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An iconic temple,
the largest religious monument in the world,
Angkor Wat is an enduring enigma.
The engineering feat of Angkor Wat is unbelievable.
In the heart of one of the greatest ancient cities
ever built: Angkor.
One of the largest,
if not the largest, city in the world at the time.
Home to over 1,000 temples.
Each new king would try to outbuild the reign before
and build a bigger and more impressive temple.
But then, the temples and the city were engulfed
by the jungle.
It mysteriously was abandoned.
Well, so the story goes.
There are few clues...
Almost every wooden remain--
and the vast majority of structures at Angkor
were built in wood--
deteriorate very, very quickly.
...and many mysteries.
The lack of bodies.
One million people, not a bone,
not a cremated remain.
It's fascinating and frustrating.
There's another story there, sitting underneath.
Now archaeologists are using the latest technologies
to reveal Angkor's hidden secrets...
Sarah took the lidar data.
She used some machine-learning algorithms.
...to see through the jungle...
The lidar data is absolutely mind-blowing.
It was all an engineered landscape.
...and look into the past...
Really, like the pages of a history book.
...to find new evidence of a great civilization.
They didn't just build Angkor Wat,
which is a spectacular temple, right?
Like, they were transforming the entire landscape.
"Angkor: Hidden Jungle Empire,"
right now, on "NOVA."
In the jungles of Cambodia,
a spectacular ruin rises from the trees.
This is Angkor Wat.
A 900-year-old temple,
filled with intricate carvings
and mysterious figures.
It is the largest religious monument in the world
and a masterpiece of ancient engineering.
The engineering feat of Angkor Wat is unbelievable.
It's amazing.
Angkor Wat is the centerpiece
of the ancient city of Angkor,
a marvel of vast infrastructure,
built with a network of human-made canals
and enormous reservoirs.
Angkor was the heart of a wealthy and dynamic empire
that thrived for 600 years.
Then, around 1300, suddenly, the building stopped.
This vast, ornate city was largely abandoned.
Why?
Archaeologists like Piphal Heng
are trying to answer that question
and to understand the people of Angkor.
Monumental architecture like Angkor Wat
has been its signature.
When you talk about Angkor, it's monuments.
Part of my archaeological endeavor
is to understand Angkorians people's life.
What did they do?
What was the relationship between the people and the city,
the relationship between the people and the temple?
And how did that change through time?
The ancient city of Angkor was one of the biggest
pre-industrial cities in the world.
Located in Cambodia, in Southeast Asia,
its legendary temple, Angkor Wat,
is its most iconic structure.
But Angkor Wat is the largest of more than a thousand temples
spread across more than 150 square miles.
A lot of these temples have really
been left to the jungle.
So trees are overgrowing them.
The vegetation is everywhere.
And when you walk into them,
you sometimes feel like you're the first person
that's stepped foot in them for over a thousand years.
The temples themselves have a sense
of mystery to them.
You don't know exactly what happened here
or why they were abandoned.
This land has been home to the Khmer people
for thousands of years,
living in small kingdoms often in conflict with each other,
until the year 802,
when Jayavarman II defeated his rivals
and declared himself a god-king in the Hindu tradition,
and founded the Khmer Empire.
Nearly 100 years later,
the capital of the empire was moved to a new site
on a fertile plain-- the city of Ankgor.
Over the next 500 years,
the empire became the dominant power in Southeast Asia,
ruling over all of what is now Cambodia
and much of Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos.
The kings, who were considered holy,
ruled both political and spiritual life.
Each successive ruler strove to demonstrate his greatness
through major construction projects.
Each new king and each new reign
would try to outbuild the reign before
and build a bigger and more impressive temple.
As Angkor grew, so did the temples,
in number and size,
until the 1300s,
when temple construction abruptly stopped.
Evidence suggests that by the mid-1400s,
Angkor stood empty.
It mysteriously was abandoned.
Well, so the story goes.
And so this place has attracted the fascination
of people from around the world
for many, many hundreds of years.
Partly because the city itself is so prodigiously massive,
and partly because all of this
was apparently left to the jungle
by the Khmer.
The abandonment of Angkor is an enduring mystery.
Who were the people who lived here?
And why did they leave?
The answers are important,
not just for the archaeologists who are excavating here.
Many Cambodians identify as Khmer
and are deeply invested in this ancient place.
Angkor is central to their heritage,
connecting them to their ancestors.
Angkor holds
a profound place in Khmer life.
The very word "Angkor" is deeply rooted in our national identity.
Angkor, we can say, for the Khmer people, it's our soul.
