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00:00:01,401 --> 00:00:09,909
Captioning funded by CBS
and FORD.
We go further, so you can.
>> "60 MINUTES" HAS JUST
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00:00:09,976 --> 00:00:17,217
RETURNED FROM A TRIP TO
AFGHANISTAN-- ITS CAPITOL, AND
REMOTE PROVINCES.
THERE ARE OBVIOUS EXAMPLES OF
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00:00:17,283 --> 00:00:24,190
THE NEW TALIBAN CONTROL
EVERYWHERE, AND SIGNS OF A
COUNTRY IN CRISIS.
BUT, WE WERE SURPRISED TO HEAR
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00:00:24,257 --> 00:00:31,531
FROM AID WORKERS THAT THEY ARE
IN REGULAR NEGOTIATION WITH THE
TALIBAN, AS THEY TRY TO HELP THE
MOST VULNERABLE AFGHANS.
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00:00:31,598 --> 00:00:36,503
WHEN YOU SAY YOU HAVE TO,
YOU KNOW, REACH OUT TO THE
TALIBAN AND TALK TO THEM,
HOW DOES THAT WORK, AS A WOMAN?
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00:00:36,569 --> 00:00:43,510
( TICKING )
>> NASA IS PREPARING, AT A
COST OF $10 BILLION, TO LOOK
BACK IN TIME WITH THE
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00:00:43,576 --> 00:00:50,950
REVOLUTIONARY WEBB TELESCOPE.
WHAT MIGHT IT SEE?
HOW ABOUT, NEARLY ALL THE WAY
BACK TO THE BIG BANG.
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00:00:51,017 --> 00:00:57,624
>> EVERYTHING WE KNOW ABOUT;
EVERYTHING WE CAN SEE, ME AND
YOU; EVERYTHING ON THE PLANET;
ALL THE HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS
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00:00:57,690 --> 00:01:05,765
OF OTHER GALAXIES;
ALL OF THAT ONLY MAKES UP ABOUT
5% OF THE UNIVERSE.
THE REST OF IT, THAT OTHER 95%,
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00:01:05,832 --> 00:01:12,505
WE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IT IS.
( TICKING )
>> THE SAYING HERE GOES:
YOU'LL KNOW THE NEWFOUNDLANDERS
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00:01:12,572 --> 00:01:19,345
IN HEAVEN-- THEY'LL BE THE ONES
WHO WANT TO GO HOME.
AND THE ADAGE COMES TO LIFE ON
FOGO ISLAND, A 90-SQUARE MILE
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00:01:19,412 --> 00:01:26,386
PATCHWORK OF TEN MINISCULE
FISHING VILLAGES, WHERE
CLAPBOARD HOUSES THE COLOR
OF JELLY BEANS CLING TO ROCK
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00:01:26,453 --> 00:01:34,861
400 MILLION YEARS OLD.
AMONG ITS QUIRKS, NEWFOUNDLAND
HAS ITS OWN TIME ZONE-- HALF AN
HOUR AHEAD OF THE MAINLAND.
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00:01:34,928 --> 00:01:41,634
BUT, WANDER THROUGH FOGO
ISLAND'S VILLAGES, AND YOU
MIGHT AS WELL SET YOUR WATCH
BACK TO THE 18th CENTURY.
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00:01:41,701 --> 00:01:48,041
( TICKING )
>> I'M LESLEY STAHL.
>> I'M BILL WHITAKER.
>> I'M ANDERSON COOPER.
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00:01:48,107 --> 00:01:53,813
>> I'M SHARYN ALFONSI.
>> I'M JON WERTHEIM.
>> I'M SCOTT PELLEY.
THOSE STORIES AND MORE, TONIGHT,
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00:01:53,880 --> 00:01:57,150
ON "60 MINUTES."
( TICKING )
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00:02:03,256 --> 00:02:08,795
>> Sharyn Alfonsi: WHEN THE U.S.
PULLED UP STAKES IN AFGHANISTAN
THIS PAST AUGUST, THE BIDEN
ADMINISTRATION DIDN'T EXPECT THE
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00:02:08,862 --> 00:02:15,301
TALIBAN TO SEIZE CONTROL OF THE
COUNTRY SO QUICKLY.
20 YEARS OF NATION-BUILDING, AND
AN AFGHAN MILITARY, CRUMBLED
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00:02:15,368 --> 00:02:22,442
WITHIN DAYS.
TO CONTAIN THE TALIBAN'S POWER,
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
ACTED QUICKLY-- FREEZING AFGHAN
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00:02:22,509 --> 00:02:30,083
ASSETS, SHUTTING DOWN FOREIGN
AID, AND EXTENDING SANCTIONS.
NOW, THE COUNTRY IS FACING
MASS STARVATION, AND ECONOMIC
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00:02:30,149 --> 00:02:35,655
COLLAPSE.
WE WENT TO AFGHANISTAN;
REPORTED FROM ITS PROVINCES
AND CAPITAL; AND HAD A
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00:02:35,722 --> 00:02:41,027
RARE CONVERSATION WITH A
TALIBAN MINISTER.
WE ALSO MET WITH HUMANITARIAN
GROUPS, WHO HAVE BEEN LEFT TO
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00:02:41,094 --> 00:02:52,472
PICK UP THE PIECES, WHILE
NEGOTIATING WITH THE TALIBAN.
AS OUR TEAM ARRIVED IN TO THE
KABUL AIRPORT IN AFGHANISTAN, WE
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00:02:52,539 --> 00:03:02,448
WEREN'T SURE WHAT WE'D FIND.
( CHAOS )
IT WAS JUST FOUR MONTHS AGO THAT
THE WORLD WATCHED AS SCENES OF
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00:03:02,515 --> 00:03:10,890
UNFORGETTABLE DESPERATION AND
CHAOS PLAYED OUT HERE AFTER THE
TALIBAN SEIZED CONTROL.
( CHAOS )
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00:03:10,957 --> 00:03:17,864
THE LUCKY ESCAPED.
BUT, FOR THE 38 MILLION
AFGHANS THAT REMAIN, THE
ANGUISH CONTINUES.
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00:03:17,931 --> 00:03:26,239
RIGHT AWAY, WE SAW THEIR
NEW REALITY.
ARMED TALIBAN FORCES ARE
EVERYWHERE.
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00:03:26,306 --> 00:03:32,345
WE NOTICED MANY OF THEM HAVE
ABANDONED THEIR TRADITIONAL
TURBANS, AND NOW WEAR THE
UNIFORMS AND GEAR THAT WESTERN
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00:03:32,412 --> 00:03:42,488
FORCES LEFT BEHIND.
WE SEE WOMEN AND CHILDREN
DODGING TRAFFIC TO BEG FOR CASH,
AND MEN WAITING IN LONG LINES
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00:03:42,555 --> 00:03:48,494
FOR FREE FOOD.
>> Mary-Ellen McGroarty: I'VE
BEEN WITH W.F.P. FOR A LONG
TIME, 20-PLUS YEARS, AND I'VE
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00:03:48,561 --> 00:03:55,134
NEVER SEEN A CRISIS UNFOLD AND
ESCALATE AT THE PACE AND SCALE
THAT WE ARE SEEING.
>> Alfonsi: MARY-ELLEN McGROARTY
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00:03:55,201 --> 00:04:02,575
IS THE DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED
NATIONS WORLD FOOD PROGRAM IN
AFGHANISTAN.
FROM ITS WAREHOUSE IN KABUL,
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00:04:02,642 --> 00:04:10,383
SHE'S OVERSEEN THE DELIVERY
OF OVER 117 TONS OF FOOD TO
NEARLY NINE MILLION AFGHANS
SINCE AUGUST.
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00:04:10,450 --> 00:04:16,222
SHE EXPLAINED TO US WHY THE
COUNTRY IS NOW FACING MASS
STARVATION.
>> McGroarty: 72% OF THE
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00:04:16,289 --> 00:04:21,628
POPULATION WERE ALREADY LIVING
BELOW THE POVERTY LINE BEFORE
ALL THIS-- BEFORE THE FALL OF
THE GOVERNMENT.
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00:04:21,694 --> 00:04:26,132
>> Alfonsi: AND NOW, WHAT IS THE
NEED LIKE?
>> McGroarty: AND NOW IT'S JUST
STAGGERING.
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00:04:26,199 --> 00:04:33,773
YOU KNOW, WE HAVE 22.8 MILLION
PEOPLE IN WHAT WE CALL "SEVERE
FOOD INSECURITY."
>> Alfonsi: THAT'S MORE THAN
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00:04:33,840 --> 00:04:39,312
HALF THE COUNTRY RIGHT NOW.
>> McGroarty: THAT IS MORE THAN
HALF THE COUNTRY.
PEOPLE DON'T HAVE JOBS.
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00:04:39,379 --> 00:04:45,852
THEY CAN'T ACCESS CASH.
YOU KNOW, FOOD PRICES ARE
GOING UP.
THE CURRENCY IS DEPRECIATING.
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00:04:45,918 --> 00:04:53,059
SO, FOR US, WE'RE NOW REALLY IN
A RACE AGAINST TIME.
>> Alfonsi: RAVAGED BY WAR,
DROUGHT, COVID, AND THE
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00:04:53,126 --> 00:05:03,069
ECONOMIC CRASH THAT FOLLOWED THE
TALIBAN TAKEOVER, AFGHANISTAN IS
ON THE VERGE OF COLLAPSE.
ACCORDING TO UNICEF, ONE MILLION
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00:05:03,136 --> 00:05:11,377
CHILDREN IN AFGHANISTAN ARE NOW
AT RISK OF DYING OF STARVATION,
INSIDE THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL
IN KABUL, THE BEDS WERE FULL,
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AND ROOMS QUIET.
THIS MOTHER TOLD US HER FIVE-
MONTH-OLD DAUGHTER WAS STARVING.
SHE WEIGHS JUST SEVEN POUNDS.
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00:05:21,654 --> 00:05:26,926
DOCTORS SAY ALL OF THE CHILDREN
IN THIS ROOM ARE SUFFERING FROM
MALNUTRITION.
THEY CAN'T OFFER THEM MEDICINE,
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00:05:26,993 --> 00:05:32,799
BECAUSE THEY'VE RUN OUT.
THEY CAN'T OFFER THEM FOOD,
BECAUSE EVEN THE HOSPITAL
DOESN'T HAVE ANY.
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00:05:32,865 --> 00:05:38,871
NONE OF THE STAFF HERE HAS BEEN
PAID IN FOUR MONTHS.
THE HOSPITAL HAD BEEN SUPPORTED
BY INTERNATIONAL AID-- THAT
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00:05:38,938 --> 00:05:49,048
WAS CUT OFF WHEN THE TALIBAN
TOOK OVER.
30 YEARS AGO, THE TALIBAN
FIRST ROSE TO POWER AFTER A
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00:05:49,115 --> 00:05:55,555
TEN-YEAR WAR WITH THE SOVIETS
AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE
COUNTRY'S COMMUNIST REGIME.
ISLAMIC EXTREMISTS, THEY RULED
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00:05:55,621 --> 00:06:02,795
WITH AN IRON FIST, BANISHING
WOMEN FROM THE WORK-PLACE,
SCHOOLS, AND PUBLIC LIFE--
EXECUTING THOSE WHO DIDN'T
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00:06:02,862 --> 00:06:10,636
FOLLOW THEIR STRICT LAWS.
TODAY, THERE ARE WOMEN ON THE
STREETS, BUT NOT MANY.
WHEN THE TAIBAN MARCHED INTO
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00:06:10,703 --> 00:06:17,376
KABUL, THEY URGED WOMEN TO
STAY HOME UNTIL THEY TAUGHT
THEIR FIGHTERS "HOW TO DEAL WITH
THEM."
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00:06:17,443 --> 00:06:23,483
WHICH MAKES WHAT MARY-ELLEN
McGROARTY IS DOING EVEN MORE
SURPRISING.
SHE'S BEEN PERSONALLY
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00:06:23,549 --> 00:06:28,721
NEGOTIATING WITH THE TALIBAN,
SO HER DRIVERS CAN DELIVER FOOD
TO THE NEEDY.
WHEN YOU SAY YOU HAVE TO,
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00:06:28,788 --> 00:06:33,426
YOU KNOW, REACH OUT TO THE
TALIBAN, AND TALK TO THEM,
HOW DOES THAT WORK, AS A WOMAN?
>> McGroarty: BEING A WOMAN IN
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00:06:33,493 --> 00:06:43,102
AFGHANISTAN AT THE MOMENT, IS,
YEAH, IT'S CHALLENGING.
BUT I THINK THEY REALIZE I'M THE
HEAD OF A U.N. ORGANIZATION, SO
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00:06:43,169 --> 00:06:49,609
THEY DO HAVE TO MEET WITH ME.
AND THAT'S THE WAY IT IS.
>> Alfonsi: AND FOR THE PERSON
SITTING AT HOME, WHO SAYS,
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00:06:49,675 --> 00:06:54,847
"WELL, HOW COULD THEY BE
ENGAGING WITH THE TALIBAN?
THEY'RE AN EXTREMIST GROUP,"
HOW DO YOU ANSWER THAT?
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00:06:54,914 --> 00:07:01,687
>> McGroarty: WITH HUMANITARIAN
WORK, YOU KNOW, THE HUMANITY
COMES FIRST, AND BEING ABLE TO
SAVE LIVES COMES FIRST.
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00:07:01,754 --> 00:07:09,128
WE REMAIN IMPARTIAL, WITH A
CLEAR FOCUS ON THE HUMANITARIAN
IMPERATIVE.
>> Alfonsi: McGROARTY TOLD US
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00:07:09,195 --> 00:07:15,234
HUMANITARIAN GROUPS HAVE WORKED
WITH THE TALIBAN FOR MUCH OF THE
LAST DECADE.
THEY HAD TO-- BECAUSE EVEN WHEN
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THERE WAS A DEMOCRATICALLY-
ELECTED GOVERNMENT SITTING IN
KABUL, THE TALIBAN CONTROLLED
60% TO 70% OF THE COUNTRY.
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00:07:23,409 --> 00:07:30,349
MANUEL FONTAINE, A DIRECTOR FOR
UNICEF, FIRST CAME TO
AFGHANISTAN AFTER 9/11.
HE EXPLAINED HOW THEIR
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00:07:30,416 --> 00:07:36,522
RELATIONSHIP WITH THE TALIBAN
HAS EVOLVED OVER THE YEARS.
HAS THE TALIBAN SAID TO YOU,
"WE WANT YOU HERE.
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00:07:36,589 --> 00:07:40,226
WE NEED YOU HERE.
HELP US"?
>> Manuel Fontaine: YES.
ABSOLUTELY.
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00:07:40,293 --> 00:07:44,831
FROM THE BEGINNING.
AND WE'VE SAID FROM THE
BEGINNING THAT WE WILL BE
UNCOMPROMISING WHEN IT COMES
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00:07:44,897 --> 00:07:50,970
TO GIRLS' EDUCATION, WHEN IT
COMES TO MAKING SURE THAT WOMEN
CAN WORK.
>> Alfonsi: SINCE AUGUST 15,
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00:07:51,037 --> 00:07:59,145
HAVE THEY BEEN MORE OR LESS
RECEPTIVE TO WHAT YOU HAVE
TO SAY, AND WHAT OTHER N.G.O.s
HAVE TO SAY?
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00:07:59,212 --> 00:08:04,917
>> Fontaine: THEY ARE RECEPTIVE
NOW, IN THE SENSE THAT THEY
REALIZE THAT WITH POWER COMES
THE RESPONSIBILITY TO DO
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00:08:04,984 --> 00:08:10,756
SOMETHING FOR THE POPULATION OF
AFGHANISTAN.
THEY REALIZE THEY HAVE THAT
RESPONSIBILITY, AND IN THAT
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00:08:10,823 --> 00:08:15,695
SENSE, THEY'RE WILLING TO HAVE
THOSE DISCUSSIONS.
>> Alfonsi: BECAUSE OF THOSE
DISCUSSIONS, UNICEF IS NOW ABLE
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00:08:15,761 --> 00:08:22,802
TO ACCESS COMMUNITIES PREVIOUSLY
OFF-LIMITS.
WE TRAVELED WITH THEM, AND THEIR
GOVERNMENT-MANDATED TALIBAN
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00:08:22,869 --> 00:08:30,910
ESCORTS, TO ONE OF THOSE PLACES.
SO, WE ARE IN WARDAK PROVINCE,
WHICH IS ABOUT TWO HOURS FROM
KABUL, AND THE REASON THAT THIS
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00:08:30,977 --> 00:08:38,885
ROAD IS SO BUMPY IS BECAUSE
THERE WERE SO MANY I.E.D.s HERE.
THIS WAS A TALIBAN STRONGHOLD
FOR ABOUT A DECADE, SO GROUPS
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00:08:38,951 --> 00:08:47,827
LIKE THE U.N. WOULD NEVER HAVE
DREAMED OF COMING OUT HERE.
IT WAS THE FIRST TIME UNICEF
HAD BEEN TO THIS RURAL AREA IN
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00:08:47,894 --> 00:08:54,867
12 YEARS.
AND THE FIRST TIME THEY
WERE ABLE TO LAY EYES ON ONE OF
THE RESULTS OF THEIR
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00:08:54,934 --> 00:09:06,646
NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE TALIBAN:
THIS COMMUNITY-BASED SCHOOL FOR
GIRLS.
FOR HOW MANY OF YOU GIRLS IS
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00:09:06,712 --> 00:09:18,724
THIS YOUR FIRST YEAR AT SCHOOL?
RAISE YOUR HAND.
THE YOUNGEST GIRL HERE IS SIX.
THE OLDEST, 12.
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00:09:18,791 --> 00:09:25,164
MANY OF THEM TOLD US THEY HOPED
TO BE DOCTORS.
THE SCHOOL-- AND 4,500 LIKE
THEM-- OPERATE WITH THE
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00:09:25,231 --> 00:09:31,337
TALIBAN'S BLESSING.
HOW DID THAT HAPPEN?
THIS WAS A PROVINCE THAT WAS
CONTROLLED BY THE TALIBAN FOR A
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00:09:31,404 --> 00:09:37,777
DECADE.
HOW DO YOU GET TO THEM AND SAY,
WE WANT TO HAVE A SCHOOL HERE?
>> Fontaine: TALKING TO THEM,
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00:09:37,843 --> 00:09:42,048
EXPLAINING THE DIFFERENCE IT
MAKES.
THE DISCUSSIONS WE'RE HAVING
WITH THE TALIBAN DON'T START
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00:09:42,114 --> 00:09:47,019
FROM SCRATCH.
THAT CONFIDENCE WAS BUILT OVER
THE YEARS.
IN THE AREAS THEY CONTROLLED,
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00:09:47,086 --> 00:09:52,959
THAT TRUST HAS STARTED TO BUILD.
>> Alfonsi: WHAT WE SAW IN THAT
SCHOOL WAS HEART-WARMING.
BUT, WE KNOW THERE ARE A MILLION
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00:09:53,025 --> 00:09:58,798
GIRLS IN HIGH SCHOOL WHO ARE NOT
GOING TO SCHOOL.
WE KNOW THAT THERE ARE NO WOMEN
BEING ALLOWED, REALLY, TO ATTEND
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00:09:58,864 --> 00:10:04,837
COLLEGE IN ANY WAY.
ARE YOU MAKING ANY GROUND IN
THAT AREA?
>> Fontaine: WE ARE MAKING SOME
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00:10:04,904 --> 00:10:09,408
GROUND, BUT NOT ENOUGH.
THAT'S OBVIOUS.
WHAT WE HEAR FROM TALIBAN IS
THAT THEY WANT TO DO IT IN A WAY
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00:10:09,475 --> 00:10:16,315
THAT IS KEEPING WITH THE CULTURE
OF THE COUNTRY.
SO, WE NEED TO FIND A WAY TO DO
THAT.
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00:10:16,382 --> 00:10:23,055
THIS COUNTRY NEEDS EVERYBODY'S
STRENGTH.
AFTER MONTHS OF NEGOTIATIONS,
WE WERE GRANTED ACCESS TO
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00:10:23,122 --> 00:10:31,030
MEET DR. QALANDAR EBAD, THE
NEWLY-APPOINTED HEALTH MINISTER
OF THE TALIBAN.
A 41-YEAR-OLD PHYSICIAN, HE WAS
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00:10:31,097 --> 00:10:41,207
EDUCATED IN PAKISTAN.
WE WERE A LITTLE UNEASY WHEN
HE INVITED US TO EAT WITH HIM
AND OTHER TALIBAN LEADERS IN
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00:10:41,273 --> 00:10:46,879
THE BASEMENT OF ONE OF THEIR
BUILDINGS.
HE AGREED TO SPEAK TO US ABOUT
THE HEALTH CRISIS FACING THE
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00:10:46,946 --> 00:10:54,420
COUNTRY, BUT HE TOLD US, HE
DIDN'T WANT TO DISCUSS POLITICS.
TALIBAN GUNMEN KEPT WATCH OVER
THE INTERVIEW.
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00:10:54,487 --> 00:11:02,595
SOME OF THE HUMANITARIAN WORKERS
WE SPOKE TO SAID THAT THE
COUNTRY IS ON THE VERGE OF ITS
WORST HUMANITARIAN CRISIS EVER.
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00:11:02,661 --> 00:11:10,603
DO YOU BELIEVE THAT TO BE TRUE?
>> Dr. Qalandar Ebad: WE ARE ON
THE EDGE OF THIS CRISIS.
EVERYONE KNOWS THAT THE FUNDS
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00:11:10,669 --> 00:11:17,743
ARE FREEZED BY THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNITY.
I THINK THEY CAN UNFREEZE THE
FUNDS FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR OF
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00:11:17,810 --> 00:11:24,650
AFGHANISTAN.
IT IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE
NEED OF THE TIME.
>> Alfonsi: THE INTERNATIONAL
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00:11:24,717 --> 00:11:31,057
COMMUNITY HAS SPOKEN PRETTY
CLEARLY, AND SAID THEY'RE
"NOT GOING TO UNFREEZE FUNDS
UNLESS THERE'S A GUARANTEE THAT
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00:11:31,123 --> 00:11:37,863
ALL GIRLS WILL BE EDUCATED IN
AFGHANISTAN."
IS THE TALIBAN WILLING TO
CONSIDER ANY KIND OF MOVEMENT IN
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00:11:37,930 --> 00:11:47,440
THAT AREA?
>> Dr. Ebad: I THINK IT'S A
POLITICAL ISSUE.
EDUCATION IS A SEPARATE CHAPTER
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00:11:47,506 --> 00:11:57,249
AND DEPARTMENT, AND HEALTH IS A
DIFFERENT DEPARTMENT.
>> Alfonsi: WHAT I HEAR YOU
SAYING IS, YOU WANT TO KEEP
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00:11:57,316 --> 00:12:01,287
HEALTH SEPARATE FROM THE IDEA OF
EDUCATION.
>> Dr. Ebad: YEAH.
WHY THEY ARE MIXING THE TWO
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00:12:01,353 --> 00:12:05,091
DIFFERENT TOPICS--
>> Alfonsi: WELL, BECAUSE I
THINK THE IDEA THAT, YOU KNOW,
EDUCATING WOMEN IS GOOD FOR THE
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00:12:05,157 --> 00:12:12,698
HEALTH OF THE COUNTRY.
>> Dr. Ebad: YES.
THERE'S NO DOUBT.
>> Alfonsi: BUT THE MINISTER
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00:12:12,765 --> 00:12:18,971
WOULD NOT GO FURTHER ON
CONCESSIONS OR GIRL'S HIGH
SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITY EDUCATION.
NINE DAYS AGO, THE TALIBAN
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00:12:19,038 --> 00:12:26,712
ISSUED A DECREE BANNING BOTH
FORCED MARRIAGE AND TREATING
WOMEN AS PROPERTY, BUT THERE
WAS NO MENTION OF ALLOWING WOMEN
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00:12:26,779 --> 00:12:35,421
TO WORK OUTSIDE THE HOME.
SOON AFTER, THE WORLD BANK
RELEASED $280 MILLION IN AID FOR
AFGHANISTAN-- A SMALL PORTION OF
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00:12:35,488 --> 00:12:42,528
THE $1.5 BILLION FROZEN BY THE
WORLD BANK.
VICKI AKEN HAS LED THE
U.S.-BASED INTERNATIONAL
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00:12:42,595 --> 00:12:49,635
RESCUE COMMITTEE IN AFGHANISTAN
FOR FOUR YEARS.
>> Vicki Aken: WE NEED TO FIGURE
OUT A SYSTEM FOR CONTINUING TO
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00:12:49,702 --> 00:12:58,410
SUPPORT JUST BASIC SERVICES LIKE
EDUCATION AND HEALTH CARE.
THE PREVIOUS GOVERNMENT, 75% OF
THEIR BUDGET, YOU KNOW, WAS
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00:12:58,477 --> 00:13:08,320
FUNDED BY DEVELOPMENT DONORS.
>> Alfonsi: 75% OF THE
GOVERNMENT BUDGET WAS FUNDED BY
DONATIONS?
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00:13:08,387 --> 00:13:17,029
AND SO HEALTH CARE, EDUCATION
HAVE DRIED UP.
>> Aken: YEAH, AND THERE'S STILL
NO CLEAR WAY FORWARD.
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00:13:17,096 --> 00:13:23,869
>> Alfonsi: HER STAFF OF 1,200,
MOSTLY LOCALS, INTERVIEW
FAMILIES IN THE NEEDIEST
NEIGHBORHOODS.
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00:13:23,936 --> 00:13:31,043
THAT'S HOW THEY FOUND HOMIRA.
19 YEARS OLD, SHE FLED EASTERN
AFGHANISTAN THREE MONTHS AGO
WITH HER TWO CHILDREN.
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00:13:31,110 --> 00:13:38,284
WHAT KIND OF CHALLENGES HAVE YOU
FACED?
>> Homira ( translated ): I
FACED A LOT OF PROBLEMS.
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00:13:38,350 --> 00:13:43,155
I COULDN'T SUPPORT MY CHILDREN,
TO BUY SOMETHING LIKE FOOD OR
CLOTHES.
>> Alfonsi: THE INTERNATIONAL
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00:13:43,222 --> 00:13:49,595
RESCUE COMMITTEE GAVE HER ABOUT
$400 TO GET BLANKETS AND FOOD
FOR WINTER.
BUT, THEY ARE FEARFUL THEIR
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00:13:49,662 --> 00:13:58,671
FUNDS COULD RUN OUT.
IF THE AID WASN'T HERE, WHAT
WOULD THAT MEAN TO YOUR FAMILY?
IF THERE WASN'T THIS HELP?
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00:13:58,737 --> 00:14:05,644
>> Homira ( translated ): I
WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO SUPPORT MY
FAMILY OR CHILDREN.
I'M REALLY THANKFUL FOR THEM.
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00:14:05,711 --> 00:14:12,518
>> Alfonsi: WHAT DOES $400 MEAN
TO A FAMILY IN THIS MOMENT?
>> Aken: IT MEANS EVERYTHING, IN
THIS MOMENT.
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00:14:12,585 --> 00:14:24,563
I MEAN, WE SEE A LOT OF CASES
WHERE PEOPLE MIGHT SEND THEIR
CHILDREN OFF TO WORK, INCLUDING
AS YOUNG AS FIVE OR SIX.
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00:14:24,630 --> 00:14:30,169
YOU KNOW, THEY MIGHT SELL THEIR
DAUGHTERS INTO MARRIAGE.
AND IT'S--
AND I KNOW IT SOUNDS HORRENDOUS.
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00:14:30,236 --> 00:14:39,245
BUT WHEN YOU HAVE A FAMILY OF,
SAY, EIGHT PEOPLE, AND YOU
HAVE NO MEANS TO FEED EVERYONE,
AND THEY SEE THAT AS THEIR ONLY
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00:14:39,311 --> 00:14:46,051
OPTION...
>> Alfonsi: HUMANITARIAN LEADERS
SAY, WITHOUT SWIFT ACTION,
MORE PEOPLE IN AFGHANISTAN COULD
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00:14:46,118 --> 00:14:53,125
DIE OF HUNGER NEXT YEAR THAN
FROM THE VIOLENCE OF THE PAST
20 YEARS OF WAR.
>> Aken: IF YOU LOOK AT WHAT
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00:14:53,192 --> 00:14:59,131
THE EFFECT OF SANCTIONS HAVE
BEEN, THEY'RE REALLY HURTING
THE PEOPLE OF AFGHANISTAN MORE
THAN THEY'RE HURTING ANYONE IN
127
00:14:59,198 --> 00:15:08,574
THE TALIBAN.
THE TALIBAN HAVE HAD SANCTIONS
ON THEM FOR QUITE SOME TIME,
AND THEY'VE ALWAYS MANAGED TO
128
00:15:08,641 --> 00:15:14,913
SURVIVE THOSE SANCTIONS.
BUT NOW THEY HAVE TO RUN A
GOVERNMENT.
>> Alfonsi: I THINK A LOT OF
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00:15:14,980 --> 00:15:20,519
PEOPLE WILL SAY, "WELL, WE
DON'T WANT TO SEE AID GO TO
AFGHANISTAN, BECAUSE WE DON'T
WANT TO GIVE MONEY TO THE
130
00:15:20,586 --> 00:15:26,925
TALIBAN.
THAT'S AN EXTREMIST GROUP."
>> Aken: SO YOU WANT TO MAKE
38 MILLION PEOPLE SUFFER BECAUSE
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00:15:26,992 --> 00:15:38,504
OF A FEW THOUSAND?
THAT MATH DOESN'T WORK FOR ME.
( TICKING )
>> Announcer: HOW "60 MINUTES"
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00:15:38,570 --> 00:15:43,175
TRAVELED TO AFGHANISTAN TO MEET
THE TALIBAN.
>> THERE YOU ARE, FACE-TO-FACE
WITH PEOPLE IN YOUR OWN
133
00:15:43,242 --> 00:15:48,314
COUNTRY'S UNIFORMS, THAT USED TO
BE THE ENEMY.
>> AT 60minutesovertime.com.
134
00:15:53,585 --> 00:16:02,061
>> Scott Pelley: THIS DECEMBER
22 MAY BECOME KNOWN AS THE DAY
THE UNIVERSE CHANGED.
THAT WEDNESDAY, NASA EXPECTS TO
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00:16:02,127 --> 00:16:12,338
LAUNCH THE JAMES WEBB SPACE
TELESCOPE-- THE LARGEST AND MOST
EXPENSIVE INSTRUMENT EVER FLOWN.
100 TIMES MORE POWERFUL THAN THE
136
00:16:12,404 --> 00:16:21,814
31-YEAR-OLD HUBBLE TELESCOPE,
WEBB CAN SEE BACK IN TIME,
ALL THE WAY TO THE "LET THERE
BE LIGHT" MOMENT-- THAT INSTANT
137
00:16:21,880 --> 00:16:32,391
WHEN A COLD, DARK UNIVERSE
IGNITED INTO STARS.
WOW.
WELL, SOMEHOW, THAT'S A LOT
138
00:16:32,458 --> 00:16:38,530
BIGGER THAN I IMAGINED.
>> Amy Lo: SHE'S A BIG ONE.
>> Pelley: A YEAR AGO, WE
WERE AMONG THE LAST HUMANS TO
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00:16:38,597 --> 00:16:46,004
SEE THE TELESCOPE MUCH AS IT
WILL APPEAR IN SPACE.
AFTER OUR VISIT, IT WAS
PACKED AWAY FOR A JOURNEY OF A
140
00:16:46,071 --> 00:16:55,714
MILLION MILES, FAR BEYOND THE
MOON, TO LIE FOREVER IN THE
GRASP OF THE SUN.
THE OPERATING LIFE IS HOW LONG?
141
00:16:55,781 --> 00:17:04,990
>> Lo: IT'S DESIGNED FOR 5.5
YEARS, WITH A GOAL OF TEN YEARS.
SO, THAT MEANS WE CARRY
ENOUGH STUFF ON THERE TO LAST
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00:17:05,057 --> 00:17:12,398
FOR TEN YEARS.
>> Pelley: AMY LO IS A SYSTEMS
ENGINEER, WHO TOOK US UP IN THE
CLEAN ROOM AT NORTHRUP GRUMMAN
143
00:17:12,464 --> 00:17:19,772
IN REDONDO BEACH, CALIFORNIA.
>> Lo: WE HAD TO INVENT IT,
DESIGN IT, BUILD IT, AND
HAND-PUT IT TOGETHER.
144
00:17:19,838 --> 00:17:26,812
>> Pelley: AT THE BOTTOM OF
THE SPACECRAFT, THAT SILVER
SHROUD IS A PARASOL, BIG AS A
TENNIS COURT, TO SHIELD WEBB
145
00:17:26,879 --> 00:17:35,387
FROM THE SUN.
ABOVE, THERE ARE 21 FEET OF
GOLD-PLATED MIRRORS, SIX TIMES
BIGGER THAN HUBBLE'S MIRROR, TO
146
00:17:35,454 --> 00:17:42,861
CATCH THE EARLIEST STAR LIGHT IN
CREATION.
THERE ARE 18 OF THESE HEXAGONAL
MIRRORS.
147
00:17:42,928 --> 00:17:49,668
BUT WHEN YOU FOLD THEM OUT,
THEY ALL WORK IN CONCERT AS
ONE MIRROR?
>> Lo: THAT'S RIGHT.
148
00:17:49,735 --> 00:17:58,243
ALL 18 IMAGES WILL FORM ONE VERY
NICE, SOLID IMAGE.
>> Pelley: THAT IMAGE WOULD BE
INVISIBLE TO THE HUMAN EYE.
149
00:17:58,310 --> 00:18:06,952
LIKE A NIGHT VISION CAMERA,
WEBB IS DESIGNED TO SEE HEAT--
INFRARED LIGHT-- BECAUSE THAT'S
THE ONLY SIGNATURE LEFT FROM THE
150
00:18:07,019 --> 00:18:17,596
STARS AT THE EDGE OF TIME.
EVEN THAT GLOW WILL BE SO DIM,
THE MIRRORS WILL HAVE TO SQUINT
FOR HOURS TO EXPOSE AN IMAGE.
151
00:18:17,663 --> 00:18:26,872
HOW MUCH CONFIDENCE DO YOU HAVE?
>> Lo: YOU KNOW, MY JOB IS TO
WORRY.
I PERSONALLY FEEL CONFIDENT THAT
152
00:18:26,939 --> 00:18:36,849
WE HAVE THOUGHT OF EVERYTHING.
>> Pelley: THINKING OF
EVERYTHING TOOK MORE THAN
25 YEARS AND $10 BILLION.
153
00:18:36,915 --> 00:18:43,422
ENGINEER AMY LO EXPLAINED THE
CHALLENGE.
>> Lo: IN MY MIND, THE BIGGEST
ENGINEERING CHALLENGE WAS TO
154
00:18:43,489 --> 00:18:51,430
BUILD A SUN-SHIELD CAPABLE OF
SHIELDING THE OPTICS, THE
MIRRORS, AND THE INSTRUMENTS ON
WEBB.
155
00:18:51,497 --> 00:18:58,003
HOW DO YOU BUILD SOMETHING BIG,
BUT LIGHTWEIGHT?
>> Pelley: THE SUN-SHIELD KEEPS
WEBB COLD AND DARK.
156
00:18:58,070 --> 00:19:04,910
ANY INFRARED HEAT FROM THE SUN
OR EARTH WOULD BLIND THE
TELESCOPE.
THE FIVE LAYERS ARE MADE OF
157
00:19:04,977 --> 00:19:12,184
GOSSAMER SHEETS, NOT UNLIKE
MYLAR BIRTHDAY BALLOONS.
>> Lo: THE LAYER FACING THE SUN
IS LAYER ONE, AND LAYER ONE
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00:19:12,251 --> 00:19:18,257
REACHES ABOUT 230 DEGREES
FAHRENHEIT.
SO, A PRETTY WARM OVEN.
LIKE, IF YOU WANTED TO COOK A
159
00:19:18,323 --> 00:19:22,561
MERINGUE, OR SOMETHING.
>> Pelley: AND ON THE TELESCOPE
SIDE?
>> Lo: ON THE TELESCOPE SIDE,
160
00:19:22,628 --> 00:19:30,068
IT GETS TO NEGATIVE 370 DEGREES
FAHRENHEIT.
>> Pelley: THERE'S A ROUGHLY
600-DEGREE DIFFERENCE!
161
00:19:30,135 --> 00:19:34,606
>> Lo: THERE IS.
>> Pelley: BETWEEN ONE SIDE OF
THE HEAT SHIELD AND THE OTHER.
>> Lo: YES, IT'S AMAZING THAT
162
00:19:34,673 --> 00:19:42,548
IT'S ABLE TO DO THIS WITH
NOTHING MORE THAN THESE LAYERS.
>> Pelley: THE ENGINEERING IS
AMAZING.
163
00:19:42,614 --> 00:19:50,289
BUT, THE SCIENCE MAY REVEAL THE
UNIVERSE.
SINCE THE BEGINNING, THE
BIG BANG, THE ARROW OF TIME HAS
164
00:19:50,355 --> 00:20:00,999
FLOWN NEARLY 14 BILLION YEARS.
WEBB MAY SEE ALL THE WAY BACK TO
THE FIRST 100 MILLION--
THE BABY UNIVERSE.
165
00:20:01,066 --> 00:20:08,106
AMBER STRAUGHN IS AN
ASTROPHYSICIST ON THE PROJECT.
>> Amber Straughn: TELESCOPES
REALLY ARE TIME MACHINES.
166
00:20:08,173 --> 00:20:14,246
THEY LITERALLY ALLOW US TO SEE
INTO THE PAST.
AND THE REASON FOR THAT IS
JUST DUE TO THE NATURE OF HOW
167
00:20:14,313 --> 00:20:18,383
LIGHT TRAVELS.
LIGHT FROM THE SUN TAKES
ABOUT EIGHT MINUTES TO GET TO
THE EARTH.
168
00:20:18,450 --> 00:20:24,289
SO, WE'RE SEEING THE SUN AS IT
WAS EIGHT MINUTES AGO.
AND YOU CAN SORT OF THINK ABOUT
STEPPING THAT FURTHER OUT INTO
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00:20:24,356 --> 00:20:30,662
THE UNIVERSE.
>> Pelley: SO, WHEN WE WALK OUT
UNDER THE STARS, AND LOOK ABOVE
US, WE'RE NOT SEEING THE STARS
170
00:20:30,729 --> 00:20:37,102
AS THEY ARE TODAY.
WE'RE SEEING THEM AS THEY WERE
PERHAPS MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO.
>> Straughn: ABSOLUTELY.
171
00:20:37,169 --> 00:20:42,007
>> Pelley: BECAUSE IT TOOK
THAT LONG FOR THE LIGHT TO REACH
THE EARTH.
>> Straughn: YES, FOR SURE.
172
00:20:42,074 --> 00:20:49,247
>> Pelley: HOW MUCH DO WE KNOW
ABOUT THE UNIVERSE?
>> Straughn: EVERYTHING WE KNOW
ABOUT, EVERYTHING WE CAN SEE,
173
00:20:49,314 --> 00:20:54,453
ME AND YOU, EVERYTHING ON THE
PLANET, ALL THE HUNDREDS OF
BILLIONS OF OTHER GALAXIES--
ALL OF THAT ONLY MAKES UP ABOUT
174
00:20:54,519 --> 00:21:03,595
5% OF THE UNIVERSE.
THE REST OF IT, THAT OTHER 95%,
WE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IT IS.
>> Pelley: THAT 95%, THE
175
00:21:03,662 --> 00:21:11,336
UNKNOWN, IS ALL AROUND US, LIKE
A GHOST.
NEARLY ALL THE COSMOS IS MADE UP
OF WHAT PHYSICISTS CALL, IN
176
00:21:11,403 --> 00:21:20,412
DESPERATION, "DARK MATTER" AND
"DARK ENERGY."
NEVER SEEN, SCIENTISTS INFER
THEY MUST EXIST, BECAUSE THEY'RE
177
00:21:20,479 --> 00:21:28,854
THE BEST EXPLANATION FOR HOW
GALAXIES FORM AND MOVE.
>> Straughn: SO, WE KNOW THAT
DARK MATTER IS SORT OF THIS
178
00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:36,028
SCAFFOLDING OF THE UNIVERSE.
IT'S THE-- THE STRUCTURE ON
WHICH GALAXIES SIT.
AND IF THERE WASN'T DARK MATTER,
179
00:21:36,094 --> 00:21:41,633
THERE WOULDN'T BE GALAXIES, AND
THERE WOULDN'T BE US.
>> Pelley: WHAT MIGHT THE
WEBB TELESCOPE REVEAL ABOUT
180
00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:46,238
DARK MATTER?
>> Straughn: IT'S LIKE WE HAVE
THIS 14-BILLION-YEAR-OLD STORY
OF THE UNIVERSE, BUT WE'RE
181
00:21:46,304 --> 00:21:54,312
MISSING THAT FIRST CHAPTER.
AND WEBB WAS SPECIFICALLY
DESIGNED TO ALLOW US TO SEE
THOSE VERY FIRST GALAXIES THAT
182
00:21:54,379 --> 00:22:02,521
FORMED AFTER THE BIG BANG.
NOW, GALAXIES ARE BORN AND THEN
THEY EVOLVE, THEY CHANGE, OVER
TIME, AND THIS WAY THAT GALAXIES
183
00:22:02,587 --> 00:22:10,529
CHANGE MUST RELY CRITICALLY ON
DARK MATTER.
AND WEBB IS GOING TO ALLOW US TO
OBSERVE THAT PROCESS OF GALAXY
184
00:22:10,595 --> 00:22:17,602
EVOLUTION IN MUCH MORE DETAIL.
>> Pelley: THE PROMISE OF
DISCOVERY SHIELDED WEBB ON
WHAT'S ALREADY BEEN A
185
00:22:17,669 --> 00:22:25,510
TREACHEROUS JOURNEY.
IT WAS TO LAUNCH SEVEN YEARS
AGO, BUT DELAYS COME WITH A
MACHINE THIS AMBITIOUS.
186
00:22:25,577 --> 00:22:34,119
BECAUSE OF COST OVERRUNS, WEBB
WAS CANCELLED, IN 2011, BY THE
HOUSE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE;
BUT IT WAS SAVED IN THE SENATE.
187
00:22:34,186 --> 00:22:42,961
ITS NAMESAKE IS JAMES WEBB,
HEAD OF NASA IN THE 1960s, WHO
MADE SCIENCE A TOP PRIORITY.
WHAT ARE THE STAKES?
188
00:22:43,028 --> 00:22:47,999
WHAT'S RIDING ON THAT ROCKET
WITH WEBB?
>> Bill Ochs: WHEN YOU TALK
ABOUT WHAT'S AT STAKE, IT REALLY
189
00:22:48,066 --> 00:22:55,774
IS NASA'S REPUTATION, TO TAKE ON
A MISSION THAT IS AS CHALLENGING
AS WEBB AND BE SUCCESSFUL.
>> Pelley: BILL OCHS AND GREG
190
00:22:55,841 --> 00:23:03,415
ROBINSON RUN THE PROGRAM.
OCHS WAS AN ENGINEER ON HUBBLE.
ROBINSON HAS SUPERVISED NASA
QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE.
191
00:23:03,482 --> 00:23:09,221
>> Greg Robinson: IF YOU WANT
TO BE BOLD AND GET THE KIND OF
SCIENCE WE'RE AFTER, YOU HAVE TO
MAKE THE INVESTMENT.
192
00:23:09,287 --> 00:23:14,960
AND IT'S GOING TO ANSWER TWO BIG
QUESTIONS FOR ASTROPHYSICS:
WHERE DID WE COME FROM, AND,
ARE WE ALONE?
193
00:23:15,026 --> 00:23:18,897
AND WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO
GETTING THOSE RESULTS.
>> Pelley: IS WEBB GOING TO
WORK?
194
00:23:18,964 --> 00:23:22,834
>> Robinson: YES, IT'S GOING TO
WORK.
I HAVE VERY HIGH CONFIDENCE.
>> Ochs: I AM 100% CONFIDENT.
195
00:23:22,901 --> 00:23:30,442
>> Pelley: WHY 100% CONFIDENT?
>> Ochs: BECAUSE WHEN I LOOK AT
THE TESTING THAT WE HAVE DONE
OVER THE YEARS, AND THE TYPE OF
196
00:23:30,509 --> 00:23:35,213
ENGINEERING THAT WENT INTO IT,
YOU BUILD A SENSE OF CONFIDENCE
THAT, YOU KNOW THIS IS GOING TO
WORK.
197
00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:39,785
>> Pelley: WHAT ARE YOU MOST
CONCERNED ABOUT?
>> Ochs: UNFOLDING THE ENTIRE
TELESCOPE IS WHAT YOU WORRY
198
00:23:39,851 --> 00:23:47,626
ABOUT.
>> Pelley: THE OBSERVATORY HAD
TO BE FOLDED INTO AN "ARIANE 5"
ROCKET JUST 16 FEET WIDE--
199
00:23:47,692 --> 00:23:55,267
IT'S WRAPPED TODAY TIGHT AS A
ROSE-BUD.
IN FLIGHT, MORE THAN 40 SYSTEMS
MUST BLOSSOM WITH PERFECTION,
200
00:23:55,333 --> 00:24:04,309
INCLUDING AMY LO'S NEVER-
INVENTED-BEFORE SUN-SHIELD.
>> Pelley: ALL FIVE LAYERS WILL
BE FOLDED UP AND HELD IN PLACE
201
00:24:04,376 --> 00:24:11,082
BY PINS.
HOW MANY PINS ARE THERE?
>> Lo: THERE'S 107 OF THESE
MEMBRANE-RELEASE DEVICES AND
202
00:24:11,149 --> 00:24:18,723
PINS, THAT HOLD ALL FIVE LAYERS
PINNED TO THIS STRUCTURE HERE,
CALLED A U.P.S.
ALL TOTAL, 107.
203
00:24:18,790 --> 00:24:24,563
>> Pelley: AND AS YOU'RE
UNFOLDING, HOW MANY OF THOSE CAN
FAIL?
>> Lo: NONE.
204
00:24:24,629 --> 00:24:28,166
>> Pelley: NONE?
>> Lo: NONE.
>> Pelley: NOT ONE?
>> Lo: NOT ONE.
205
00:24:28,233 --> 00:24:36,374
>> Pelley: THERE IS LITERALLY NO
ROOM FOR ERROR.
>> Lo: WE TEST AND WE DO A LOT
OF ANALYSIS TO ENSURE THAT EACH
206
00:24:36,441 --> 00:24:42,647
AND EVERY SINGLE ONE OF THESE
WILL RELEASE ON ORBIT.
>> Pelley: $10 BILLION RIDES ON
THOSE PINS.
207
00:24:42,714 --> 00:24:50,488
THE HUBBLE TELESCOPE, 340
MILES UP, COULD BE REACHED WITH
A WRENCH.
WEBB, AT A MILLION MILES, IS
208
00:24:50,555 --> 00:24:57,662
BEYOND REPAIR.
BILL OCHS TOLD US THAT IF
SOMETHING DOES GET STUCK, THERE
IS AN EMERGENCY PLAN.
209
00:24:57,729 --> 00:25:03,635
>> Ochs: WE'VE DEVELOPED
ALGORITHMS TO, ESSENTIALLY,
WE CALL IT "THE SHIMMY."
WE DO A LITTLE SHAKE ON THE
210
00:25:03,702 --> 00:25:08,607
TELESCOPE, AND WE CAN ROCK IT
BACK AND FORTH.
IF THAT DOESN'T WORK, WE HAVE
ANOTHER ONE WE CALL "THE TWIRL,"
211
00:25:08,673 --> 00:25:13,879
WHICH CAN ACTUALLY SPIN THE
TELESCOPE EITHER CLOCKWISE OR
COUNTERCLOCKWISE, TO HELP SHAKE
THINGS LOOSE.
212
00:25:13,945 --> 00:25:17,782
>> Pelley: SO, YOU'RE GOING TO
DO WHAT I DO WITH DEVICES WHEN
THEY'RE NOT WORKING-- YOU'RE
GOING TO SHAKE IT.
213
00:25:17,849 --> 00:25:26,124
>> Ochs: YEAH, YEAH, KIND OF DO
THE SAME THING, YES.
>> Pelley: IF 107 PINS RELEASE,
THE MIRRORS SYNCHRONIZE, AND
214
00:25:26,191 --> 00:25:34,165
10,000 THINGS GO RIGHT, WEBB
WILL BE LIMITED ONLY BY ABOUT
TEN YEARS OF FUEL FOR PIVOTING
AND POINTING.
215
00:25:34,232 --> 00:25:42,507
CANADA CONTRIBUTED THE AIMING
SYSTEM THAT WILL GUIDE WEBB TO
WONDERS FAR AND NEAR.
MORE THAN 1,000 ASTRONOMERS
216
00:25:42,574 --> 00:25:49,180
AROUND THE WORLD ARE COMPETING
FOR TELESCOPE TIME.
HEIDI HAMMEL WAS GRANTED
100 HOURS.
217
00:25:49,247 --> 00:25:57,255
>> Heidi Hammel: I HAVE SO MANY
QUESTIONS.
MY PARTICULAR FOCUS IS OBJECTS
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
218
00:25:57,322 --> 00:26:06,231
>> Pelley: HAMMEL TOLD US THAT
LIGHT IS FULL OF INFORMATION.
WEBB CAN DEFINE THE CHEMISTRY OF
A PLACE BY ANALYZING ITS
219
00:26:06,298 --> 00:26:12,337
WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT.
>> Hammel: WHAT IS THE
ATMOSPHERIC WATER CONTENT OF
MARS, AND HOW DOES IT CHANGE
220
00:26:12,404 --> 00:26:21,813
WITH TIME?
WHAT DRIVES THE CHEMISTRY IN THE
UPPER ATMOSPHERE OF NEPTUNE?
CAN WE SEE IF THERE'S WATER
221
00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:28,687
COMING OUT OF THE MOONS OF
JUPITER OR SATURN?
THERE ARE JUST AN INFINITE
NUMBER OF QUESTIONS I WANT TO
222
00:26:28,753 --> 00:26:34,125
ANSWER.
>> Pelley: ASTROPHYSICIST
NATALIE BATALHA ALSO HAS TIME ON
WEBB.
223
00:26:34,192 --> 00:26:41,800
SHE'LL BE LOOKING AT PLANETS
BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
>> Natalie Batalha: ON AVERAGE,
EVERY STAR IN THE GALAXY HAS AT
224
00:26:41,866 --> 00:26:46,905
LEAST ONE PLANET.
THAT MEANS THAT THERE ARE
MORE PLANETS IN THE GALAXY THAN
THERE ARE STARS.
225
00:26:46,972 --> 00:26:54,546
HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS OF PLANETS.
>> Pelley: AND WITH THAT MANY
PLANETS, BATALHA IS SURE
WEBB COULD FIND SOME WITH THE
226
00:26:54,612 --> 00:27:02,721
CHEMISTRY AND CONDITIONS OF
LIFE.
>> Batalha: THERE HAPPENS TO BE
ONE PLANETARY SYSTEM-- THE STAR
227
00:27:02,787 --> 00:27:10,595
HAS SEVEN PLANETS ORBITING IT.
AND THE STAR IS ONLY ABOUT
40 LIGHT YEARS AWAY, SO IT'S A
GREAT TARGET TO STUDY.
228
00:27:10,662 --> 00:27:19,004
AND IT HAS THREE EARTH-SIZED
PLANETS ORBITING IN WHAT I WOULD
CALL THE GOLDILOCKS ZONE, WHERE
LIFE COULD POTENTIALLY EXIST.
229
00:27:19,070 --> 00:27:22,607
>> Pelley: NOT TOO HOT, NOT TOO
COLD.
>> Batalha: THAT'S THE IDEA.
YES.
230
00:27:22,674 --> 00:27:30,281
AND SO, THIS IS ALSO ONE OF THE
VERY FIRST TARGETS THAT WE'RE
GOING TO OBSERVE WITH WEBB.
AND WHAT WE'LL BE ABLE TO SEE
231
00:27:30,348 --> 00:27:36,921
IS, IS THERE CARBON DIOXIDE IN
THE ATMOSPHERE?
WHAT ARE THE GREENHOUSE GASSES?
IS THERE CARBON DIOXIDE IN
232
00:27:36,988 --> 00:27:43,328
COMBINATION WITH METHANE?
BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT EARTH HAS.
SO, BY LOOKING AT THESE CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS, WE MIGHT BE ABLE
233
00:27:43,395 --> 00:27:49,300
TO PIECE TOGETHER IF IT'S NOT
JUST A PLANET IN WHAT WE CALL
THE "HABITABLE ZONE," BUT IF
IT'S TRULY A HABITABLE
234
00:27:49,367 --> 00:27:55,173
ENVIRONMENT.
>> Pelley: AND SOMEBODY MIGHT
ASK, "WHY DOES IT MATTER?"
>> Batalha: THE END POINT IS
235
00:27:55,240 --> 00:28:01,012
TO PUT AN END TO OUR COSMIC
LONELINESS.
WE WANT TO KNOW IF THERE'S LIFE
OUT THERE.
236
00:28:01,079 --> 00:28:10,822
>> Pelley: FROM A RESEARCHER'S
PERSPECTIVE, IS WEBB
EVOLUTIONARY OR REVOLUTIONARY?
>> Batalha: EVERY TIME YOU PUT A
237
00:28:10,889 --> 00:28:18,196
NEW PIECE OF TECHNOLOGY INTO
SPACE, OR YOU LOOK AT THE
UNIVERSE WITH DIFFERENT EYES,
YOU-- YOU LEARN SOMETHING
238
00:28:18,263 --> 00:28:22,967
REVOLUTIONARY.
SOMETHING THAT YOU COULDN'T HAVE
EVEN PREDICTED.
I DON'T KNOW WHAT THOSE
239
00:28:23,034 --> 00:28:30,809
SURPRISES ARE GOING TO BE, BUT
THE TECHNOLOGY IS REVOLUTIONARY.
AND THERE WILL BE TREMENDOUS
SURPRISES THAT WILL ASTOUND US.
240
00:28:30,875 --> 00:28:38,817
>> Pelley: WEBB IS ON THE
DOORSTEP, ABOARD A EUROPEAN
SPACE AGENCY ROCKET.
SOME, INCLUDING AMY LO, MAY HOLD
241
00:28:38,883 --> 00:28:47,025
THEIR BREATH AS IT UNFOLDS
ITSELF ON THE MONTH-LONG JOURNEY
TO ITS STATION AROUND THE SUN.
THE FIRST IMAGES, IN SIX MONTHS
242
00:28:47,092 --> 00:28:56,768
OR SO, WILL BE CONVERTED FROM
INVISIBLE INFRARED INTO PICTURES
SUITABLE FOR HEADLINES.
CHANCES ARE, WHAT WE SEE,
243
00:28:56,835 --> 00:29:15,019
WE WILL NOT UNDERSTAND--
THE VERY DEFINITION OF WONDER.
( TICKING )
>> Jon Wertheim: A REMOTE JEWEL
244
00:29:15,086 --> 00:29:20,692
OF LAND OFF THE COAST OF CANADA,
FOGO ISLAND FLOATS IN THE
NORTHEAST CORNER OF THE
NORTHEAST PROVINCE OF
245
00:29:20,758 --> 00:29:26,631
NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR, THE
OUTSTRETCHED RIGHT FINGERTIP OF
THIS CONTINENT.
THE PLACE MIGHT BE DROP-DEAD
246
00:29:26,698 --> 00:29:33,238
GORGEOUS, BUT IT WASN'T IMMUNE
TO THE FATE BEFALLING SO MANY
SMALL AND ISOLATED COMMUNITIES
IN NORTH AMERICA:
247
00:29:33,304 --> 00:29:39,911
ITS ONE AND ONLY INDUSTRY WENT
INTO STEEP DECLINE, AND SO IN
TURN, DID ITS POPULATION.
THEN, ABOUT A DECADE AGO,
248
00:29:39,978 --> 00:29:46,451
A LOCAL RETURNED HOME,
FRESH OFF MAKING A FORTUNE IN
THE TECH SECTOR.
HER POCKETS WERE DEEP.
249
00:29:46,518 --> 00:29:53,258
SO WAS HER DESIRE TO LIFT UP THE
PLACE AND BRING PEOPLE BACK.
SO, SHE UNLEASHED A SORT OF
ECONOMIC EXPERIMENT.
250
00:29:53,324 --> 00:30:01,766
WE TOOK TWO PLANES, A LONG
DRIVE, AND A FERRY TO REACH
FOGO ISLAND, AND CHECK ON THE
EARLY RESULTS.
251
00:30:01,833 --> 00:30:09,140
THE SAYING HERE GOES:
YOU'LL KNOW THE NEWFOUNDLANDERS
IN HEAVEN-- THEY'LL BE THE ONES
WHO WANT TO GO HOME.
252
00:30:09,207 --> 00:30:16,748
AND THE ADAGE COMES TO LIFE ON
FOGO ISLAND, A 90-SQUARE MILE
PATCHWORK OF TEN MINISCULE
FISHING VILLAGES, WHERE
253
00:30:16,814 --> 00:30:24,355
CLAPBOARD HOUSES THE COLOR OF
JELLY BEANS CLING TO ROCK
400 MILLION YEARS OLD.
AMONG ITS QUIRKS, NEWFOUNDLAND
254
00:30:24,422 --> 00:30:33,164
HAS ITS OWN TIME ZONE-- HALF AN
HOUR AHEAD OF THE MAINLAND.
BUT WANDER THROUGH FOGO ISLAND'S
VILLAGES, AND YOU MIGHT AS WELL
255
00:30:33,231 --> 00:30:38,603
SET YOUR WATCH BACK TO THE 18th
CENTURY.
( PIG SNORTING )
BACK THEN, ALL YOU NEEDED TO
256
00:30:38,670 --> 00:30:48,313
GET BY HERE WAS A PIG, A POTATO
PATCH, AND SOMETHING CALLED A
PUNT: A SMALL, WOODEN FISHING
BOAT USED IN PURSUIT OF NORTH
257
00:30:48,379 --> 00:30:57,255
ATLANTIC COD, THE SPECIES THAT
ONCE KEPT THIS PLACE AFLOAT.
SEEMINGLY EVERY STRUCTURE ON THE
ISLAND WAS BUILT IN SERVICE OF
258
00:30:57,322 --> 00:31:06,431
CATCHING AND PRESERVING FISH.
WITH ONE GLEAMING EXCEPTION.
A $40 MILLION, LUXURY INN.
PART EDGE-OF-THE-EARTH
259
00:31:06,497 --> 00:31:14,305
DESTINATION, PART ECONOMIC-
ENGINE-ON-STILTS, THE INN IS THE
BRAINCHILD OF EIGHTH-GENERATION
FOGO ISLANDER ZITA COBB.
260
00:31:14,372 --> 00:31:19,310
AND LOCALS GAVE HER A FUNNY LOOK
WHEN SHE FIRST FLOATED THE IDEA.
WHAT KIND OF REACTION DID THAT
GET?
261
00:31:19,377 --> 00:31:23,414
>> Zita Cobb: "WHY WOULD ANYONE
COME HERE?"
WE LOVE THIS PLACE, BUT IT
WASN'T OBVIOUS WHEN, YOU KNOW,
262
00:31:23,481 --> 00:31:28,753
THERE ARE FANCY PLACES IN THE
WORLD THAT PEOPLE GO.
OUR ASSUMPTION IS EVERYBODY
WANTS TO GO WHERE IT'S WARM.
263
00:31:28,820 --> 00:31:33,191
( LAUGHS )
>> Wertheim: SOMEONE SUGGESTED
TO US, IT LOOKED LIKE A SHIP.
>> Cobb: THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE
264
00:31:33,258 --> 00:31:39,697
INN WAS OBVIOUSLY A TOPIC OF
MUCH CONVERSATION.
I THINK ABOUT IT AS A METAPHOR.
IT'S ABOUT PEOPLE FROM HERE AND
265
00:31:39,764 --> 00:31:44,969
PEOPLE FROM AWAY.
IT'S ABOUT THE FUTURE AND THE
PAST.
>> Wertheim: THE PAST LOOMS
266
00:31:45,036 --> 00:31:51,743
LARGE ON FOGO ISLAND.
TO FULLY APPRECIATE THE INN,
EVEN AS A METAPHOR, YOU HAVE TO
UNDERSTAND FOGO'S HISTORY.
267
00:31:51,809 --> 00:31:58,383
IT'S JUST SOMETHING.
ZITA COBB TOOK US THROUGH DOZENS
OF TINY ISLANDS THAT DOT FOGO'S
WATERS TO A PLACE CALLED LITTLE
268
00:31:58,449 --> 00:32:07,258
FOGO ISLAND; AND FOR THOSE
KEEPING TRACK, THAT'S AN ISLAND,
OFF AN ISLAND, OFF AN ISLAND.
HER ANCESTORS LANDED HERE FROM
269
00:32:07,325 --> 00:32:14,165
IRELAND AND SOUTH ENGLAND.
THEY CAME FOR ONE REASON.
>> Cobb: FISH, FISH, AND FISH.
>> Wertheim: WHEN YOU SAY FISH,
270
00:32:14,232 --> 00:32:20,305
IS IT JUST A GIVEN?
>> Cobb: IT'S A GIVEN.
SO WHEN, YES, WHEN WE SAY FISH,
WE MEAN COD.
271
00:32:20,371 --> 00:32:26,511
>> Wertheim: IS IT POSSIBLE TO
EXAGGERATE THE IMPORTANCE OF COD
TO THIS PLACE?
>> Cobb: NO, IT'S NOT POSSIBLE,
272
00:32:26,577 --> 00:32:34,252
BECAUSE EVERYTHING THAT YOU NEED
TO KNOW ABOUT SOMEONE FROM HERE,
YOU CAN FIGURE IT OUT BY JUST
STUDYING THAT LOWLY FISH.
273
00:32:34,319 --> 00:32:39,123
IT'S ACTUALLY QUITE A NOBLE
FISH.
>> Wertheim: A NOBLE FISH?
>> Cobb: IT ASKS VERY LITTLE,
274
00:32:39,190 --> 00:32:45,029
AND GIES SO MUCH.
THEY EXIST ON ALMOST ANYTHING.
I MEAN, I THINK A COD COULD EAT
A RUBBER BOOT, IF IT HAD TO.
275
00:32:45,096 --> 00:32:51,369
>> Wertheim: NOT UNLIKE THE
NOBLE FISH, ZITA COBB'S FAMILY
SURVIVED WITHOUT FUSS.
IN COD THEY TRUSTED.
276
00:32:51,436 --> 00:32:57,408
FAMILIES WORKED SIDE-BY-SIDE
HERE, TRADING THEIR FISH FOR
GOODS.
NO BANK ACCOUNTS, NO CASH.
277
00:32:57,475 --> 00:33:03,748
COBB'S PARENTS COULD NEITHER
READ NOR WRITE.
SHE AND HER SIX BROTHERS GREW UP
IN A HOUSE WITH NO ELECTRICITY.
278
00:33:03,815 --> 00:33:09,253
SHE SAYS IT WAS A HAPPY
CHILDHOOD.
UNTIL IT WASN'T.
>> Wertheim: WHAT HAPPENED?
279
00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:15,193
>> Cobb: THE WORST OF THE 20th
CENTURY CAME DOWN ON TOP OF US
VERY QUICKLY, IN THE FORM OF THE
INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE
280
00:33:15,259 --> 00:33:21,833
FISHERIES.
SO, THESE ENORMOUS FACTORY SHIPS
SHOWED UP HERE, ALL ALONG THE
COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND, AND
281
00:33:21,899 --> 00:33:29,540
FISHED DAY AND NIGHT UNTIL JUST
ABOUT EVERY LAST FISH WAS GONE.
>> Wertheim: WITH ONE SMALL PUNT
LAUNCHED FROM THIS ONE DOCK,
282
00:33:29,607 --> 00:33:35,513
COBB'S FATHER COULDN'T COMPETE
WITH COMMERCIAL VESSELS THAT HAD
COME TO THE NORTH ATLANTIC FROM
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
283
00:33:35,580 --> 00:33:39,917
HOW BAD DID THINGS GET FOR HIM?
>> Cobb: THINGS GOT-- HE WOULD
GO OUT AND COME BACK WITH
NOTHING.
284
00:33:39,984 --> 00:33:47,091
BUT ONE DAY IN PARTICULAR, HE
CAME BACK WITH ONE FISH.
AND HE BROUGHT THE FISH INTO
THE HOUSE, AND HE SLAPPED IT
285
00:33:47,158 --> 00:33:54,198
DOWN ONTO THE KITCHEN FLOOR, AND
SAID, "WELL, IT'S DONE."
AND IT WAS THE NEXT DAY HE
BURNED HIS BOAT.
286
00:33:54,265 --> 00:33:57,902
>> Wertheim: HE BURNED HIS BOAT?
>> Cobb: HE BURNED HIS BOAT.
>> Wertheim: IT'S ALMOST LIKE A
SACRIFICE.
287
00:33:57,969 --> 00:34:05,710
>> Cobb: IT WAS.
HE DID IT AS A STATEMENT.
HE DID IT AS AN EXPRESSION OF
PAIN AND ANGER.
288
00:34:05,777 --> 00:34:12,617
>> Wertheim: LAMBERT COBB MADE
THIS SACRIFICE ONCE HE REALIZED
THAT THOSE BIG BOATS WERE--
IN HIS WORDS-- TURNING FISH INTO
289
00:34:12,683 --> 00:34:17,855
MONEY.
>> Cobb: HE SAID TO ME, AS A
TEN-YEAR-OLD, "YOU HAVE GOT TO
FIGURE OUT HOW THIS MONEY THING
290
00:34:17,922 --> 00:34:23,394
WORKS.
BECAUSE IF YOU DON'T, IT'S GOING
TO EAT EVERYTHING WE LOVE."
>> Wertheim: HE WASN'T WRONG.
291
00:34:23,461 --> 00:34:31,269
AS FISH STOCKS DWINDLED, SO DID
THE ISLAND'S POPULATION-- FROM
5,000 TO 2,500.
THE COBBS LEFT, GRUDGINGLY, FOR
292
00:34:31,335 --> 00:34:38,009
THE MAINLAND IN THE 1970s.
ZITA COBB'S FATHER DIED SHORTLY
THEREAFTER; BUT SHE HEEDED HIS
ADVICE.
293
00:34:38,075 --> 00:34:44,515
SHE GOT A BUSINESS DEGREE,
WORKED IN FIBER OPTICS, LANDED
IN SILICON VALLEY, AND BEFORE
LONG, WAS THE THIRD-HIGHEST PAID
294
00:34:44,582 --> 00:34:51,889
FEMALE EXECUTIVE IN AMERICA.
IN HER EARLY 40s, SHE CASHED OUT
TENS OF MILLIONS IN STOCK
OPTIONS, DROPPED OUT OF THE
295
00:34:51,956 --> 00:34:58,329
WINNER-TAKE-ALL ECONOMY, AND
TOOK HER BUSINESS SAVVY HOME,
DETERMINED TO REVITALIZE FOGO
ISLAND.
296
00:34:58,396 --> 00:35:03,801
INSTEAD OF WRITING A CHECK, SHE
POSED A QUESTION:
>> Cobb: WHAT DO WE HAVE, AND
WHAT DO WE KNOW?
297
00:35:03,868 --> 00:35:11,709
AND HOW CAN WE PUT THAT FORWARD
IN A WAY THAT'S DIGNIFIED FOR
FOGO ISLANDERS, AND CREATES
ECONOMY, AND CONNECTS US TO THE
298
00:35:11,776 --> 00:35:19,684
WORLD?
♪ ♪ ♪
>> Wertheim: SPEND ONE NIGHT
AT WHAT THE LOCALS CALL A
299
00:35:19,750 --> 00:35:26,657
SHED PARTY, AND THE ANSWER
EMERGES.
>> Cobb: WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT
THE PEOPLE OF THIS PLACE, IF
300
00:35:26,724 --> 00:35:31,662
THERE'S ONE THING WE'RE REALLY
GOOD AT IT'S HOSPITALITY.
>> