Captioning funded by CBS and FORD. We go further, so you can.
>> Wertheim: ON THIS SPECIAL EDITION OF "60 MINUTES PRESENTS:" THE RITCHIE BOYS. THINK YOU KNOW ALL ABOUT WORLD
WAR II'S GREATEST HEROES? ( EXPLOSION ) THINK AGAIN. TONIGHT, YOU'LL MEET FOUR
SURVIVING MEMBERS OF A SECRET GROUP CALLED THE RITCHIE BOYS-- 11,000 AMERICAN SOLDIERS, MANY OF THEM JEWS, WHO HAD FLED NAZI
GERMANY AND WERE TRAINED IN ESPIONAGE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE. HOW EFFECTIVE WERE THEY AT
GATHERING INTELLIGENCE? >> THEY WERE INCREDIBLY EFFECTIVE. 60%-PLUS OF THE ACTIONABLE
INTELLIGENCE GATHERED ON THE BATTLEFIELD WAS GATHERED BY RITCHIE BOYS. THEY MADE A MASSIVE CONTRIBUTION
TO ESSENTIALLY EVERY BATTLE THAT THE AMERICANS FOUGHT-- THE ENTIRE SETS OF BATTLES ON THE WESTERN FRONT.
>> Wertheirm: GOOD EVENING. I'M JON WERTHEIM. WELCOME TO "60 MINUTES PRESENTS."
FOR AS CASUALLY AS WE OFTEN TOSS AROUND THE WORD "HERO," SOMETIMES, NO LESSER TERM APPLIES.
TONIGHT, WE'LL INTRODUCE YOU TO MEMBERS OF A SECRET AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE UNIT WHO FOUGHT IN WORLD WAR II.
WHAT'S MOST EXTRAORDINARY ABOUT THIS GROUP? MANY OF THEM WERE GERMAN-BORN JEWS WHO FLED THEIR HOMELAND,
CAME TO AMERICA, AND THEN JOINED THE U.S. ARMY. THEIR MISSION: TO USE THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE
AND CULTURE TO RETURN TO EUROPE AND FIGHT NAZISM. THE RITCHIE BOYS, AS THEY WERE KNOWN, TRAINED IN ESPIONAGE AND
FRONTLINE INTERROGATION. AND, INCREDIBLY, THEY WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST OF THE COMBAT INTELLIGENCE GATHERED ON
THE WESTERN FRONT. FOR DECADES, THEY DIDN'T DISCUSS THEIR WORK. FORTUNATELY, SOME OF THE RITCHIE
BOYS ARE STILL AROUND TO TELL THEIR TALES, AND THAT INCLUDES THE LIFE-FORCE THAT IS GUY STERN, AGE 99.
YOU WORK SIX DAYS A WEEK, YOU SWIM EVERY MORNING, YOU LECTURE. ANY SIGNS OF SLOWING DOWN? >> Guy Stern: WELL, I THINK NOT.
( LAUGHS ) BUT I DON'T RUN AS FAST, I DON'T SWIM AS FAST. BUT I FEEL HAPPY WITH MY TASKS.
>> Wertheim: JUST TWO WEEKS SHY OF TURNING 100, GUY STERN DRIPS WITH VITALITY. HE STILL WORKS SIX DAYS A WEEK--
AND IF YOU GET UP EARLY ENOUGH, YOU MIGHT CATCH HIM WORKING OUT AT HIS LOCAL PARK IN THE DETROIT SUBURBS.
BUT, ASK HIM ABOUT HIS MOST FORMATIVE EXPERIENCE, AND HE DOESN'T HESITATE. IT WAS HIS SERVICE IN THE
MILITARY DURING WORLD WAR II. WHAT WAS IT LIKE FOR YOU, LEAVING NAZI GERMANY, ESCAPING AS A JEW, AND THE NEXT TIME YOU
GO BACK TO EUROPE, IT'S TO FIGHT THOSE GUYS? WHAT WAS THAT LIKE? >> Stern: I WAS A SOLDIER, DOING
MY JOB, AND THAT PRECLUDED ANY CONCERN THAT I WAS GOING BACK TO A COUNTRY I ONCE WAS VERY ATTACHED TO.
I HAD A WAR TO FIGHT, AND I DID IT. >> Wertheim: THIS IS GUY STERN 80 YEARS AGO.
HE IS AMONG THE LAST SURVIVING RITCHIE BOYS-- A GROUP OF YOUNG MEN, MANY OF THEM GERMAN JEWS, WHO PLAYED AN OUTSIZED ROLE IN
HELPING THE ALLIES WIN WORLD WAR II. THEY TOOK THEIR NAME FROM THE PLACE THEY TRAINED: CAMP
RITCHIE, MARYLAND, A SECRET AMERICAN MILITARY INTELLIGENCE CENTER DURING THE WAR. STARTING IN 1942, MORE THAN
11,000 SOLDIERS WENT THROUGH THE RIGOROUS TRAINING AT WHAT WAS THE ARMY'S FIRST CENTRALIZED SCHOOL FOR INTELLIGENCE AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE. >> David Frey: THE PURPOSE OF THE FACILITY WAS TO TRAIN INTERROGATORS.
THAT WAS THE BIGGEST WEAKNESS THAT THE ARMY RECOGNIZED THAT IT HAD, WHICH WAS BATTLEFIELD INTELLIGENCE, AND THE
INTERROGATION NEEDED TO TALK TO, SOMETIMES CIVILIANS, MOST OF THE TIME PRISONERS OF WAR, IN ORDER TO GLEAN INFORMATION FROM THEM.
>> Wertheim: DAVID FREY IS A PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AND DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR HOLOCAUST STUDIES AT THE U.S.
MILITARY ACADEMY AT WEST POINT. HOW EFFECTIVE WERE THEY AT GATHERING INTELLIGENCE? >> Frey: THEY WERE INCREDIBLY
EFFECTIVE. 60%-PLUS OF THE ACTIONABLE INTELLIGENCE GATHERED ON THE BATTLEFIELD WAS GATHERED BY
RITCHIE BOYS. >> Wertheim: 60% OF THE ACTIONABLE INTELLIGENCE? >> Frey: YES.
THEY MADE A MASSIVE CONTRIBUTION TO ESSENTIALLY EVERY BATTLE THAT THE AMERICANS FOUGHT. THE ENTIRE SETS OF BATTLES ON
THE WESTERN FRONT. >> Wertheim: RECRUITS WERE CHOSEN BASED ON THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND
CULTURE, AS WELL AS THEIR HIGH I.Q.s. ESSENTIALLY, THEY WERE INTELLECTUALS.
THE LARGEST SET OF GRADUATES WERE 2,000 GERMAN-BORN JEWS. >> Frey: IF WE TAKE CAMP RITCHIE IN MICROCOSM, IT WAS ALMOST THE
IDEAL OF AN AMERICAN MELTING POT. YOU HAD PEOPLE COMING FROM ALL OVER, UNITING FOR A PARTICULAR
CAUSE. >> Wertheim: ALL IN SERVICE OF WINNING THE WAR? >> Frey: ALL IN SERVICE OF
WINNING THE WAR. AND THERE'S NOTHING THAT FORGES UNITY BETTER THAN HAVING A COMMON ENEMY.
YOU HAD A WHOLE LOAD OF IMMIGRANTS WHO REALLY WANTED TO GET BACK INTO THE FIGHT. >> Wertheim: IMMIGRANTS LIKE GUY
STERN. HE GREW UP IN A CLOSE-KNIT FAMILY IN THE TOWN OF HILDESHEIM, GERMANY.
WHEN HITLER TOOK POWER IN 1933, STERN SAYS THE CLIMATE GREW INCREASINGLY HOSTILE. >> Stern: MY FELLOW STUDENTS--
IT WAS AN ALL-MALE SCHOOL-- WITHDREW FROM YOU. >> Wertheim: BECAUSE YOU WERE JEWISH, YOU WERE OSTRACIZED?
>> Stern: THAT IS CORRECT. I WENT TO MY FATHER ONE DAY AND I SAID, "CLASSES ARE BECOMING A TORTURE CHAMBER."
>> Wertheim: BY 1937, VIOLENCE AGAINST JEWS WAS ESCALATING. SENSING DANGER, STERN'S FATHER TRIED TO GET THE FAMILY OUT--
BUT THE STERNS COULD ONLY SEND ONE OF THEIR OWN TO THE U.S. THEY CHOSE THEIR ELDEST SON. DO YOU REMEMBER SAYING GOODBYE
TO YOUR FAMILY? >> Stern: YES. >> Wertheim: WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER FROM THAT?
>> Stern: HANDKERCHIEFS. I COULDN'T KNOW AT THAT POINT THAT I WOULD NEVER SEE MY SIBLINGS OR MY PARENTS AGAIN,
NOR MY GRANDMOTHER, AND SO FORTH AND SO ON. >> Wertheim: GUY STERN ARRIVED IN THE U.S. ALONE AT AGE 15,
SETTLING WITH AN UNCLE IN ST. LOUIS. WHEN THE JAPANESE BOMBED PEARL HARBOR IN 1941, STERN, BY THEN A
COLLEGE STUDENT, RACED TO ENLIST. >> Stern: I HAD AN IMMEDIATE, VISCERAL RESPONSE TO THAT, AND
THAT WAS, THIS IS MY WAR FOR MANY REASONS. PERSONAL, OF COURSE, BUT ALSO THIS COUNTRY-- I WAS REALLY
TREATED WELL. >> Wertheim: IN NEW YORK, PAUL FAIRBROOK HAD A SIMILAR IMPULSE. NOW 98, FAIRBROOK IS THE FORMER
DEAN OF THE CULINARY INSTITUTE OF AMERICA. HIS JEWISH FAMILY LEFT GERMANY IN 1933 WHEN HE WAS 10.
WHY DID YOU WANT TO ENLIST, INITIALLY? >> Paul Fairbrook: LOOK, I'M A GERMAN JEW, AND THERE'S NOTHING
THAT I WANTED MORE, IS TO GET SOME REVENGE ON HITLER, WHO KILLED MY UNCLES, AND MY AUNTS, AND MY COUSINS.
AND THERE WAS NO QUESTION IN MY MIND, AND NEITHER OF ALL THE MEN IN CAMP RITCHIE. SO MANY OF THEM WERE JEWISH.
WE WERE ALL ON THE SAME WAVELENGTH. WE WERE DELIGHTED TO GET A CHANCE TO DO SOMETHING FOR THE
UNITED STATES. >> Wertheim: AT THE TIME, THOUGH, THE MILITARY WOULDN'T TAKE VOLUNTEERS WHO WEREN'T BORN
IN THE U.S. BUT, WITHIN A FEW MONTHS, THE GOVERNMENT REALIZED THESE SO- CALLED ENEMY ALIENS COULD BE A
VALUABLE RESOURCE IN THE WAR. WHY WERE THE RITCHIE BOYS SO SUCCESSFUL? >> Fairbrook: WELL, BECAUSE IT
WAS AN UNUSUAL PART OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. YOU CAN LEARN TO SHOOT A RIFLE IN SIX MONTHS, BUT YOU CAN'T
LEARN FLUENT GERMAN IN SIX MONTHS. AND THAT'S WHAT THE KEY TO THE SUCCESS WAS.
>> Wertheirm: WAS IT YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE LANGUAGE OR YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE PSYCHOLOGY AND THE GERMAN CULTURE?
>> Fairbrook: OH, THAT IS A VERY GOOD QUESTION. THAT IS THE KEY TO BEING A GOOD INTERROGATOR.
YOU REALLY KNOW AN AWFUL LOT OF THE SUBTLETIES WHEN YOU'RE HAVING A CONVERSATION WITH ANOTHER GERMAN, AND WE WERE ABLE
TO FIND OUT THINGS IN THEIR ANSWERS THAT ENABLED US TO ASK MORE QUESTIONS. YOU REALLY HAVE TO UNDERSTAND,
IT HELPS TO HAVE BEEN BORN IN GERMANY IN ORDER TO-- IN ORDER TO DO A GOOD JOB. >> Wertheim: BOTH REFUGEES LIKE
FAIRBROOK AND STERN, AS WELL AS A NUMBER OF AMERICAN-BORN RECRUITS WITH REQUISITE LANGUAGE SKILLS, WERE DRAFTED INTO THE
ARMY AND SENT TO CAMP RITCHIE. HOW DID YOU FIND OUT YOU WERE GOING TO GO TO CAMP RITCHIE? >> Stern: I WAS CALLED TO THE
COMPANY OFFICE AND TOLD, "YOU'RE SHIPPING OUT." AND I SAID, "MAY I KNOW WHERE I'M GOING?"
AND HE SAID "NO, MILITARY SECRET." >> Wertheim: THEY SWORE YOU TO SECRECY?
>> Stern: YES >> Wertheim: ORIGINALLY A RESORT, CAMP RITCHIE WAS A CURIOUSLY IDYLLIC SETTING TO
PREPARE FOR THE HARSHNESS AND BRUTALITY OF WAR. NESTLED IN THE BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAINS OF MARYLAND, IT WAS
AWAY FROM PRYING EYES-- AND PRYING SPIES- BUT CLOSE ENOUGH TO DECISION MAKERS AT THE PENTAGON.
GIVE US A SENSE OF THE KINDS OF COURSES THEY TOOK. >> Frey: WELL, THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF THE TRAINING
WAS THAT THEY LEARNED TO DO INTERROGATION, AND IN PARTICULAR OF PRISONERS OF WAR. TECHNIQUES WHERE YOU WANT TO GET
PEOPLE TO TALK TO YOU. YOU WANT TO CONVINCE THEM THAT YOU'RE TRUSTWORTHY. YOU WANT TO GIVE THEM THAT
FEELING THAT YOU KNOW WHO THEY ARE, THEY KNOW WHO YOU ARE. YOU KNOW A LOT ABOUT THEM ALREADY.
SO, WHATEVER INFORMATION THEY'RE GIVING YOU IS INFORMATION THAT YOU PROBABLY ALREADY KNOW. BUT THEY ALSO DID TERRAIN
ANALYSIS, THEY ALSO DID PHOTO ANALYSIS, AND AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE ANALYSIS. THEY DID COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
TRAINING. >> Wertheim: THIS WAS REALLY A BROAD RANGE OF INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES.
>> Frey: IT WAS A VERY BROAD RANGE AND THEY DID IT ALL GENERALLY IN EIGHT WEEKS. >> Wertheim: WHAT YOU DESCRIBE,
IT ALMOST SOUNDS LIKE THESE WERE PRECURSORS TO C.I.A. AGENTS. >> Frey: THEY WERE, IN FACT. SOME OF THEM WERE TRAINED AS
SPIES AND SOME OF THEM WENT ON TO CAREERS AS SPIES. >> Victor Brombert: MY PARENTS WERE PACIFISTS, SO THE IDEA OF
MY GOING TO WAR WAS FOR THEM CALAMITOUS, HOWEVER THEY REALIZED THAT IT WAS A NECESSARY WAR, ESPECIALLY FOR US.
>> Wertheim: VICTOR BROMBERT, NOW 98-YEARS-OLD, IS A FORMER PROFESSOR OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE AT YALE, AND THEN
PRINCETON. HE WAS BORN IN BERLIN TO A RUSSIAN JEWISH FAMILY. WHEN HITLER CAME TO POWER, THE
BROMBERTS FLED TO FRANCE, AND THEN TO THE U.S. EAGER TO FIGHT THE NAZIS, HE, TOO, JOINED THE ARMY.
AFTER RECRUITERS FOUND OUT HE SPOKE FOUR LANGUAGES, THEY DISPATCHED HIM TO CAMP RITCHIE, WHERE STRENUOUS CLASSROOM
INSTRUCTION WAS COUPLED WITH STRENUOUS FIELD EXERCISES. >> Brombert: THERE WERE LONG AND DEMANDING EXERCISES AND CLOSE
COMBAT TRAINING. "HOW TO KILL A SENTRY FROM BEHIND." I THOUGHT, "I'M NEVER GOING TO
DO THAT," BUT I WAS SHOWN HOW TO DO IT. >> Wertheim: SO PHYSICAL COMBAT TRAINING AS WELL AS
INTELLIGENCE? >> Brombert: YES, WELL, WITH A STICK. YOU SORT OF SWING IT AROUND THE
NECK FROM BEHIND AND THEN PULL. >> Wertheim: AMONG THE UNUSUAL SIGHTS AT RITCHIE: A TEAM OF U.S. SOLDIERS DRESSED IN GERMAN
UNIFORMS. THE RITCHIE BOYS TRAINED FOR WAR AGAINST THESE FAKE GERMANS WITH FAKE GERMAN TANKS MADE OUT OF
WOOD. ANOTHER UNUSUAL SIGHT: TOWERING OVER RECRUITS, FRANK LEAVITT, A WORLD WAR I VETERAN AND PRO
WRESTLING STAR AT THE TIME, WAS AMONG THE INSTRUCTORS. TRAINING WAS DESIGNED TO BE AS REALISTIC AS POSSIBLE.
THE RITCHIE BOYS PRACTICED STREET FIGHTING IN LIFE-SIZE REPLICAS OF GERMAN VILLAGES, AND QUESTIONED MOCK CIVILIANS IN
FULL SCALE GERMAN HOMES. SOME OF THE PRISONERS WERE ACTUAL GERMAN P.O.W.s BROUGHT TO CAMP RITCHIE SO THE RITCHIE BOYS
COULD PRACTICE THEIR INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES. I UNDERSTAND YOU, YOU HAD SPARRING PARTNERS.
YOU PLAYACTED-- >> Brombert: ONE HAD TO PLAYACT WITH SOME OF THE PEOPLE WERE ACTING AS PRISONERS AND SOME OF
THEM WERE REAL PRISONERS. >> Wertheim: BY THE SPRING OF 1944, THE RITCHIE BOYS WERE READY TO RETURN TO WESTERN
EUROPE, THIS TIME AS NATURALIZED AMERICANS IN AMERICAN UNIFORMS. STILL, IF THEY WERE CAPTURED, THEY KNEW WHAT THE NAZIS WOULD
DO TO THEM. SOME OF THEM REQUESTED NEW DOG TAGS, WITH VERY GOOD REASON. THIS DOG TAG SAYS HEBREW.
DID YOUR DOG TAG IDENTIFY YOU AS JEWISH? >> Stern: I PREFERRED NOT HAVING IT.
I ASKED THEM TO LEAVE IT OFF >> Wertheim: YOU DIDN'T WANT TO BE IDENTIFIED AS JEWISH GOING BACK TO WESTERN EUROPE.
>> Stern: NO BECAUSE I KNEW THAT THE CONTACT WITH GERMANS MIGHT NOT BE VERY NICE. >> Wertheim: ON JUNE 6, 1944, D-
DAY, THE ALLIES LAUNCHED ONE OF THE MOST SWEEPING MILITARY OPERATIONS IN HISTORY. A MIGHTY ONSLAUGHT OF MORE THAN
160,000 MEN, 13,000 AIRCRAFT, AND 5,000 VESSELS. >> Stern: WE WERE ON A P.T. BOAT TAKING OFF FROM SOUTHAMPTON.
AND WE ALL WERE SCARED. WE WERE BRIEFED THAT THE GERMANS WERE NOT GOING TO WELCOME US GREATLY.
AS A JEW, I KNEW I MIGHT NOT BE TREATED EXACTLY BY THE GENEVA RULES. >> Wertheim: DIVIDED INTO SIX-
MAN TEAMS, THE RITCHIE BOYS WERE ATTACHED TO DIFFERENT ARMY UNITS. THEIR JOB: TO PROVIDE
BATTLEFIELD INTELLIGENCE. WHEN THEY LANDED ON THE BEACHES OF NORMANDY, WEHRMACHT TROOPS WERE WAITING FOR THEM, WELL-
ARMED AND WELL PREPARED. VICTOR BROMBERT WAS WITH THE FIRST AMERICAN ARMORED DIVISION TO LAND ON OMAHA BEACH.
HE IS STILL HAUNTED BY WHAT HE EXPERIENCED THAT DAY. >> Brombert: I SAW IMMENSE DEBRIS.
WOUNDED PEOPLE. DEAD PEOPLE. I REMEMBER BEING UP ON A CLIFF THE FIRST NIGHT OVER OMAHA
BEACH. AND WE WERE STRAFED AND I SAID TO MYSELF, UH, "NOW, IT'S THE END," BECAUSE I COULD- YOU COULD
FEEL THE MACHINE GUN BULLETS. >> Wertheim: IS THAT WHEN YOU FIRST REALIZE- I'M- I'M IN A WAR HERE?
>> Brombert: YES, I REALIZED THAT I WAS AFRAID. I NEVER CALCULATED THAT THERE IS SUCH A THING AS TERROR, FEAR.
SO, I EXPERIENCED VISCERALLY, FEAR. >> Wertheim: ON THE FRONT LINES FROM NORMANDY ONWARDS, THE
RITCHIE BOYS FOUGHT IN EVERY MAJOR BATTLE IN EUROPE, COLLECTING TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE, INTERROGATING
PRISONERS AND CIVILIANS, ALL IN SERVICE OF WINNING THE WAR. WHEN WE COME BACK, WE'LL HEAR ABOUT SOME OF THE SURPRISING
WAYS THEY FORGED CONNECTIONS WITH THE ENEMY IN ORDER TO EXTRACT STRATEGIC INFORMATION.
>> Wertheim: IN 1944, THE RITCHIE BOYS HEADED TO EUROPE TO FIGHT IN A WAR THAT WAS FOR THEM, INTENSELY PERSONAL.
THEY WERE MEMBERS OF A SECRET GROUP WHOSE MASTERY OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE HELPED THEM PROVIDE BATTLEFIELD
INTELLIGENCE THAT PROVED PIVOTAL TO THE ALLIES' VICTORY. THE RITCHIE BOYS LANDED ON THE BEACHES OF NORMANDY ON D-DAY,
AND HELPED LIBERATE PARIS. THEY CROSSED INTO GERMANY WITH THE ALLIED ARMIES AND WITNESSED THE HORRORS OF THE NAZI
CONCENTRATION CAMPS. ALL THE WHILE, THEY TRACKED DOWN EVIDENCE AND INTERROGATED NAZI CRIMINALS, LATER TRIED AT
NUREMBERG. IT WAS ALSO IN EUROPE THAT SOME OF THEM, LIKE GUY STERN, LEARNED WHAT HAD HAPPENED TO THE
FAMILIES THEY LEFT BEHIND. >> THIS IS IT. THEY'RE ON THE BEACH. >> Wertheim: BY THE SUMMER OF
1944, GERMAN TROOPS IN NORMANDY WERE OUTNUMBERED AND OVERPOWERED. THE ALLIES LIBERATED PARIS IN
AUGUST. >> THE DATE WAS AUGUST 25. >> Wertheim: AND DROVE NAZI TROOPS OUT OF FRANCE.