Every one of the Khmer people say that.
"We want to see Angkor before we die."
But the full truth about Angkor and its people has been elusive,
because so much of the city
has long lain hidden beneath the jungle canopy.
We only know of Angkor Wat,
this one-square-kilometer temple,
as being a religious temple, a sacred space.
But were there any people living inside Angkor?
We did not know yet.
We also tried to map the area,
and the vegetation was too thick, was overgrown.
It's incredibly difficult for archaeologists
to map the center of Angkor, where all the large temples are,
because of all the dense vegetation.
But now, with the help of new technology,
archaeologists are trying to see
what has been invisible for centuries.
That's where the lidar data comes in.
Lidar is a powerful laser technology that has recently
become a game changer for archaeologists.
Lidar has been absolutely revolutionary
for our field of archaeology,
because it allows us to see the ground floor
underneath dense vegetation.
We acquire lidar data by putting a drone or a helicopter
or a plane in the air with the lidar device on it.
These devices send out millions of pulses of light.
Most of those pulses bounce off things
that we're not interested in, like buildings or trees,
but some of them, critically,
reach the groundsurface.
What we do is, we measure
the time that it takes
for those groundreturns
to return to the lidar device,
and, using those measurements, calculate distance.
With that information,
we can then strip away all the vegetation
so we can clearly see these archaeological features.
The lidar scans revealed
the breathtaking size of the city.
The data was spectacular.
All of a sudden, we could see
these elements of the urban space
that were completely invisible before.
The lidar data is like the most amazing treasure map,
not because we're looking for gold or statues,
but because it allows us to ask bigger and better questions
about what it was like to live at Angkor.
The amount of detail
that the lidar revealed about the landscape
is absolutely mind-blowing.
We were able to map an additional 20,000 features.
The full scale of the city of Angkor is staggering,
covering more than 150 square miles,
about the size of Denver.
Hundreds of miles of roads
and a complex network of waterways and canals
connected the city.
Hidden in the data were the keys
to knowing how and where the citizens of Angkor lived.
Because Angkor is built on a floodplain,
all of the features were built on mounds.
So when we're looking at the lidar data,
we're not seeing ancient houses themselves,
but we're seeing the mounds these houses were once built on.
This is Angkor Wat,
which is absolutely beautiful in the lidar data.
So these are depressions and elevations in the land
that we can very clearly see in this lidar imagery.
But it's almost impossible to see these features on the ground
because the vegetation is just so dense.
All of these black dots are house ponds,
and beside them are usually house mounds.
Within the Angkor Wat temple enclosure itself,
the lidar revealed more than 200 of these mounds.
Using the lidar maps as a guide,
Piphal Heng set out to investigate these sites
on the ground.
Those mounds are generally habitation site.
When we saw a similar pattern inside the Angkor Wat enclosure,
we started to excavate those mounds.
Turned out that those mound have residential debris:
ceramics,
Angkorian stonewares,
and trade ware from China.
So what we didn't know was, those mound and ponds
were arranged into a grid system.
That's when lidar came around.
So here we are in the eastern section
of the Angkor Wat enclosure.
What I am standing on now, what had been a house mound,
and because of the overgrowth,
we can hardly tell the topography change.
But lidar map allow us to pick up
just a slight topographic change that allow us to identify
whether this area was a mound, a pond to my right.
The lidar data shows that we are standing
in an urban block that is replicated
into other urban blocks
covering the entire Angkor Wat enclosure.
You can tell when you're walking around
that there's mounds there.
It's really forested,
but you can see that the landscape undulates
quite a bit.
Archaeologist Alison Carter
has been collaborating with Piphal
to try to decipher what life was like
at the Angkor Wat complex.
The lidar in Angkor was incredibly eye-opening,
because you just see that they didn't just build Angkor Wat,
which is a spectacular temple, right?
Like, they were transforming the entire landscape.
And transforming it with extreme precision.
If you look at the temple structures
and align them with the gates of Angkor Wat,
you would see that the grid system
was actually aligned with the temple.
It was all an engineered landscape.
The remarkable urban design of the Khmer
extended to the even larger
royal complex, Angkor Thom.
You can see, this is Angkor Wat.
There's a huge moat that's very visible
from the satellite imagery.
And then up here is Angkor Thom.
And you can see the moat of Angkor Thom.
But you really can't see all of that detail
that becomes so clear and obvious in the lidar data.
So you can just imagine,
when you enter Angkor Thom through these magnificent gates,
it would have been a bustling city on either side of you.
