1 00:00:15,684 --> 00:00:17,850 (gasping) 2 00:00:17,850 --> 00:00:19,933 (mooing) 3 00:00:20,812 --> 00:00:22,413 (mooing) 4 00:00:22,413 --> 00:00:25,009 (grunting) 5 00:00:25,009 --> 00:00:27,259 (shouting) 6 00:00:29,809 --> 00:00:32,948 (screeching) 7 00:00:32,948 --> 00:00:35,368 (mooing) 8 00:00:35,368 --> 00:00:37,639 (shouting) 9 00:00:37,639 --> 00:00:40,214 (grunting) 10 00:00:40,214 --> 00:00:41,297 (screeching) 11 00:00:41,297 --> 00:00:43,454 (splashing) 12 00:00:43,454 --> 00:00:44,844 (paddling) 13 00:00:44,844 --> 00:00:47,094 (grunting) 14 00:00:54,814 --> 00:00:56,869 - [Narrator] The very earliest pictures of ships 15 00:00:56,869 --> 00:01:00,286 go back thousands and thousands of years. 16 00:01:01,526 --> 00:01:04,001 In Egypt, the oldest examples of sailing craft 17 00:01:04,001 --> 00:01:08,000 go back 3500 years before the Common Era, 18 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:10,333 and that was in Mesopotamia. 19 00:01:21,012 --> 00:01:22,848 - Yes, I've got it. 20 00:01:22,848 --> 00:01:24,873 Go and cut a few slices, go on. 21 00:01:24,873 --> 00:01:25,881 From the log. 22 00:01:25,881 --> 00:01:27,634 - You want me to slice up a log? 23 00:01:27,634 --> 00:01:28,467 Why? 24 00:01:28,467 --> 00:01:29,967 - Just slice them. 25 00:01:30,976 --> 00:01:31,869 (grunts) 26 00:01:31,869 --> 00:01:34,536 Yes. (chuckles) 27 00:01:40,179 --> 00:01:42,548 (rolling) 28 00:01:42,548 --> 00:01:44,949 - We can only imagine that's how it was. 29 00:01:44,949 --> 00:01:46,949 We can't be sure about mankind's history 30 00:01:46,949 --> 00:01:49,494 until written language was created. 31 00:01:49,494 --> 00:01:51,472 And then it's right here at about the same time that 32 00:01:51,472 --> 00:01:52,905 writing came into being. 33 00:01:52,905 --> 00:01:56,922 So, from now on, we have our use of the wheel, 34 00:01:56,922 --> 00:01:59,089 and the sail, and writing. 35 00:02:00,374 --> 00:02:02,902 Well, children, ready to explore a little? 36 00:02:02,902 --> 00:02:04,248 Adventure is calling! 37 00:02:04,248 --> 00:02:07,113 - But Maestro, why do people need adventures, 38 00:02:07,113 --> 00:02:08,563 all this exploring? 39 00:02:08,563 --> 00:02:10,380 What if they settle down, stay home? 40 00:02:10,380 --> 00:02:12,823 - Quite a dull world if there weren't any new inventions, 41 00:02:12,823 --> 00:02:15,154 new discoveries, it's lucky for us that man's been 42 00:02:15,154 --> 00:02:16,453 curious from his beginning. 43 00:02:16,453 --> 00:02:19,973 Where would we be today riveted by desire to explore, 44 00:02:19,973 --> 00:02:22,576 to know about things, and discover the world? 45 00:02:22,576 --> 00:02:24,405 Now, back to our story. 46 00:02:24,405 --> 00:02:27,639 An empire is found in Egypt on the banks of the Nile. 47 00:02:27,639 --> 00:02:29,799 On the island of Crete, at the heart of Europe, 48 00:02:29,799 --> 00:02:31,771 a great civilization is developing also, 49 00:02:31,771 --> 00:02:34,352 with its sailing ships it rules the seas. 50 00:02:34,352 --> 00:02:35,185 - Aha! 51 00:02:35,185 --> 00:02:37,328 There's a Fornesian ship. 52 00:02:37,328 --> 00:02:38,911 Prepare for combat! 53 00:02:40,499 --> 00:02:41,332 - Aha! 54 00:02:41,332 --> 00:02:44,999 That's a Mycenaean ship, prepare for combat! 55 00:02:46,250 --> 00:02:47,167 - Make way! 56 00:02:48,531 --> 00:02:51,818 - [Fornesian] You make way! The seas belong to us! 57 00:02:51,818 --> 00:02:54,212 - Sail your boat right back to Crete! 58 00:02:54,212 --> 00:02:56,500 The seas belong to us, Mycenaeans. 59 00:02:56,500 --> 00:02:57,781 - We're the king of the oceans! 60 00:02:57,781 --> 00:02:59,123 The seas are Fornesian. 61 00:02:59,123 --> 00:03:00,129 Sail on! 62 00:03:00,129 --> 00:03:01,893 (crashing) 63 00:03:01,893 --> 00:03:04,140 (men yelling) 64 00:03:04,140 --> 00:03:05,245 - Why didn't you stop? 65 00:03:05,245 --> 00:03:06,703 - The seas are ours! 66 00:03:06,703 --> 00:03:08,313 - Now you can drink it up. 67 00:03:08,313 --> 00:03:09,293 - [Narrator] Ah, yes, it's true. 68 00:03:09,293 --> 00:03:12,150 Two maritime powers rivaled Crete for mastery of the seas, 69 00:03:12,150 --> 00:03:14,421 the Fornesians in what is now Lebanon, 70 00:03:14,421 --> 00:03:17,170 and the Mycenaeans in Greece. 71 00:03:17,170 --> 00:03:19,950 This rivalry was to go on for centuries, 72 00:03:19,950 --> 00:03:22,788 until one day, a certain thing happened. 73 00:03:22,788 --> 00:03:25,475 What happened was really terrible, children. 74 00:03:25,475 --> 00:03:27,259 It took place on Thera, 75 00:03:27,259 --> 00:03:29,592 one of the islands of Crete. 76 00:03:32,041 --> 00:03:34,462 - I had a cargo of white for theater. 77 00:03:34,462 --> 00:03:35,941 You can afford it. 78 00:03:35,941 --> 00:03:37,894 (man chuckles) 79 00:03:37,894 --> 00:03:40,144 (chuckles) 80 00:03:43,075 --> 00:03:45,179 It's a very good vintage! 81 00:03:45,179 --> 00:03:47,272 - Well, one way to find out! 82 00:03:47,272 --> 00:03:48,105 Cheers! 83 00:03:49,844 --> 00:03:52,024 Mmmm! (slobbering) 84 00:03:52,024 --> 00:03:55,078 - Just to be sure, I will have one more sip! 85 00:03:55,078 --> 00:03:55,911 Mmmm! 86 00:03:57,304 --> 00:03:58,936 Couldn't quite tell! 87 00:03:58,936 --> 00:03:59,769 Mmmm! 88 00:04:03,213 --> 00:04:05,211 - Mmmm! (chuckles) 89 00:04:05,211 --> 00:04:07,561 (both gulping) 90 00:04:07,561 --> 00:04:09,000 (rumbling) 91 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:10,641 - Anyways, good and strong! 92 00:04:10,641 --> 00:04:11,682 - You're right! 93 00:04:11,682 --> 00:04:15,265 It makes you feel (slurs). 94 00:04:16,304 --> 00:04:18,681 (shrieking) 95 00:04:18,681 --> 00:04:20,931 (rumbling) 96 00:04:23,307 --> 00:04:26,557 (rumbling intensifies) 97 00:04:31,973 --> 00:04:33,879 (rumbling intensifies) (blasting) 98 00:04:33,879 --> 00:04:35,199 - [Narrator] The volcano exploded, 99 00:04:35,199 --> 00:04:36,861 destroying the whole island. 100 00:04:36,861 --> 00:04:38,031 Tons of ash, spread over 101 00:04:38,031 --> 00:04:40,157 thousands of miles in a wide circle. 102 00:04:40,157 --> 00:04:43,873 This was the end of the great Minoan Civilization of Crete. 103 00:04:43,873 --> 00:04:45,576 The Greeks and Venetians were to 104 00:04:45,576 --> 00:04:47,987 dominate the Mediterranean Sea. 105 00:04:47,987 --> 00:04:50,599 They tell the story of a certain Greek named Ulysses, 106 00:04:50,599 --> 00:04:52,598 who went on a voyage of 10 years, 107 00:04:52,598 --> 00:04:56,132 met all kinds of strange creatures during his adventures. 108 00:04:56,132 --> 00:04:58,253 A famous historian, Herotodus, 109 00:04:58,253 --> 00:05:00,729 says six centuries before our era, 110 00:05:00,729 --> 00:05:03,409 the Pharaoh of Egypt, Necho the 2nd 111 00:05:03,409 --> 00:05:06,944 summoned a certain Venetian captain. 112 00:05:06,944 --> 00:05:09,440 - I'm informed you're a courageous and skillful sailor. 113 00:05:09,440 --> 00:05:11,571 Would you be willing to sail down the Red Sea 114 00:05:11,571 --> 00:05:14,467 and go completely around the African continent, 115 00:05:14,467 --> 00:05:16,802 and then return to the Mediterranean? 116 00:05:16,802 --> 00:05:17,635 Well? 117 00:05:17,635 --> 00:05:19,077 - Yes, sire, on one condition. 118 00:05:19,077 --> 00:05:22,159 The reward be equal to the mission and the danger. 119 00:05:22,159 --> 00:05:24,880 - To make the trip of 25,000 kilometers of unexplored route 120 00:05:24,880 --> 00:05:27,008 with their technology, do you realize, children, 121 00:05:27,008 --> 00:05:28,933 they knew almost nothing about that, 122 00:05:28,933 --> 00:05:31,339 and the voyage lasted three years, we were told. 123 00:05:31,339 --> 00:05:34,637 A century later, it was the unbelievable voyage of Hanno, 124 00:05:34,637 --> 00:05:37,387 a Venetian leaving from Carthage. 125 00:05:42,004 --> 00:05:44,898 Why, it's Hanno and Himilco, my two captains! 126 00:05:44,898 --> 00:05:47,731 And look at my ship, it's a wreck. 127 00:05:49,196 --> 00:05:51,580 What in the world happened to you two? 128 00:05:51,580 --> 00:05:54,437 - It's those Mycenaeans, and their better on than we are. 129 00:05:54,437 --> 00:05:56,494 Yes, we're just lucky we made it! 130 00:05:56,494 --> 00:06:00,661 - Well, come on, you had better put some proper clothes on. 131 00:06:02,465 --> 00:06:04,998 (speaking foreign language) 132 00:06:04,998 --> 00:06:07,108 (overlapping chatter) 133 00:06:07,108 --> 00:06:10,346 Give me your finest fabrics for my two unfortunate captains. 134 00:06:10,346 --> 00:06:13,013 (all chuckling) 135 00:06:13,943 --> 00:06:16,917 (mumbling) 136 00:06:16,917 --> 00:06:17,750 (sniffing) 137 00:06:17,750 --> 00:06:18,583 (grunting) 138 00:06:18,583 --> 00:06:22,583 - It's a large size, I'm not sure it's in stock. 139 00:06:24,006 --> 00:06:24,903 (coins jingling) 140 00:06:24,903 --> 00:06:26,552 - She's direct from Crete. 141 00:06:26,552 --> 00:06:29,338 None better for high quality working! 142 00:06:29,338 --> 00:06:30,171 - Oh. 143 00:06:32,894 --> 00:06:34,341 (sloshing) 144 00:06:34,341 --> 00:06:37,316 (dripping) 145 00:06:37,316 --> 00:06:41,696 - Cotton genuine Egyptian, please inspect my superb coats. 146 00:06:41,696 --> 00:06:44,135 (both grunting) 147 00:06:44,135 --> 00:06:46,635 - Come on, put some copper in. 148 00:06:47,561 --> 00:06:49,144 That's it, now tin! 149 00:06:53,213 --> 00:06:54,046 No! 150 00:06:54,046 --> 00:06:54,879 - Whoa! 151 00:06:54,879 --> 00:06:56,258 - For pots you put in plenty of copper, 152 00:06:56,258 --> 00:06:57,699 but not too much tin! 153 00:06:57,699 --> 00:06:59,949 (clanging) 154 00:07:02,547 --> 00:07:03,741 - You're both presentable now, 155 00:07:03,741 --> 00:07:07,574 so I suppose you can sit down and have a chat. 156 00:07:08,544 --> 00:07:10,377 Three goblets of mead! 157 00:07:13,783 --> 00:07:15,450 - Hey, look at that! 158 00:07:18,744 --> 00:07:19,808 (slurping) 159 00:07:19,808 --> 00:07:20,966 - Now, friends, listen. 160 00:07:20,966 --> 00:07:23,784 I have heard about big rivers in certain regions of Africa 161 00:07:23,784 --> 00:07:25,939 where the rivers are so full of gold, 162 00:07:25,939 --> 00:07:28,813 that if you discover one or two of them a fortune is made. 163 00:07:28,813 --> 00:07:31,555 - Sail our ships past the Pillars of Hercules? 164 00:07:31,555 --> 00:07:35,023 - Today our name for the place is the Straits of Gibraltar. 165 00:07:35,023 --> 00:07:35,929 - There's nothing to it, 166 00:07:35,929 --> 00:07:38,941 a passage running between Gibraltar and Africa. 167 00:07:38,941 --> 00:07:40,828 - It's dangerous! 168 00:07:40,828 --> 00:07:43,498 - (Scoffs) But, see, a hundred dangers might come up! 169 00:07:43,498 --> 00:07:45,878 - These Cartageneans, there's no stopping them! 170 00:07:45,878 --> 00:07:47,039 - They get rich! 171 00:07:47,039 --> 00:07:48,592 - We'll stop 'em. 172 00:07:48,592 --> 00:07:51,038 - Maybe we can be rich if we go with them! 173 00:07:51,038 --> 00:07:52,406 - Anybody sailing beyond the 174 00:07:52,406 --> 00:07:54,260 Pillars of Hercules is crazy, crazy! 175 00:07:54,260 --> 00:07:55,340 It's the end of the world. 176 00:07:55,340 --> 00:07:56,778 - Why, have you done it? 177 00:07:56,778 --> 00:07:58,454 - Even Poseidon, the lord of the sea 178 00:07:58,454 --> 00:07:59,826 wouldn't attempt that, he'd give up! 179 00:07:59,826 --> 00:08:02,550 Nope, the world ends, and the sea spills into a deep pit. 180 00:08:02,550 --> 00:08:04,310 There are sea serpents! 181 00:08:04,310 --> 00:08:05,673 Nobody would go. 182 00:08:05,673 --> 00:08:07,032 - The (stammers) many-headed hydra! 183 00:08:07,032 --> 00:08:09,152 A man would be (stammers) crazy to fight with one! 184 00:08:09,152 --> 00:08:13,348 (sputtering) You'd have to be as strong as Hercules! 185 00:08:13,348 --> 00:08:15,939 - Whoa, thinking about it, all my blood runs cold. 186 00:08:15,939 --> 00:08:18,160 Gives a man a thirst for a drop of mead. 187 00:08:18,160 --> 00:08:20,391 What about it, one cup! 188 00:08:20,391 --> 00:08:21,451 (grunting) 189 00:08:21,451 --> 00:08:22,940 (liquid pouring) 190 00:08:22,940 --> 00:08:24,855 - Those Mundos are real, and they're dangerous! 191 00:08:24,855 --> 00:08:26,895 - No, they're a lot of superstitious nonsense, 192 00:08:26,895 --> 00:08:29,016 however, the beautiful Narees will protect you. 193 00:08:29,016 --> 00:08:31,093 - That's right, these seagirls' good lookin'. 194 00:08:31,093 --> 00:08:31,926 (grunts) 195 00:08:31,926 --> 00:08:34,615 - And they're dolphins, I've seen those with my own eyes! 196 00:08:34,615 --> 00:08:36,166 Well, Himilco, what do you say? 197 00:08:36,166 --> 00:08:38,424 - (laughs) Hanno says, let's go! 198 00:08:38,424 --> 00:08:40,501 (all laughing) 199 00:08:40,501 --> 00:08:43,484 - We'd be happy to be your guides for part of the way! 200 00:08:43,484 --> 00:08:45,817 - [Narrator Character] Done! 201 00:08:51,293 --> 00:08:52,974 - Well, we're on our way! 202 00:08:52,974 --> 00:08:54,689 (snickering) 203 00:08:54,689 --> 00:08:56,244 - And, that was that. 204 00:08:56,244 --> 00:08:57,684 - Maestro, why were they so scared? 205 00:08:57,684 --> 00:08:59,494 Was it because there were monsters, or what? 206 00:08:59,494 --> 00:09:01,145 - Well, they thought the Earth was flat, 207 00:09:01,145 --> 00:09:03,683 and they would come to the very brink and tumble off! 208 00:09:03,683 --> 00:09:05,552 - Dummies, we know the Earth is round! 209 00:09:05,552 --> 00:09:07,518 - Ah, yes, today we know that. 210 00:09:07,518 --> 00:09:10,113 But a Greek mathematician, the great Pythagoras, 211 00:09:10,113 --> 00:09:11,801 realized the Earth was a ball, 212 00:09:11,801 --> 00:09:13,733 but nobody would believe him. 213 00:09:13,733 --> 00:09:14,566 (water sloshing) 214 00:09:14,566 --> 00:09:16,991 (stammering) 215 00:09:16,991 --> 00:09:19,444 - (Stammers) Hercules, the current's against us, 216 00:09:19,444 --> 00:09:20,494 we can't fight it! 217 00:09:20,494 --> 00:09:22,353 And if we do fight it, we're done for! 218 00:09:22,353 --> 00:09:26,520 - We'll pull in here and wait 'til the wind is favorable! 219 00:09:28,525 --> 00:09:30,292 - The wind is coming from that direction, 220 00:09:30,292 --> 00:09:31,356 that's the zephyr, 221 00:09:31,356 --> 00:09:35,097 we've got to wait for the euros, in the other direction! 222 00:09:35,097 --> 00:09:37,931 (men grunting and chewing) 223 00:09:37,931 --> 00:09:39,069 (yawning) 224 00:09:39,069 --> 00:09:41,236 (snoring) 225 00:09:42,231 --> 00:09:45,481 (high-pitched snoring) 226 00:09:49,673 --> 00:09:51,674 (snoring) 227 00:09:51,674 --> 00:09:54,424 (wind whistling) 228 00:09:55,821 --> 00:09:58,633 (gasps) 229 00:09:58,633 --> 00:10:01,027 (snickering) 230 00:10:01,027 --> 00:10:04,848 - (yawning) What's this? 231 00:10:04,848 --> 00:10:06,431 The wind's changed! 232 00:10:08,785 --> 00:10:09,618 Euros! 233 00:10:09,618 --> 00:10:10,600 Hey, the euros is blowing! 234 00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:12,683 Quick, up sails, oarsmen! 235 00:10:13,636 --> 00:10:14,659 ( grunting) 236 00:10:14,659 --> 00:10:17,166 (chain clinking) 237 00:10:17,166 --> 00:10:19,409 (water sloshing) 238 00:10:19,409 --> 00:10:23,159 (men straining and grunting) 239 00:10:26,176 --> 00:10:29,172 (wind whistling) 240 00:10:29,172 --> 00:10:31,339 (yelping) 241 00:10:36,399 --> 00:10:37,232 - The monster! 242 00:10:37,232 --> 00:10:38,787 There it is, I told you there'd be a monster, 243 00:10:38,787 --> 00:10:40,663 I told you the monster (stuttering) 244 00:10:40,663 --> 00:10:42,614 He'll gobble us all on the boat with us aboard! 245 00:10:42,614 --> 00:10:44,290 We'll end up sea monsters' breakfast! 246 00:10:44,290 --> 00:10:45,862 I hate it when this happens! 247 00:10:45,862 --> 00:10:47,037 - What monster? 248 00:10:47,037 --> 00:10:49,189 - The monster returns, what did I tell you, 249 00:10:49,189 --> 00:10:50,758 the monster (yelping). 250 00:10:50,758 --> 00:10:52,925 (screams) 251 00:10:54,596 --> 00:10:56,606 (splashing) 252 00:10:56,606 --> 00:10:57,947 - It's just a school of large fish, 253 00:10:57,947 --> 00:10:59,472 like dolphins, only bigger! 254 00:10:59,472 --> 00:11:00,939 They won't be any trouble for us! 255 00:11:00,939 --> 00:11:01,772 - Not true! 256 00:11:01,772 --> 00:11:03,648 They'll make big waves and sink the ship, 257 00:11:03,648 --> 00:11:04,613 and then we'll be fish food! 258 00:11:04,613 --> 00:11:05,536 You see, you see? 259 00:11:05,536 --> 00:11:07,474 - So far, you're the only one making waves! 260 00:11:07,474 --> 00:11:08,724 - I don't want to be here! 261 00:11:08,724 --> 00:11:12,641 (stammering) You take me home! 262 00:11:14,508 --> 00:11:17,285 - It's getting shallower, and we're approaching the sun. 263 00:11:17,285 --> 00:11:19,767 And if we go on, the water will begin to boil. 264 00:11:19,767 --> 00:11:21,839 We'll cook, or maybe we'll run aground, 265 00:11:21,839 --> 00:11:23,911 and on shore there's nothing but sand. 266 00:11:23,911 --> 00:11:25,440 We'll shrivel up and die! 267 00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:27,397 - Steer clear of the coast! 268 00:11:27,397 --> 00:11:29,564 (sighing) 269 00:11:32,274 --> 00:11:34,524 (splashes) 270 00:11:35,603 --> 00:11:37,444 (groaning) 271 00:11:37,444 --> 00:11:38,999 - There's no more supplies! 272 00:11:38,999 --> 00:11:40,615 - We will be all dead from thirst, 273 00:11:40,615 --> 00:11:41,932 then we will be dead from hunger, 274 00:11:41,932 --> 00:11:43,068 and besides we'll all be dead! 275 00:11:43,068 --> 00:11:44,430 - There's land, look! 276 00:11:44,430 --> 00:11:47,556 We'll find fresh water and food right there! 277 00:11:47,556 --> 00:11:49,845 - A primeval forest with wild animals and savages, 278 00:11:49,845 --> 00:11:54,012 (stuttering) In a way, I wish I'd stayed home. 279 00:11:58,800 --> 00:11:59,853 (splashing) 280 00:11:59,853 --> 00:12:02,103 (sloshing) 281 00:12:05,063 --> 00:12:05,896 - Whoa! 282 00:12:06,804 --> 00:12:08,804 - Hey, he looks like us! 283 00:12:10,359 --> 00:12:11,192 - Oh! 284 00:12:13,675 --> 00:12:15,342 Yes, but he's black. 285 00:12:22,312 --> 00:12:24,479 (yawning) 286 00:12:27,375 --> 00:12:29,375 (gasps) 287 00:12:31,221 --> 00:12:33,971 (fire crackling) 288 00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:44,210 (grunting) 289 00:12:59,510 --> 00:13:01,510 (yelps) 290 00:13:03,071 --> 00:13:04,537 - Hey, come on I need that back! 291 00:13:04,537 --> 00:13:08,368 And quit it, will you quit monkeying around? 292 00:13:08,368 --> 00:13:09,341 (grunting) 293 00:13:09,341 --> 00:13:12,258 (monkeys grunting) 294 00:13:14,146 --> 00:13:15,212 Monkey! 295 00:13:15,212 --> 00:13:17,816 (grunts) 296 00:13:17,816 --> 00:13:21,215 (monkey grunts) 297 00:13:21,215 --> 00:13:22,623 (screams) 298 00:13:22,623 --> 00:13:25,290 (monkey grunts) 299 00:13:26,331 --> 00:13:27,567 (grunts) 300 00:13:27,567 --> 00:13:29,665 (laughing) 301 00:13:29,665 --> 00:13:31,532 (grunts) 302 00:13:31,532 --> 00:13:33,532 (yelps) 303 00:13:35,813 --> 00:13:38,563 - We'll have to cross this river. 304 00:13:45,410 --> 00:13:46,552 (growling) 305 00:13:46,552 --> 00:13:49,333 (screams) 306 00:13:49,333 --> 00:13:50,166 (snarls) 307 00:13:50,166 --> 00:13:52,166 (yelps) 308 00:13:54,270 --> 00:13:55,418 (groans) 309 00:13:55,418 --> 00:13:56,701 (hisses) 310 00:13:56,701 --> 00:13:57,729 (yelps) 311 00:13:57,729 --> 00:14:00,289 (screeches) 312 00:14:00,289 --> 00:14:02,539 (crashing) 313 00:14:03,381 --> 00:14:07,467 - Somehow I knew it was gonna end up this way. 314 00:14:07,467 --> 00:14:11,035 (speaking foreign language) 315 00:14:11,035 --> 00:14:13,808 (both gasping) 316 00:14:13,808 --> 00:14:16,403 (chuckling) 317 00:14:16,403 --> 00:14:18,989 (neighing) 318 00:14:18,989 --> 00:14:21,977 (grass rustling) 319 00:14:21,977 --> 00:14:23,298 (grunts) 320 00:14:23,298 --> 00:14:26,215 (light hoof beats) 321 00:14:29,538 --> 00:14:31,149 - (grunts) Your village? 322 00:14:31,149 --> 00:14:33,816 (both grunting) 323 00:14:34,814 --> 00:14:36,201 (speaking foreign language) 324 00:14:36,201 --> 00:14:38,451 (laughing) 325 00:14:43,314 --> 00:14:44,844 (both sighing, grunting) 326 00:14:44,844 --> 00:14:47,877 (chewing, grunting) 327 00:14:47,877 --> 00:14:49,779 (speaking foreign language) 328 00:14:49,779 --> 00:14:51,804 - [Narrator] 500 years before the Common Era, 329 00:14:51,804 --> 00:14:53,051 the Sahara was the sight of 330 00:14:53,051 --> 00:14:54,922 prosperous past-world civilizations. 331 00:14:54,922 --> 00:14:56,787 The historian Herotodus tells us that these people 332 00:14:56,787 --> 00:14:58,560 fought against another people, 333 00:14:58,560 --> 00:14:59,608 the (speaking foreign language), 334 00:14:59,608 --> 00:15:02,502 nomads who roamed over north Africa. 335 00:15:02,502 --> 00:15:04,123 (speaking foreign language) 336 00:15:04,123 --> 00:15:06,863 (both grunting) 337 00:15:06,863 --> 00:15:09,113 (grunting) 338 00:15:10,188 --> 00:15:12,438 (grunting) 339 00:15:19,615 --> 00:15:21,316 (clinking) 340 00:15:21,316 --> 00:15:22,316 - It's gold! 341 00:15:23,568 --> 00:15:25,735 (gasping) 342 00:15:27,290 --> 00:15:30,498 (speaking foreign language) 343 00:15:30,498 --> 00:15:31,537 (clinking) 344 00:15:31,537 --> 00:15:33,787 (grunting) 345 00:15:37,494 --> 00:15:38,844 (rustling) 346 00:15:38,844 --> 00:15:42,844 - This was a total waste of time, let's beat it! 347 00:15:44,034 --> 00:15:45,348 Wow! 348 00:15:45,348 --> 00:15:46,654 - Gold, (stammering) gold! 349 00:15:46,654 --> 00:15:47,849 Shiny, shiny, (stammering) gold! 350 00:15:47,849 --> 00:15:49,658 - And with this gold, we're all rich, 351 00:15:49,658 --> 00:15:51,746 but Hanno wants to keep going south! 352 00:15:51,746 --> 00:15:53,159 We'll all be killed! 353 00:15:53,159 --> 00:15:54,629 - We won't go with him. 354 00:15:54,629 --> 00:15:56,171 - Yeah, we want the gold! 355 00:15:56,171 --> 00:15:59,103 - We'll take the ship and gather up as much gold as we can, 356 00:15:59,103 --> 00:16:01,486 then we head straight home and we're rich! 357 00:16:01,486 --> 00:16:03,724 - What about the captain? 358 00:16:03,724 --> 00:16:06,348 - Hanno, he takes a long swim. 359 00:16:06,348 --> 00:16:08,659 Now, grab the ship! 360 00:16:08,659 --> 00:16:10,936 (waves) 361 00:16:10,936 --> 00:16:11,834 Give up, Hanno! 362 00:16:11,834 --> 00:16:14,050 You're outnumbered! 363 00:16:14,050 --> 00:16:16,394 - Death is how we punish mutineers, men! 364 00:16:16,394 --> 00:16:18,155 - You're the one who's gonna die, 365 00:16:18,155 --> 00:16:20,066 but we're generous, Hanno. 366 00:16:20,066 --> 00:16:23,593 Jump overboard, and we'll let you swim the rest of the way! 367 00:16:23,593 --> 00:16:26,176 (all laughing) 368 00:16:29,972 --> 00:16:30,897 (all screaming) 369 00:16:30,897 --> 00:16:31,905 (splashing) 370 00:16:31,905 --> 00:16:34,907 - I too am generous, I'm going to let all of you live. 371 00:16:34,907 --> 00:16:36,460 Since you're in a hurry to get back, 372 00:16:36,460 --> 00:16:37,826 I'll make you the same offer. 373 00:16:37,826 --> 00:16:38,659 Swim back! 374 00:16:46,804 --> 00:16:48,687 Tomorrow, we explore! 375 00:16:48,687 --> 00:16:51,354 - We had better be very careful! 376 00:16:53,806 --> 00:16:56,483 No telling who we'll run into out here. 377 00:16:56,483 --> 00:16:57,670 (grunts) 378 00:16:57,670 --> 00:17:01,085 - (shushes) Look there. 379 00:17:01,085 --> 00:17:02,566 Hey, wait children! 380 00:17:02,566 --> 00:17:04,882 (both screaming) 381 00:17:04,882 --> 00:17:06,813 - They're not children, they must be dwarves! 382 00:17:06,813 --> 00:17:10,147 - No, they're pygmy's, I heard about them. 383 00:17:10,147 --> 00:17:11,478 Pygmy's eat humans! 384 00:17:11,478 --> 00:17:13,446 We're gonna be pygmy's lunch, 385 00:17:13,446 --> 00:17:14,615 chopped into little pieces, 386 00:17:14,615 --> 00:17:16,911 I wonder if pygmy's eat a lot? 387 00:17:16,911 --> 00:17:21,078 I suggest we all go, (screaming). 388 00:17:34,814 --> 00:17:37,064 (grunting) 389 00:17:43,858 --> 00:17:46,166 - Hey, I think they do eat humans. 390 00:17:46,166 --> 00:17:48,440 (crying) 391 00:17:48,440 --> 00:17:52,107 (speaking foreign language) 392 00:18:00,531 --> 00:18:02,781 A pig, that's more like it! 393 00:18:09,635 --> 00:18:12,968 It's late, I think we'd better be going. 394 00:18:13,826 --> 00:18:16,831 (high-pitched grunt) 395 00:18:16,831 --> 00:18:18,694 (speaking foreign language) 396 00:18:18,694 --> 00:18:21,810 Apparently, they won't permit us to leave, so now what? 397 00:18:21,810 --> 00:18:23,596 - Well, there's too many so we'll wait until 398 00:18:23,596 --> 00:18:26,853 there's a chance to get away tonight. 399 00:18:26,853 --> 00:18:28,465 (gasping) 400 00:18:28,465 --> 00:18:29,350 (men screaming) 401 00:18:29,350 --> 00:18:31,083 (trumpets) 402 00:18:31,083 --> 00:18:33,726 (yelling) 403 00:18:33,726 --> 00:18:36,143 (trumpeting) 404 00:18:37,457 --> 00:18:38,630 This is our chance! 405 00:18:38,630 --> 00:18:40,565 (trumpets) 406 00:18:40,565 --> 00:18:42,565 (waves) 407 00:18:46,700 --> 00:18:48,751 - Mission accomplished, back we go! 408 00:18:48,751 --> 00:18:51,281 (cheering) 409 00:18:51,281 --> 00:18:54,802 At least, once in my life, I was a king. 410 00:18:54,802 --> 00:18:58,526 - A century later, a famous Greek astronomer, Pytheas, 411 00:18:58,526 --> 00:19:00,713 would make another voyage of discovery. 412 00:19:00,713 --> 00:19:02,617 Only, this time it was to the north. 413 00:19:02,617 --> 00:19:04,068 He encountered the Hyperboreans. 414 00:19:04,068 --> 00:19:05,180 - The hyper-what? 415 00:19:05,180 --> 00:19:07,286 - Boreans were a certain people in the north, 416 00:19:07,286 --> 00:19:11,453 and the Hyperboreans, well, they lived farther north. 417 00:19:14,411 --> 00:19:17,300 - Oh, Pytheas, you going away again? 418 00:19:17,300 --> 00:19:19,014 - Yes, I'm going up north this time. 419 00:19:19,014 --> 00:19:21,214 - Go too far up north, you might freeze! 420 00:19:21,214 --> 00:19:22,721 - But now, the days are long. 421 00:19:22,721 --> 00:19:24,031 - Yes, what a shame, 422 00:19:24,031 --> 00:19:25,945 because during the day we work! 423 00:19:25,945 --> 00:19:28,139 It's at night that we rest. 424 00:19:28,139 --> 00:19:30,222 Anyway, have a good time. 425 00:19:42,872 --> 00:19:45,004 (splashing) 426 00:19:45,004 --> 00:19:46,636 (grunting, shivering) 427 00:19:46,636 --> 00:19:48,131 (yelps) 428 00:19:48,131 --> 00:19:49,049 - Have you noticed, 429 00:19:49,049 --> 00:19:51,783 the more we go north how much longer the days are? 430 00:19:51,783 --> 00:19:55,374 - Yes, Pytheas, I've also noticed the days are much colder. 431 00:19:55,374 --> 00:19:56,993 We going much farther? 432 00:19:56,993 --> 00:19:58,804 - We're going to where the days are so long, 433 00:19:58,804 --> 00:20:00,404 there's isn't going to be any night! 434 00:20:00,404 --> 00:20:01,540 - No night at all? 435 00:20:01,540 --> 00:20:03,297 You must be dreaming impossible. 436 00:20:03,297 --> 00:20:05,210 I mean, the sun has to set each night 437 00:20:05,210 --> 00:20:07,397 to come up in the morning again. 438 00:20:07,397 --> 00:20:08,467 - Not so! 439 00:20:08,467 --> 00:20:11,496 If the Earth is round, as a number of philosophers claim, 440 00:20:11,496 --> 00:20:15,316 then in the north, well, all summer the sun doesn't set! 441 00:20:15,316 --> 00:20:17,729 - Those philosophers, they think too much, all of them. 442 00:20:17,729 --> 00:20:19,912 And summer isn't what I'd call this! 443 00:20:19,912 --> 00:20:21,779 Why don't we just go back home and... 444 00:20:21,779 --> 00:20:23,446 - No, not yet, look! 445 00:20:26,114 --> 00:20:28,006 - It's a whale, it's enormous! 446 00:20:28,006 --> 00:20:29,470 - A sea monster, (stammering) 447 00:20:29,470 --> 00:20:31,331 don't tell me those people will attack it! 448 00:20:31,331 --> 00:20:32,613 (splash) (yelping) 449 00:20:32,613 --> 00:20:34,026 I wouldn't do that. 450 00:20:34,026 --> 00:20:37,693 (speaking foreign language) 451 00:20:52,136 --> 00:20:54,172 (speaking foreign language) 452 00:20:54,172 --> 00:20:57,631 - We want to sail even farther north, that way! 453 00:20:57,631 --> 00:20:58,623 - Thule. 454 00:20:58,623 --> 00:21:01,628 - I know that word, it's a land all the way to the north! 455 00:21:01,628 --> 00:21:02,879 You say, Thule! 456 00:21:02,879 --> 00:21:04,542 We want to go to Thule! 457 00:21:04,542 --> 00:21:06,573 (grunts) 458 00:21:06,573 --> 00:21:09,291 - Mush, mush, mush, mush, mush, mush! 459 00:21:09,291 --> 00:21:12,581 - What am I doing in a place like this? 460 00:21:12,581 --> 00:21:13,973 (shivering) We're all going to freeze solid 461 00:21:13,973 --> 00:21:16,496 and our fingers are going to turn to ice and drop! 462 00:21:16,496 --> 00:21:21,143 Still I wanna think about the warm days down south. 463 00:21:21,143 --> 00:21:23,305 (grunts) 464 00:21:23,305 --> 00:21:25,746 (blabbers) 465 00:21:25,746 --> 00:21:26,579 (splashes) 466 00:21:26,579 --> 00:21:28,879 Scared 'em, I guess. (chuckles) 467 00:21:28,879 --> 00:21:31,129 (growling) 468 00:21:32,987 --> 00:21:34,688 (roars) 469 00:21:34,688 --> 00:21:36,771 (splash) 470 00:21:38,796 --> 00:21:40,700 - You see, the sun's at its lowest point, 471 00:21:40,700 --> 00:21:42,783 it won't set, we'll wait right here. 472 00:21:42,783 --> 00:21:46,443 I don't believe it, the sun is moving sideways! 473 00:21:46,443 --> 00:21:49,026 (wind howling) 474 00:21:51,015 --> 00:21:51,998 - You were right! 475 00:21:51,998 --> 00:21:53,465 Only, how come it didn't set? 476 00:21:53,465 --> 00:21:54,888 The sun always sets. 477 00:21:54,888 --> 00:21:55,976 - It's really quite simple, 478 00:21:55,976 --> 00:21:57,646 the Earth is round, like a ball. 479 00:21:57,646 --> 00:21:59,055 Here, where we are in the far north, 480 00:21:59,055 --> 00:22:00,316 the sun is level with us, 481 00:22:00,316 --> 00:22:03,254 it goes around but never below the horizon, it never sets. 482 00:22:03,254 --> 00:22:04,995 - And so here, they never see night! 483 00:22:04,995 --> 00:22:06,069 Never see the stars. 484 00:22:06,069 --> 00:22:06,902 - Sure they do, look, 485 00:22:06,902 --> 00:22:07,986 in winter it's just the opposite! 486 00:22:07,986 --> 00:22:09,172 The sun is below, it doesn't rise, 487 00:22:09,172 --> 00:22:11,044 it goes back to the south below the horizon. 488 00:22:11,044 --> 00:22:14,050 - I wouldn't wanna live far north with no sun. 489 00:22:14,050 --> 00:22:16,317 Look, Pytheas, what do you say we go on home now? 490 00:22:16,317 --> 00:22:18,807 We saw Thule, let's make it before nightfall. 491 00:22:18,807 --> 00:22:21,663 - Alright, let's go home. 492 00:22:21,663 --> 00:22:24,309 (chuckling) 493 00:22:24,309 --> 00:22:27,271 (chuckling) 494 00:22:27,271 --> 00:22:29,534 Let's go, heading back home! 495 00:22:29,534 --> 00:22:31,601 - And night lasting six months? (laughing) 496 00:22:31,601 --> 00:22:34,570 Pytheas, you explorers, full of tall stories. 497 00:22:34,570 --> 00:22:36,599 Listen everybody! 498 00:22:36,599 --> 00:22:38,859 He says there are nights six months long! 499 00:22:38,859 --> 00:22:41,241 Who'd fall for tha-(yelps). (splash) 500 00:22:41,241 --> 00:22:42,250 - So it was, children, 501 00:22:42,250 --> 00:22:43,995 that many centuries before our time 502 00:22:43,995 --> 00:22:46,057 they began to realize the Earth is round, 503 00:22:46,057 --> 00:22:48,481 and Pytheas calculated, quite precisely, 504 00:22:48,481 --> 00:22:49,538 the distance he had travelled, 505 00:22:49,538 --> 00:22:52,352 and a century later a wise Greek Eratosthenes 506 00:22:52,352 --> 00:22:55,590 mathematically calculated the circumference of the Earth. 507 00:22:55,590 --> 00:22:57,882 They began to realize that, even though Herotodus 508 00:22:57,882 --> 00:23:01,308 didn't have all the answers when he said "The Earth is round 509 00:23:01,308 --> 00:23:03,521 and surrounded by oceans, but Athens is here, 510 00:23:03,521 --> 00:23:04,552 right at the center. 511 00:23:04,552 --> 00:23:07,541 To the north is only ice and snow inhabited by Hyperboreans, 512 00:23:07,541 --> 00:23:09,002 while to the east there is Asia. 513 00:23:09,002 --> 00:23:10,421 It stops at the Euros and the Indies, 514 00:23:10,421 --> 00:23:12,458 but Africa is certainly crowded with elephants 515 00:23:12,458 --> 00:23:15,281 and pygmy's and giraffes with very, very, very long necks, 516 00:23:15,281 --> 00:23:16,585 et cetera, et cetera." 517 00:23:16,585 --> 00:23:18,684 (chuckles) Well, it's pretty clear to see, children, 518 00:23:18,684 --> 00:23:20,808 that it's only the start of mans understanding. 519 00:23:20,808 --> 00:23:22,962 Our ancestors went a long, long way, 520 00:23:22,962 --> 00:23:24,686 and some of those voyages, well, 521 00:23:24,686 --> 00:23:27,519 we're going to go along with them.