BUT HITLER WAS DETERMINED TO CONTINUE THE WAR. IN THE ARDENNES REGION OF BELGIUM, THE GERMANS MOUNTED A
MASSIVE COUNTEROFFENSIVE, WHICH BECAME KNOWN AS "THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE." I SEE A TENT IN THE BACKGROUND
OF THAT PHOTO RIGHT IN FRONT OF YOU. >> Stern: YES, THAT'S MY INTERROGATION TENT.
>> Wertheim: SO, THIS IS YOU ON THE JOB. YOU'RE IN BELGIUM? >> Stern: YES, DOING MY JOB
INTERROGATING. RIGHT. >> Wertheim: AMID THE CHAOS OF WAR, GUY STERN AND THE OTHER
RITCHIE BOYS HAD A JOB TO DO. EMBEDDED IN EVERY ARMY UNIT, THEY INTERROGATED TENS OF THOUSANDS OF CAPTURED NAZI
SOLDIERS AS WELL AS CIVILIANS, EXTRACTING KEY STRATEGIC INFORMATION ON ENEMY STRENGTH, TROOP MOVEMENTS, AND DEFENSIVE
POSITIONS. THEY THEN TYPED UP THEIR DAILY REPORTS IN THE FIELD TO BE PASSED UP THE CHAIN OF COMMAND.
>> Brombert: OUR INTERROGATIONS, IT HAD TO DO WITH TACTICAL IMMEDIATE CONCERNS. AND THAT'S WHY CIVILIANS COULD
BE USEFUL AND SOLDIERS COULD BE USEFUL. "WHERE IS THE MINEFIELD?" VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE YOU SAVE
LIFE IF YOU KNOW WHERE THE MINE. "WHERE IS THE MACHINE GUN NEST?" "HOW MANY MACHINE GUNS DO YOU HAVE THERE?"
"WHERE ARE YOUR RESERVE UNITS?" AND IF YOU DON'T GET IT FROM ONE PRISONER, YOU MIGHT GET IT FROM THE OTHER.
>> Wertheim: 98-YEAR-OLD VICTOR BROMBERT SAYS THEY RELIED ON THIR CAMP RITCHIE TRAINING TO GET PEOPLE TO OPEN UP.
>> Brombert: WE IMPROVISED ACCORDING TO THE SITUATION, ACCORDING TO THE KIND OF UNIT, ACCORDING TO THE KIND OF PERSON
WE WERE INTERROGATING. BUT CERTAINLY WHAT DID NOT WORK WAS VIOLENCE OR THREAT OF VIOLENCE.
NEVER. WHAT DID WORK IS COMPLICITY. >> Wertheim: WHAT-- WHAT DO YOU MEAN?
>> Brombert: BY COMPLICITY I MEAN, "OH, WE ARE TOGETHER IN THIS WAR. YOU ON ONE SIDE AND WE ON THIS
SIDE. ISN'T IT A MISERABLE THING? AREN'T WE ALL, SORT OF, TIRED OF IT?"
>> Wertheim: THE SHARED EXPERIENCE? >> Brombert: THE SHARED EXPERIENCE, EXACTLY.
GIVING OUT SOME CIGARETTES ALSO HELPS A LOT. A FRIENDLY APPROACH. TRYING TO BE HUMAN.
>> Wertheim: THE RITCHIE BOYS CONNECTED WITH PRISONERS ON SUBJECTS AS VARIED AS FOOD AND SOCCER RIVALRIES, BUT THEY
WEREN'T ABOVE USING DECEPTION ON DIFFICULT TARGETS. THE RITCHIE BOYS DISCOVERED THAT THE NAZIS WERE TERRIFIED OF
ENDING UP IN RUSSIAN CAPTIVITY, AND THEY USED THAT TO GREAT EFFECT. IF A GERMAN P.O.W. WOULDN'T
TALK, HE MIGHT FACE GUY STERN DRESSED UP AS A RUSSIAN OFFICER. >> Stern: I HAD MY WHOLE UNIFORM WITH MEDALS, RUSSIAN MEDALS, AND
I GAVE MYSELF THE NAME "COMMISSAR KRUKOV." >> Wertheim: THAT'S WHAT YOU CALLED YOURSELF?
>> Stern: THAT WAS MY PSEUDONYM. >> Wertheim: HOW DID YOU DO COMMISSAR? >> Stern: THANK YOU FOR ASKING.
( LAUGHS ) I GAVE MYSELF ALL THE ACCOUTERMENTS OF LOOKING LIKE A FIERCE RUSSIAN COMMISSAR.
AND SOME WE DIDN'T BREAK, BUT 80% WERE SO DARNED SCARED OF THE RUSSIANS AND WHAT THEY WOULD DO. >> Wertheim: SO, THERE'S A REAL
ELEMENT OF COSTUMES AND DECEPTION AND ACCENTS. >> Stern: YES, AND IT'S THEATRICS IN A WAY, YES.
>> Wertheim: THEIR SUBJECTS RANGED FROM LOW LEVEL GERMAN SOLDIERS TO HIGH RANKING NAZI OFFICERS, INCLUDING HANS
GOEBBELS, BROTHER OF HITLER'S CHIEF PROPOGANDIST, JOSEPH GOEBBELS. ANOTHER BIT OF INDISPENSABLE
RITCHIE BOY HANDIWORK: THE ORDER OF BATTLE OF THE GERMAN ARMY. PAUL FAIRBROOK HELPED WRITE THIS COMPACT MANUAL, KNOWN AS "THE
RED BOOK," WHICH OUTLINED IN GREAT DETAIL THE MAKEUP OF VIRTUALLY EVERY NAZI UNIT, INFORMATION EVERY RITCHIE BOY
COMMITTED TO MEMORY. >> Fairbrook: WHEN THE SOLDIERS SAID, "I'M NOT GOING TO TALK," THEY COULD SAY, "WAIT A MINUTE.
I KNOW ALL ABOUT YOU. LOOK, I GOT A BOOK HERE AND IT TELLS ME THAT YOU WERE HERE AND YOU WENT THERE AND YOUR BOSS WAS
THIS." AND THEY WERE IMPRESSED WITH THAT >> Wertheim: SO, IT SOUNDS LIKE
THIS GAVE THE OFFICERS IN THE FIELD A GUIDE TO THE GERMAN ARMY SO THEY COULD THEN INTERROGATE THE GERMAN P.O.W.s MORE
EFFICIENTLY. >> Fairbrook: THAT'S EXACTLY RIGHT. >> Wertheim: THE RITCHIE BOYS
EARNED A REPUTATION FOR DELIVERING IMPORTANT TACTICAL INFORMATION FAST, MAKING A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO EVERY BATTLE ON
THE WESTERN FRONT. >> Frey: THE WORK THEY DO IN THE FIELD, BEING ABLE TO GLEAN INFORMATION SIMPLY BY, FROM THE
UNIFORM THAT A CAPTURED P.O.W. IS WEARING OR THE TYPE OF WEAPON THAT THEY HAVE OR THE UNIT THAT THEY'VE JUST CAPTURED.
