24,833 -That report was intended for one person -- 230 00:11:24,833 --> 00:11:29,700 president of the United States, Lyndon Baines Johnson. 231 00:11:29,700 --> 00:11:34,100 -Moynihan writes a memo to President Johnson, 232 00:11:34,100 --> 00:11:37,633 appealing to him to understand. 233 00:11:37,633 --> 00:11:39,966 "You were born poor, 234 00:11:39,966 --> 00:11:41,633 yet you came of age 235 00:11:41,633 --> 00:11:43,900 full of ambition, energy, and ability 236 00:11:43,900 --> 00:11:47,700 because your mother and father gave it to you. 237 00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:51,333 The richest inheritance any child can have 238 00:11:51,333 --> 00:11:55,666 is a stable, loving, disciplined family life." 239 00:11:55,666 --> 00:11:58,133 And he's trying to get Johnson to understand 240 00:11:58,133 --> 00:12:01,333 this culture of poverty and racism 241 00:12:01,333 --> 00:12:04,533 that was assaulting the poor Negro family. 242 00:12:04,533 --> 00:12:10,133 ♪♪ 243 00:12:10,133 --> 00:12:11,933 -The insight that he had 244 00:12:11,933 --> 00:12:15,733 was that we have to go beyond civil-rights legislation 245 00:12:15,733 --> 00:12:18,500 to address the cumulative effects 246 00:12:18,500 --> 00:12:23,033 of chronic, racial, and economic subordination. 247 00:12:23,033 --> 00:12:25,033 And what he was saying was that 248 00:12:25,033 --> 00:12:27,800 we need to move beyond issues of liberty 249 00:12:27,800 --> 00:12:30,566 and address issues of equality. 250 00:12:30,566 --> 00:12:45,333 ♪♪ 251 00:12:45,333 --> 00:12:47,633 [ Applause ] 252 00:12:49,666 --> 00:12:52,000 And Johnson incorporates that thought 253 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:55,166 into one of the most important addresses any president 254 00:12:55,166 --> 00:12:57,266 has ever given. 255 00:12:57,266 --> 00:12:59,000 [ Applause ] 256 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:02,233 -But freedom is not enough. 257 00:13:02,233 --> 00:13:05,433 You do not take a person who, for years, 258 00:13:05,433 --> 00:13:08,933 has been hobbled by chains 259 00:13:08,933 --> 00:13:11,000 and liberate him, 260 00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:13,766 bring him up to the starting line of a race, 261 00:13:13,766 --> 00:13:18,633 and then say, "You are free to compete with all the others," 262 00:13:18,633 --> 00:13:24,366 and still justly believe that you have been completely fair. 263 00:13:24,366 --> 00:13:29,600 -This is the core of the liberal anthem that LBJ stood for. 264 00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:31,033 [ Applause ] 265 00:13:31,033 --> 00:13:32,933 -I remember listening very carefully 266 00:13:32,933 --> 00:13:38,466 to President Johnson's speech at Howard University in 1965. 267 00:13:38,466 --> 00:13:40,800 And I said, you know, "This... 268 00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:42,800 This resonates with me." 269 00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:44,500 [ Applause ] 270 00:13:44,500 --> 00:13:47,733 And it was based on the Moynihan Report. 271 00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:51,566 So it's unfortunate that it turned out to be 272 00:13:51,566 --> 00:13:53,800 so controversial down the road. 273 00:13:56,633 --> 00:14:02,333 ♪♪ 274 00:14:02,333 --> 00:14:03,966 -Daniel Patrick Moynihan 275 00:14:03,966 --> 00:14:05,366 has been a public figure for so long 276 00:14:05,366 --> 00:14:08,066 as a writer and an advisor to Presidents 277 00:14:08,066 --> 00:14:10,133 and ambassador to the U.N. 278 00:14:10,133 --> 00:14:12,500 Senator Moynihan, if I could get just a touch of personal color, 279 00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:17,033 I always thought, as far back as I first saw your picture, 280 00:14:17,033 --> 00:14:19,933 that you were what they call I believe "to the manner born." 281 00:14:19,933 --> 00:14:21,133 I would have thought of you 282 00:14:21,133 --> 00:14:22,766 silver spoon in the mouth, so on, 283 00:14:22,766 --> 00:14:25,366 finest schools, yachting as a boy, and so on. 284 00:14:25,366 --> 00:14:27,400 And I was startled when I learned 285 00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:29,166 that you had quite a different background. 286 00:14:29,166 --> 00:14:30,900 You grew up in Hell's Kitchen, in Harlem. 287 00:14:30,900 --> 00:14:33,500 You went to City College. You've been a stevedore. 288 00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:35,600 You've ridden the rails, I believe, and you had.. 289 00:14:35,600 --> 00:14:39,300 -Well, it was a single-parent family. 290 00:14:39,300 --> 00:14:43,166 Three kids. He was the oldest. 291 00:14:43,166 --> 00:14:46,933 -His father abandoned the family. 292 00:14:46,933 --> 00:14:49,000 He was growing up in the 1930s 293 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:51,500 when most families were intact, 294 00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:54,466 when divorce or desertion was uncommon. 295 00:14:54,466 --> 00:14:56,633 -As he once said to me, it's not as though 296 00:14:56,633 --> 00:14:59,966 he walked out the door one day to get a pack of cigarettes 297 00:14:59,966 --> 00:15:01,400 and never came back. 298 00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:03,200 He left over time. 299 00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:06,333 So it took a year or two until it was clear 300 00:15:06,333 --> 00:15:08,466 he was never going to come back. 301 00:15:08,466 --> 00:15:10,600 ♪♪ 302 00:15:10,600 --> 00:15:13,300 -Pat was poor, 303 00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:15,966 but it was because his family was divorced 304 00:15:15,966 --> 00:15:18,100 and his father lost his job. 305 00:15:18,100 --> 00:15:21,366 It wasn't because -- And drank. 306 00:15:21,366 --> 00:15:23,666 His parents drank. 307 00:15:26,033 --> 00:15:28,766 It wasn't because they'd never made it 308 00:15:28,766 --> 00:15:32,333 out of that immigrant status. 309 00:15:32,333 --> 00:15:35,166 -If you do start in a middle-class family 310 00:15:35,166 --> 00:15:36,866 and lose that, 311 00:15:36,866 --> 00:15:40,133 in this case because of marital breakdown, 312 00:15:40,133 --> 00:15:42,666 it's probably more scary than, for example, 313 00:15:42,666 --> 00:15:45,433 if your parents are hard-rock miners 314 00:15:45,433 --> 00:15:48,866 and don't know anything but that. 315 00:15:48,866 --> 00:15:51,600 -His mother was a nurse, and she was having a hard time 316 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:54,333 financially, and she married a new man, 317 00:15:54,333 --> 00:15:56,666 and it produced a new baby. 318 00:15:56,666 --> 00:15:59,600 And so they moved from the city, somewhere in the city, 319 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:02,266 to Kitchawan. 320 00:16:02,266 --> 00:16:04,533 Pat was definitely a city boy, 321 00:16:04,533 --> 00:16:08,100 interested in things citified. 322 00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:11,000 He read the newspapers, and kids in eighth grade there 323 00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:13,466 didn't read the newspapers. 324 00:16:13,466 --> 00:16:15,766 He spoke about things that I didn't know about 325 00:16:15,766 --> 00:16:17,633 and didn't give a damn about -- 326 00:16:17,633 --> 00:16:19,900 John L. Lewis and Walter Reuther 327 00:16:19,900 --> 00:16:22,766 and the coal miners and the auto workers. 328 00:16:22,766 --> 00:16:24,300 When you saw him in class, 329 00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:26,433 he'd sit in one of these little wooden chairs, 330 00:16:26,433 --> 00:16:29,266 and his arms would flail out, his legs would spread out, 331 00:16:29,266 --> 00:16:32,066 and he looked like Ichabod Crane. 332 00:16:32,066 --> 00:16:34,266 He was...different. 333 00:16:34,266 --> 00:16:35,633 ♪♪ 334 00:16:35,633 --> 00:16:38,900 -I don't know why these two brothers were so different 335 00:16:38,900 --> 00:16:43,366 in their response to the father leaving. 336 00:16:43,366 --> 00:16:47,100 Michael all his life talked about missing a father, 337 00:16:47,100 --> 00:16:49,600 not having had a father. 338 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:52,566 But Pat didn't. 339 00:16:52,566 --> 00:16:57,566 And, in fact, Michael would occasionally say to Pat, 340 00:16:57,566 --> 00:17:00,866 "You know, you're -- you're not the father I need." 341 00:17:00,866 --> 00:17:03,900 ♪♪ 342 00:17:03,900 --> 00:17:05,500 -After two years, 343 00:17:05,500 --> 00:17:08,800 Moynihan's mother was a single parent once again 344 00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:11,300 and moved the family back to New York City. 345 00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:14,200 ♪♪ 346 00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:18,300 -It was a little grungy apartment in Astoria. 347 00:17:18,300 --> 00:17:23,333 I do know that it seemed to be a wretched family situation. 348 00:17:23,333 --> 00:17:27,633 -He was always afraid of poverty for himself. 349 00:17:27,633 --> 00:17:30,700 Certainly his friends thought, in later years, 350 00:17:30,700 --> 00:17:34,000 that he worried too much about losing jobs. 351 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:36,900 Underneath his tremendous charm, 352 00:17:36,900 --> 00:17:39,100 energy, ebullience, 353 00:17:39,100 --> 00:17:42,066 there was also a little grain of fear, I think. 354 00:17:42,066 --> 00:17:43,733 Not physical fear. He was not a coward. 355 00:17:43,733 --> 00:17:45,033 I don't mean that. 356 00:17:45,033 --> 00:17:47,733 He was just afraid of the abyss. 357 00:17:50,133 --> 00:17:53,566 -This is Dad and President Johnson, who nev-- 358 00:17:53,566 --> 00:17:56,000 Ken Galbraith told me that Johnson didn't like 359 00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:59,066 or trust Moynihan 'cause he was a Northeast liberal, 360 00:17:59,066 --> 00:18:00,933 a Kennedy man. 361 00:18:00,933 --> 00:18:03,833 -Time was getting at hand to get out of Washington, 362 00:18:03,833 --> 00:18:07,100 so I decided to take a two-dollar bet 363 00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:09,433 and run for president of the city council. 364 00:18:09,433 --> 00:18:11,766 -♪ He's our man, hallelujah ♪ 365 00:18:11,766 --> 00:18:14,500 -Kennedy appointees had a difficult time 366 00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:16,400 leaving the Johnson administration. 367 00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:18,800 -♪ Moynihan, hallelujah ♪ 368 00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:21,366 -But if you left to run for office, 369 00:18:21,366 --> 00:18:23,700 it was okay. 370 00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:26,000 When the primary was over and we had lost, 371 00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:29,900 I explained to my children that we were celebrating 372 00:18:29,900 --> 00:18:32,066 because the only thing worse than losing 373 00:18:32,066 --> 00:18:33,466 would have been winning. 374 00:18:33,466 --> 00:18:35,300 [ Laughs ] 375 00:18:35,300 --> 00:18:37,166 ♪♪ 376 00:18:37,166 --> 00:18:39,900 -On July 19, 1965, 377 00:18:39,900 --> 00:18:42,266 The New York Timesannounced what would be Moynihan's 378 00:18:42,266 --> 00:18:46,366 unsuccessful candidacy for City Council. 379 00:18:46,366 --> 00:18:49,800 That same day, a second article reported 380 00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:52,400 an anonymous internal government study 381 00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:55,600 on the state of the Negro family. 382 00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:59,766 -The report leaked in the summer of 1965. 383 00:18:59,766 --> 00:19:01,966 The timing is very important here 384 00:19:01,966 --> 00:19:04,833 because what happens also in the summer of 1965 385 00:19:04,833 --> 00:19:07,266 is the awful Watts riot. 386 00:19:07,266 --> 00:19:08,966 [ Indistinct shouting ] 387 00:19:08,966 --> 00:19:11,266 [ Sirens wailing ] 388 00:19:11,266 --> 00:19:13,366 -Absolutely incredible scene, 389 00:19:13,366 --> 00:19:15,966 with gun battle in the middle of Broadway... 390 00:19:15,966 --> 00:19:17,733 [ Gunshots ] 391 00:19:17,733 --> 00:19:22,266 34 persons were killed, all but 5 of them Negros, 392 00:19:22,266 --> 00:19:25,033 in the middle of the nation's third-largest city. 393 00:19:25,033 --> 00:19:26,500 [ Indistinct shouting ] 394 00:19:31,033 --> 00:19:33,966 -And people were trying to come up with an explanation 395 00:19:33,966 --> 00:19:35,966 of, "Why did they riot?" 396 00:19:35,966 --> 00:19:39,700 -As the smoke lifted above Watts and the shooting died down, 397 00:19:39,700 --> 00:19:43,000 the soul searching and blame shifting began. 398 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,000 ♪♪ 399 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:47,733 -Various columns appeared, 400 00:19:47,733 --> 00:19:49,666 including one by Evans and Novak, 401 00:19:49,666 --> 00:19:53,133 who were famous columnists in those days. 402 00:19:53,133 --> 00:19:57,166 That was titled "The Moynihan Report." 403 00:19:57,166 --> 00:19:59,133 And that's probably the first time 404 00:19:59,133 --> 00:20:01,333 that it really became known that way. 405 00:20:01,333 --> 00:20:04,333 ♪♪ 406 00:20:04,333 --> 00:20:06,133 -And then people started associating 407 00:20:06,133 --> 00:20:09,700 the Watts riot with the Black family. 408 00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:11,366 "This is a cause of the Watts riot. 409 00:20:11,366 --> 00:20:13,233 The deterioration of the family 410 00:20:13,233 --> 00:20:15,800 has helped to trigger these riots." 411 00:20:17,333 --> 00:20:19,200 -If you're, say, in the activist community 412 00:20:19,200 --> 00:20:20,600 and you're an African-American, 413 00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:23,166 well, the first lens that you have on the Moynihan Report 414 00:20:23,166 --> 00:20:24,900 is from Mary McGrory or, you know, 415 00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:26,700 it's from Evans and Novak. 416 00:20:26,700 --> 00:20:29,866 That's the lens through which you read this report. 417 00:20:29,866 --> 00:20:44,333 ♪♪ 418 00:20:44,333 --> 00:20:47,600 -It came from a white intellectual, 419 00:20:47,600 --> 00:20:49,933 at what could not have been conceived 420 00:20:49,933 --> 00:20:52,233 as anything but poor timing 421 00:20:52,233 --> 00:20:54,900 because it overrode what certainly 422 00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:57,300 the African-American leadership and community believed 423 00:20:57,300 --> 00:20:58,833 needed to be exercised. 424 00:20:58,833 --> 00:21:02,366 "Alright, government, for 150 years, you've done nothing! 425 00:21:02,366 --> 00:21:05,166 No legislation against job discrimination. 426 00:21:05,166 --> 00:21:07,866 No legislation giving people the right to vote. 427 00:21:07,866 --> 00:21:10,066 The poll tax still out there. 428 00:21:10,066 --> 00:21:13,966 if you were a white man in Mississippi, 429 00:21:13,966 --> 00:21:16,000 you could go to work in a laboring job 430 00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:17,466 and become middle-class. 431 00:21:17,466 --> 00:21:21,233 If you were a Black man that had the same non-skills, 432 00:21:21,233 --> 00:21:22,600 you couldn't get a job at all. 433 00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:24,333 What are you going to do about that? 434 00:21:24,333 --> 00:21:25,966 You talking aboutmyfamily?!" 435 00:21:25,966 --> 00:21:30,166 If anything, the Black family, along with the Black Church, 436 00:21:30,166 --> 00:21:32,633 is all that kept the Black community whole. 437 00:21:32,633 --> 00:21:36,000 -This is Len Brooks inviting you to...Meet the Press. 438 00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:38,300 Our guest today is the author of the controversial study 439 00:21:38,300 --> 00:21:41,633 "The Negro Family," Mr. Daniel P. Moynihan. 440 00:21:41,633 --> 00:21:45,666 -Pat was blindsided by the reaction of the left 441 00:21:45,666 --> 00:21:48,166 to what he was saying. 442 00:21:48,166 --> 00:21:49,800 -What's your explanation for the fact 443 00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:53,566 that it's being criticized for fostering a new racism? 444 00:21:53,566 --> 00:21:56,766 -I think there may have been a misunderstanding. 445 00:21:56,766 --> 00:21:59,100 I was trying to show that unemployment statistics, 446 00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:01,533 which are so dull, and you've read so many of them, 447 00:22:01,533 --> 00:22:04,300 and you don't know what they mean, they're hard to believe -- 448 00:22:04,300 --> 00:22:05,800 That unemployment nonetheless 449 00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,266 ended up with orphaned children, with abandoned mothers, 450 00:22:09,266 --> 00:22:12,633 with men living furtive lives without even an address. 451 00:22:12,633 --> 00:22:14,900 That unemployment had flesh and blood 452 00:22:14,900 --> 00:22:16,300 and it could bleed. 453 00:22:16,300 --> 00:22:18,066 -One of the reasons why the Moynihan Report 454 00:22:18,066 --> 00:22:20,066 ended up blowing up in Moynihan's face 455 00:22:20,066 --> 00:22:23,733 is the document was never meant for public perusal. 456 00:22:23,733 --> 00:22:26,500 It is written in a very bombastic way. 457 00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:30,633 It was written to get the attention of politicians. 458 00:22:30,633 --> 00:22:33,600 -Unless you took the time -- and who does -- 459 00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:38,333 to look into what Moynihan himself said were the causes, 460 00:22:38,333 --> 00:22:39,833 you would have taken up this view 461 00:22:39,833 --> 00:22:42,533 that these people just have to get their families together, 462 00:22:42,533 --> 00:22:44,666 and everything will be fine. 463 00:22:44,666 --> 00:22:46,400 ♪♪ 464 00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:49,466 And that was what many in the Black community 465 00:22:49,466 --> 00:22:51,466 believed they had to rebut. 466 00:22:51,466 --> 00:22:54,066 -They intend to build within Black people 467 00:22:54,066 --> 00:22:57,566 the realization that that problem is not theirs, 468 00:22:57,566 --> 00:23:00,300 that it's created by White society. 469 00:23:00,300 --> 00:23:02,666 It's purposely created by White society, 470 00:23:02,666 --> 00:23:05,033 and then they throw it back on us and blame us. 471 00:23:05,033 --> 00:23:07,700 -And a book came out by William Ryan 472 00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:09,166 called "Blaming the Victim." 473 00:23:09,166 --> 00:23:10,933 -...by William Ryan, a Harvard psychologist, 474 00:23:10,933 --> 00:23:13,433 who criticizes your report. 475 00:23:13,433 --> 00:23:15,800 "The implicit point is that Negroes tolerate 476 00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:18,000 promiscuity, illegitimacy, 477 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:20,000 and everything else that is supposed to follow." 478 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:22,166 Now, how do you answer those charges? 479 00:23:22,166 --> 00:23:24,866 -I'm not responsible for the fact that he can't read. 480 00:23:24,866 --> 00:23:27,600 The point about the family is that it's a good place 481 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:29,966 to see the results of unemployment, 482 00:23:29,966 --> 00:23:31,633 the results of discrimination, 483 00:23:31,633 --> 00:23:34,000 the results of bad housing and poor education. 484 00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:36,333 And you can't do anything about a family life 485 00:23:36,333 --> 00:23:38,766 if men don't have jobs, if school children 486 00:23:38,766 --> 00:23:41,733 don't have good schools, if people live in ghettos. 487 00:23:41,733 --> 00:23:44,133 -There's a very ironical development in all of this, 488 00:23:44,133 --> 00:23:46,766 you know, because, um, 489 00:23:46,766 --> 00:23:49,633 up until the Moynihan Report, 490 00:23:49,633 --> 00:23:51,700 almost all writings 491 00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:54,566 on the problems that Black Americans face 492 00:23:54,566 --> 00:23:57,233 emphasize not just racism, 493 00:23:57,233 --> 00:23:59,733 but the fact that the years 494 00:23:59,733 --> 00:24:03,700 of oppression, of slavery, of Jim Crow 495 00:24:03,700 --> 00:24:07,166 had distorted aspects of Black life. 496 00:24:07,166 --> 00:24:09,266 -Remember just one thing if I may say -- 497 00:24:09,266 --> 00:24:12,266 that my report basically simply develops the work 498 00:24:12,266 --> 00:24:15,600 of the great American sociologist E. Franklin Frazier, 499 00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:18,533 whose book on the Negro family, published in 1939, 500 00:24:18,533 --> 00:24:21,866 in an uncanny way, predicted that this would happen. 501 00:24:23,766 --> 00:24:25,800 -The racial confrontation in America... 502 00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:29,366 -Kenneth Clark, Bayard Rustin, 503 00:24:29,366 --> 00:24:32,400 a lot of Black leaders endorsed the report 504 00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:35,966 and felt that Moynihan was unjustly criticized. 505 00:24:35,966 --> 00:24:38,600 -Martin Luther King called him. 506 00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:41,266 And Pat never used to take -- 507 00:24:41,266 --> 00:24:43,966 He never answered the phone. I answered the phone. 508 00:24:43,966 --> 00:24:47,033 So I actually would often listen. 509 00:24:47,033 --> 00:24:50,966 And Martin Luther King was calling him about the report 510 00:24:50,966 --> 00:24:54,266 and said that Pat had analyzed it very well 511 00:24:54,266 --> 00:24:57,133 and there's much in it that he agreed with. 512 00:24:57,133 --> 00:25:00,133 And he said, "I hope you understand 513 00:25:00,133 --> 00:25:03,733 why I can't publicly support you." 514 00:25:03,733 --> 00:25:06,966 Because he himself was under attack 515 00:25:06,966 --> 00:25:08,966 from the young Black radicals. 516 00:25:08,966 --> 00:25:10,533 ♪♪ 517 00:25:10,533 --> 00:25:14,100 -Johnson became very angry with Moynihan 518 00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:17,766 once the report became known. 519 00:25:17,766 --> 00:25:19,633 Here's a president who'd done more for civil rights 520 00:25:19,633 --> 00:25:21,700 than any other president. 521 00:25:21,700 --> 00:25:23,700 Various Black leaders said it then, 522 00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:25,733 with two civil-rights acts, 523 00:25:25,733 --> 00:25:29,866 and they're dumping on his administration through Moynihan. 524 00:25:29,866 --> 00:25:35,666 ♪♪ 525 00:25:35,666 --> 00:25:40,233 And Moynihan really started feeling very sorry for himself. 526 00:25:40,233 --> 00:25:43,433 -I do think that he was hurt personally 527 00:25:43,433 --> 00:25:48,100 by the way in which the Moynihan Report was received. 528 00:25:48,100 --> 00:25:53,933 ♪♪ 529 00:25:53,933 --> 00:25:56,500 -My wife and I bought an apartment 530 00:25:56,500 --> 00:26:00,266 on the West Side of Manhattan, and we were very proud of it, 531 00:26:00,266 --> 00:26:01,666 and we invited the Moynihans for dinner. 532 00:26:01,666 --> 00:26:03,866 And as they were coming in the door 533 00:26:03,866 --> 00:26:06,033 Senator Moynihan said to Liz, 534 00:26:06,033 --> 00:26:08,633 "I broke into this building once." 535 00:26:08,633 --> 00:26:12,600 And Liz was -- Liz was as surprised as could be 536 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:15,000 because he never talked about that part of his life. 537 00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:16,700 He said, "During the Depression, 538 00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:19,966 these buildings along West End Avenue were boarded up. 539 00:26:19,966 --> 00:26:24,100 And so after school, I would get enough money to eat 540 00:26:24,100 --> 00:26:26,433 and then break into one or another of these buildings 541 00:26:26,433 --> 00:26:27,866 to sleep 542 00:26:27,866 --> 00:26:30,333 and then get up the next day and go to school." 543 00:26:30,333 --> 00:26:33,766 ♪♪ 544 00:26:33,766 --> 00:26:36,200 -He didn't talk very much about his youth. 545 00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:40,900 In fact, he didn't talk at all about his youth. 546 00:26:40,900 --> 00:26:43,633 He had to say some things because soon he was a politician 547 00:26:43,633 --> 00:26:45,333 and he was asked things. 548 00:26:45,333 --> 00:26:48,533 And he had a few set lines about, um -- 549 00:26:48,533 --> 00:26:50,633 about shining shoes on 42nd Street... 550 00:26:50,633 --> 00:26:53,000 -You shined shoes just down the street a ways, huh? 551 00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:55,233 -Used to shine shoes at 42nd. 552 00:26:55,233 --> 00:26:56,900 I was raised on -- Not "raised" 553 00:26:56,900 --> 00:26:58,400 because in those days -- 554 00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:00,300 No one can remember this in Manhattan, 555 00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:01,966 with rent control, anymore. 556 00:27:01,966 --> 00:27:05,433 In those days, everybody moved on the first of October, 557 00:27:05,433 --> 00:27:07,766 because you got one month's rent free. 558 00:27:07,766 --> 00:27:11,600 -Although he had this erudite, almost patrician persona, 559 00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:14,500 he loved his working-class identity. 560 00:27:14,500 --> 00:27:17,833 -I graduated then went straight to work on the piers, 561 00:27:17,833 --> 00:27:21,300 on the North River piers. 562 00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:24,300 -I mean, that was authentic about him, 563 00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:26,100 but there was a little bit of the 564 00:27:26,100 --> 00:27:28,233 "I grew up in a log cabin" kind of thing 565 00:27:28,233 --> 00:27:30,600 that a lot of politicians do. 566 00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:33,733 -A friend of mine just showed up over at Pier 48 567 00:27:33,733 --> 00:27:35,533 at the end of the day, and he said, 568 00:27:35,533 --> 00:27:39,333 "You know, they're giving exams for City College. 569 00:27:39,333 --> 00:27:40,833 Why don't we go up and take them? 570 00:27:40,833 --> 00:27:43,700 I'm going to go up. Do you want to come with me?" 571 00:27:43,700 --> 00:27:46,433 -City College in New York was free 572 00:27:46,433 --> 00:27:47,933 and explicitly designed 573 00:27:47,933 --> 00:27:51,933 for poor, bright students like Pat Moynihan. 574 00:27:51,933 --> 00:27:53,366 He studied in the evenings 575 00:27:53,366 --> 00:27:54,866 and continued to work on the docks 576 00:27:54,866 --> 00:27:58,300 during the day to support himself. 577 00:27:58,300 --> 00:28:00,733 -He was a big fan of Thomas Wolfe. 578 00:28:00,733 --> 00:28:02,366 "Look Homeward, Angel." 579 00:28:02,366 --> 00:28:05,000 And he said that the foreman on the docks told him, 580 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:08,633 "Okay, guys, take five. We got to switch the cars." 581 00:28:08,633 --> 00:28:10,900 So he took his copy of Wolfe, 582 00:28:10,900 --> 00:28:13,133 crawled up on top of the railcar, 583 00:28:13,133 --> 00:28:15,533 started reading, and promptly fell asleep. 584 00:28:15,533 --> 00:28:18,400 And he said he was rudely awakened 585 00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:21,633 by the stevedore from a "benign slumber." 586 00:28:21,633 --> 00:28:24,400 One of his favorite words was "benign." 587 00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:28,133 And he was fired. [ Laughs ] 588 00:28:28,133 --> 00:28:30,600 -As World War II was drawing to a close, 589 00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:35,433 the 17-year-old Moynihan volunteered for the navy. 590 00:28:35,433 --> 00:28:38,233 Testing into an officer's training program, 591 00:28:38,233 --> 00:28:41,266 he was sent to Middlebury College in Vermont 592 00:28:41,266 --> 00:28:44,400 and then, with the war's end, to Tufts University, 593 00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:47,833 where he eventually earned a doctorate. 594 00:28:47,833 --> 00:28:51,266 For Moynihan, it was an entrée into a new world. 595 00:28:51,266 --> 00:28:53,666 ♪♪ 596 00:28:53,666 --> 00:28:55,933 -I think one of the things that -- 597 00:28:55,933 --> 00:28:58,800 that he liked about me was that I was -- 598 00:28:58,800 --> 00:29:03,466 had the sort of life that he wished he'd had. 599 00:29:03,466 --> 00:29:07,433 You know, I had a secure, loving family. 600 00:29:07,433 --> 00:29:12,400 I was a totally separate relationship to this home life 601 00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:14,633 that he -- 602 00:29:14,633 --> 00:29:16,966 I don't know whether he was embarrassed or ashamed. 603 00:29:16,966 --> 00:29:18,766 He -- He... 604 00:29:18,766 --> 00:29:22,033 But he... 605 00:29:22,033 --> 00:29:25,866 It's not something he talked about. 606 00:29:25,866 --> 00:29:31,066 But at that part of our life, we were ready for anything. 607 00:29:31,066 --> 00:29:35,066 If a door opened, we walked through it. 608 00:29:35,066 --> 00:29:38,266 The Navy was a way to get a free education. 609 00:29:38,266 --> 00:29:41,033 Those were doors that opened. 610 00:29:41,033 --> 00:29:44,500 And I think the open doors for Pat 611 00:29:44,500 --> 00:29:48,300 were intellectual, ideas. 612 00:29:52,666 --> 00:29:55,433 -At one point, when Pat was in his second year 613 00:29:55,433 --> 00:29:56,900 at the Fletcher School 614 00:29:56,900 --> 00:29:59,533 of International Law and Diplomacy at Tufts, 615 00:29:59,533 --> 00:30:02,366 at his mother's bar, somehow -- 616 00:30:02,366 --> 00:30:04,933 somebody got stabbed, 617 00:30:04,933 --> 00:30:07,933 and the bar was deserted. 618 00:30:07,933 --> 00:30:10,133 So Pat left Fletcher for two months, 619 00:30:10,133 --> 00:30:12,400 went down to the bar, ran the bar, 620 00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:16,800 and then returned to Fletcher and graduated valedictorian. 621 00:30:18,666 --> 00:30:20,900 Extraordinary ability. 622 00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:25,266 -His mother lived above the bar, 623 00:30:25,266 --> 00:30:31,166 and I remember one time that we spent the night on the floor. 624 00:30:31,166 --> 00:30:36,300 And she said to me something like, 625 00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:39,900 "I'm so sorry that a boy like you 626 00:30:39,900 --> 00:30:43,266 is a friend of Pat's"... 627 00:30:46,333 --> 00:30:50,133 ...the point being that he was bad news. 628 00:30:50,133 --> 00:30:54,533 She was sorry for me, that I had gotten involved with Pat. 629 00:30:57,333 --> 00:31:01,933 -If you read his diaries in the early 1950s, 630 00:31:01,933 --> 00:31:04,866 he was going through psychotherapy at the time, 631 00:31:04,866 --> 00:31:08,833 so the diary reveals his deeply emotional, 632 00:31:08,833 --> 00:31:10,933 mixed feelings about his father, 633 00:31:10,933 --> 00:31:13,400 whom he actually loved 634 00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:16,933 and had wonderful memories and tender memories of. 635 00:31:16,933 --> 00:31:21,000 And yet, because the father abandoned the family, 636 00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:24,433 he seemed to have felt obligated to hate his father. 637 00:31:26,366 --> 00:31:28,400 -The boys were brought up that their father 638 00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:31,066 was a very bad man who had fallen apart. 639 00:31:31,066 --> 00:31:34,000 Actually, when Pat's brother Mike went out 640 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:35,366 to find him in California, 641 00:31:35,366 --> 00:31:37,333 they found a guy who was the editor 642 00:31:37,333 --> 00:31:39,900 of the Sunday edition of a major newspaper 643 00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:44,133 who had married again, with several children. 644 00:31:44,133 --> 00:31:47,533 -But Pat, you know, never... 645 00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:54,566 Didn't attempt to be in touch with him. 646 00:31:54,566 --> 00:31:58,866 -You know, Liz Moynihan was also abandoned by her father. 647 00:31:58,866 --> 00:32:02,500 If you read Russell Baker's memoir, 648 00:32:02,500 --> 00:32:05,233 there were men who just, as he put it, 649 00:32:05,233 --> 00:32:07,533 "disappeared into the Depression." 650 00:32:07,533 --> 00:32:11,033 ♪♪ 651 00:32:11,033 --> 00:32:14,133 -But a government cared about the high school I went to, 652 00:32:14,133 --> 00:32:16,866 cared about a free college, the first in history, 653 00:32:16,866 --> 00:32:18,433 the City College of New York. 654 00:32:18,433 --> 00:32:21,966 Went to universities, colleges, great places. 655 00:32:21,966 --> 00:32:24,966 Four advanced degrees. 656 00:32:24,966 --> 00:32:27,933 I never saw a tuition bill in my life. 657 00:32:27,933 --> 00:32:31,100 And something I realize -- how different that experience is 658 00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:34,266 from those of most young people today. 659 00:32:34,266 --> 00:32:36,900 I'm a generation which I don't think will be reproduced 660 00:32:36,900 --> 00:32:38,866 now for a while, 661 00:32:38,866 --> 00:32:43,433 which is deeply respectful of American government 662 00:32:43,433 --> 00:32:45,966 and owes -- owes so much to it. 663 00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:49,766 -One reason Moynihan is so interesting 664 00:32:49,766 --> 00:32:53,166 is because he inhabited two worlds at once. 665 00:32:53,166 --> 00:32:56,666 He inhabited the world of practical politics. 666 00:32:56,666 --> 00:33:01,333 He also inhabited the world of the liberal intellectual. 667 00:33:01,333 --> 00:33:05,366 And in his day, the people who wrote for small magazines, 668 00:33:05,366 --> 00:33:06,966 for little journals, 669 00:33:06,966 --> 00:33:10,866 which had an influence we almost can't imagine today -- 670 00:33:10,866 --> 00:33:14,400 a publication likeCommentary orThe Public Interest, 671 00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:16,633 which Moynihan really helped create -- 672 00:33:16,633 --> 00:33:19,433 had tremendous intellectual cachet. 673 00:33:19,433 --> 00:33:21,300 That's where the ideas would begin 674 00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:23,900 and then reverberate through the society. 675 00:33:23,900 --> 00:33:25,533 ♪♪ 676 00:33:25,533 --> 00:33:28,566 -Moynihan's public writing, like his government work, 677 00:33:28,566 --> 00:33:32,933 often used data to reframe issues in novel ways. 678 00:33:32,933 --> 00:33:36,366 His article forThe Reporter magazine in 1959, 679 00:33:36,366 --> 00:33:40,700 "Epidemic on the Highways," was a classic example. 