Again and again,
the lidar revealed sprawling neighborhoods
around Angkor's more than 1,000 temples.
Combining this with the finds from excavations on the ground
and new technologies,
a team of archaeologists is finally able to crack
one of the city's biggest mysteries:
the size of Angkor's population at its peak around 1250.
To answer that question
of how many people lived at Angkor,
we compiled all of the data
that we had-- C14 dates,
ceramic evidence from excavation,
and we used some new, cutting-edge algorithms
and machine-learning techniques
to try to model the development of the city over time.
I was part of a group of people that were working
on trying to understand the growth of the city of Angkor.
If you compare, this one is better.
That one's better, it's a much bigger piece.
Yeah, so that'll be great to collect
from this mound.
That's a really good example
of how we can bring in good, old-fashioned,
on-the-ground dirt archaeology
with all of these new technologies.
From our excavations, it seems
like there's just one household or family per mound.
We use ethnographic data, then, to estimate
that there's about five people in a family.
Another important piece of data
was from inscriptions.
A lot of the temples have foundation dates.
And that was really important to understand
when they were built.
And inscriptions in two of the larger temples provide
crucial clues about the population,
which are of special interest to archaeologist Andrew Harris.
They actually list the numbers of temple staff.
These include government officials, dancers, laborers,
and also, how many people that the temple staff oversaw
in the surrounding villages,
numbering between 200,000 and 300,000 for both temples.
And then Sarah took that data, the lidar data,
she used some machine-learning algorithms.
We brought this all together
to try and create a model for how Angkor grew.
The final estimate from their calculations
was staggering.
From our estimates, we think, at its height,
that it had about 700,000 to 900,000 people
living in the greater Angkor region.
That would have made it one of the largest,
if not the largest, city in the world at the time.
The discovery of Angkor's true size
was a major breakthrough,
but it was all the more impressive
because of Angkor's location.
Because the entire city was built
on a water-soaked floodplain.
Every year,
the rainy season brings massive rainfall and heavy flooding.
My family's connection with Angkor runs deep.
During my childhood,
my grandparents and my parents frequent
the pagoda in Angkor.
So I've been coming to Angkor since...
Yeah, for forever.
Growing up here provide
a different perspective on the water.
We have the Great Lake to the south.
The lake level change drastically
during the rainy season,
particularly around October and November.
The great Tonlé Sap lake
often quadruples in size in the rainy season,
flooding vast areas of the countryside.
In the dry season,
nearly half the year, almost no rain falls.
Why would the Khmer build in a place
with such extreme swings between flooding and droughts?
Water is incredibly important for the Khmer Empire.
Almost everything revolves around it.
And one of the most important functions was
irrigating the main agricultural crop of the empire:
rice.
The economy of Angkor
was underpinned by rice agriculture,
which is heavily dependent on a stable supply of water.
There's a strong relationship between water, the floodplain,
wet rice agriculture,
and the early phase of Angkor period.
As the Khmer Empire and city expanded,
controlling the flow of water was key
for their economy, trade,
and ability to feed a growing population.
But how did they do it?
Visible remnants suggested there had once been
a complex water system.
But it took lidar to reveal
the full scope of the Khmer engineering.
So, with the lidar, we were able to create this map,
which very clearly shows
the layout of the water management system
and how water flows into the city,
through the city,
and then, how there are exit channels
to remove excess water.
The design was both ambitious and ingenious.
A series of massive reservoirs called barays
collected water in the rainy season.
So here at Angkor, we can see the large barays.
Here's the West and East Baray,
and then all of these straight lines
funneling into the city,
these are manmade water channels.
So this is rerouting water
from northern areas of Cambodia into Angkor.
The water was captured from natural rivers
and moved into storage in these massive reservoirs.
Those barays were really the centerpiece of the whole system.
The largest baray stretched across
more than six square miles.
All of these features are so big
that you can literally see them from space.
That's the beginning of Angkor's power--
water management.
Those reservoirs are fantastically important.
They hold huge volumes of water,
which can be distributed in the dry season,
if you want a second crop of rice, for example.
So it really kind of super-boosts your productivity
in those parts of Angkor which are downstream
of those reservoirs.
And the system extended far beyond the city itself.
The landscape around Angkor
is actually at a slight incline, about one percent,
so the East and West Barays
can catch water as it comes into the city, hold it,
and then redistribute it through the different channels.
Taming the water was a major feat
of urban engineering,
with hundreds of miles of canals and reservoirs, all dug by hand.
But the floodplain also created a major challenge
for an empire intent on creating monumental architecture.