THAT INFORMATION IS OF CRITICAL IMPORTANCE BECAUSE IT TELLS YOU WHERE CERTAIN UNITS ARE, AND IF YOU KNOW WHERE CERTAIN UNITS
ARE, YOU KNOW WHERE THE WEAK SPOTS ARE. YOU KNOW WHERE THE STRONG POINTS ARE, AND YOU KNOW YOU WHAT TO
AVOID AND WHAT TO ATTACK. >> Wertheim: DAVID FREY TEACHES HISTORY TO CADETS AT THE U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY AT WEST POINT.
>> Frey: THIS IS WHERE THE HAVING AN INTELLIGENCE OFFICER FROM CAMP RITCHIE WAS OF CRITICAL IMPORTANCE, BECAUSE
THEY WOULD KNOW THIS INFORMATION. YOUR AVERAGE COMMANDER IN THE FIELD MIGHT NOT.
>> Wertheim: THEIR WORK SAVED LIVES? >> Frey: ABSOLUTELY. THEY CERTAINLY SAVED LIVES.
I THINK THAT'S QUANTIFIABLE. PART OF WHAT THE RITCHIE BOYS DID WAS TO CONVINCE GERMAN UNITS TO SURRENDER WITHOUT FIGHTING.
>> Wertheim: AND YOU'RE SAYING THAT SOME OF THAT ORIGINATED AT CAMP RITCHIE? >> Frey: MUCH OF IT ORIGINATED
AT CAMP RITCHIE BECAUSE IT HAD NEVER- IT HADN'T BEEN DONE BEFORE. HOW DO YOU APPEAL TO PEOPLE IN
THEIR OWN LANGUAGE? KNOWING HOW TO SHAPE THAT APPEAL WAS PRETTY CRITICAL TO THE SUCCESS OF THE MOBILE BROADCAST
UNITS. >> Wertheim: IN TRUCKS EQUIPPED WITH LOUDSPEAKERS, RITCHIE BOYS WENT TO THE FRONT LINES UNDER
HEAVY FIRE, AND TRIED, IN GERMAN, TO PERSUADE THEIR NAZI COUNTERPARTS TO SURRENDER. THEY ALSO DRAFTED AND DROPPED
LEAFLETS FROM AIRPLANES BEHIND ENEMY LINES. >> Wertheim: THIS WAS ONE OF THE LEAFLETS THAT WAS DROPPED OUT.
>> Stern: OUT OF A PLANE. I HAVE SOME THAT WERE SHOT. THIS ONE WAS OUR MOST EFFECTIVE LEAFLET.
AND WHY WAS THAT? BECAUSE EISENHOWER HAD SIGNED IT AND THE GERMANS HAD AN INCREDIBLY NAIÏVE APPROACH TO
EVERYTHING THAT WAS SIGNED AND SEALED. >> Wertheim: AND YOU THINK BECAUSE IT HAD THAT SIGNATURE,
SOMEHOW THAT CERTIFIED IT. >> Stern: YES, THAT CARRIED WEIGHT, AND THE BELIEF IN THE PRINTED MATTER WAS VERY GREAT.
>> Wertheim: THAT'S THE KIND OF THING YOU WOULD KNOW. >> Stern: YES. >> Wertheim: AS A FORMER GERMAN
WHO UNDERSTOOD THE PSYCHOLOGY AND THE MENTALITY. >> Stern: THAT'S CORRECT. >> Wertheim: APART FROM THE
FIGHTING, THERE WERE OTHER THREATS CONFRONTING THE RITCHIE BOYS. GIVEN THEIR FOREIGN ACCENTS,
THEY WERE IN PARTICULAR DANGER OF BEING MISTAKEN FOR THE ENEMY BY THEIR OWN TROOPS, WHO INSTITUTED PASSWORDS AT
CHECKPOINTS. >> Brombert: WHAT HAPPENED TO ONE OF THE RITCHIE BOYS-- AT NIGHT ON THE WAY TO THE LATRINE,
HE WAS ASKED FOR A PASSWORD AND HE GAVE THE NAME, THE WORD FOR THE PASSWORD, BUT WITH A GERMAN ACCENT.
HE WAS SHOT RIGHT AWAY AND KILLED. >> Wertheim: DID YOU EVER WORRY YOUR ACCENT MIGHT GET YOU
KILLED? >> Brombert: YES, OF COURSE. YOU KNOW, I DON'T TALK LIKE AN ALABAMA PERSON OR A TEXAN.
>> Wertheim: SOME RITCHIE BOYS WERE RECRUITED TO GO ON SECRET MISSIONS DURING THE WAR. 97-YEAR-OLD MAX LERNER, AN
AUSTRIAN JEW FLUENT IN GERMAN AND FRENCH, SERVED AS A SPECIAL AGENT WITH THE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE CORPS,
PASSING INFORMATION TO FRENCH UNDERGROUND RESISTANCE GROUPS. YOU WERE TRAINED AS A SPY? >> Max Lerner: YES.
>> Wertheim: WHAT WERE YOU TRAINED TO DO? >> Lerner: WEAR CIVILIAN CLOTHES, PASS MESSAGES, KILL.
>> Wertheim: THIS IS GOING BEHIND ENEMY LINES. I MEAN, THIS IS YOU'RE TAKING YOUR LIFE IN YOUR HANDS HERE.
>> Lerner: WELL, IT WAS A WAR. >> Wertheim: THAT'S HOW YOU LOOKED AT IT. >> Lerner: IT WAS MY WAR.
AND I NEEDED TO GET MY OWN BACK. I WANTED DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING. >> Wertheim: AT ONE POINT, MAX
LERNER DISGUISED HIMSELF AS A GERMAN OFFICER AND SNUCK BEHIND ENEMY LINES, LEADING A TEAM OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS INTO A GERMAN
DEPOT AT NIGHT AND DESTROYING THE EQUIPMENT. DID YOU WORRY WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IF YOU WERE CAPTURED?
>> Lerner: I WASN'T SMART ENOUGH. >> Wertheim: WHAT DO YOU SUSPECT MIGHT HAVE HAPPENED?
>> Lerner: OH, I WOULD HAVE BEEN KILLED. >> Wertheim: BY THE SPRING OF 1945, ALLIED FORCES NEARED
BERLIN AND HITLER TOOK HIS LIFE IN HIS UNDERGROUND BUNKER. GERMANY SURRENDERED ON MAY 8 OF THAT YEAR.
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER FEELING THAT DAY? >> Stern: ELATED. IT WAS ABSOLUTELY, "WE WON,
KID!" (.LAUGHS ) >> Wertheim: AND THOSE ARE YOUR, THOSE ARE YOUR COMRADES?
>> Stern: YES. >> Wertheim: THOSE ARE YOUR GUYS. >> Stern: YES.
>> Wertheim: BUT JOY TURNED TO HORROR AS ALLIED SOLDIERS AND THE WORLD LEARNED THE FULL SCALE OF THE NAZI MASS EXTERMINATION.
GUY STERN RECALLS ARRIVING AT BUCHENWALD CONCENTRATION CAMP THREE DAYS AFTER ITS LIBERATION, ALONGSIDE A FELLOW AMERICAN
SERGEANT. >> Stern: WE WERE WALKING ALONG AND YOU SAW THESE EMACIATED, HORRIBLY LOOKING, CLOSE TO DEATH
PEOPLE. AND SO, I FELL BACK BEHIND, BECAUSE I DIDN'T WANT TO BE SEEN CRYING TO A HARDENED SOLDIER,
AND THEN HE LOOKED AROUND TO LOOK WHERE I WAS, HOW I WAS DELAYED, AND HE, THIS GOOD FELLOW FROM MIDDLE OF OHIO, WAS
BAWLING JUST AS I WAS. >> Wertheim: A FEW DAYS LATER, STERN RETURNED TO THE PLACE OF HIS BIRTH, HOPING TO REUNITE
WITH HIS FAMILY. BUT HILDESHEIM WAS NOW IN RUINS. A CHILDHOOD FRIEND DESCRIBED TO STERN HOW HIS PARENTS, YOUNGER
BROTHER AND SISTER HAD BEEN FORCED FROM THEIR HOME AND DEPORTED. >> Stern: THEY WERE KILLED
EITHER IN WARSAW OR IN AUSCHWITZ. NONE OF MY FAMILY SURVIVED. I WAS THE ONLY ONE TO GET OUT.
>> Wertheim: DID YOU EVER ASK YOURSELF, "WHY ME?" WHY WERE YOU THE ONE THAT MADE IT TO THE UNITED STATES?
>> Stern: YES, EVEN LAST NIGHT. AND I SAID "WELL, HUH, IN SLANG, THERE AIN'T NOTHING SPECIAL ABOUT YOU, BUT IF YOU WERE
SAVED, YOU GOT TO SHOW THAT YOU WERE WORTHY OF IT. AND THAT HAS BEEN THE DRIVING FORCE IN MY LIFE.
>> Wertheim: AS A WAY TO HONOR YOUR FAMILY THAT PERISHED. >> Stern: YEAH. >> Wertheim: AFTER THE GERMAN
ARMY'S SURRENDER, GUY STERN AND THE OTHER RITCHIE BOYS TOOK ON A NEW ASSIGNMENT: HUNTING DOWN TOP NAZI OFFICERS RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE ATROCITIES THAT KILLED SO MANY, INCLUDING MANY OF THEIR LOVED ONES. WHEN WE COME BACK, WE'LL HEAR
ABOUT SOME OF THE SURPRISING WAYS GUY STERN AND THE OTHER RITCHIE BOYS WERE ABLE TO IDENTIFY SUSPECTED NAZI WAR
CRIMINALS, MANY OF WHOM LATER STOOD TRIAL FOR CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY AT NUREMBERG. ( TICKING )
>> Wertheim: THE RITCHIE BOYS WERE MEMBERS OF A SECRET AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE GROUP
WHOSE MASTERY OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE PROVED CRITICAL TO THE ALLIES' VICTORY OVER HITLER.
MANY OF THEM WERE JEWISH REFUGEES FROM EUROPE, WHO FLED THEIR HOMELAND, CAME TO AMERICA AND JOINED THE U.S. ARMY.
AFTER HITLER'S DEFEAT, MANY OF THEM TOOK ON A CHALLENGING NEW ASSIGNMENT: USING THEIR LANGUAGE AND INTERROGATION SKILLS TO FIND
AND ARREST TOP NAZI WAR CRIMINALS. WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE GREATEST CONTRIBUTION OF THE
RITCHIE BOYS? >> Stern: I THINK IT WAS THE CONTINUOUS FLOW OF RELIABLE INFORMATION THAT REALLY HELPED
EXPEDITE THE END OF THE WAR. >> Wertheim: THIS HAD A REAL MATERIAL IMPACT ON WORLD WAR II. >> Stern: YES
>> Wertheim: FOR 99-YEAR-OLD GUY STERN, A GERMAN JEW WHOSE ENTIRE FAMILY WAS KILLED BY THE NAZIS, THE ALLIES' VICTORY OVER HITLER
WAS THE CULMINATION OF A PUBLIC CRUSADE AND A PRIVATE ONE AS WELL. >> Stern: DEFEATING THE
WEHRMACHT AND THE WAFFEN S.S. AND ALL THE FANCY TROOPS THEY HAD WAS A SATISFACTION BOTH AS A TEAM MEMBER AND AS A PERSONAL
SATISFACTION. THE VERY ASPECT OF THESE S.O.B.s NOW BEING AT MY COMMAND-- ( LAUGHS )
GAVE ME ALSO SOME PERSONAL SATISFACTION. >> Wertheim: AFTER GERMANY'S SURRENDER, THE RITCHIE BOYS TOOK
ON THE DIFFICULT TASK OF IDENTIFYING AND TRACKING DOWN NAZI CRIMINALS. LONGTIME YALE AND PRINCETON
PROFESSOR VICTOR BROMBERT HELPED ENACT THE OFFICIAL ALLIED POLICY OF REMOVING NAZI INFLUENCE FROM GERMAN PUBLIC LIFE, KNOWN AS DE-
NAZIFICATION. SO, IN MAY OF 1945, GERMANY SURRENDERS, AND YOU'RE ASSIGNED TO THE DE-NAZIFICATION PROCESS.
WHAT- WHAT DID THAT ENTAIL? >> Brombert: WE WERE SUPPOSED TO ARREST IMPORTANT NAZI OFFICIALS, NOT JUST ANY NAZI PARTY MEMBER.
IT WAS VERY, VERY HARD, VERY DIFFICULT AND VERY RARE TO HAVE A GERMAN DENOUNCE ANOTHER GERMAN AT THAT POINT.
NOW IS IT BECAUSE THEY WERE AFRAID THAT THE NAZIS MIGHT COME BACK, THAT IT'S NOT OVER? OR IS IT JUST A HABIT OR HABIT
OF OBEDIENCE OR DIGNITY? I DON'T KNOW. AND AT GREAT EFFORT WE FOUND PEOPLE, WE ARRESTED THEM, WE
WERE PROUD OF DOING THAT. >> Wertheim: AS PART OF DE- NAZIFICATION, PHOTOS OF NAZI ATROCITIES WERE POSTED IN GERMAN
SHOP WINDOWS AND RITCHIE BOYS LED THE COUNTRY'S CITIZENS ON TOURS OF THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS TO EDUCATE THE LOCAL POPULATION
ABOUT THE EVIL HITLER HAD PERPETRATED. SOMETIMES ENTIRE GERMAN TOWNS WERE FORCED TO PAY RESPECTS TO
THE DEAD. MAX LERNER WAS ASSIGNED TO INTERVIEW GERMAN CIVILIANS TO HELP GAUGE THE DEGREE TO WHICH
THEY HAD SERVED THE NAZI CAUSE AND DETERMINE WHICH ONES SHOULD BE PUNISHED. I IMAGINE ALL OF A SUDDEN NO ONE
WANTS TO ADMIT TO BEING A NAZI >> Lerner: THERE WERE NO NAZIS. THEY WERE ALL FORCED TO DO IT >> Wertheim: THAT'S WHAT YOU
WERE TOLD. "I'M DENOUNCING THIS AND I WAS FORCED TO DO IT." >> Lerner: YES.
THEY WERE ALL JUSTIFYING THEMSELVES. "IT WAS A TERRIBLE SITUATION. AND I HAD NO CHOICE."
"I HAD NO CHOICE." THAT WAS THE MANTRA. "I WOULD HAVE BEEN KILLED IF I HADN'T GONE ALONG."
>> Wertheim: DID YOU EVER CONFRONT A NAZI WHO SAID "THIS WAS MORALLY REPREHENSIBLE? >> Lerner: NO.
>> Wertheim: UNPRINCIPLED AND DISHONORABLE AND I'M SORRY? >> Lerner: NO. >> Wertheim: NEVER?