680 00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:43,166 It drew on epidemiological studies 681 00:33:43,166 --> 00:33:45,433 to show that traffic fatalities 682 00:33:45,433 --> 00:33:50,666 were not the result of human error but poor car design. 683 00:33:50,666 --> 00:33:52,933 -A lot of people read it and were very impressed, 684 00:33:52,933 --> 00:33:55,933 and it was almost, like, the beginning of the effort 685 00:33:55,933 --> 00:33:59,266 to raise levels of safety in automobiles 686 00:33:59,266 --> 00:34:00,766 in the United States. 687 00:34:00,766 --> 00:34:03,900 ♪♪ 688 00:34:03,900 --> 00:34:07,233 -I first met Pat in 1961 689 00:34:07,233 --> 00:34:08,933 when I called him up 690 00:34:08,933 --> 00:34:11,700 and told him I'd like him to write forCommentary, 691 00:34:11,700 --> 00:34:13,566 and he said he'd be delighted. 692 00:34:13,566 --> 00:34:17,933 -At that time, I'd become involved in a project 693 00:34:17,933 --> 00:34:21,800 on ethnic groups of New York City. 694 00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:23,466 I wanted to find someone 695 00:34:23,466 --> 00:34:26,266 who both had some intellectual sophistication, 696 00:34:26,266 --> 00:34:30,633 but also had direct experience and involvement. 697 00:34:30,633 --> 00:34:35,133 Irving Kristol, who was editing  The Reportermagazine, 698 00:34:35,133 --> 00:34:39,100 said, "You should talk to Pat Moynihan," and so we met. 699 00:34:39,100 --> 00:34:42,233 -Irresistible. And he always was. 700 00:34:42,233 --> 00:34:47,133 The charm. The wit. Always a lot of fun. 701 00:34:47,133 --> 00:34:49,200 -We'd have these long walks in New York, 702 00:34:49,200 --> 00:34:52,566 and we'd -- [ Laughs ] observe the buildings 703 00:34:52,566 --> 00:34:55,233 and sometimes step into a bar and so on. 704 00:34:55,233 --> 00:34:57,600 And he always drank much more than I did, 705 00:34:57,600 --> 00:35:01,133 but it didn't seem to affect him in any way. 706 00:35:01,133 --> 00:35:04,866 And eventually Pat wrote a wonderful essay 707 00:35:04,866 --> 00:35:09,266 on the Irish in New York and America. 708 00:35:09,266 --> 00:35:11,466 -When it was published in 1963, 709 00:35:11,466 --> 00:35:14,800 Glazer and Moynihan's book, "Beyond the Melting Pot," 710 00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:18,200 transformed how ethnicity was viewed. 711 00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:21,533 It challenged the notion of an homogenized America 712 00:35:21,533 --> 00:35:26,200 and instead presented a country of jostling ethnic groups. 713 00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:28,233 -There had been this idea that 714 00:35:28,233 --> 00:35:30,300 we'd all come over here, we were all different. 715 00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:32,166 We'd go into a melting pot, which is... 716 00:35:32,166 --> 00:35:34,466 -Israel Zangwill. -Israel Zangwill. 717 00:35:34,466 --> 00:35:36,300 -The play. "The Melting Pot." -Right! 718 00:35:36,300 --> 00:35:39,966 But that was our creed and our hope. 719 00:35:39,966 --> 00:35:41,866 What we looked at was a city 720 00:35:41,866 --> 00:35:43,600 in which that hadn't happened at all. 721 00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:45,600 And if wasn't going to be there in New York, 722 00:35:45,600 --> 00:35:48,533 it wasn't going to be there anywhere. 723 00:35:48,533 --> 00:35:52,700 -Pat Moynihan was very proud and really claimed, 724 00:35:52,700 --> 00:35:57,533 I think with some justification, that he was present 725 00:35:57,533 --> 00:36:00,566 at the creation of this whole idea 726 00:36:00,566 --> 00:36:05,500 of studying ethnicity as a serious academic subject. 727 00:36:05,500 --> 00:36:07,466 ♪♪ 728 00:36:07,466 --> 00:36:09,166 -I remember I was raised on 42nd Street 729 00:36:09,166 --> 00:36:10,866 and taught to think that all the people 730 00:36:10,866 --> 00:36:13,066 that lived on 43rd Street and 11th Avenue 731 00:36:13,066 --> 00:36:15,300 were somehow...animals 732 00:36:15,300 --> 00:36:17,133 and against us enlightened people 733 00:36:17,133 --> 00:36:21,366 who lived on 42nd Street and 11th Avenue. 734 00:36:21,366 --> 00:36:24,400 We're a pretty mixed up population, always have been, 735 00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:26,100 and are always going to have 736 00:36:26,100 --> 00:36:28,766 some of the tensions that come with this. 737 00:36:28,766 --> 00:36:30,966 That's one of the things that makes life 738 00:36:30,966 --> 00:36:32,633 interesting in the city. 739 00:36:32,633 --> 00:36:40,100 ♪♪ 740 00:36:42,766 --> 00:36:44,366 [ Siren wailing ] 741 00:36:44,366 --> 00:36:48,366 ♪♪ 742 00:36:48,366 --> 00:36:50,633 -1967 was the third summer 743 00:36:50,633 --> 00:36:53,433 of the burning and looting of the Black ghettos. 744 00:36:53,433 --> 00:36:55,400 This was Newark in July. 745 00:36:55,400 --> 00:36:58,233 -Mounting violence, lawlessness, and disorder 746 00:36:58,233 --> 00:37:00,900 that is taking place in our cities across the country 747 00:37:00,900 --> 00:37:03,466 has created the most serious domestic crisis 748 00:37:03,466 --> 00:37:05,166 since the end of the Civil War. 749 00:37:05,166 --> 00:37:09,600 ♪♪ 750 00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:12,266 -Two years ago, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, 751 00:37:12,266 --> 00:37:14,100 then Assistant Secretary of Labor, 752 00:37:14,100 --> 00:37:16,666 now director of the Joint Center for Urban Studies 753 00:37:16,666 --> 00:37:18,400 at Harvard and MIT, 754 00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:20,733 wrote a report that foreshadowed some of the events 755 00:37:20,733 --> 00:37:23,166 that have so shocked us these last summers. 756 00:37:23,166 --> 00:37:25,866 The report began, "The United States is approaching 757 00:37:25,866 --> 00:37:28,366 a new crisis in race relations." 758 00:37:28,366 --> 00:37:31,666 -Somehow the Negro world itself has been pulling apart. 759 00:37:31,666 --> 00:37:34,433 On the one hand, a working class, middle class... 760 00:37:34,433 --> 00:37:36,733 -Moynihan, now out of government, 761 00:37:36,733 --> 00:37:38,433 used his new position at Harvard 762 00:37:38,433 --> 00:37:42,666 to analyze social policy and to focus public attention 763 00:37:42,666 --> 00:37:45,900 on the causes and problems of Black poverty. 764 00:37:45,900 --> 00:37:48,033 ♪♪ 765 00:37:48,033 --> 00:37:51,233 -I was a freshman at Harvard in '67, 766 00:37:51,233 --> 00:37:53,666 and Pat Moynihan's course was well-known 767 00:37:53,666 --> 00:37:57,400 because he was a brilliant man, but he had practical experience. 768 00:37:57,400 --> 00:37:59,333 -I wonder if you'd give us what your ideas 769 00:37:59,333 --> 00:38:02,800 or thoughts are as to why we're facing these kinds of problems. 770 00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:05,333 -Gunnar Myrdal described it a couple years ago. 771 00:38:05,333 --> 00:38:07,933 He said, "The United States is building up an underclass." 772 00:38:07,933 --> 00:38:11,233 -He was a bridge between academic thought and government. 773 00:38:11,233 --> 00:38:14,866 And there were very few bridges that were as strong, as durable, 774 00:38:14,866 --> 00:38:18,700 and had as much a foot in each camp as he did. 775 00:38:18,700 --> 00:38:20,933 The course was vintage Pat Moynihan. 776 00:38:20,933 --> 00:38:24,066 It led with policy. 777 00:38:24,066 --> 00:38:26,533 -Policy like the War on Poverty. 778 00:38:28,166 --> 00:38:30,333 By the time it was finally enacted, 779 00:38:30,333 --> 00:38:33,333 President Johnson had chosen to focus on education 780 00:38:33,333 --> 00:38:36,533 and empowerment rather than on jobs or money. 781 00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:41,800 -This is a community beginning to act. 782 00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:44,733 -The irony of Pat Moynihan is that he's pushing 783 00:38:44,733 --> 00:38:48,166 for equality of results and for poverty programs, 784 00:38:48,166 --> 00:38:51,566 but at the same time as these programs are being developed, 785 00:38:51,566 --> 00:38:53,500 he becomes very skeptical of them. 786 00:38:53,500 --> 00:38:55,733 -New York's poor are demanding a voice 787 00:38:55,733 --> 00:38:58,033 in decisions that affect their lives. 788 00:38:58,033 --> 00:39:01,800 -To him, the War on Poverty was creating a costly bureaucracy 789 00:39:01,800 --> 00:39:05,300 to engage in social engineering instead of giving the money 790 00:39:05,300 --> 00:39:07,400 directly to the poor who needed it. 791 00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:09,700 -...majority in the House Appropriations Committee, sir. 792 00:39:09,700 --> 00:39:13,500 -What Moynihan really wanted was a large-scale jobs program 793 00:39:13,500 --> 00:39:15,366 along the lines of the New Deal, 794 00:39:15,366 --> 00:39:18,000 the Works Progress Administration, the WPA. 795 00:39:18,000 --> 00:39:22,066 He was a big fan of Franklin Roosevelt. 796 00:39:22,066 --> 00:39:23,700 Johnson didn't want to do that. 797 00:39:23,700 --> 00:39:25,900 He didn't want to spend a lot of money on jobs. 798 00:39:25,900 --> 00:39:28,300 Government jobs programs are expensive. 799 00:39:28,300 --> 00:39:30,000 -I think the United States government 800 00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:32,433 can become the employer of last resort, 801 00:39:32,433 --> 00:39:34,833 so that, in effect, anyone seeking work, 802 00:39:34,833 --> 00:39:38,466 not finding it after a point, a job is found for him, period! 803 00:39:38,466 --> 00:39:41,100 -Moynihan's idea was to prepare people to work 804 00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:43,700 and put them to work so that they would have jobs 805 00:39:43,700 --> 00:39:45,766 with which they would be able to sustain their position 806 00:39:45,766 --> 00:39:47,233 in the family. 807 00:39:47,233 --> 00:39:49,500 -One of Pat's great lines was, 808 00:39:49,500 --> 00:39:51,566 "We can do more for the Black family 809 00:39:51,566 --> 00:39:55,933 by doubling the delivery of mail than any other way." 810 00:39:55,933 --> 00:39:57,633 [ Laughs ] What he meant was, 811 00:39:57,633 --> 00:40:00,433 we could create 50,000 jobs for men 812 00:40:00,433 --> 00:40:02,800 if we just had two deliveries a day. 813 00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:06,033 -...feel this country reaching a general consensus... 814 00:40:06,033 --> 00:40:09,166 -The advocacy for unequal, preferential treatment. 815 00:40:09,166 --> 00:40:12,066 The advocacy for a minimum level of income for the family. 816 00:40:12,066 --> 00:40:14,466 The advocacy for a big jobs program. 817 00:40:14,466 --> 00:40:18,100 The kind of solutions Moynihan advocated for are -- 818 00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:20,433 I would say even in the time were radical 819 00:40:20,433 --> 00:40:22,533 and are very, very radical now. 820 00:40:28,733 --> 00:40:32,033 -By the mid-'60s and certainly by the late '60s, 821 00:40:32,033 --> 00:40:35,833 there was crushing disappointment. 822 00:40:35,833 --> 00:40:38,266 The riots in the cities. 823 00:40:38,266 --> 00:40:40,733 And there was the disappointments 824 00:40:40,733 --> 00:40:42,266 of the War on Poverty. 825 00:40:42,266 --> 00:40:45,933 [ Indistinct shouting ] 826 00:40:45,933 --> 00:40:48,833 -Johnson saw his hopes for a great society 827 00:40:48,833 --> 00:40:53,033 overwhelmed by the pain and anger in the country 828 00:40:53,033 --> 00:40:55,500 over the escalating war in Vietnam. 829 00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:59,500 [ Indistinct chanting ] 830 00:40:59,500 --> 00:41:04,633 -By 1965, we had 184,000 troops in Vietnam. 831 00:41:04,633 --> 00:41:08,600 And by the end of 1966, we had around 400,000. 832 00:41:10,533 --> 00:41:15,866 -And the cost of maintaining and perpetuating that war 833 00:41:15,866 --> 00:41:19,600 was overriding almost all other expenditures. 834 00:41:21,900 --> 00:41:24,433 It was very hard for Moynihan to accept that. 835 00:41:27,566 --> 00:41:31,166 -We have been saying we're going to get rid of these problems. 836 00:41:31,166 --> 00:41:33,500 We have been saying we're going to have full employment, 837 00:41:33,500 --> 00:41:35,000 we're going to have good housing, 838 00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:38,066 we're going to have equal opportunity. 839 00:41:38,066 --> 00:41:40,000 And it never happens. 840 00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:44,500 [ Radio chatter ] 841 00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:46,366 -Hey, hey, LBJ! 842 00:41:46,366 --> 00:41:48,433 How many kids did you kill today?! 843 00:41:48,433 --> 00:41:52,366 -We speak of the violence of poor Blacks. 844 00:41:52,366 --> 00:41:55,233 Now there is the violence of affluent Whites. 845 00:41:55,233 --> 00:41:58,066 [ Indistinct shouting ] 846 00:41:58,066 --> 00:41:59,833 -So all of these things 847 00:41:59,833 --> 00:42:02,900 send liberalism crashing to the ground. 848 00:42:02,900 --> 00:42:05,033 [ Indistinct shouting ] 849 00:42:05,033 --> 00:42:07,266 -My friends, let me make one thing clear. 850 00:42:07,266 --> 00:42:09,700 This is a nation of laws. 851 00:42:09,700 --> 00:42:11,966 And as Abraham Lincoln has said, 852 00:42:11,966 --> 00:42:15,400 "No one is above the law, no one is below the law, 853 00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:17,166 and we're going to enforce the law." 854 00:42:17,166 --> 00:42:18,866 And Americans should remember that 855 00:42:18,866 --> 00:42:20,733 if we're going to have law and order. 856 00:42:20,733 --> 00:42:23,866 [ Cheers and applause ] 857 00:42:23,866 --> 00:42:26,566 -I think there is a mood of people saying, 858 00:42:26,566 --> 00:42:28,033 "We've given you all we can. 859 00:42:28,033 --> 00:42:29,600 We're not going to give you any more. We're sick of it." 860 00:42:29,600 --> 00:42:30,833 And talking about "law and order." 861 00:42:30,833 --> 00:42:32,633 Alright. Law and order. We know that. 862 00:42:32,633 --> 00:42:35,100 But you can have law and order in a penal camp. 863 00:42:35,100 --> 00:42:36,466 You haven't achieved much. 864 00:42:36,466 --> 00:42:38,800 -I remember picking up and sending the Moynihan Report 865 00:42:38,800 --> 00:42:41,900 in to a candidate for president named Nixon, 866 00:42:41,900 --> 00:42:44,500 who was in the middle of his comeback. 867 00:42:44,500 --> 00:42:47,566 And he came back, interestingly enough, 868 00:42:47,566 --> 00:42:49,366 with, "This guy Moynihan." 869 00:42:49,366 --> 00:42:50,800 [ Laughter ] 870 00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:52,633 "You suppose we can get him to talk to us?" 871 00:42:52,633 --> 00:42:55,100 And I said, "He's a Democrat, He's a professor. 872 00:42:55,100 --> 00:42:57,200 Worked in the Kennedy administration." 873 00:42:57,200 --> 00:43:00,333 And Nixon said, "Well, that's three strikes, but maybe..." 874 00:43:00,333 --> 00:43:01,600 [ Laughter ] 875 00:43:01,600 --> 00:43:03,300 And the word went out. 876 00:43:03,300 --> 00:43:05,166 ♪♪ 877 00:43:05,166 --> 00:43:06,766 -Someone came up from 878 00:43:06,766 --> 00:43:09,566 the president-elect's transition office 879 00:43:09,566 --> 00:43:12,800 and said that the president would like to meet him. 880 00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:15,833 Would he come down? 881 00:43:15,833 --> 00:43:20,066 Nixon told him that he himself was an expert on foreign policy 882 00:43:20,066 --> 00:43:22,933 and that he knew what he wanted to do. 883 00:43:22,933 --> 00:43:25,300 He said, "One word. China." 884 00:43:25,300 --> 00:43:29,066 But he did not know about domestic policy. 885 00:43:29,066 --> 00:43:30,766 -Ladies and gentlemen, I have another 886 00:43:30,766 --> 00:43:33,833 major announcement with regard to the White House staff. 887 00:43:33,833 --> 00:43:36,000 -When he came back and he told me 888 00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:39,500 that Nixon had asked him to be his Domestic Advisor 889 00:43:39,500 --> 00:43:41,966 and that he accepted, 890 00:43:41,966 --> 00:43:44,933 I was enraged, I have to tell you. 891 00:43:44,933 --> 00:43:48,633 I was just devastated, but furious. 892 00:43:48,633 --> 00:43:50,466 [ Laughs ] 893 00:43:50,466 --> 00:43:52,966 -When he went into the Nixon administration, 894 00:43:52,966 --> 00:43:56,533 against the advice of his wife and friends -- 895 00:43:56,533 --> 00:43:58,466 Nixon was the devil. 896 00:43:58,466 --> 00:44:01,533 Going to work for Nixon was a disgrace. 897 00:44:01,533 --> 00:44:03,133 -Presidents don't need advisors 898 00:44:03,133 --> 00:44:04,733 who agree with them about everything. 899 00:44:04,733 --> 00:44:06,566 They agree with you, then you've got one man 900 00:44:06,566 --> 00:44:08,666 on the payroll you don't need. 901 00:44:08,666 --> 00:44:11,766 -He had no stake in Nixon. 902 00:44:11,766 --> 00:44:14,833 He had a stake, as he felt it, in the presidency. 903 00:44:14,833 --> 00:44:17,833 -You can come home every weekend. You can commute. 904 00:44:17,833 --> 00:44:19,466 We're not going to move. 905 00:44:19,466 --> 00:44:22,100 -His Urban Affairs advisor, Daniel Moynihan, 906 00:44:22,100 --> 00:44:24,400 told how the new administration hopes 907 00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:26,933 to attack urban problems. 