It's a bit of a difficult spot
for building heavy temples like Angkor.
So in order to do this,
they had some really ingenious engineering strategies.
How did the Khmer manage to build
massive stone structures on soft, deep soil
surrounded by water?
The first clue may be in the choice of building material.
Hang Peou is the head of APSARA, the organization in charge
of restoring the city of Angkor and the surrounding area.
The priority of APSARA,
it's about the conservation,
how we can preserve the temple without falling.
Before we start to make the restoration,
we need to do research.
The highly decorated walls of Angkor's temples are built
of fine-grained sandstone,
well-suited for intricate carvings.
But appearances can be deceiving.
Just under the ornate façade
lies the first secret of Khmer construction.
Hidden within the walls and foundation
are blocks of a rough, porous stone called laterite
that can be even lighter than sandstone.
In term of the weight,
it's less heavy.
The core inside they build in the laterite,
and then they put
the limestone around for decoration.
The whole temple's built in that concept.
Using the lighter laterite
greatly reduced the load on the soft ground.
But the stone temples are still incredibly heavy.
The stone that forms Angkor Wat,
towering over 200 feet high,
weighs millions of tons.
And yet, it has survived the wet terrain
for over 900 years.
There must be more to the engineering.
But what?
Archaeologist Neth Simon leads restoration teams
for APSARA.
Her excavations are focused on understanding
the key elements of ancient Khmer engineering.
As a result of the excavation
to see the condition of the foundation,
I was able to understand the ancient techniques
in building the temple.
We observed that before shaping the temple itself,
the ancient builders began by digging down
to reach the natural soil.
They then began compacting the soil inside.
The next step involved filling the foundation
with fine, pink sand.
This was followed by the laterite foundation.
Above it, they laid the base layer using sandstone.
As any trip to the beach reveals,
dry sand is soft and shifts easily,
while wet sand, closer to the water, holds firm.
Water and sand together
can create a solid base for construction.
This could be one reason
the temples at Angkor were surrounded by moats.
Another thing that we can see
is that all of these temples have water features around them,
so each temple, which is marked in red,
they tend to have moats around them.
They built on the sand layer,
and we understand that the sand layers
need a lot of the humidity
to make it stronger
to support the load of the temple.
The moats were, and still are,
key to maintaining the required level of moisture
beneath the biggest buildings.
The water in the moats provides stability to the sand,
which allows them to hold
the heavy, heavy stone structures up.
These innovations demonstrate
that the Khmer were masters of hydraulic engineering.
As do the hidden features that enabled
Angkor's massive reservoirs, the barays, to function.
Cambodian archaeologist An Sopheap and his team
are excavating a unique location
on the edge of the Eastern Baray,
an ancient reservoir long dry and now covered in jungle.
Right in front of me is the East Baray,
a water reservoir from the Angkor era.
These are the ruins of an ornate stone pier
overlooking the baray.
The Cambodian government hopes to restore the pier
and partially repair the reservoir
to make it functional once more.
The first step is to understand how both were constructed.
But while excavating the pier and the reservoir wall,
they found an unexpected surprise.
At the excavation site I opened here,
we found the foundation of the pier,
made from laterite rock.
Hidden beneath the wall of the baray
is a laterite stone foundation
extending more than 50 feet out into the reservoir.
This work is important because it reveals a new discovery.
We had never seen a construction
with laterite sloping like this before.
The next step is to determine if this massive foundation
extends along the banks of the reservoir,
beyond the area of the pier.
We opened another excavation site ten meters to the south
and saw the structure continues with four more steps.
But we only exposed a small section
to confirm.
In the future, we'll keep excavating
to see if the laterite structure
surrounds the water reservoir or ends somewhere.
No one knows yet how far this stone foundation extends
around the baray.
If this structure
goes around the reservoir or part of it,
it would be a new discovery for the Angkor area.
The pier itself
was a very special structure for Angkor's Hindu god-kings.
This pier was used by the king
to offer alms at the temple located at the center
of the eastern reservoir.
In the middle of each reservoir was an island temple.
The barays were more than just
a brilliant piece of hydraulic engineering.
Here's the East Baray.
And you can clearly see both in the mapping
and in the lidar data
that there's a huge temple in the middle of it.
These large reservoirs were both functional and spiritual.
The kings of the Khmer Empire played both
a political and a religious role.
In addition to being head of the army,
the king was also a king-god,
so head of the religious system, as well.
Every king left an imprint of himself
if he was powerful enough
to create a mark on the landscape.