>> Lerner: NEVER. >> Wertheim: ONE OF THE WAYS THEY IDENTIFIED SUBJECTS WANTED FOR INTERROGATION WAS BY
CONSULTING THIS BOOK, "THE CENTRAL REGISTRY OF WAR CRIMINALS AND SECURITY SUSPECTS," WHICH LISTED ENEMY
NATIONALS SUSPECTED OF COMMITTING TENS OF THOUSANDS OF WAR CRIMES IN EUROPE- EVERYONE FROM LOW RANKING MEMBERS OF THE
ARMED FORCES TO TOP NAZI OFFICIALS. TO ALLIED INVESTIGATORS IT BECAME A SORT OF NAZI HUNTER'S
BIBLE. DID YOU ENJOY HUNTING NAZIS? DID IT GIVE YOU ANY SATISFACTION?
>> Lerner: IT GAVE ME A GREAT DEAL OF SATISFACTION. "ENJOY" IS PERHAPS NOT THE RIGHT WORD, BUT IT GAVE ME GREAT DEAL
OF SATISFACTION. >> Wertheim: WHY SPECIFICALLY? >> Lerner: BECAUSE I REMEMBERED MY PARENTS.
MY FATHER WAS 49-YEARS-OLD AND, AND MY MOTHER WAS 48, AND THEY LEFT EVERYTHING THEY HAD BUILT UP BEHIND, AND ARRIVED IN THE
UNITED STATES PENNILESS. >> Wertheim: AND YOU WERE ABLE TO CONFRONT THE PEOPLE THAT HAD CAUSED THIS, THIS TRAUMA.
>> Lerner: YES. >> Wertheim: ALL S.S. MEMBERS WERE SUBJECT TO AUTOMATIC ARREST.
ESTABLISHED BY HITLER AND LED BY HEINRICH HIMMLER, THE S.S. WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION IN
GERMANY. THE S.S. CONTROLLED THE GERMAN POLICE FORCES AND CONCENTRATION CAMPS, AND DIRECTED THE SO-
CALLED "FINAL SOLUTION" TO KILL ALL EUROPEAN JEWS. MAX LERNER RECALLS THAT IN ONE RESPECT AT LEAST, IDENTIFYING
MOST S.S. MEMBERS WAS EASY. >> Lerner: YOU KNOW HOW TO TELL AN S.S. MAN? >> Wertheim: HOW?
>> Lerner: THEY HAVE A TATTOO OF THEIR BLOOD GROUP UNDER THEIR LEFT ARMS. >> Wertheim: S.S. MEN, YOU'RE
SAYING, HAVE A TATTOO UNDER THEIR LEFT ARM WITH THEIR BLOOD TYPE? >> Lerner: YES.
OR THEY HAD AN EFFORT TO ERASE IT. >> Wertheim: THE PURPOSE OF THE TATTOO WAS TO IDENTIFY A
SOLDIER'S BLOOD TYPE IN CASE A TRANSFUSION WAS NEEDED OR IF HIS DOG TAGS WENT MISSING. MAX LERNER RECALLS BEING PUT IN
CHARGE OF ONE PROMINENT CAPTURED GERMAN PRISONER AT A JAIL IN WEISBADEN, GERMANY. THAT WAS JULIUS STREICHER, THE
FOUNDER AND EDITOR OF THE NAZI PAPER "DER STUERMER" AND ONE OF THE COUNTRY'S LEADING ANTI- SEMITES.
>> Lerner: HE SPENT SEVERAL DAYS IN MY JAIL. AND I MADE SURE HE KNEW THAT IT WAS A JEW WHO CONTROLLED HIM.
>> Wertheim: YOU LET HIM KNOW YOU WERE JEWISH? >> Lerner: OH, YES. >> Wertheim: STRIECHER WAS LATER
TRIED AND CONVICTED AT THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL AT NUREMBERG, WHERE CONCENTRATION CAMP SURVIVORS WHO
BORE WITNESS TO THE MASS MURDER FACED DOWN THEIR NAZI TORMENTORS. DOZENS OF RITCHIE BOYS WORKED AT
THE NUREMBERG TRIALS AS PROSECUTORS, INTERROGATORS AND TRANSLATORS. RITCHIE BOYS ALSO COLLECTED
EVIDENCE WHICH LED TO THE PROSECUTION OF MANY HIGH RANKING NAZIS INCLUDING HERMANN GOERING, HEAD OF THE LUFTWAFFE; RUDOLPH
HESS, DEPUTY FURHER TO ADOLF HITLER; AND WILHELM KEITEL, CHIEF OF THE WEHRMACHT, GERMANY'S ARMED FORCES.
>> THE EVIDENCE RELATING TO WAR CRIMES HAS BEEN OVERWHELMING IN ITS VOLUME AND ITS DETAIL. >> Wertheim: ALL WERE CONVICTED
FOR THEIR CRIMES, AND MANY WERE EXECUTED. AFTER THE WAR, GUY STERN AND THE OTHER RITCHIE BOYS WERE
CELEBRATED FOR THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS. >> Stern: THE BRONZE STAR WAS GIVEN TO ME RIGHT AT THE END OF
HOSTILITIES. THIS IS THE GOOD CONDUCT MEDAL, WHICH I'M NOT REALLY ENTITLED TO.
( LAUGHS ) AND THIS HERE IS THE EUROPEAN THEATRE OF OPERATIONS MEDAL WITH FIVE BATTLES IN WHICH I
PARTICIPATED. >> Wertheim: DO YOU CONSIDER YOURSELF A HERO? >> Stern: GOD, NO.
I TELL YOU, WHEN WE LANDED ON OMAHA BEACH, THERE WERE THE WHOLE HEIGHTS HAD BEEN OCCUPIED BY THE GERMAN ARTILLERY.
AND I LOOKED UP ON THOSE HEIGHTS AND THERE WERE OUR AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN FULL OCCUPATION ON THE DAY-D PLUS THREE, AND I SAID
TO MYSELF, "THAT CAN'T BE DONE." AND TO TAKE THOSE HEIGHTS AGAINST HEAVY FIRING, GOING UP THOSE STEEP CLIFFS, AND OF
COURSE, IT HAD BEEN DONE. THE EVIDENCE WAS BEFORE US. THOSE WERE THE HEROES. >> Wertheim: GUY STERN RETURNED
TO NORMANDY IN 2016 TO PAY HIS RESPECTS TO THE MORE THAN 9,300 MEN BURIED IN THE AMERICAN CEMETERY THERE, ON THE BLUFF
OVERLOOKING THE HALLOWED BEACH. DID THE RITCHIE BOYS REDEFINE WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A SOLDIER AND CONTRIBUTE TO A MILITARY?
>> Frey: I THINK THEY DID. BECAUSE THEY SERVED IN SO MANY DIFFERENT CAPACITIES. >> Wertheim: HISTORY PROFESSOR
DAVID FREY RUNS THE CENTER FOR HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE STUDIES AT THE U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY AT WEST POINT.
>> Frey: THERE WERE RITCHIE BOYS THAT WERE IN THE FIRST WAVE ON THE FIRST DAY AT D-DAY. THERE WERE RITCHIE BOYS WHO WERE
IN P.O.W. CAMPS EMBEDDED AND GATHERING INFORMATION IN THE UNITED STATES. SOME DIDN'T EVEN GO OVER TO- TO
EUROPE. THERE WERE RITCHIE BOYS WHO WERE IN VIRTUALLY EVERY BATTLE THAT YOU CAN THINK OF, AND SOME
ACTUALLY SUFFERED THE WORST FATE. THERE WERE TWO WHO WERE ACTUALLY CAPTURED AT THE BATTLE OF THE
BULGE. AND WHEN THEIR IDENTITY WAS DISCOVERED, THEY WERE SUMMARILY EXECUTED BY THE GERMANS THAT HAD
CAPTURED THEM. >> Wertheim: BECAUSE THEY WERE JEWISH? >> Frey: BECAUSE THEY WERE
JEWISH. >> Wertheim: WEHRMACHT CAPTAIN CURT BRUNS, CONVICTED BY A MILITARY TRIBUNAL OF ORDERING
THE MURDER OF THOSE TWO RITCHIE BOYS, WAS EXECUTED BY A FIRING SQUAD IN JUNE, 1945. AFTER THE WAR, THE RITCHIE BOYS
CONTINUED THEIR WORK. 98-YEAR-OLD PAUL FAIRBROOK HELPED SET UP THE GERMAN MILITARY DOCUMENTS SECTION AT
CAMP RITCHIE, A VAST CATALOG OF MORE THAN 20,000 CAPTURED GERMAN DOCUMENTS. >> Fairbrook: THEY SENT US BACK
TO CAMP RITCHIE AND THEY CREATED SOMETHING THAT I CALL THE EQUIVALENT OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.
WE HAD TO- WE GOT A LOT OF GERMAN PRISONERS WHO WERE WILLING TO HELP US CATALOG ALL THOSE DOCUMENTS.
>> Wertheim: THE PROJECT DETAILED EVERY ASPECT OF THE GERMAN ARMY'S OPERATIONS DURING THE WAR, INCLUDING HOW THEY WERE
STRUCTURED, HOW THEY MOBILIZED AND HOW THEY USED INTELLIGENCE. THE U.S. WAR DEPARTMENT USED THIS COLLECTION OF GERMAN
DOCUMENTS TO STUDY GERMANY'S BATTLES WITH THE SOVIETS ON THE EASTERN FRONT, IN ORDER TO BE BETTER PREPARED FOR ANY FUTURE
CONFLICT WITH RUSSIA. >> Wertheim: SO, THERE'S ALL SORTS OF IMPACT YEARS AND YEARS AND YEARS AFTER THE WAR FROM
THIS, THIS CAMP IN MARYLAND? >> Frey: RIGHT. IT WAS NOT ONLY THAT SHORT TERM IMPACT ON THE BATTLEFIELD.
IT WAS AN IMPACT ON WAR CRIMES. THEN SHAPING THE COLD WAR ERA, THEY REALLY PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE.
>> Wertheim: AFTER THE WAR, GUY STERN, VICTOR BROMBERT, PAUL FAIRBROOK AND MAX LERNER CAME HOME, MARRIED, AND WENT TO IVY
LEAGUE SCHOOLS ON THE G.I. BILL. GUY STERN BECAME A PROFESSOR AND TAUGHT FOR ALMOST 50 YEARS.
THEY ALL ROSE TO THE TOP OF THEIR FIELDS, AS DID A NUMBER OF OTHER RITCHIE BOYS. I UNDERSTAND THERE ARE SOME
RITCHIE BOYS, BECAME FAIRLY PROMINENT FIGURES. >> Frey: THERE ARE A WHOLE VARIETY OF PROMINENT RITCHIE
BOYS. >> Wertheim: IT TURNS OUT THAT AUTHOR J.D. SALINGER WAS A RITCHIE BOY.
SO WAS ARCHIBALD ROOSEVELT, GRANDSON OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT. AS WAS PHILANTHROPIST DAVID ROCKEFELLER, AND MEDIA BARON AND
BILLIONAIRE JOHN KLUGE. >> Frey: SOME BECAME AMBASSADORS. OTHERS WERE ACTUALLY REALLY
IMPORTANT IN AMERICAN SCIENCE. >> Wertheim: AND NOTABLY, PROFESSOR FREY SAYS, MORE THAN 250 RITCHIE BOYS CONTINUED TO
WORK IN THE FIELD OF INTELLIGENCE AFTER THE WAR, BECOMING PROFESSIONAL SPIES. >> Frey: MANY OF THOSE WHO
TRAINED AT CAMP RITCHIE ACTUALLY DID GO ON TO THE O.S.S., THE PRECURSOR TO THE C.I.A., THAT MEANT THAT THE PEOPLE WHO
LEARNED THEIR CRAFT AT CAMP RITCHIE PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN SETTING UP WHAT EVENTUALLY BECAME THE C.I.A.
>> Wertheim: HOW DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD BE RECALLING THE RITCHIE BOYS? >> Frey: I THINK WE LOOK AT THIS
GROUP AND WE SEE TRUE HEROES. WE SEE THOSE WHO ARE THE GREATEST OF THE GREATEST GENERATION.
THESE ARE PEOPLE WHO MADE MASSIVE CONTRIBUTIONS, WHO HELPED SHAPE WHAT IT MEANT TO BE AMERICAN AND WHO, IN SOME CASES,
GAVE THEIR LIVES IN SERVICE TO THIS COUNTRY. >> Wertheim: THIS-- THIS IS A REMARKABLE STORY.
WHY DO SO FEW AMERICANS KNOW ABOUT THIS? >> Frey: BECAUSE IT INVOLVES MILITARY INTELLIGENCE, MUCH OF
IT WAS ACTUALLY KEPT SECRET UNTIL THE, THE 1990s. A LOT OF WHAT WAS LEARNED AND THE METHODS USED ARE IMPORTANT
TO KEEP SECRET. AND ONLY IN THE EARLY 2000s DID WE BEGIN TO SEE REUNIONS OF THE RITCHIE BOYS.
>> Wertheim: NOW IN THEIR LATE 90s, THESE HUMBLE WARRIORS STILL KEEP IN TOUCH, SWAPPING STORIES ABOUT A CHAPTER IN AMERICAN
HISTORY NOW FINALLY BEING TOLD. WHAT IS IT LIKE WHEN YOU GET TOGETHER AND REFLECT ON THIS EXPERIENCE GOING ON 80 YEARS
AGO? >> Stern: WE ALWAYS FIND ANOTHER ANECDOTE TO TELL. ( LAUGHS )
>> Wertheim: YOU HAVE A SMILE ON YOUR FACE WHEN YOU THINK BACK. >> Stern: YES, THIS IS WHAT HAPPENS.
>> Wertheim: IT WAS HARD FOR US NOT TO NOTICE THAT BEYOND THE STORIES RUNS A DEEP SENSE OF PRIDE.
>> Fairbrook: YOU BET YOUR LIFE I'M PROUD OF THE RITCHIE BOYS. IT WAS WONDERFUL TO BE PART OF THEM!
I WAS PROUD TO BE IN THE AMERICAN ARMY AND WE WERE ABLE TO DO WHAT WE HAD TO DO. I DON'T THINK WE'RE HEROES, BUT
THE OPPORTUNITY TO HELP FIGHT AND WIN THE WAR WAS A WONDERFUL WAY. I CAN LOOK ANYBODY STRAIGHT IN
THEIR EYE AND SAY I THINK I'VE EARNED THE RIGHT TO BE AN AMERICAN. AND THAT'S WHAT, THAT'S WHAT IT
DID FOR ME. ( TICKING )
>> MORE FROM RITCHIE BOY GUY STERN. >> Stern: THAT IS THE FRENCH LEGION OF HONOR.
>> AT 60minutesovertime.com.
>> Wertheim: I'M JON WERTHEIM. THANKS FOR JOINING US. WE'LL BE BACK NEXT WEEK WITH A BRAND NEW EDITION OF "60
MINUTES." Captioning funded by CBS and FORD. We go further, so you can.
Captioned by Media Access Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org