908 00:44:26,933 --> 00:44:30,200 -As Moynihan said to me in my interview for the job with him, 909 00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:32,100 he said, "John, I want you to work with me 910 00:44:32,100 --> 00:44:33,533 on everything I'm doing." 911 00:44:33,533 --> 00:44:36,166 And he said, "That is domestic policy. 912 00:44:36,166 --> 00:44:38,000 That is urban policy. 913 00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:40,566 And that is, therefore, policy about the Black community." 914 00:44:40,566 --> 00:44:42,266 -Now, having an urban policy 915 00:44:42,266 --> 00:44:44,833 is no more a guarantor of success with cities 916 00:44:44,833 --> 00:44:46,600 than having a foreign policy 917 00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:49,733 is a guarantor of success in, say, world peace. 918 00:44:49,733 --> 00:44:52,600 But it's a condition of success. I mean, you have to start... 919 00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:54,333 -Moynihan's portfolio 920 00:44:54,333 --> 00:44:57,633 was the newly created Council on Urban Affairs. 921 00:44:57,633 --> 00:45:00,466 But its chairman was the president himself, 922 00:45:00,466 --> 00:45:02,866 making the council the powerful center 923 00:45:02,866 --> 00:45:06,100 for all domestic policy in the Nixon administration. 924 00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:08,733 ♪♪ 925 00:45:08,733 --> 00:45:11,466 -Pat was like a Roman candle going up. 926 00:45:11,466 --> 00:45:13,866 The sparks were in the sky all over the place. 927 00:45:13,866 --> 00:45:15,700 You'd go into a meeting with him, 928 00:45:15,700 --> 00:45:18,100 and you really wouldn't know what was on his mind. 929 00:45:18,100 --> 00:45:20,366 He could be all over the line. 930 00:45:20,366 --> 00:45:22,300 -Pat was a ginger man in some ways. 931 00:45:22,300 --> 00:45:26,100 He was a yeasty, idea-creating person. 932 00:45:26,100 --> 00:45:28,433 For example, he brought in Bruno Bettelheim, 933 00:45:28,433 --> 00:45:31,433 who had written of children in the kibbutz in Israel 934 00:45:31,433 --> 00:45:34,366 and about the importance of early child development, 935 00:45:34,366 --> 00:45:36,900 and, forthwith, Nixon created 936 00:45:36,900 --> 00:45:39,000 the first office of Early Child Development 937 00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:41,766 in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 938 00:45:41,766 --> 00:45:44,266 And whom did Pat put in charge of it? 939 00:45:44,266 --> 00:45:47,533 James Farmer, the head of CORE. 940 00:45:47,533 --> 00:45:50,266 ♪♪ 941 00:45:50,266 --> 00:45:52,333 -Pat Moynihan wrote probably the first memo 942 00:45:52,333 --> 00:45:54,566 about global warming in the American government, 943 00:45:54,566 --> 00:45:57,100 written in 1969. 944 00:45:57,100 --> 00:45:59,533 And that is part of how the Nixon presidency 945 00:45:59,533 --> 00:46:02,866 became so active on the environment. 946 00:46:02,866 --> 00:46:04,500 -He would be in agriculture 947 00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:06,900 under food problems, hunger problems. 948 00:46:06,900 --> 00:46:09,200 He could be in the Department of Commerce 949 00:46:09,200 --> 00:46:11,300 under giving jobs to minorities. 950 00:46:11,300 --> 00:46:14,600 He loved the diversity of the job that he was given. 951 00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:16,133 -President Nixon has proposed 952 00:46:16,133 --> 00:46:18,000 a comprehensive anti-hunger package 953 00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:20,966 designed to make sure all Americans get enough to eat. 954 00:46:20,966 --> 00:46:23,300 His statement was read by Patrick Moynihan. 955 00:46:23,300 --> 00:46:27,733 -The moment is at hand to put an end to hunger in America itself. 956 00:46:27,733 --> 00:46:30,300 It is a moment to act with vigor. 957 00:46:30,300 --> 00:46:35,233 It is a moment to be recalled with pride. 958 00:46:35,233 --> 00:46:38,566 -We were in the basement of the West Wing. 959 00:46:38,566 --> 00:46:40,100 Right above us, on the first floor, 960 00:46:40,100 --> 00:46:43,466 was the president, the Oval Office. 961 00:46:43,466 --> 00:46:46,033 Then you went down one flight, 962 00:46:46,033 --> 00:46:48,200 and there was not only Pat Moynihan and his staff. 963 00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:50,366 There was also the Situation Room, 964 00:46:50,366 --> 00:46:51,800 Henry Kissinger and his staff. 965 00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:54,433 So you go down one flight, and you're in the territory 966 00:46:54,433 --> 00:46:56,966 of these former Harvard professors. 967 00:47:12,566 --> 00:47:17,066 -They were in a kind of implicit competition. 968 00:47:17,066 --> 00:47:19,833 Kissinger thought he had the more important position 969 00:47:19,833 --> 00:47:22,400 as National Security Advisor. 970 00:47:22,400 --> 00:47:25,533 At the beginning, certainly, the role that Pat was playing 971 00:47:25,533 --> 00:47:29,166 as Chief Domestic Advisor had the spotlight. 972 00:47:29,166 --> 00:47:32,633 And I don't think Henry was very happy about that. 973 00:48:03,766 --> 00:48:07,300 -It's an interesting thing with Richard Nixon. 974 00:48:07,300 --> 00:48:11,433 He had these sort of love affairs with a person, 975 00:48:11,433 --> 00:48:15,066 where suddenly there's some person who is special -- 976 00:48:15,066 --> 00:48:18,666 "Some person who has something useful and helpful to me." 977 00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:23,266 And it happened with Pat Moynihan 978 00:48:23,266 --> 00:48:25,700 at exactly the right time -- 979 00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:28,266 like, Easter 1969. 980 00:48:28,266 --> 00:48:30,233 When everything was coming together, 981 00:48:30,233 --> 00:48:35,466 the one that Richard Nixon wanted to have around him, 982 00:48:35,466 --> 00:48:38,500 quietly, alone, was Pat Moynihan. 983 00:48:39,766 --> 00:48:42,433 -It's a very interesting question 984 00:48:42,433 --> 00:48:46,533 about the relationship with the president on substance. 985 00:48:46,533 --> 00:48:48,733 Because it is a combination 986 00:48:48,733 --> 00:48:52,166 of Pat being a very adept courtier, 987 00:48:52,166 --> 00:48:54,100 on the one hand, frankly, 988 00:48:54,100 --> 00:48:56,233 which he did with color and verve and anecdotes 989 00:48:56,233 --> 00:48:57,966 and historical records, 990 00:48:57,966 --> 00:49:00,466 but, on the other hand, really trying 991 00:49:00,466 --> 00:49:03,866 to get the president to think large 992 00:49:03,866 --> 00:49:08,666 and to see himself in a very big historical context. 993 00:49:08,666 --> 00:49:12,166 The Blake biography of Benjamin Disraeli, 994 00:49:12,166 --> 00:49:15,100 which Pat drew to the president's attention, 995 00:49:15,100 --> 00:49:16,800 was a case in point. 996 00:49:16,800 --> 00:49:19,333 I mean, Pat was trying to show 997 00:49:19,333 --> 00:49:22,100 how Disraeli, as a conservative, 998 00:49:22,100 --> 00:49:27,200 had taken the Tory party and moved it into deep concern 999 00:49:27,200 --> 00:49:29,233 for the poor and the lower middle classes 1000 00:49:29,233 --> 00:49:31,300 and to show, by implication at least, 1001 00:49:31,300 --> 00:49:33,566 that Nixon could do just the same thing 1002 00:49:33,566 --> 00:49:35,933 for the Republican party. 1003 00:49:35,933 --> 00:49:39,133 -His eyes still on the impoverished Black family, 1004 00:49:39,133 --> 00:49:41,433 Moynihan seized on the issue of welfare. 1005 00:49:41,433 --> 00:49:43,300 [ Telephone rings ] 1006 00:49:43,300 --> 00:49:45,666 Its rolls had doubled in the '60s 1007 00:49:45,666 --> 00:49:48,933 and become the object of Republican scorn. 1008 00:49:48,933 --> 00:49:51,566 Major reform of the program, he believed, 1009 00:49:51,566 --> 00:49:55,233 was an idea that might capture Richard Nixon's imagination. 1010 00:49:55,233 --> 00:49:58,933 ♪♪ 1011 00:49:58,933 --> 00:50:01,800 -Whatever else you think about Nixon, 1012 00:50:01,800 --> 00:50:07,200 he came from a hardscrabble background, as did Pat Moynihan. 1013 00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:09,366 And they found common cause. 1014 00:50:09,366 --> 00:50:10,866 There was an instinctual level. 1015 00:50:10,866 --> 00:50:13,733 It was like Moynihan would hit a tuning fork 1016 00:50:13,733 --> 00:50:16,733 with Richard Nixon talking about some of these issues 1017 00:50:16,733 --> 00:50:19,600 of poverty and difficulty of making your way. 1018 00:50:19,600 --> 00:50:22,266 ♪♪ 1019 00:50:22,266 --> 00:50:26,900 -Nixon wrote about what it had been like as a boy -- 1020 00:50:26,900 --> 00:50:29,300 poor boy, but not as poor -- 1021 00:50:29,300 --> 00:50:32,833 his father had a little store in Whittier, California -- 1022 00:50:32,833 --> 00:50:35,300 as the other kids who came into the store 1023 00:50:35,300 --> 00:50:38,433 whose parents were on welfare, 1024 00:50:38,433 --> 00:50:40,833 who he felt were scarred for life. 1025 00:50:40,833 --> 00:50:42,333 He wasn't scarred for life 1026 00:50:42,333 --> 00:50:47,000 because he had parents who were an intact family. 1027 00:50:47,000 --> 00:50:50,733 -The problem of welfare is the problem of dependency. 1028 00:50:50,733 --> 00:50:52,833 It is different from poverty. 1029 00:50:52,833 --> 00:50:56,533 Poverty is a condition which, historically and into our time, 1030 00:50:56,533 --> 00:50:58,266 is never enviable 1031 00:50:58,266 --> 00:51:02,100 but is often associated with very fine personal qualities. 1032 00:51:02,100 --> 00:51:04,933 Dependent persons which are -- who are brave, 1033 00:51:04,933 --> 00:51:07,233 who are resourceful, who are courageous -- 1034 00:51:07,233 --> 00:51:09,033 are nonetheless never envied. 1035 00:51:09,033 --> 00:51:12,300 The buried image of the word "dependent." 1036 00:51:12,300 --> 00:51:15,866 People who are poor stand on their own feet. 1037 00:51:15,866 --> 00:51:18,266 People who are dependent hang. 1038 00:51:20,233 --> 00:51:21,800 -Welfare, known as 1039 00:51:21,800 --> 00:51:23,733 Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 1040 00:51:23,733 --> 00:51:26,300 or AFDC, had been designed 1041 00:51:26,300 --> 00:51:29,700 to help widows with children during the Depression. 1042 00:51:29,700 --> 00:51:34,466 Over time, it had evolved into a national poverty program 1043 00:51:34,466 --> 00:51:37,366 but remained targeted at single mothers. 1044 00:51:37,366 --> 00:51:39,433 -You know, if there's a male in the house, 1045 00:51:39,433 --> 00:51:41,200 the women and the kids don't get a penny, you know, 1046 00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:42,633 if the male's not working. 1047 00:51:42,633 --> 00:51:45,366 That was the way AFDC worked. 1048 00:51:45,366 --> 00:51:49,766 So Pat and Nixon wanted to fix it. 1049 00:51:49,766 --> 00:51:52,500 -Moynihan proposed to Nixon a program that would 1050 00:51:52,500 --> 00:51:55,466 completely remake American social policy 1051 00:51:55,466 --> 00:51:57,766 towards the poor. 1052 00:51:57,766 --> 00:52:01,400 The Family Assistance Plan, in Moynihan's eyes, 1053 00:52:01,400 --> 00:52:04,000 would remove the stigma of welfare 1054 00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:07,566 by giving support to all struggling families in America, 1055 00:52:07,566 --> 00:52:10,133 whether the parents were working or not. 1056 00:52:10,133 --> 00:52:13,233 [ Fanfare plays ] 1057 00:52:13,233 --> 00:52:15,400 -The reason that Senator Moynihan liked it 1058 00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:18,033 was because Social Security had worked so well. 1059 00:52:18,033 --> 00:52:20,366 -The new government plan for old-age security. 1060 00:52:20,366 --> 00:52:22,400 -And the way Social Security works 1061 00:52:22,400 --> 00:52:26,400 is the government sends people a check. 1062 00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:29,366 It doesn't send people an administrator 1063 00:52:29,366 --> 00:52:31,400 to tell them how to run their home. 1064 00:52:31,400 --> 00:52:35,000 It doesn't interfere in their lives in any way. 1065 00:52:35,000 --> 00:52:37,066 People weren't telling you what to do 1066 00:52:37,066 --> 00:52:39,633 or how to spend the money, but they were -- 1067 00:52:39,633 --> 00:52:42,066 He thought that the difference between the rich and poor 1068 00:52:42,066 --> 00:52:45,866 was that the rich had money and the poor didn't. 1069 00:52:45,866 --> 00:52:48,000 -You know, Bill, what we're trying to do here 1070 00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:50,300 is more important I think perhaps 1071 00:52:50,300 --> 00:52:52,300 than just the substance of the program. 1072 00:52:52,300 --> 00:52:55,200 We're trying to bring government back a little closer 1073 00:52:55,200 --> 00:52:57,900 to what it is it can be said it knows how to do. 1074 00:52:57,900 --> 00:52:59,966 -Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. -One of the great, 1075 00:52:59,966 --> 00:53:02,033 heartbreaking experiences of the 1960s 1076 00:53:02,033 --> 00:53:04,333 was to see government try to do so many things, 1077 00:53:04,333 --> 00:53:07,400 and good things, only somehow to fail 1078 00:53:07,400 --> 00:53:09,666 because, in fact, no one knows how to do those things. 1079 00:53:09,666 --> 00:53:12,166 That old 19th-century saying 1080 00:53:12,166 --> 00:53:14,100 that it's not ignorance that hurts 1081 00:53:14,100 --> 00:53:18,233 so much as knowing all those things that ain't so." 1082 00:53:18,233 --> 00:53:20,600 -Getting the president to support 1083 00:53:20,600 --> 00:53:23,233 what was basically a negative income tax, 1084 00:53:23,233 --> 00:53:26,266 which he campaigned against. 1085 00:53:26,266 --> 00:53:28,700 What a turnover, to go before the American people and say, 1086 00:53:28,700 --> 00:53:29,933 "Welfare has failed. 1087 00:53:29,933 --> 00:53:32,333 And, by the way, I'm proposing something 1088 00:53:32,333 --> 00:53:33,833 that's going to cost more money!" 1089 00:53:33,833 --> 00:53:37,100 -That is why tonight I therefore propose 1090 00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:40,766 that we abolish the present welfare system 1091 00:53:40,766 --> 00:53:42,566 and that we adopt in its place 1092 00:53:42,566 --> 00:53:46,066 a new Family Assistance system. 1093 00:53:46,066 --> 00:53:48,866 What I am proposing is that the federal government 1094 00:53:48,866 --> 00:53:53,066 build a foundation under the income of every American family 1095 00:53:53,066 --> 00:53:56,466 with dependent children that can not care for itself. 1096 00:53:56,466 --> 00:53:58,766 -Our guest today on "Meet the Press" 1097 00:53:58,766 --> 00:54:01,400 is the assistant to the president for urban affairs, 1098 00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:03,200 Daniel P. Moynihan. 1099 00:54:03,200 --> 00:54:06,666 -Why is it necessary to get so many more people 1100 00:54:06,666 --> 00:54:10,633 onto the public assistance rolls in order to move people off? 1101 00:54:10,633 --> 00:54:12,866 -Mr. Oberdorfer, it is necessary 1102 00:54:12,866 --> 00:54:15,566 to provide them Family Assistance payments 1103 00:54:15,566 --> 00:54:16,933 because they are poor, 1104 00:54:16,933 --> 00:54:20,200 because they do not now have the income that is needed 1105 00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:22,266 to maintain a decent standard of life. 1106 00:54:22,266 --> 00:54:24,466 The president's proposal 1107 00:54:24,466 --> 00:54:28,600 will triple the number of children receiving assistance. 1108 00:54:28,600 --> 00:54:30,366 But this is not welfare. 1109 00:54:30,366 --> 00:54:33,166 Most of those children will be in families with fathers 1110 00:54:33,166 --> 00:54:34,900 who get up in the morning and go off 1111 00:54:34,900 --> 00:54:37,033 and work a long, hard day and a long, hard week 1112 00:54:37,033 --> 00:54:39,400 and it just doesn't bring back enough money. 1113 00:54:39,400 --> 00:54:42,200 -The response to the Family Assistance Program 1114 00:54:42,200 --> 00:54:43,466 is quite remarkable. 1115 00:54:43,466 --> 00:54:46,566 Michael Harrington, a leading socialist writer 1116 00:54:46,566 --> 00:54:48,733 on urban affairs in the United States, 1117 00:54:48,733 --> 00:54:52,300 calls it the most radical program since the New Deal. 1118 00:54:52,300 --> 00:54:54,833 -John Gardner, the head of the Urban Coalition, 1119 00:54:54,833 --> 00:54:57,300 said it was "an historic step." 1120 00:54:57,300 --> 00:55:00,333 It'll abolish two-thirds of the poverty in this country 1121 00:55:00,333 --> 00:55:01,533 in one step. 1122 00:55:01,533 --> 00:55:03,200 -The White House staff realized 1123 00:55:03,200 --> 00:55:06,566 it would be a hard slog in the Senate. 1124 00:55:06,566 --> 00:55:10,833 -There were certainly liberals, liberal Democrats mostly, 1125 00:55:10,833 --> 00:55:14,066 who were unhappy because it seemed to be so little money. 1126 00:55:14,066 --> 00:55:15,400 -Fannie Lou Hamer, 1127 00:55:15,400 --> 00:55:17,700 founder of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. 1128 00:55:17,700 --> 00:55:20,100 -You've got to realize the sickness 1129 00:55:20,100 --> 00:55:22,100 that's happening in this country 1130 00:55:22,100 --> 00:55:26,266 while the man is talking about giving a welfare family 1131 00:55:26,266 --> 00:55:28,366 $1,600 -- 1132 00:55:28,366 --> 00:55:31,466 This is about as bad as it is in Mississippi. 1133 00:55:31,466 --> 00:55:35,466 -Some of them used the acronym F.A.P. 1134 00:55:35,466 --> 00:55:37,933 as meaning "...America's Poor." 1135 00:55:37,933 --> 00:55:39,533 -California's governor, Ronald Reagan, 1136 00:55:39,533 --> 00:55:40,933 told the Senate Finance Committee 1137 00:55:40,933 --> 00:55:43,266 he still opposes the administration's proposal 1138 00:55:43,266 --> 00:55:45,266 for a guaranteed yearly income. 1139 00:55:45,266 --> 00:55:48,000 -The president and I share completely the belief 1140 00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:49,633 in the need for welfare reform 1141 00:55:49,633 --> 00:55:51,700 and in the belief that something must be done 1142 00:55:51,700 --> 00:55:54,033 to induce more people to work. 1143 00:55:54,033 --> 00:55:55,433 I didn't believe 1144 00:55:55,433 --> 00:55:58,266 that the Family Assistance portion of that plan did this. 1145 00:55:58,266 --> 00:56:00,766 -Chairman Russell Long and committee conservatives 1146 00:56:00,766 --> 00:56:02,333 hope to kill the bill. 1147 00:56:02,333 --> 00:56:04,633 -The chairman of the finance committee, Russell Long, 1148 00:56:04,633 --> 00:56:09,266 Democrat from Louisiana, certainly didn't like a program 1149 00:56:09,266 --> 00:56:12,500 that somehow was more advantageous to Blacks 1150 00:56:12,500 --> 00:56:14,633 than to whites. 1151 00:56:14,633 --> 00:56:16,166 In fact, more money went to whites 1152 00:56:16,166 --> 00:56:17,766 just because there were more whites, 1153 00:56:17,766 --> 00:56:20,466 but as a percentage, he was right. 1154 00:56:20,466 --> 00:56:22,566 -So you had pressure from below for more, 1155 00:56:22,566 --> 00:56:24,800 and you had pressure from above for less. 1156 00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:27,333 -President Nixon reluctantly now is willing to compromise 1157 00:56:27,333 --> 00:56:29,133 on his welfare reform plan. 1158 00:56:29,133 --> 00:56:31,666 He is in fact now pleading for a compromise. 1159 00:56:31,666 --> 00:56:34,400 My dear lady, it is five minutes to midnight. 1160 00:56:34,400 --> 00:56:38,400 We have taken this great piece of legislation 1161 00:56:38,400 --> 00:56:39,533 through the House. 1162 00:56:39,533 --> 00:56:41,866 Now the president knows that if this bill 1163 00:56:41,866 --> 00:56:44,133 is reported to the floor of the Senate, 1164 00:56:44,133 --> 00:56:46,833 it will be overwhelmingly enacted. 1165 00:56:46,833 --> 00:56:49,066 And to fail now would be to fail the nation 1166 00:56:49,066 --> 00:56:52,000 and to fail the poor of the nation. 1167 00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:53,666 [ Down-tempo music plays ] 1168 00:56:53,666 --> 00:56:55,200 -Nixon himself was still saying, 1169 00:56:55,200 --> 00:56:57,466 "You know, don't worry about the little stuff. 1170 00:56:57,466 --> 00:56:59,900 You're gonna get kicked in the shins all the time 1171 00:56:59,900 --> 00:57:02,033 about this and that and the other thing." 1172 00:57:02,033 --> 00:57:04,800 He said, "The really important things are the big things, 1173 00:57:04,800 --> 00:57:08,033 like Family Assistance, which we will get." 1174 00:57:09,000 --> 00:57:12,400 And he said, "Pat Moynihan will be able to hold his head up 1175 00:57:12,400 --> 00:57:15,000 for the rest of his life." 1176 00:57:15,000 --> 00:57:16,066 -Good evening. 1177 00:57:16,066 --> 00:57:19,100 The Senate today shelved welfare reform 1178 00:57:19,100 --> 00:57:21,366 for perhaps five to eight years. 1179 00:57:21,366 --> 00:57:23,100 Instead, as anticipated, 1180 00:57:23,100 --> 00:57:25,800 it voted to continue the present system. 1181 00:57:25,800 --> 00:57:28,833 -It failed in the Senate by one vote. 1182 00:57:28,833 --> 00:57:32,400 Nixon could have gotten the vote from a Republican. 1183 00:57:32,400 --> 00:57:34,733 Lyndon Johnson, if it were a comparable situation 1184 00:57:34,733 --> 00:57:36,200 and he was going to the Senate, 1185 00:57:36,200 --> 00:57:40,200 boy, he would've squeezed a senator till he got the vote. 1186 00:57:40,200 --> 00:57:42,966 -There was agreement today that this is the end of the road 1187 00:57:42,966 --> 00:57:44,166 for welfare reform 1188 00:57:44,166 --> 00:57:48,300 and vigorous disagreement on who's at fault. 1189 00:57:53,733 --> 00:57:57,866 -The Family Assistance Plan ultimately died in Congress. 1190 00:57:57,866 --> 00:58:00,900 But Moynihan's conservative rivals in the White House 1191 00:58:00,900 --> 00:58:05,066 had been maneuvering to kill it almost from the beginning. 1192 00:58:05,066 --> 00:58:06,566 -As you may have noticed, 1193 00:58:06,566 --> 00:58:08,500 there has been a small brouhaha lately 1194 00:58:08,500 --> 00:58:10,700 over a secret memorandum to the president 1195 00:58:10,700 --> 00:58:12,733 that suddenly appeared in all the public print. 1196 00:58:12,733 --> 00:58:15,900 -Daniel Patrick Moynihan of the president's White House staff 1197 00:58:15,900 --> 00:58:19,433 sent Mr. Nixon a private memorandum on race relations, 1198 00:58:19,433 --> 00:58:20,833 but somehow it became public. 1199 00:58:20,833 --> 00:58:22,266 -The publication of that memo 1200 00:58:22,266 --> 00:58:24,300 has caused a furor at the White House, as ABC's... 1201 00:58:24,300 --> 00:58:28,000 -The memo was one of these beginning-of-the-year 1202 00:58:28,000 --> 00:58:30,333 situations -- "This is where we are. 1203 00:58:30,333 --> 00:58:33,633 "This is where we should be this year." 1204 00:58:34,400 --> 00:58:36,333 The state of the African-Americans 1205 00:58:36,333 --> 00:58:40,466 is really improving, but it has a long way to go. 1206 00:58:40,466 --> 00:58:45,300 And it would be best if the rhetoric of race was quieted 1207 00:58:45,300 --> 00:58:48,566 so that the flow was in the right direction. 1208 00:58:48,566 --> 00:58:49,933 But he used the word -- 1209 00:58:49,933 --> 00:58:52,666 Pat always had a flair that could get him in trouble. 1210 00:58:52,666 --> 00:58:54,633 And this time it really got him in trouble. 1211 00:58:54,633 --> 00:58:55,866 He used the word... 1212 00:58:55,866 --> 00:58:58,333 -The time may have come when the issue of race 1213 00:58:58,333 --> 00:59:01,400 could use a period of benign neglect. 1214 00:59:01,400 --> 00:59:04,500 -...which came out of some parliamentary document 1215 00:59:04,500 --> 00:59:06,200 having to do with Canada. 1216 00:59:06,200 --> 00:59:07,866 Where Pat got it, I don't know. 1217 00:59:07,866 --> 00:59:09,833 But it was there, and Pat got it. 1218 00:59:09,833 --> 00:59:11,833 [ Mid-tempo music plays ] 1219 00:59:11,833 --> 00:59:14,200 -A group of civil rights leaders charge 1220 00:59:14,200 --> 00:59:17,033 that Daniel Patrick Moynihan's suggested policy 1221 00:59:17,033 --> 00:59:19,300 of "benign neglect" toward Negroes 1222 00:59:19,300 --> 00:59:22,333 was symptomatic of Nixon administration efforts 1223 00:59:22,333 --> 00:59:26,833 to wipe out two decades of civil rights gains. 1224 00:59:26,833 --> 00:59:30,233 -Had I made any suggestion of that kind, 1225 00:59:30,233 --> 00:59:34,466 I would imagine I'd react about the way this group reacted. 1226 00:59:34,466 --> 00:59:37,766 But I didn't make any suggestion of the kind whatever. 1227 00:59:39,400 --> 00:59:42,666 -Concerned by increasing racial tensions in the country, 1228 00:59:42,666 --> 00:59:46,300 Moynihan had written his memo in part to criticize 1229 00:59:46,300 --> 00:59:48,566 the incendiary language of Black radicals 1230 00:59:48,566 --> 00:59:51,100 that he believed was deepening the problem. 1231 00:59:51,100 --> 00:59:52,633 -...and you run into one of the cops, 1232 00:59:52,633 --> 00:59:55,800 be he white honky or be he Black honky. 1233 00:59:55,800 --> 00:59:57,533 Brother, they are out to kill you. 1234 00:59:57,533 --> 01:00:00,866 America is practicing genocide against Black people. 1235 01:00:00,866 --> 01:00:02,933 -But he was equally frustrated 1236 01:00:02,933 --> 01:00:06,233 with the Nixon administration's stoking of racial animosity, 1237 01:00:06,233 --> 01:00:10,100 its use of the so-called "Southern strategy" 1238 01:00:10,100 --> 01:00:13,200 to appeal to whites who had fled the Democratic Party 1239 01:00:13,200 --> 01:00:16,566 in the wake of Johnson's civil rights legislation. 1240 01:00:16,566 --> 01:00:19,266 [ Music continues ] 1241 01:00:22,533 --> 01:00:28,200 -It was Pat really pushing against the malign attention 1242 01:00:28,200 --> 01:00:32,066 that Blacks were getting from Nixon and Spiro Agnew 1243 01:00:32,066 --> 01:00:34,133 and all the other Republicans 1244 01:00:34,133 --> 01:00:37,566 who were developing and fomenting the Southern strategy, 1245 01:00:37,566 --> 01:00:40,966 which was, at bottom, a racist strategy. 1246 01:00:40,966 --> 01:00:43,133 -Now, I threw down the gauntlet to you. 1247 01:00:43,133 --> 01:00:46,633 I repudiate white racists. Do you repudiate Black racists? 1248 01:00:46,633 --> 01:00:49,533 Are you willing to repudiate the Carmichaels and the Browns -- 1249 01:00:49,533 --> 01:00:52,000 -We have already done so. -Answer me. Answer me. 1250 01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:55,000 Do you repudiate Rap Brown and Stokely Carmichael? 1251 01:00:55,000 --> 01:00:56,633 -We -- -Do you?! 1252 01:00:56,633 --> 01:00:59,033 -We don't repudiate them as human beings. 1253 01:00:59,033 --> 01:01:01,733 -We repudiate -- -That's what I was afraid of. 1254 01:01:01,733 --> 01:01:04,666 -Wait just a minute. I don't repudiate you. 1255 01:01:31,733 --> 01:01:34,300 -Pat's enemies, if such there were, 1256 01:01:34,300 --> 01:01:38,900 used that memo to discredit him and his liberal initiatives, 1257 01:01:38,900 --> 01:01:42,700 most importantly, the Family Assistance Plan. 1258 01:01:42,700 --> 01:01:47,000 Its passage was going to depend on the Northern liberal votes 1259 01:01:47,000 --> 01:01:48,600 in the Senate and the House, 1260 01:01:48,600 --> 01:01:51,100 and the leaking of the memo undermined Pat 1261 01:01:51,100 --> 01:01:55,066 among liberal elements of the Democratic delegation. 1262 01:01:55,066 --> 01:01:56,200 It hurt a lot. 1263 01:01:56,200 --> 01:01:57,966 -Howard K. Smith knows what I was saying. 1264 01:01:57,966 --> 01:01:59,733 Dave Brinkley knows what I was saying. 1265 01:01:59,733 --> 01:02:01,600 You know what I was saying. Right? 1266 01:02:01,600 --> 01:02:04,000 -As you've been described as a leading -- 1267 01:02:04,000 --> 01:02:06,566 -Look me in the eye, Ed Morgan. You know what I was saying. 1268 01:02:06,566 --> 01:02:08,333 -Yes. My answer is yes. 1269 01:02:09,566 --> 01:02:11,566 -I am told by reliable sources 1270 01:02:11,566 --> 01:02:15,466 that the net result will be politically damaging. 1271 01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:19,600 Moynihan, known as the administration's champion 1272 01:02:19,600 --> 01:02:21,200 of equal opportunities, 1273 01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:24,100 now expects to become the target of bitter protest 1274 01:02:24,100 --> 01:02:25,566 by Negro groups. 1275 01:02:25,566 --> 01:02:28,133 Bill Gill, ABC News, the White House. 1276 01:02:28,133 --> 01:02:30,600 [ Music continues ] 1277 01:02:30,600 --> 01:02:32,833 -I don't find that memo to be problematic. 1278 01:02:32,833 --> 01:02:35,833 I think what he wanted was a cooling down of the rhetoric. 1279 01:02:35,833 --> 01:02:39,100 I think it became interpreted as "Do nothing for Black people." 1280 01:02:39,100 --> 01:02:40,400 I don't think, you know, 1281 01:02:40,400 --> 01:02:42,700 that was what he was necessarily advocating for 1282 01:02:42,700 --> 01:02:43,966 from a policy perspective. 1283 01:02:43,966 --> 01:02:47,033 I think much worse is some of the other memos... 1284 01:02:47,033 --> 01:02:49,200 where he asserts that the Black middle class 1285 01:02:49,200 --> 01:02:52,066 is in fact using the Black poor 1286 01:02:52,066 --> 01:02:55,600 to extort things from White America. 1287 01:02:55,600 --> 01:02:57,200 That is incredibly dan-- 1288 01:02:57,200 --> 01:02:59,400 He's playing with fire right there. 1289 01:02:59,400 --> 01:03:03,466 You are running right down the middle of mainstream racism. 1290 01:03:04,600 --> 01:03:07,200 That's hard to reconcile except to look at his anger, 1291 01:03:07,200 --> 01:03:09,833 except to look at his rage. 1292 01:03:09,833 --> 01:03:11,166 -The Nixon presidency -- 1293 01:03:11,166 --> 01:03:14,533 It's hard for people who didn't live through it. 1294 01:03:14,533 --> 01:03:16,700 It was such an emotionally charged, 1295 01:03:16,700 --> 01:03:19,366 divisive period of history. 1296 01:03:19,366 --> 01:03:20,800 [ Crowd shouting ] 1297 01:03:20,800 --> 01:03:22,500 -Civil unrest 1298 01:03:22,500 --> 01:03:25,400 and angry protests over the continuing war in Vietnam 1299 01:03:25,400 --> 01:03:28,466 plagued Nixon's presidency. 1300 01:03:28,466 --> 01:03:31,166 And Moynihan, while a critic of the war, 1301 01:03:31,166 --> 01:03:34,466 was deeply disturbed by the growing chaos and violence. 1302 01:03:37,100 --> 01:03:39,933 -Pat was spending most of the time in Washington, 1303 01:03:39,933 --> 01:03:43,833 and Liz and the children were on Francis Street in Cambridge. 1304 01:03:43,833 --> 01:03:47,466 -On the Harvard campus, one day after students took over 1305 01:03:47,466 --> 01:03:49,866 and occupied an administration building, 1306 01:03:49,866 --> 01:03:51,166 the police were called in, 1307 01:03:51,166 --> 01:03:53,966 swinging clubs, hauling students out of the building... 1308 01:03:53,966 --> 01:03:55,566 -A group of radicals at Harvard 1309 01:03:55,566 --> 01:03:59,066 were calling for Pat's house to be trashed 1310 01:03:59,066 --> 01:04:01,266 on the grounds that he was a racist 1311 01:04:01,266 --> 01:04:04,266 as witnessed the Moynihan Report. 1312 01:04:04,266 --> 01:04:07,166 -After the police raid, SDS members and sympathizers... 1313 01:04:07,166 --> 01:04:09,666 -The Secret Service had to get involved 1314 01:04:09,666 --> 01:04:11,133 to protect their house. 1315 01:04:11,133 --> 01:04:14,833 So it was a scary time, and he was furious about this. 1316 01:04:14,833 --> 01:04:17,200 [ Crowd cheering ] 1317 01:04:17,200 --> 01:04:18,866 -It seemed to Moynihan 1318 01:04:18,866 --> 01:04:23,500 that these were the children of the elite and the privileged 1319 01:04:23,500 --> 01:04:25,966 and there was disrespect for the institution 1320 01:04:25,966 --> 01:04:30,900 but also for -- the phrase then used -- Middle America. 1321 01:04:30,900 --> 01:04:33,900 Hatred of the police, hatred of the military, 1322 01:04:33,900 --> 01:04:36,066 of people who actually went and fought the wars. 1323 01:04:36,066 --> 01:04:40,200 Moynihan was very distressed by that. 1324 01:04:40,200 --> 01:04:43,300 -I remember once walking with him through Harvard Yard, 1325 01:04:43,300 --> 01:04:46,666 and he said, 1326 01:04:46,666 --> 01:04:50,966 "We are in this place, but not of it." 1327 01:04:52,400 --> 01:04:55,866 -He had a rather literal, almost kind of adolescent, way. 1328 01:04:55,866 --> 01:04:58,500 There was a sense of honor. 1329 01:04:59,700 --> 01:05:02,000 I can remember the Navy monument -- 1330 01:05:02,000 --> 01:05:05,066 It's just next to their apartment in Washington. 1331 01:05:05,066 --> 01:05:09,266 And he used, literally, to stand on a balcony going at attention, 1332 01:05:09,266 --> 01:05:13,733 saluting when they played the Navy hymn, for example. 1333 01:05:15,300 --> 01:05:18,700 -I am a fella whose first political memory 1334 01:05:18,700 --> 01:05:22,533 was the 1936 election in New York City, 1335 01:05:22,533 --> 01:05:25,200 the politics of Franklin Roosevelt, 1336 01:05:25,200 --> 01:05:27,933 and the war against Germany. 1337 01:05:27,933 --> 01:05:30,333 It was a time of intense 1338 01:05:30,333 --> 01:05:32,233 and legitimate pride in your country 1339 01:05:32,233 --> 01:05:34,233 and love of your country and so forth, 1340 01:05:34,233 --> 01:05:36,633 and you can't change me. 1341 01:05:37,800 --> 01:05:40,933 -To the radical left, people like Moynihan 1342 01:05:40,933 --> 01:05:46,066 were about preserving and extending the status quo, 1343 01:05:46,066 --> 01:05:48,466 keeping the lid on things 1344 01:05:48,466 --> 01:05:52,433 rather than really making this a better country to live in. 1345 01:05:54,266 --> 01:05:57,266 -And at one point, the old traditional socialists 1346 01:05:57,266 --> 01:05:58,833 suddenly started attacking us. 1347 01:05:58,833 --> 01:06:01,066 In a celebrated article, it was decreed 1348 01:06:01,066 --> 01:06:04,200 that people like Glazer and Moynihan and so forth 1349 01:06:04,200 --> 01:06:05,400 were not liberals. 1350 01:06:05,400 --> 01:06:07,766 We were neoconservatives. 1351 01:06:08,600 --> 01:06:12,433 -Pat despised the term "neoconservative." 1352 01:06:12,433 --> 01:06:14,233 He thought it was a slur. 1353 01:06:14,233 --> 01:06:16,533 Don't ever use that term to describe him 1354 01:06:16,533 --> 01:06:18,633 when you're talking to Liz Moynihan. 1355 01:06:18,633 --> 01:06:22,300 He was considered a neocon. 1356 01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:23,700 He wasn't. 1357 01:06:23,700 --> 01:06:27,833 He was a New Deal Democrat all the way through his life. 1358 01:06:30,033 --> 01:06:34,400 -Moynihan left his role as White House counselor in 1970. 1359 01:06:35,433 --> 01:06:37,533 [ Down-tempo march playing ] 1360 01:06:37,533 --> 01:06:41,266 Two years later, a still-admiring Richard Nixon 1361 01:06:41,266 --> 01:06:46,100 gave him a surprise appointment as ambassador to India. 1362 01:06:47,600 --> 01:06:50,800 The ambassadorship would help set a new course 1363 01:06:50,800 --> 01:06:55,566 in Moynihan's life -- as diplomat and statesman. 1364 01:06:55,566 --> 01:06:58,300 [ "The Star-Spangled Banner" playing ] 1365 01:06:58,300 --> 01:07:01,233 -Moynihan helped repair relations with New Delhi 1366 01:07:01,233 --> 01:07:05,133 by negotiating a major debt-relief package for India. 1367 01:07:05,133 --> 01:07:07,733 And I think Moynihan got a kick out of the fact 1368 01:07:07,733 --> 01:07:10,700 that the U.S. gave India the largest check ever written 1369 01:07:10,700 --> 01:07:12,466 at the time. 1370 01:07:12,466 --> 01:07:14,666 And India was a crucible 1371 01:07:14,666 --> 01:07:18,500 for a lot of ideas that evolved for Pat Moynihan. 1372 01:07:18,500 --> 01:07:22,400 He was sick and tired of the sort of ill-thought-out, 1373 01:07:22,400 --> 01:07:27,833 Marxist-Leninist, anti-West, anti-U.S. intellectual elite 1374 01:07:27,833 --> 01:07:29,266 in places like India 1375 01:07:29,266 --> 01:07:31,966 and in other parts of what was then called the Third World. 1376 01:07:31,966 --> 01:07:36,066 And he wrote this terrifically powerful essay 1377 01:07:36,066 --> 01:07:40,966 that the U.S. had to stand up for itself in opposition. 1378 01:07:40,966 --> 01:07:44,066 -What Pat said in that article was that 1379 01:07:44,066 --> 01:07:46,400 official representatives of the United States 1380 01:07:46,400 --> 01:07:48,933 had been apologizing for the country 1381 01:07:48,933 --> 01:07:50,833 and had sat silently 1382 01:07:50,833 --> 01:07:53,866 as the country was defamed and libeled 1383 01:07:53,866 --> 01:07:58,966 by Third World tyrannies and despotisms. 1384 01:07:58,966 --> 01:08:01,100 And he said this was crazy. 1385 01:08:01,100 --> 01:08:02,633 [ Applause ] 1386 01:08:10,433 --> 01:08:13,533 -...do solemnly swear... -...do solemnly swear... 1387 01:08:28,533 --> 01:08:31,300 -Forty-two floors above Manhattan's Park Avenue, 1388 01:08:31,300 --> 01:08:32,600 the official residence 1389 01:08:32,600 --> 01:08:35,300 of the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. 1390 01:08:35,300 --> 01:08:39,233 The visitor is greeted by the only family servant, Hines, 1391 01:08:39,233 --> 01:08:41,166 created in paper-maché 1392 01:08:41,166 --> 01:08:44,733 by the 19-year-old-son of Daniel Patrick Moynihan. 1393 01:08:44,733 --> 01:08:46,066 [ Mid-tempo music plays ] 1394 01:08:46,066 --> 01:08:48,966 Moynihan is a large leprechaun of a man 1395 01:08:48,966 --> 01:08:51,566 with the mental equipment of a Harvard professor 1396 01:08:51,566 --> 01:08:55,066 and with teeth behind his smile. 1397 01:08:55,066 --> 01:08:59,400 And he says what he wants how he wants. 1398 01:08:59,400 --> 01:09:01,100 In the United Nations today, 1399 01:09:01,100 --> 01:09:04,900 there are in the range of two dozen democracies left 1400 01:09:04,900 --> 01:09:07,433 in 142 members. 1401 01:09:07,433 --> 01:09:10,266 Totalitarian communist regimes 1402 01:09:10,266 --> 01:09:16,366 and assorted ancient and modern despotisms make up all the rest. 1403 01:09:16,366 --> 01:09:21,566 It is sensed in the world that democracy is in trouble. 1404 01:09:21,566 --> 01:09:26,133 There is blood in the water, and the sharks grow frenzied. 1405 01:09:26,133 --> 01:09:28,066 [ Music continues ] 1406 01:09:28,066 --> 01:09:33,466 -It was a time when not only had America lost its confidence 1407 01:09:33,466 --> 01:09:35,533 in its actions abroad, 1408 01:09:35,533 --> 01:09:38,500 but there was garbage piled in the New York City streets. 1409 01:09:38,500 --> 01:09:40,600 -...garbage collectors refused to work again today... 1410 01:09:40,600 --> 01:09:43,133 -More than 30,000 tons of garbage line... 1411 01:09:43,133 --> 01:09:48,133 -It was a time of real and profound loss of confidence. 1412 01:09:48,133 --> 01:09:51,900 -"Ford to city: Drop dead." 1413 01:09:51,900 --> 01:09:55,300 -If we are to be under attack continuously 1414 01:09:55,300 --> 01:09:57,633 at the United Nations, as we are, 1415 01:09:57,633 --> 01:10:00,266 if we are going to be attacked, we are going to defend ourselves 1416 01:10:00,266 --> 01:10:02,966 and defend ourselves with some enthusiasm. 1417 01:10:02,966 --> 01:10:05,900 -Idi Amin, the controversial president of Uganda, 1418 01:10:05,900 --> 01:10:08,733 has been in the United States for the U.N. General Assembly. 1419 01:10:08,733 --> 01:10:12,066 -He took aim at what he called "the bogus state of Israel." 1420 01:10:12,066 --> 01:10:14,200 He went on from there. 1421 01:10:14,200 --> 01:10:20,233 -Idi Amin was a kind of symbol of the obscenity 1422 01:10:20,233 --> 01:10:24,933 of a tyrant speaking about international morality. 1423 01:10:24,933 --> 01:10:26,866 [ Camera shutters clicking ] 1424 01:10:26,866 --> 01:10:29,100 And, as they say, that tore it. 1425 01:10:29,100 --> 01:10:31,700 -Last week, our ambassador to the United Nations, 1426 01:10:31,700 --> 01:10:35,633 Daniel Patrick Moynihan, used the term "racist murderer" 1427 01:10:35,633 --> 01:10:38,700 to describe President Idi Amin of Uganda. 1428 01:10:38,700 --> 01:10:40,433 Moynihan said it is no accident 1429 01:10:40,433 --> 01:10:43,466 that Amin is the head of the Organization of African Unity, 1430 01:10:43,466 --> 01:10:45,800 and that made a lot of Africans angry. 1431 01:10:45,800 --> 01:10:48,433 Estimates of the number of Ugandans who've been killed... 1432 01:10:48,433 --> 01:10:51,833 -It seems to me that the function of public diplomacy 1433 01:10:51,833 --> 01:10:55,566 and even of private diplomacy is to avoid misunderstanding, 1434 01:10:55,566 --> 01:10:57,533 to make meaning clear. 1435 01:10:57,533 --> 01:11:00,700 -Some of your critics say that perhaps you're too public 1436 01:11:00,700 --> 01:11:04,033 and that they suspect you of going more for impact 1437 01:11:04,033 --> 01:11:08,300 than persuasion, more for drama than diplomacy. 1438 01:11:08,300 --> 01:11:11,433 -Well, they may be right. [ Mid-tempo music plays ] 1439 01:11:11,433 --> 01:11:13,900 -I'm here to compliment him 1440 01:11:13,900 --> 01:11:17,666 and to pay my highest respects for the wonderful job 1441 01:11:17,666 --> 01:11:20,833 in which he has represented our people in the U.N. 1442 01:11:20,833 --> 01:11:23,400 By that I mean frustrated Americans 1443 01:11:23,400 --> 01:11:26,633 that are a lot prouder today because of his presence. 1444 01:11:26,633 --> 01:11:28,800 [ Music continues ] 1445 01:11:28,800 --> 01:11:30,800 -I would walk down the street with Pat. 1446 01:11:30,800 --> 01:11:34,333 Taxi drivers would screech to a halt 1447 01:11:34,333 --> 01:11:36,366 and yell, "You're great!" 1448 01:11:36,366 --> 01:11:38,666 You go into a restaurant with him, it happened. 1449 01:11:38,666 --> 01:11:41,533 The whole place would stand up and applaud. 1450 01:11:41,533 --> 01:11:44,666 We went to a concert once at Carnegie Hall, 1451 01:11:44,666 --> 01:11:46,900 and the whole audience got up. 1452 01:11:46,900 --> 01:11:49,300 I mean, things like that were happening all the time. 1453 01:11:49,300 --> 01:11:50,633 It was kind of amazing. 1454 01:11:50,633 --> 01:11:53,666 I mean, I've never seen anything quite like it. 1455 01:11:55,566 --> 01:11:58,066 -Moynihan had been sharply criticized at the U.N., 1456 01:11:58,066 --> 01:12:00,366 particularly by British delegate Ivor Richard... 1457 01:12:00,366 --> 01:12:03,566 -The British ambassador spoke of a "Wyatt Earp approach," 1458 01:12:03,566 --> 01:12:05,800 with Moynihan's aim occasionally bad. 1459 01:12:05,800 --> 01:12:07,766 -...from the pressures of civilized international... 1460 01:12:07,766 --> 01:12:10,200 -The British ambassador, Ivor Richard, 1461 01:12:10,200 --> 01:12:12,400 launched an attack on Pat, 1462 01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:16,200 and Pat was convinced that Kissinger had put him up to it. 1463 01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:38,166 [ Indistinct conversations ] 1464 01:12:38,166 --> 01:12:40,766 -Henry was a European, 1465 01:12:40,766 --> 01:12:44,333 a great believer that politics between nations 1466 01:12:44,333 --> 01:12:46,200 is a balance of power, period. 1467 01:12:46,200 --> 01:12:49,033 -Come a little closer, Kurt. Gonna ruin you. 1468 01:12:49,033 --> 01:12:53,133 -Now, Kissinger knows that he had to accommodate 1469 01:12:53,133 --> 01:12:55,866 a strain in America that Pat represented... 1470 01:12:57,333 --> 01:13:00,133 ...which was that the United States has 1471 01:13:00,133 --> 01:13:05,166 a messianic gene in its DNA. 1472 01:13:05,166 --> 01:13:07,300 "We hold these truths to be self-evident, 1473 01:13:07,300 --> 01:13:08,800 that all men are created --" 1474 01:13:08,800 --> 01:13:12,166 Not all Am-- every one. 1475 01:13:12,166 --> 01:13:15,300 And the universalism of the Declaration of Independence 1476 01:13:15,300 --> 01:13:18,000 is part of our national DNA, 1477 01:13:18,000 --> 01:13:22,433 and a foreign policy that completely excludes that 1478 01:13:22,433 --> 01:13:25,466 will not hold the American people. 1479 01:13:25,466 --> 01:13:27,100 The most hideous thing I've ever had to deal with 1480 01:13:27,100 --> 01:13:28,400 over at the U.N. 1481 01:13:28,400 --> 01:13:32,866 was that resolution which called Zionism a form of racism. 1482 01:13:32,866 --> 01:13:35,233 -It was Somalia? -Somalia introduced it. 1483 01:13:35,233 --> 01:13:38,800 Um, and -- but Somalia as a Soviet client. 1484 01:13:38,800 --> 01:13:43,600 The Russians began that campaign in 1971 -- very open. 1485 01:13:43,600 --> 01:13:45,600 When the Russians begin a propaganda campaign, 1486 01:13:45,600 --> 01:13:48,433 there's a three-part article inPravda. 1487 01:13:49,400 --> 01:13:53,166 And it said Orwellian or horrible 1488 01:13:53,166 --> 01:13:56,333 was that the Jews, far from being the victims of the Nazis, 1489 01:13:56,333 --> 01:13:57,933 were the successors to them. 1490 01:14:37,833 --> 01:14:40,000 [ Mid-tempo music plays ] 1491 01:14:40,000 --> 01:14:44,766 -Pat understood the importance of words. 1492 01:14:44,766 --> 01:14:47,600 Every regime, like liberal democracy, 1493 01:14:47,600 --> 01:14:50,400 depends not just on force 1494 01:14:50,400 --> 01:14:58,300 but on principles that people accept as legitimating a regime. 1495 01:14:59,433 --> 01:15:04,800 And by labeling Zionism as racism, 1496 01:15:04,800 --> 01:15:08,966 you were saying that the homeland of the Jewish state 1497 01:15:08,966 --> 01:15:13,633 was incompatible with liberal democracy. 1498 01:15:13,633 --> 01:15:16,433 Whether a statement like that has an effect tomorrow, 1499 01:15:16,433 --> 01:15:18,266 probably not. 1500 01:15:18,266 --> 01:15:21,233 But does it have an effect over the long run, 1501 01:15:21,233 --> 01:15:23,900 undermining people's allegiances 1502 01:15:23,900 --> 01:15:26,600 and their willingness to take action, 1503 01:15:26,600 --> 01:15:28,833 their willingness to prevent bad actions? 1504 01:15:28,833 --> 01:15:31,966 Yes. That's exactly how it happens. 1505 01:15:31,966 --> 01:15:36,533 -What we have at stake here is not merely the honor 1506 01:15:36,533 --> 01:15:39,466 and the legitimacy of the state of Israel, 1507 01:15:39,466 --> 01:15:42,800 although a challenge to the legitimacy of any member nation 1508 01:15:42,800 --> 01:15:44,833 ought always to arose the vigilance 1509 01:15:44,833 --> 01:15:48,133 of all members of the United Nations. 1510 01:15:48,133 --> 01:15:51,233 For a yet more important matter is at issue, 1511 01:15:51,233 --> 01:15:54,166 which is the integrity of that whole body 1512 01:15:54,166 --> 01:15:59,300 of moral and legal precepts which we know as human rights. 1513 01:16:25,733 --> 01:16:28,566 It is sufficient for the moment only to note 1514 01:16:28,566 --> 01:16:33,533 one foreboding fact -- 1515 01:16:33,533 --> 01:16:39,166 A great evil has been loosed upon the world. 1516 01:16:40,033 --> 01:16:43,233 The abomination of antisemitism 1517 01:16:43,233 --> 01:16:46,933 has been given the appearance of international sanction. 1518 01:16:46,933 --> 01:16:48,733 -People didn't talk like that. 1519 01:16:48,733 --> 01:16:50,800 Kissinger didn't talk like that. 1520 01:16:50,800 --> 01:16:55,666 He said this is "wicked," "infamous," "evil." 1521 01:16:57,033 --> 01:16:59,833 About, you know, a few years later, 1522 01:16:59,833 --> 01:17:01,400 the president of the United States 1523 01:17:01,400 --> 01:17:04,266 was calling the Soviet Union "the evil empire." 1524 01:17:04,266 --> 01:17:06,766 -...not forsaken them now... -So in that sense, 1525 01:17:06,766 --> 01:17:08,100 Pat Moynihan was -- 1526 01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:10,633 it might have embarrassed him to acknowledge -- 1527 01:17:10,633 --> 01:17:12,566 a precursor of Ronald Reagan. 1528 01:17:12,566 --> 01:17:14,800 -The United States of America declares 1529 01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:18,033 that it does not acknowledge, it will not abide by, 1530 01:17:18,033 --> 01:17:21,466 it will never acquiesce in this infamous act. 1531 01:17:21,466 --> 01:17:24,166 Thank you, Mr. President. [ Applause ] 1532 01:17:25,700 --> 01:17:27,700 -We need the Pat Moynihans of this world 1533 01:17:27,700 --> 01:17:30,333 to remind us that our nation's future 1534 01:17:30,333 --> 01:17:32,766 need not be one of retreat and pessimism. 1535 01:17:32,766 --> 01:17:35,566 I'm sorry -- [ Applause ] 1536 01:17:35,566 --> 01:17:38,033 I'm sorry the administration was unable to keep him. 1537 01:17:38,033 --> 01:17:39,766 His voice will be hard to replace. 1538 01:17:39,766 --> 01:17:42,666 -Here is Ronald Reagan praising Daniel Moynihan, 1539 01:17:42,666 --> 01:17:46,600 who may very well run for the Senate this fall from New York. 1540 01:17:46,600 --> 01:17:48,000 [ Indistinct conversations ] 1541 01:17:48,000 --> 01:17:51,500 -I mean, Pat had politics in his blood. 1542 01:17:51,500 --> 01:17:53,900 He's been hanging around Democratic clubs 1543 01:17:53,900 --> 01:17:55,266 since he was about 10. 1544 01:17:56,366 --> 01:18:00,266 -Patrick Moynihan's political career began in Hell's Kitchen, 1545 01:18:00,266 --> 01:18:04,000 where he cast his first vote, at age 21. 1546 01:18:04,000 --> 01:18:07,500 -I put on a suit, tie. 1547 01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:11,000 I came in, and I walked down there. 1548 01:18:11,000 --> 01:18:13,900 Fella I'd never seen in my life said, "Hi, Pat!" 1549 01:18:13,900 --> 01:18:16,900 -[ Laughs ] -And I said, uh, 1550 01:18:16,900 --> 01:18:20,800 "Well, sir, um, I'm not sure I'm eligible to vote." 1551 01:18:20,800 --> 01:18:23,300 "Everybody votes!" he said. -[ Laughs ] 1552 01:18:23,300 --> 01:18:26,100 And as I went in the booth, he gave me a little piece of paper 1553 01:18:26,100 --> 01:18:28,933 showing me who everybody was gonna vote for. 1554 01:18:28,933 --> 01:18:30,100 -[ Laughs ] 1555 01:18:30,100 --> 01:18:33,400 -For all his reputation as a policy wonk, 1556 01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:37,633 Moynihan loved the business of politics and winning elections. 1557 01:18:37,633 --> 01:18:39,533 He had a lifelong respect 1558 01:18:39,533 --> 01:18:45,033 for the old urban Democratic machines, like Tammany Hall. 1559 01:18:45,033 --> 01:18:48,166 Tammany was the epitome of corruption to critics, 1560 01:18:48,166 --> 01:18:50,366 but to Pat, Tammany was successful 1561 01:18:50,366 --> 01:18:54,500 because it actually delivered the goods to the poor. 1562 01:18:54,500 --> 01:18:58,266 -These were the only political organizations 1563 01:18:58,266 --> 01:19:01,600 that welcomed new waves of immigrants 1564 01:19:01,600 --> 01:19:05,533 and gave them the opportunity to get a job 1565 01:19:05,533 --> 01:19:09,666 and start a family and build respectability. 1566 01:19:09,666 --> 01:19:14,266 -One of the things I love is that when Pat was at Harvard, 1567 01:19:14,266 --> 01:19:16,933 a letter was sent to Carmine De Sapio, 1568 01:19:16,933 --> 01:19:21,233 who was then in federal prison for bribery 1569 01:19:21,233 --> 01:19:24,600 and who had been the leader of Tammany Hall. 1570 01:19:24,600 --> 01:19:28,066 And Pat said, "Well, I hope you're doing well in prison, 1571 01:19:28,066 --> 01:19:31,000 and when you get out, why don't you stop by Harvard someday? 1572 01:19:31,000 --> 01:19:33,433 I'm sure we would have a lot to learn from you." 1573 01:19:33,433 --> 01:19:36,966 So, uh, what a character. [ Laughs ] 1574 01:19:36,966 --> 01:19:38,233 That's great. 1575 01:19:38,233 --> 01:19:42,900 -♪ Oh, goodbye, my Coney Island baby ♪ 1576 01:19:42,900 --> 01:19:45,933 The distinguished gentleman singing "Coney Island Baby" 1577 01:19:45,933 --> 01:19:47,666 is Daniel Patrick Moynihan, 1578 01:19:47,666 --> 01:19:50,433 one of five Democrats running for the Senate. 1579 01:19:50,433 --> 01:19:53,433 He's here at a beach club in Brooklyn 1580 01:19:53,433 --> 01:19:57,166 because these Jewish voters can amount to 35% to 40% 1581 01:19:57,166 --> 01:20:00,233 of the electorate in a Democratic primary. 1582 01:20:00,233 --> 01:20:02,300 Sharing the frontrunning position with him 1583 01:20:02,300 --> 01:20:04,500 is Congresswoman Bella Abzug. 1584 01:20:04,500 --> 01:20:08,066 Mrs. Abzug has maintained her political base among feminists, 1585 01:20:08,066 --> 01:20:10,166 liberals, and the New Left. 1586 01:20:10,166 --> 01:20:12,233 [ Up-tempo music plays ] 1587 01:20:12,233 --> 01:20:15,700 -It was an extremely close campaign 1588 01:20:15,700 --> 01:20:18,733 because there were so many candidates, 1589 01:20:18,733 --> 01:20:21,033 because the margins were so thin. 1590 01:20:21,033 --> 01:20:23,000 [ Music continues ] 1591 01:20:23,000 --> 01:20:26,700 -The campaign, like all campaigns, was short of money. 