Dozens of temples here
are reflective of the absolute power over nature,
over people, and over the landscape
that they manifested during their reign.
Over the centuries,
rulers built larger and larger temples
as the Khmer Empire expanded.
Early in his reign, in the 1100s,
King Suryavarman II outdid all of his predecessors,
building Angkor Wat.
Angkor Wat was a huge project.
It would involve so many workers and so many craftsmen
to be able to build it.
Dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu,
nearly every surface of Angkor Wat was highly decorated.
Traces of paint found on the carved walls and ceilings
hint at its ornate history.
All of the reliefs on the temples
were originally painted in vibrant colors.
Immense carved panels with scenes from Hindu texts
run down vast hallways.
Thousands of priests, dancers, and attendants
filled the temple and its grounds.
It was a ceremonial center on a grand scale,
demonstrating the glory of Vishnu
and the power of the king.
Temples were not just places of worship.
The kings were also using them
to demonstrate their power.
So they probably were really acting
as this kind of billboard for the king and the king's power
and putting his stamp on the landscape.
Wealthy and prosperous, the Khmer Empire
was an attractive target for neighboring powers.
Carved scenes at Angkor illustrate the story
of one major conflict.
In 1177, the nearby kingdom of Cham
invaded Angkor in a surprise attack.
To reclaim the city and restore power to the empire
would take one of the strongest of the Khmer kings,
Jayavarman VII.
In the year 1177, the Chams conquered Angkor
and occupied Angkor.
Jayavarman VII made it his vow to reconquer Angkor.
And part of this is depicted
through various campaigns of warfare.
This is probably the most elaborate of those campaigns,
and it involves a naval battle.
What we can tell here is that one, it was intensive.
It was violent.
You could see the people falling overboard.
Most of them have been stabbed or dead or whatnot.
And a lovely crocodile
eating a poor Cham who's fallen overboard.
So, through a series of campaigns
lasting several years,
he was able to eventually vanquish the Chams.
With the enemy defeated and the Khmer back in power,
Jayavarman VII would usher in Angkor's golden age.
During his reign, he gave back to the public in many ways.
He constructed hospitals
and he built a number of different temples.
This is a scene of a hospital.
Here you have women giving birth, making medicine.
This was a major point during the reign of Jayavarman VII.
He built, I believe, 102 hospitals
across the Angkorian empire.
Alongside his support of public health,
Jayavarman carried on the tradition
of his Khmer predecessors--
monumental construction.
When kings came into power,
they all had specific mandates that they had to accomplish.
And a lot of this revolved around temple building.
Angkorian kings had a undocumented habit
of trying to one-up their predecessors.
If you think about Suryavarman II,
he built the world's largest religious monument, Angkor Wat.
Jayavarman VII left the largest architectural footprint
on the Angkorian landscape
of any monarch in Cambodian history.
The pinnacle of his reign was the construction
of Angkor Thom, an enormous complex
more than five times the size of Angkor Wat.
It is surrounded by eight miles of moat,
and at its center stands a temple different
from any built before or after--
the Bayon.
The Bayon is not a Hindu temple--
Jayavarman was a Buddhist.
All of the elite temples
up until the reign of Jayavarman VII
were considered to be Hindu temples of various deities.
One of the most interesting things
about King Jayavarman VII
is that he switched the state religion
from Hinduism to Buddhism.
Hindu worship involves a pantheon of gods
and observation of rituals set out
in the Vedic scriptures,
while Buddhism focuses on enlightenment
through the teachings of the Buddha.
The Bayon temple towers feature 216 enigmatic faces
that may contain a hidden secret.
The faces on the Bayon and the gate
are potentially a Buddhist saint
or they're the king himself.
And the reason we think it's Jayavarman VII himself
is because a number of the images that we know
of Jayavarman VII
look almost identical
to the face towers on the Bayon and on the gates.
Following the reign of Jayavarman VII,
ending around 1218,
Angkor was at the height of its size and influence.
What was life in Angkor like at its peak?
Few written descriptions have survived from the Khmer,
but historians have one detailed account.
In the 13th century, the emperor of China
sent an emissary to Angkor.
Zhou Daguan was ambassador
of Mongolian-controlled China to Cambodia.
He lived in Angkor sometimes
between 1296 and 1297, almost one year.
Zhou Daguan left us a journal,
and it's incredibly valuable in terms of
the types of details that he wrote about.
I'm not sure if heintended
for archaeologists to read this,
but it sure provides a lot of information.
Around the outside of the city walls, there is a large moat.
The walls of the bridges are made of stone
and carved into the shape of snakes.
As an archaeologist, I refer to Zhou Daguan constantly.
He talks about how poor people lived in smaller houses,
and their roofs were made out of thatch,
but richer people would have bigger houses
and their roofs would be made with ceramic roof tiles.
Zhou Daguan's journal described scenes of everyday life.
Their litters are made of pieces of wood
that bend in the middle.
A person sits in the cloth and is carried by two people,
one at each end.
The parasols are made of a strong, thin, red Chinese silk.
But how reliable are Zhou Daguan's descriptions?
His descriptions of daily life are actually backed up
by a lot of what we see on the walls of the Bayon temple.
Zhou Daguan describes Angkor as a bartering system,
and he describes a market day.
He describes how merchants, mostly women,
would lay down their blankets and sell their wares.
The local people who know how to trade are all women.
Small market transactions are paid for in rice
or other grain and Chinese goods.
Larger in size are paid with cloth.
There's these bas-reliefs of people cooking and eating food,
and then, in our archaeological excavations,
we find really similar materials.
When we are excavating an, an occupation area,
and you're, like, "Oh, this looks
just like what's on the Bayon,"
like, you can really see
how these different sources of evidence come together
to give you a more complete picture of the past.
That record represents
a fantastic contribution
to our understanding of the life of the city.
And at that time,
the king and the court were very impressive,
the city was enormous,
and there was clearly a lot of wealth floating around.
Above the gates are stone Buddha heads.
One of them is decorated with gold.
In the center of the capital is a gold tower.
Zhou Daguan describes Angkor
as a very active, very vibrant metropolis.
He talks about the significant amount of wealth
coming out of the palace.
So, Zhou Daguan described
the temples at Angkor
not as these stone mounds that they are today,
but covered in gold and very clearly upkept.
But that upkeep would not last much longer.
Zhou Daguan's record represents
the very kind of last gasp of Angkor
as a spectacular, opulent, thriving metropolis.
From that point forward,
things change dramatically.
This inscription indicates
that this temple was the very last Hindu temple
that was dedicated at Angkor.
We actually have an exact date for it.
It's the 28th of April, 1295 C.E.
Which was just a year before Zhou Daguan showed up.
As far as we know, there are no temples after this one.
As the 1300s continue, Angkor starts to decline.
We start to see evidence from different sources
that population starts to slide.
There are no more inscriptions created, no more temples built.
Official written histories of the Khmer
did not appear again until much later.
There's a bit of a black hole in the historical records
from about the 13th century to the 15th century.
So, it's a big gap-- it's many hundreds of years.
What happened to bring an end to centuries of prosperity
and monumental construction?
No big city like this one is ever going to have
a single reason for its start or its end.
So, in that context and in the complexity of that story,
we can start to accept
that there's no linear, simple, single explanation
for the demise of a place like this,
but, rather, a tangle of different explanations
that happen to coalesce at a particular point.
The warm and humid environment of the Cambodian jungle
works against the archaeologists trying to shed light
on the declining years of Angkor.
The rainforest does not help,
because almost every wooden remain--
and the vast majority of structures at Angkor
were built in wood--
deteriorate very, very quickly.
One of the most puzzling aspects of Angkor today
is the complete absence of human remains--
no bodies, no burials.
This is a very fascinating thing
that's baffled archaeologists for a long time.
There are no funerary remains until much later.
So, for 600 years, one million people,
not a bone, not a cremated remain,
not a funerary jar,
not a trace of a funerary remain.
The lack of bodies, human remains,
in Angkor's archaeological record
is fascinating and frustrating in many ways.
It's very rare for a city
which had 700,000, a million people in it,
that there are so few bodies.
What happened to the bodies of the ancient Khmer?
Well, Zhou Daguan, he talks
about different burial practices.
The body is taken to a remote, uninhabited spot,
where it is thrown down and left.
After that, the vultures, crows, and dogs come and eat it.
But the archaeologists at Angkor are struggling to find
the location of the "sky burials"
that Zhou Daguan described,
where the dead are left to the elements and animals.
He said that they carry the dead outside of the Angkor Thom gates
and then left it outside the wall.
But when we look at lidar data outside the wall,
would have been just settlements everywhere.
Where was that outside the wall?
Burials do tell us a lot about health and the individuals.
So, to find a graveyard, or even to find cremated burials,
that would be phenomenal for Angkorian archaeology.
But so far, we have not found evidence of a burial ground yet.
Without the bodies themselves,
archaeologists are searching for other clues,
hoping to find out, when did everyone leave?
Dan Penny is focusing on the barays and canals,
and the sediments below the surface.