1592 01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:29,566 So what they would do is they would drag Senator Moynihan 1593 01:20:29,566 --> 01:20:32,600 to Ravitch's office and call people. 1594 01:20:32,600 --> 01:20:35,333 -Pat and I used to meet occasionally 1595 01:20:35,333 --> 01:20:37,900 in the Bemelmans Bar at the Carlyle 1596 01:20:37,900 --> 01:20:40,933 but more frequently a few blocks to the north 1597 01:20:40,933 --> 01:20:43,433 in a place called the Madison Pub. 1598 01:20:43,433 --> 01:20:45,166 It was a dreadful bar. 1599 01:20:45,166 --> 01:20:47,766 Senator Moynihan, who liked the hamburgers at the Madison Pub, 1600 01:20:47,766 --> 01:20:50,300 would go there and essentially hide 1601 01:20:50,300 --> 01:20:53,033 because he knew that Ravitch himself 1602 01:20:53,033 --> 01:20:55,900 found the place to be repulsive. 1603 01:20:55,900 --> 01:20:59,366 There was a constant stale smell there, 1604 01:20:59,366 --> 01:21:01,500 and I'm not sure why Pat liked it. 1605 01:21:01,500 --> 01:21:02,833 [ Music continues ] 1606 01:21:02,833 --> 01:21:06,066 We walked out of the pub one day, 1607 01:21:06,066 --> 01:21:08,400 and there was a guy on a bike. 1608 01:21:08,400 --> 01:21:13,133 And he yelled out at Moynihan, "You right-wing bastard!" 1609 01:21:13,133 --> 01:21:16,433 -Daniel Patrick Moynihan is no stranger to slings and arrows. 1610 01:21:16,433 --> 01:21:18,100 He caught them as a member of the Johnson 1611 01:21:18,100 --> 01:21:19,466 and Nixon administrations, 1612 01:21:19,466 --> 01:21:21,833 and now, as a candidate for the Senate from New York, 1613 01:21:21,833 --> 01:21:23,600 he still is a target. 1614 01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:26,400 Yesterday, campaigning on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, 1615 01:21:26,400 --> 01:21:30,233 he caught a banana cream pie in the face 1616 01:21:30,233 --> 01:21:32,800 as the pie thrower, a proclaimed member of the Yippies, 1617 01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:35,133 the Youth International group of protesters, 1618 01:21:35,133 --> 01:21:37,966 shouted that Moynihan was a fascist pig. 1619 01:21:37,966 --> 01:21:42,366 -Well, I don't think there was any Black politician 1620 01:21:42,366 --> 01:21:45,000 that supported Moynihan in the primary. 1621 01:21:45,000 --> 01:21:50,333 TherewasBayard Rustin who was for Moynihan. 1622 01:21:51,433 --> 01:21:54,666 -I've said Mr. Moynihan has to prove to the voters 1623 01:21:54,666 --> 01:21:58,166 that he has renounced Nixon and Ford and their policies. 1624 01:21:58,166 --> 01:22:00,066 [ Indistinct conversations ] 1625 01:22:00,066 --> 01:22:04,400 -Because Pat was still suspect as a liberal, 1626 01:22:04,400 --> 01:22:05,800 the conventional wisdom -- 1627 01:22:05,800 --> 01:22:07,700 and it was probably right in this case -- 1628 01:22:07,700 --> 01:22:10,033 was that theNew York Times editorial 1629 01:22:10,033 --> 01:22:12,166 would make a difference in the primary. 1630 01:22:13,133 --> 01:22:15,300 -People knew that John Oakes, 1631 01:22:15,300 --> 01:22:17,200 the editor of the editorial page, 1632 01:22:17,200 --> 01:22:20,066 didn't like Moynihan, and we were terribly afraid 1633 01:22:20,066 --> 01:22:21,800 that we wouldn't get his endorsement. 1634 01:22:23,100 --> 01:22:27,466 -While the editor, John Oakes, was on vacation, 1635 01:22:27,466 --> 01:22:29,500 the publisher had become convinced 1636 01:22:29,500 --> 01:22:31,300 that the paper should endorse Pat. 1637 01:22:32,333 --> 01:22:37,333 And John Oakes was reduced to writing a letter to the editor 1638 01:22:37,333 --> 01:22:40,966 from Martha's Vineyard opposing theTimeseditorial. 1639 01:22:40,966 --> 01:22:44,166 It was a great moment in American journalism. 1640 01:22:44,166 --> 01:22:46,000 -The United States' recent colorful 1641 01:22:46,000 --> 01:22:48,766 and controversial ambassador to the United Nations, 1642 01:22:48,766 --> 01:22:51,333 Daniel Patrick Moynihan, has won the right 1643 01:22:51,333 --> 01:22:53,800 to run as a Democrat for the United States Senate. 1644 01:22:53,800 --> 01:22:56,966 -Senator Moynihan only won by 10,000 votes, 1645 01:22:56,966 --> 01:22:58,866 or what he described at the time as a whopping... 1646 01:22:58,866 --> 01:23:01,100 -...a whopping 1%! 1647 01:23:01,100 --> 01:23:02,600 [ Laughter ] 1648 01:23:02,600 --> 01:23:04,066 -When I first met Pat, 1649 01:23:04,066 --> 01:23:06,933 he was running against a friend of mine, Jim Buckley. 1650 01:23:07,933 --> 01:23:11,300 I was for Buckley and enchanted by Pat. 1651 01:23:11,300 --> 01:23:14,266 -I welcome Professor Moynihan into the race. 1652 01:23:14,266 --> 01:23:15,733 -He called you a professor today. 1653 01:23:15,733 --> 01:23:18,800 -He did what?! [ Laughter ] 1654 01:23:18,800 --> 01:23:20,933 Well, it's begun, has it? 1655 01:23:20,933 --> 01:23:25,233 My God, it's going to be a long, difficult time, I can see. 1656 01:23:25,233 --> 01:23:27,466 -One of the liveliest of the Senate races 1657 01:23:27,466 --> 01:23:30,700 is here in New York between incumbent Jim Buckley, 1658 01:23:30,700 --> 01:23:33,000 running on the Republican and Conservative tickets, 1659 01:23:33,000 --> 01:23:35,566 and Democrat Daniel Patrick Moynihan. 1660 01:23:35,566 --> 01:23:37,833 -It is a classic confrontation 1661 01:23:37,833 --> 01:23:40,900 between a conservative defender of local government control 1662 01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:43,500 and a liberal advocate of national health insurance 1663 01:23:43,500 --> 01:23:45,933 and federalization of welfare. 1664 01:23:45,933 --> 01:23:48,333 -He is shuttling back and forth from the faculty rooms 1665 01:23:48,333 --> 01:23:49,800 at the Ivy League colleges 1666 01:23:49,800 --> 01:23:53,433 and taking any job that any president has to offer him. 1667 01:23:53,433 --> 01:23:56,533 Well, I believe we ought to send him back to Harvard, 1668 01:23:56,533 --> 01:23:58,400 send him back to the classrooms, 1669 01:23:58,400 --> 01:24:01,500 where the kinds of programs he advocates 1670 01:24:01,500 --> 01:24:05,200 and where his academic attitudes can't do harm. 1671 01:24:05,200 --> 01:24:06,300 -Jim Buckley? -Yep. 1672 01:24:06,300 --> 01:24:09,633 -He's an engaging and... 1673 01:24:09,633 --> 01:24:15,433 and...honest man who hasn't the foggiest notion 1674 01:24:15,433 --> 01:24:18,000 what the 20th century is all about. 1675 01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:19,833 When New York has been Democratic, 1676 01:24:19,833 --> 01:24:21,800 America has been great, 1677 01:24:21,800 --> 01:24:24,000 and New York is Democratic again. 1678 01:24:24,000 --> 01:24:26,266 -Of course, Moynihan doesn't expect smooth sailing 1679 01:24:26,266 --> 01:24:28,966 as he carries the case for New York into the Senate. 1680 01:24:28,966 --> 01:24:31,633 And when reminded of his somewhat abrasive style 1681 01:24:31,633 --> 01:24:33,700 in the U.N., Moynihan commented, 1682 01:24:33,700 --> 01:24:36,366 "Well, at least it got their attention." 1683 01:24:36,366 --> 01:24:38,700 Bettina Gregory, ABC News, New York. 1684 01:24:38,700 --> 01:24:42,100 [ Indistinct conversations ] 1685 01:24:46,300 --> 01:24:48,800 [ Glass clinking ] 1686 01:24:48,800 --> 01:24:52,966 -Now, some of you may have been in the innermost inner sanctum 1687 01:24:52,966 --> 01:24:54,733 in the Russell Senate Office Building, 1688 01:24:54,733 --> 01:24:58,533 which was the senator's private toilet in his office. 1689 01:24:58,533 --> 01:24:59,700 [ Laughter ] 1690 01:24:59,700 --> 01:25:01,800 Not many people were allowed through there, 1691 01:25:01,800 --> 01:25:03,566 and I just, one day, because he was gone 1692 01:25:03,566 --> 01:25:05,433 and I was goofing around, I went in there. 1693 01:25:05,433 --> 01:25:07,666 Now, on the wall, framed, 1694 01:25:07,666 --> 01:25:11,433 there were two side-by-side magazine covers. 1695 01:25:11,433 --> 01:25:13,733 One wasThe New Republic. 1696 01:25:13,733 --> 01:25:17,433 "Moynihan, hope of the neoliberals." 1697 01:25:17,433 --> 01:25:19,166 And the other was "Moynihan: 1698 01:25:19,166 --> 01:25:21,266 savior for the neoconservatives." 1699 01:25:21,266 --> 01:25:23,300 [ Laughter ] 1700 01:25:35,066 --> 01:25:39,700 -When he came into the Senate, there was a lot of skepticism 1701 01:25:39,700 --> 01:25:43,633 about whether Pat Moynihan was a Democrat. 1702 01:25:43,633 --> 01:25:46,933 I mean, he was obviously a Democrat, but was he a Democrat? 1703 01:25:46,933 --> 01:25:50,966 Put another way, I think there is at least a half a dozen 1704 01:25:50,966 --> 01:25:53,533 famous liberal Democrats who wouldn't have been surprised 1705 01:25:53,533 --> 01:25:56,666 had he run for the Senate as a Republican. 1706 01:25:56,666 --> 01:25:58,600 [ Mid-tempo music plays ] 1707 01:25:58,600 --> 01:26:01,166 -He was different from any other senator 1708 01:26:01,166 --> 01:26:03,100 because he arrived every morning 1709 01:26:03,100 --> 01:26:06,566 and immediately went into his office and began typing. 1710 01:26:08,033 --> 01:26:11,433 He was constantly writing an essay about something. 1711 01:26:11,433 --> 01:26:14,266 And it could be about anything. 1712 01:26:14,266 --> 01:26:16,033 It could be about architecture. 1713 01:26:16,033 --> 01:26:18,300 It could be about Social Security. 1714 01:26:18,300 --> 01:26:22,366 It could be his famous essay "Defining Deviancy Down." 1715 01:26:23,366 --> 01:26:25,233 -I once said rather mischievously 1716 01:26:25,233 --> 01:26:26,900 that he while he was in the Senate, 1717 01:26:26,900 --> 01:26:29,166 he wrote more books than many of his colleagues read. 1718 01:26:30,333 --> 01:26:35,300 He leavened the place with a sense of complexity. 1719 01:26:37,166 --> 01:26:39,433 -He knew the history of the United States Senate, 1720 01:26:39,433 --> 01:26:42,900 and he thought that's where, in American politics, 1721 01:26:42,900 --> 01:26:46,566 you started to change ideas. 1722 01:26:46,566 --> 01:26:48,733 -He wanted to spend plenty of time 1723 01:26:48,733 --> 01:26:53,066 using his bully pulpit to raise big questions. 1724 01:26:55,200 --> 01:26:58,166 -He wasn't everyone's cup of tea. 1725 01:26:58,166 --> 01:27:01,300 There was a feeling among some of Pat's colleagues 1726 01:27:01,300 --> 01:27:03,733 that he was a gadfly. 1727 01:27:03,733 --> 01:27:06,466 One of Ted Kennedy's top aides told me 1728 01:27:06,466 --> 01:27:10,300 when I was working on the book, "You know, Pat Moynihan, 1729 01:27:10,300 --> 01:27:13,100 I always thought he was more trouble than he was worth." 1730 01:27:15,000 --> 01:27:17,733 -In his first term, Moynihan, 1731 01:27:17,733 --> 01:27:20,866 the fierce opponent of the Soviet Union at the U.N., 1732 01:27:20,866 --> 01:27:24,233 called for a re-examination of the Cold War 1733 01:27:24,233 --> 01:27:28,166 and the newly escalating nuclear arms race. 1734 01:27:28,166 --> 01:27:29,766 -Where I think it was decreed 1735 01:27:29,766 --> 01:27:32,266 that I was no longer a neoconservative 1736 01:27:32,266 --> 01:27:35,300 took place about the time I came to the Senate. 1737 01:27:35,300 --> 01:27:37,666 And it was on a pretty crucial issue, 1738 01:27:37,666 --> 01:27:41,400 which was the issue of the Soviet Union. 1739 01:27:41,400 --> 01:27:43,766 -Moynihan based his changing opinion 1740 01:27:43,766 --> 01:27:47,066 on a set of recently emerging data. 1741 01:27:47,066 --> 01:27:49,033 -The death rate is one statistic 1742 01:27:49,033 --> 01:27:51,966 that was hard for the communists to lie about. 1743 01:27:51,966 --> 01:27:54,833 Moynihan, as a connoisseur of statistics, knew this. 1744 01:27:54,833 --> 01:27:57,866 He followed the work of Murray Feshbach, 1745 01:27:57,866 --> 01:28:02,100 the analyst who was documenting the increased death rate 1746 01:28:02,100 --> 01:28:06,033 and the lower life expectancy in the Soviet Union, 1747 01:28:06,033 --> 01:28:08,400 and he said, "Something pretty terrible is happening." 1748 01:28:08,400 --> 01:28:13,866 -Pat believed that conservatives stressing arms weren't wrong 1749 01:28:13,866 --> 01:28:16,000 but they were missing the point. 1750 01:28:16,000 --> 01:28:18,566 The point was -- and this is an essay Pat wrote -- 1751 01:28:18,566 --> 01:28:22,233 the problem was how to deal with an ailing bear. 1752 01:28:22,233 --> 01:28:27,766 -I can tell you I got a call one day from Scoop Jackson himself. 1753 01:28:27,766 --> 01:28:30,133 And he said, "Listen. 1754 01:28:30,133 --> 01:28:32,666 Can't you do something about your friend? 1755 01:28:32,666 --> 01:28:35,366 He's acting like a flake!" 1756 01:28:35,366 --> 01:28:38,033 -Our problem between here and the year 2000, 1757 01:28:38,033 --> 01:28:40,966 is how to deal with the breakup of the Soviet empire. 1758 01:28:40,966 --> 01:28:43,433 It's going to break up, Ben. 1759 01:28:43,433 --> 01:28:46,600 It's -- It's collapsing. They can't feed themselves. 1760 01:28:46,600 --> 01:28:48,300 That system is going to come apart. 1761 01:28:48,300 --> 01:28:50,933 -This is NBC Nightly News. 1762 01:28:50,933 --> 01:28:52,333 -Tonight, the end of an era. 1763 01:28:52,333 --> 01:28:53,766 Mikhail Gorbachev's farewell 1764 01:28:53,766 --> 01:28:56,433 as the hammer and sickle is lowered over the Kremlin 1765 01:28:56,433 --> 01:28:57,866 for the last time. 1766 01:28:59,333 --> 01:29:01,933 -With the Soviet Union's demise, 1767 01:29:01,933 --> 01:29:04,266 Moynihan drew on his earlier work 1768 01:29:04,266 --> 01:29:06,966 to predict the new and vastly different world 1769 01:29:06,966 --> 01:29:09,966 fracturing along ethnic lines. 1770 01:29:09,966 --> 01:29:12,133 -What he saw with the book "Pandaemonium" 1771 01:29:12,133 --> 01:29:13,833 was the Cold War is over, 1772 01:29:13,833 --> 01:29:18,200 and the power balance between the West and the Soviet Union 1773 01:29:18,200 --> 01:29:19,533 had disappeared. 1774 01:29:19,533 --> 01:29:21,333 [ Crowd cheering ] 1775 01:29:21,333 --> 01:29:24,166 What you were gonna get as a consequence 1776 01:29:24,166 --> 01:29:26,766 is people tend to organize themselves 1777 01:29:26,766 --> 01:29:29,300 not as a part of the West or the East, 1778 01:29:29,300 --> 01:29:31,233 but more oriented toward either a tribe 1779 01:29:31,233 --> 01:29:33,433 or an ethnic group or a nation-state. 1780 01:29:34,866 --> 01:29:37,733 -The great source of violence in our age 1781 01:29:37,733 --> 01:29:43,133 is conflict over religion, nationalism, language. 1782 01:29:44,000 --> 01:29:48,600 Wars that seem more to be associated with the Middle Ages 1783 01:29:48,600 --> 01:29:52,766 than with the industrial period are upon us again. 1784 01:29:52,766 --> 01:29:55,000 [ Mid-tempo music plays ] 1785 01:29:56,966 --> 01:29:59,733 -Senator Moynihan was viewed in the Senate 1786 01:29:59,733 --> 01:30:02,100 with enormous respect, 1787 01:30:02,100 --> 01:30:07,533 sometimes incomprehension, and sometimes a little fear. 1788 01:30:07,533 --> 01:30:09,233 And the fear, of course, 1789 01:30:09,233 --> 01:30:12,833 came from not wanting to go up against him in debate 1790 01:30:12,833 --> 01:30:15,633 because he'd find something that you hadn't thought of 1791 01:30:15,633 --> 01:30:18,066 and you'd be in trouble. 1792 01:30:19,333 --> 01:30:21,600 -He was philosophically, obviously, very progressive. 1793 01:30:21,600 --> 01:30:23,966 You know, he was from up there in New York, 1794 01:30:23,966 --> 01:30:28,000 and sometime his intellect was further, you know, expanded 1795 01:30:28,000 --> 01:30:31,233 by a little sip of scotch, perhaps. 1796 01:30:31,233 --> 01:30:34,933 But I really admired Pat Moynihan, 1797 01:30:34,933 --> 01:30:38,533 with his brilliant intellect and his somewhat sharp tongue. 1798 01:30:38,533 --> 01:30:42,166 He was interested in the art of the possible. 1799 01:30:42,166 --> 01:30:45,100 -He was not an ideologue. 1800 01:30:45,100 --> 01:30:47,766 He was an ideas person but not an ideologue. 1801 01:30:47,766 --> 01:30:51,733 So he had great friends on the Republican side. 1802 01:30:51,733 --> 01:30:53,800 -I remember one of the things he came to talk to me about 1803 01:30:53,800 --> 01:30:55,700 more than once on the floor of the Senate 1804 01:30:55,700 --> 01:30:58,700 was the idea of having more transparency with the government 1805 01:30:58,700 --> 01:31:00,766 and that more of the records of the government 1806 01:31:00,766 --> 01:31:03,166 should be declassified. 1807 01:31:03,166 --> 01:31:05,000 And I never quite figured out 1808 01:31:05,000 --> 01:31:07,566 why I agreed with him as much as I did. 1809 01:31:07,566 --> 01:31:09,866 -Secrecy is a form of power 1810 01:31:09,866 --> 01:31:12,066 which can be used inside government. 1811 01:31:12,066 --> 01:31:15,600 -Moynihan viewed secrecy as almost a cancer 1812 01:31:15,600 --> 01:31:16,933 in the U.S. government 1813 01:31:16,933 --> 01:31:22,166 because it had become so absurd how we classify so much. 1814 01:31:22,166 --> 01:31:26,366 -Senator Moynihan believed there are things worthy of secrecy. 1815 01:31:26,366 --> 01:31:27,800 But he would argue 1816 01:31:27,800 --> 01:31:31,733 that the more secrecy you have around anything, 1817 01:31:31,733 --> 01:31:36,366 ultimately the less you will end up knowing about it. 1818 01:31:37,600 --> 01:31:42,366 -It's a romantic delusion that there's a secret. 1819 01:31:42,366 --> 01:31:43,700 There are none. 1820 01:31:43,700 --> 01:31:47,200 Save when things are kept secret, they tend to be wrong. 1821 01:31:47,200 --> 01:31:50,900 Keep that up and you will miss huge events 1822 01:31:50,900 --> 01:31:56,266 and occupy yourself with marginal and unimportant events. 