The sediment is accumulating
at the bottom of these reservoirs, ponds, and so on.
They end up as beautiful little traps for material
landing on the surface
and then settling onto the sediment,
and then being buried by subsequent layers of material.
And so it goes, layer upon layer.
We can come along,
hundreds or even thousands of years later,
and take these samples and find this undisturbed material
which faithfully records the conditions
that were occurring when they were deposited.
The moats of Angkor Thom are a fantastic archive.
They've been largely left alone.
So, we can use them as natural archives of change through time.
This core goes all the way back to pre-Angkor.
So, it goes into the alluvial soil beneath the moat,
and we get the whole sequence all the way
through the rise and fall of Angkor and into the modern day.
After processing,
Dan studies the samples from the sediment layers
under a powerful microscope.
So this guy here is a pollen grain from a lotus.
This one is a sedge,
so it's another aquatic plant.
This is a huge chunk of charcoal,
coming out of maybe a domestic fire,
someone's fireplace, where they're cooking.
Could be any source,
but it's invariably associated with people.
Radiocarbon dating adds another layer of information.
Most of the work that I do with radiocarbon
is actually based on dating the pollen grains themselves.
Each of these pollen grains
is about ten to 20 micrometers in diameter.
A micrometer is a thousandth of a millimeter.
So, they're pretty small.
The types of pollen grains--
found at different depths in the core--
can reveal when the ancient moats were well maintained
or filled with weeds.
When moats are being maintained, you'll often see species
rooted into the sediment at the bottom of the moat,
as opposed to an unmaintained moat,
which is kind of completely covered
by ferns and grasses and other things.
Once management stops,
the moats will quickly cover with vegetation.
We definitely find evidence of the water systems
not being maintained.
Once they're abandoned, they are permanently abandoned.
And so that represents a very clear horizon for us to, to say,
"Hey, at this point, this water feature
is no longer being managed."
What we are finding increasingly
from a range of different variables,
charcoal among them,
pointing to a progressive decrease
in the intensity of occupation
in the very epicenter of Angkor as a city.
All of these things are decreasing progressively
through the 1300s.
What could have happened at Angkor in the mid-1300s
that would have caused the Khmer to leave?
And the reality is that we don't really know what happened.
There are a number of different hypotheses,
and probably it was a combination of all of them.
So, we need to cast our mind to what other reasons
might there have been for people to start leaving Angkor.
There's another story there sitting underneath,
which is far more interesting and far more important.
Angkor was not the only place to suffer
a major population decrease during the 1300s.
The bubonic plague-- also known as the Black Death--
that killed millions in Europe
came out of Asia during this century.
The timing fits the abandonment of Angkor,
but is there any evidence of a connection?
Evidence of a pandemic at Angkor would be revolutionary.
The effect of a pandemic
in a pre-industrial city like this one,
which was massive and had a huge population,
would have been catastrophic
and it would likely have led to very rapid depopulation,
particularly by those people that can move.
If there's evidence of a pandemic.
I can assure you there will not be.
Because if you, if you have a pandemic here,
you will find bodies.
Right?
Because there are 900,000 people here at the peak.
If you had the plague here, it would have been horrific,
and there would be no way that, that people would have been able
to deal with that much human remains in, in the normal way.
If it wasn't a cataclysmic event,
could a slow decline
have been triggered from within the Khmer Empire itself?
What changed for the Khmer?
A discovery during the restoration
of Angkor's Ta Prohm temple
may provide a clue.
Ta Prohm was constructed
as a Buddhist temple in honor
of King Jayavarman VII's late mother.
The first step taken by our team
was to conduct an initial survey.
Our team discovered broken pieces of a Buddha statue.
Once our team began digging and cleaning,
more and more of the statue
began to emerge from the ground--
more than 140 pieces in total.
Some of these sculptures were buried,
while others were left scattered around the temple grounds.
Ta Prohm was not the only temple to see this kind of destruction.
So, we're at Preah Khan temple here.
It was dedicated in the year 1191
to Jayavarman VII's father.
What's on the left here
is a series of niches where the Buddhas
have been completely hacked out.
And we think that this was an act of religious violence.
What would have caused the Khmer to turn against Buddhism?
We believe that in the 13th century,
one of Jayavarman VII's successors, Jayavarman VIII,
was responsible for this,
and shifted the royal cult
from Mahayana Buddhism back to Hinduism.
This act was either due to religious reasons
or even political reasons,
as a retaliation against the reign of Jayavarman VII.