1823 01:31:56,266 --> 01:31:59,066 -You know, in many ways, the 9/11 Commission report 1824 01:31:59,066 --> 01:32:03,433 is an outgrowth of what Moynihan was saying about this -- 1825 01:32:03,433 --> 01:32:06,600 the CIA, with these massive silos of secrets 1826 01:32:06,600 --> 01:32:09,100 that they couldn't distinguish the value of. 1827 01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:11,066 The FBI had massive silos, 1828 01:32:11,066 --> 01:32:14,266 and they couldn't distinguish what has value, what doesn't. 1829 01:32:15,500 --> 01:32:17,833 -One of my colleagues on the Republican side said, 1830 01:32:17,833 --> 01:32:21,400 "You know, you couldn't have a Senate of 100 Moynihans, 1831 01:32:21,400 --> 01:32:24,133 but you sure need a Senate with one or two." 1832 01:32:24,133 --> 01:32:25,800 [ Indistinct conversations ] 1833 01:32:25,800 --> 01:32:27,866 -I'll just share one little vignette that I think 1834 01:32:27,866 --> 01:32:30,000 is very characteristic of Senator Moynihan. 1835 01:32:30,000 --> 01:32:32,233 There was a bankruptcy bill on the floor. 1836 01:32:32,233 --> 01:32:33,800 I can't remember what year it was. 1837 01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:35,733 It was written by the credit-card industry 1838 01:32:35,733 --> 01:32:38,866 to make it harder for people to discharge debts. 1839 01:32:38,866 --> 01:32:41,266 So Senator Moynihan offered an amendment 1840 01:32:41,266 --> 01:32:44,333 that said for people with below median income, 1841 01:32:44,333 --> 01:32:46,933 the status quo would prevail. 1842 01:32:46,933 --> 01:32:49,766 Senator Grassley from Iowa went down to the floor 1843 01:32:49,766 --> 01:32:52,466 and attacked Senator Moynihan's amendment. 1844 01:32:52,466 --> 01:32:55,300 -This amendment says that people can purchase 1845 01:32:55,300 --> 01:32:59,533 over $1,000 in luxury goods, like Gucci loafers 1846 01:32:59,533 --> 01:33:03,033 and get over $1,000 in cash advances 1847 01:33:03,033 --> 01:33:06,700 just minutes before declaring bankruptcy. 1848 01:33:06,700 --> 01:33:08,700 -He kept referring to "those people." 1849 01:33:08,700 --> 01:33:11,533 And he said, "Those people go out and buy Gucci loafers 1850 01:33:11,533 --> 01:33:13,733 knowing that they're not gonna pay for them." 1851 01:33:13,733 --> 01:33:15,633 And Senator Moynihan jumped up, 1852 01:33:15,633 --> 01:33:17,466 and he said, "Parliamentary inquiry." 1853 01:33:17,466 --> 01:33:20,466 -...delay the amendment on the -- 1854 01:33:20,466 --> 01:33:22,333 -Senator will state his parliamentary inquiry. 1855 01:33:22,333 --> 01:33:24,966 -Mr. President, would it be in order for me 1856 01:33:24,966 --> 01:33:27,300 to offer a second-degree amendment 1857 01:33:27,300 --> 01:33:30,966 which excluded from the provisions of this amendment 1858 01:33:30,966 --> 01:33:33,300 any purchase of Gucci loafers? 1859 01:33:33,300 --> 01:33:34,800 [ Laughter ] 1860 01:33:34,800 --> 01:33:38,333 -And you can hear on the tape the Senate parliamentarian 1861 01:33:38,333 --> 01:33:40,966 whispering to Senator Hutchinson. 1862 01:33:40,966 --> 01:33:42,233 -It would be in order. 1863 01:33:42,233 --> 01:33:44,133 -I so move, sir. 1864 01:33:44,133 --> 01:33:46,433 -Would the senator send the amendment to the desk? 1865 01:33:46,433 --> 01:33:47,866 -And at that point, 1866 01:33:47,866 --> 01:33:50,200 Senator Moynihan just sort of waved him off in disgust... 1867 01:33:50,200 --> 01:33:52,300 -Mr. President, I've made my point. 1868 01:33:52,300 --> 01:33:53,566 I withdraw my request. 1869 01:33:53,566 --> 01:33:56,433 -...and then launched into one of the most eloquent, 1870 01:33:56,433 --> 01:33:59,300 extemporaneous, and poignant speeches 1871 01:33:59,300 --> 01:34:01,566 about not picking on poor people. 1872 01:34:01,566 --> 01:34:04,566 [ Down-tempo music plays ] 1873 01:34:04,566 --> 01:34:07,733 -Some 30 years after what he saw as a crisis 1874 01:34:07,733 --> 01:34:09,766 in the impoverished Black family, 1875 01:34:09,766 --> 01:34:14,166 the number of single parents in America had only expanded. 1876 01:34:14,166 --> 01:34:18,100 -An earthquake rumbled through the American family 1877 01:34:18,100 --> 01:34:19,266 in the last 30 years. 1878 01:34:19,266 --> 01:34:21,866 It began in some portions of our society, 1879 01:34:21,866 --> 01:34:25,500 but it ended affecting all of them. 1880 01:34:25,500 --> 01:34:28,733 -Despite years of failed or stalled efforts, 1881 01:34:28,733 --> 01:34:31,000 Moynihan remained firmly convinced 1882 01:34:31,000 --> 01:34:32,966 that it was still the government's role 1883 01:34:32,966 --> 01:34:36,800 to lift these poor families from poverty. 1884 01:34:36,800 --> 01:34:39,033 But government, Republicans claimed, 1885 01:34:39,033 --> 01:34:41,800 had in fact been the prime cause of poverty 1886 01:34:41,800 --> 01:34:45,200 and the exploding number of single-parent families. 1887 01:34:45,200 --> 01:34:46,600 [ Crowd cheering ] 1888 01:34:46,600 --> 01:34:51,700 In 1994, Republicans swept into both houses of Congress, 1889 01:34:51,700 --> 01:34:55,133 promising to overturn decades of liberal social policy. 1890 01:34:55,133 --> 01:34:57,400 -Let's talk about what the welfare state has created. 1891 01:34:57,400 --> 01:34:59,133 Let's talk about the moral decay. 1892 01:34:59,133 --> 01:35:01,633 What's gone wrong is a welfare system 1893 01:35:01,633 --> 01:35:03,733 which subsidized people for doing nothing. 1894 01:35:03,733 --> 01:35:07,466 -Through 11 presidents and 31 Congresses, 1895 01:35:07,466 --> 01:35:10,266 we have sought to aid children in poverty. 1896 01:35:10,266 --> 01:35:13,833 We have not always succeeded. 1897 01:35:13,833 --> 01:35:19,000 But never, until now, have we undertaken to do harm. 1898 01:35:19,000 --> 01:35:22,166 I think a lot of what he did in the earlier years, 1899 01:35:22,166 --> 01:35:24,166 with the Family Assistance Plan, for example, 1900 01:35:24,166 --> 01:35:26,433 was really playing offense. 1901 01:35:27,866 --> 01:35:33,266 But what happened now was he was really playing defense. 1902 01:35:34,666 --> 01:35:38,600 -The history of AFDC showed that there were plenty of people 1903 01:35:38,600 --> 01:35:43,033 willing to accept welfare and not work very much if at all. 1904 01:35:43,033 --> 01:35:45,333 And so that's what we wanted to change, 1905 01:35:45,333 --> 01:35:48,433 and the only way to change it -- You needed something forceful. 1906 01:35:48,433 --> 01:35:50,666 -The bill ends the federal guarantee of cash assistance 1907 01:35:50,666 --> 01:35:53,500 to the poor and largely turns welfare over to the states 1908 01:35:53,500 --> 01:35:56,066 while cutting the growth of federal welfare spending 1909 01:35:56,066 --> 01:35:57,900 $55 billion over six years. 1910 01:35:57,900 --> 01:36:01,833 -Moynihan thought if the economy failed to cooperate, 1911 01:36:01,833 --> 01:36:04,666 we were going to essentially pull the safety net 1912 01:36:04,666 --> 01:36:07,500 out from under the feet of poor women and children 1913 01:36:07,500 --> 01:36:08,666 and make them destitute, 1914 01:36:08,666 --> 01:36:10,366 and there was nowhere for them to go. 1915 01:36:10,366 --> 01:36:11,700 -Good evening. 1916 01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:14,433 Welfare as we know it is now history. 1917 01:36:14,433 --> 01:36:16,800 President Clinton today signed the legislation 1918 01:36:16,800 --> 01:36:19,700 that ends a government commitment made 61 years ago 1919 01:36:19,700 --> 01:36:22,066 of federal aid to the nation's poorest. 1920 01:36:22,066 --> 01:36:24,266 "An historic opportunity for improvement..." 1921 01:36:24,266 --> 01:36:25,933 -If in ten years' time, 1922 01:36:25,933 --> 01:36:29,400 you find children sleeping on grates, 1923 01:36:29,400 --> 01:36:33,066 picked up in the morning frozen, 1924 01:36:33,066 --> 01:36:35,433 will anybody remember that there was a time 1925 01:36:35,433 --> 01:36:39,600 when the federal government said it had a responsibility... 1926 01:36:39,600 --> 01:36:41,333 for these matters? 1927 01:36:41,333 --> 01:36:44,666 -I was heavily influenced by my friend Pat Moynihan, 1928 01:36:44,666 --> 01:36:48,233 who said that this would have worse consequences 1929 01:36:48,233 --> 01:36:49,500 than, in fact, it had. 1930 01:36:49,500 --> 01:36:52,800 He was wrong, and I was derivatively wrong. 1931 01:36:52,800 --> 01:36:54,833 -The White House announced today 1932 01:36:54,833 --> 01:36:56,800 that federal efforts to reform welfare 1933 01:36:56,800 --> 01:36:58,766 have worked even better than expected. 1934 01:36:58,766 --> 01:37:02,166 -Fourteen million Americans were on welfare in 1993. 1935 01:37:02,166 --> 01:37:04,000 That number has been reduced by more than half... 1936 01:37:04,000 --> 01:37:06,333 -It did send many into the workforce. 1937 01:37:06,333 --> 01:37:10,166 It did reduce welfare caseloads. 1938 01:37:10,166 --> 01:37:14,366 It turned out that when the lifetime entitlement to welfare 1939 01:37:14,366 --> 01:37:17,900 was repealed, people adapted. 1940 01:37:19,333 --> 01:37:21,500 They were more adaptable than Pat thought. 1941 01:37:21,500 --> 01:37:22,900 -...NBC's Gwen Ifill reports, 1942 01:37:22,900 --> 01:37:26,066 not all of the predictions of disaster have come true. 1943 01:37:26,066 --> 01:37:29,500 -If you look at the decline in the rolls, 1944 01:37:29,500 --> 01:37:32,766 the decline should start in 1997, right, 1945 01:37:32,766 --> 01:37:35,800 when welfare reform is implemented across the states. 1946 01:37:35,800 --> 01:37:37,333 But it doesn't. 1947 01:37:37,333 --> 01:37:39,700 It starts in 1994. 1948 01:37:41,066 --> 01:37:43,933 -That was when a 20-year-old poverty program 1949 01:37:43,933 --> 01:37:46,300 called the earned-income tax credit 1950 01:37:46,300 --> 01:37:49,666 was dramatically expanded by President Clinton. 1951 01:37:49,666 --> 01:37:52,900 The program, targeted to poor working families, 1952 01:37:52,900 --> 01:37:56,266 had been modeled on Moynihan's more expansive 1953 01:37:56,266 --> 01:37:58,400 Family Assistance Plan. 1954 01:37:58,400 --> 01:38:00,400 [ Down-tempo music plays ] 1955 01:38:00,400 --> 01:38:02,933 -The greatest legacy of Pat Moynihan -- 1956 01:38:02,933 --> 01:38:04,266 or one of the greatest -- 1957 01:38:04,266 --> 01:38:08,433 is that the program that he pioneered in the '70s, 1958 01:38:08,433 --> 01:38:13,533 in the early '70s, is pretty much now there. 1959 01:38:13,533 --> 01:38:16,600 -The basic idea was in the Family Assistance Plan, 1960 01:38:16,600 --> 01:38:19,633 even if your wages are too low to support your children, 1961 01:38:19,633 --> 01:38:23,100 we have made work manageable by providing an EITC. 1962 01:38:24,000 --> 01:38:26,866 -You can actually afford to go to work. 1963 01:38:26,866 --> 01:38:31,900 We changed the rules, and people behaved like rational actors. 1964 01:38:31,900 --> 01:38:36,166 And the EITC became this major engine 1965 01:38:36,166 --> 01:38:39,200 that lifts people out of poverty. 1966 01:38:39,200 --> 01:38:40,700 [ Music continues ] 1967 01:38:40,700 --> 01:38:42,366 -The fundamental thing is 1968 01:38:42,366 --> 01:38:44,866 you will never solve the problem of poverty 1969 01:38:44,866 --> 01:38:48,166 through the wage and employment system alone. 1970 01:38:48,166 --> 01:38:51,433 A great many people work full time, 1971 01:38:51,433 --> 01:38:53,100 try to maintain their families, 1972 01:38:53,100 --> 01:38:54,900 maintain an independent situation in life, 1973 01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:57,666 and just don't do it 'cause they don't make enough money. 1974 01:38:57,666 --> 01:39:00,466 And therefore, you must supplement their wages. 1975 01:39:00,466 --> 01:39:03,666 For those who have managed to find full-time, 1976 01:39:03,666 --> 01:39:05,366 full-year work, 1977 01:39:05,366 --> 01:39:07,866 things have probably never been better, 1978 01:39:07,866 --> 01:39:10,933 at least in modern history. 1979 01:39:10,933 --> 01:39:14,233 -But what do you do with people who can't work? 1980 01:39:14,233 --> 01:39:16,233 We are seeing the deep poor, 1981 01:39:16,233 --> 01:39:18,700 for whom there is no longer a safety net. 1982 01:39:20,333 --> 01:39:22,066 -I have to admit 1983 01:39:22,066 --> 01:39:25,133 that the problem that he was the most concerned about, 1984 01:39:25,133 --> 01:39:28,333 namely that at the bottom there still is a large 1985 01:39:28,333 --> 01:39:32,166 and apparently growing group of moms who are in deep poverty 1986 01:39:32,166 --> 01:39:35,666 and, really -- as ridiculous as it is to say this -- 1987 01:39:35,666 --> 01:39:38,100 nobody is doing much about it. 1988 01:39:39,233 --> 01:39:40,900 Boy, if Moynihan were alive, 1989 01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:43,500 he'd have 50 hearings next Tuesday morning 1990 01:39:43,500 --> 01:39:47,000 on what are we gonna do to help these moms. 1991 01:39:48,833 --> 01:39:51,033 -When people talk to me about you, 1992 01:39:51,033 --> 01:39:53,733 I always refer them to The Almanac of American Politics, 1993 01:39:53,733 --> 01:39:57,166 which says, "He's the nation's best thinker among politicians 1994 01:39:57,166 --> 01:39:58,566 since Lincoln 1995 01:39:58,566 --> 01:40:02,833 and the best politician among thinkers since Jefferson." 1996 01:40:02,833 --> 01:40:04,233 How's that sound? 1997 01:40:04,233 --> 01:40:06,900 -That sounds overstated. -[ Laughs ] 1998 01:40:06,900 --> 01:40:11,433 -But it's a fine note on which to say it's time to go. 1999 01:40:12,833 --> 01:40:15,200 -Moynihan retired in 2001 2000 01:40:15,200 --> 01:40:17,033 and was succeeded by Hillary Clinton, 2001 01:40:17,033 --> 01:40:18,333 who announced his death today. 2002 01:40:18,333 --> 01:40:20,433 -A small funeral procession carried the senator 2003 01:40:20,433 --> 01:40:24,133 to his final resting place, Arlington National Cemetery, 2004 01:40:24,133 --> 01:40:26,700 overlooking the city he loved. 2005 01:40:26,700 --> 01:40:29,233 [ Down-tempo music plays ] 2006 01:40:32,066 --> 01:40:35,800 -You know, the Moynihan Report was the last point 2007 01:40:35,800 --> 01:40:39,766 where you had a federal official making an argument -- 2008 01:40:39,766 --> 01:40:43,033 an implicit argument -- for a massive investment 2009 01:40:43,033 --> 01:40:46,533 in African-American communities, massive benevolent investment 2010 01:40:46,533 --> 01:40:50,400 and tying that case for investment to history. 2011 01:40:52,800 --> 01:40:56,366 That is something that just really wouldn't happen today. 2012 01:40:56,366 --> 01:40:58,566 [ Music continues ] 2013 01:41:00,533 --> 01:41:04,500 -Pat always had a gray document case on the floor. 2014 01:41:04,500 --> 01:41:08,733 As he'd read papers, reports, things, 2015 01:41:08,733 --> 01:41:13,600 he'd drop notes to himself into that box. 2016 01:41:13,600 --> 01:41:15,200 And when he died 2017 01:41:15,200 --> 01:41:20,466 and I went through the last box that he'd been collecting -- 2018 01:41:20,466 --> 01:41:23,933 because that's what he's going to be working on -- 2019 01:41:23,933 --> 01:41:28,633 it was all about poverty, family poverty. 2020 01:41:29,633 --> 01:41:31,833 [ Music continues ] 2021 01:41:33,433 --> 01:41:37,266 -It is the finest work an American can have. 2022 01:41:37,266 --> 01:41:39,133 And it's not easy. 2023 01:41:39,133 --> 01:41:41,300 As President Kennedy would say, 2024 01:41:41,300 --> 01:41:44,833 "Democracy is a difficult kind of government. 2025 01:41:44,833 --> 01:41:49,200 It demands all sorts of qualities of steadfastness, 2026 01:41:49,200 --> 01:41:52,600 purpose, and integrity." 2027 01:41:52,600 --> 01:41:58,600 And then he said, "And it also requires knowledge." 2028 01:41:58,600 --> 01:42:02,966 I wish that was a little more clear -- 2029 01:42:02,966 --> 01:42:06,933 that there has to be an elemental knowledge 2030 01:42:06,933 --> 01:42:10,933 of how our system works, what is involved, and you never are -- 2031 01:42:10,933 --> 01:42:13,900 You're always behind that curve. 2032 01:42:13,900 --> 01:42:17,033 But if you just don't let it get lost altogether, 2033 01:42:17,033 --> 01:42:20,500 you can do well enough, 2034 01:42:20,500 --> 01:42:22,333 and that, I think, is about what, 2035 01:42:22,333 --> 01:42:24,400 at the end of a fairly honorable day, 2036 01:42:24,400 --> 01:42:30,066 most of us would be content to have judged about us. 2037 01:42:32,100 --> 01:42:37,966 -I'm not sure you can show anybody how to tie a bow tie. 2038 01:42:37,966 --> 01:42:40,200 But youcantell them. 2039 01:42:41,666 --> 01:42:43,866 You start at the beginning. 2040 01:42:46,866 --> 01:42:48,500 Guess what you want to do first 2041 01:42:48,500 --> 01:42:50,700 is you want to -- 2042 01:42:51,700 --> 01:42:55,400 Got to button that top button. 2043 01:42:55,400 --> 01:42:58,333 Then you got to sort of locate your bow tie, 2044 01:42:58,333 --> 01:43:00,700 and you put it on like that. 2045 01:43:00,700 --> 01:43:02,133 Then you put down your collar. 2046 01:43:02,133 --> 01:43:02,966 Right? 2047 01:43:02,966 --> 01:43:04,966 Don't think 2048 01:43:04,966 --> 01:43:07,200 when you tie a bow tie. 2049 01:43:07,200 --> 01:43:11,033 Just do it the way your mother 2050 01:43:11,033 --> 01:43:14,000 taught you to tie your shoelaces 2051 01:43:14,000 --> 01:43:17,433 when you were 14 months old. 2052 01:43:17,433 --> 01:43:21,433 Mind, if you've never seen shoelaces, 2053 01:43:21,433 --> 01:43:24,533 you probably will never tie a bow tie.