After Jayavarman VII's golden era under Mahayana Buddhism,
and Jayavarman VIII's Hindu backlash,
the Khmer religion changed one last time,
to an older form of Buddhism called Theravada Buddhism.
The Khmer Empire was undergoing
another major cultural and religious shift.
King Indravarman III
essentially switched the entire religious ideology and landscape
to Theravada Buddhism,
beginning during his reign in the year 1296.
Chinese ambassador Zhou Daguan arrived at Angkor
just as the empire moved to worshipping
at Theravada Buddhist temples called viharas.
Zhou Daguan saw this society
that was in transition and changing.
Rather than more temples being constructed,
it was now vihara and monasteries.
There were still construction activities after 1295.
The type of structures, the type of temple,
changed because of Theravada Buddhism.
Because Theravada Buddhism only require a terrace
surrounded by boundary stones,
and a Buddha statues,
and then wooden upper structures.
So that's very simple.
And that's what could drive a lot of change.
The age of giant, ornate stone temples was over.
The shift away from huge temples and elaborate ceremony
not only meant less construction,
but fewer monks, dancers, and religious staff.
All this could have contributed
to a shrinking population at Angkor
in the 1300s.
But would it have caused the Khmer
to completely abandon such a vibrant city?
Or was there another, fatal blow to Angkor?
We don't, obviously, have a historical record
of climate from Angkor.
There was nobody here recording it at the time.
So what we have to do is look for other sources of information
that can tell us that.
We exploited some tree ring records
from the mountains of Vietnam
that tell us about rainfall, in particular.
And they tell us a really interesting story
about variations in weather and climate
during the period where Angkor is abandoned.
The study showed
a series of droughts at a time
when Angkor was vulnerable.
So those two droughts occurred
from about the middle
of the 14th century,
so from about 1350 onwards,
and they lasted for about two decades,
more or less, at a time.
So, they were really, really severe-- quite profound.
Nothing like we have seen in the modern era.
Angkor had survived droughts before,
but this time may have been different.
So, you have the sense that Angkor is very successful,
but it's building itself into a state of precariousness.
So, by the time it gets to the middle of the 1300s,
and you're hit with a massive drought,
and then a, a big wet period, and another massive drought,
the whole system starts to crack and come apart.
Fractured it, shattered it, by eroding,
by sedimenting or infilling canals,
and blowing out banks and reservoirs.
Doing all sorts of damage to the system.
You need to have the people who continue to have that knowledge.
Without those people, everything collapse.
The lidar data also reveals some failures
in the water management system.
So here we can see where a channel
cut through an embankment.
You can see that this is going
right through the middle of a densely occupied urban space.
So, this would have been devastating for the people
that were living here at the time.
And one of the other things is,
we can see that this failure was never repaired.
At some point in the 1400s,
the city of Angkor was largely abandoned.
Only a handful of farmers, monks,
and religious pilgrims remained.
Over time, the jungle covered the ancient heart
of the Khmer Empire.
For over 600 years, the seasonal floods and droughts
ravaged the ancient monuments.
Today, Cambodians have an ambitious plan:
restore the ancient hydraulic systems
and bring the water back to Angkor
and the surrounding area.
Our ancient ancestors
already designed and built
working water systems.
So as the younger generation,
our work is simply to restore and rehabilitate.
We are combining the use
of ancient technology that already exists
with our modern technology.
Restoring the channels into the barays
to prevent flooding and hold water
has been successful.
The Northern Baray is now full.
So is the West Baray,
holding more than 13 billion gallons of water.
The project to widen the canals and fill the ancient moats
continues,
including work on the moat around Angkor Wat.
In the same time, that system allow us
to save the water for the dry season.
It's impossible to have this level today
if those system are not put in place.
Even in the end of the dry season, you will have the same,
nearly the same water level in the Angkor Wat moat.
Angkor's legacy reaches beyond Cambodia.
Angkor is a location.
It's also a representation of a culture and a civilization,
the ways in which humans can flourish
in difficult environments.
It represents a celebration of the past,
and it represents a warning to our future.
But for the Cambodian people,
the centuries of history at Angkor
form a central part of their identity.
Through the transition
from the Angkorian to post-Angkorian period,
it's social transformation.
After the collapse of Angkor, it became a symbol of power.
For the Khmer people,
Angkor is an important cultural symbol,
a reflection of the Khmer identity and soul.
All the local people want to pay the respect to Angkor.
Angkor, for the Cambodian people,
it's a lot-- everything.
The sacred aspect of Angkor
never left Angkor-- it is still here.
It's still here today.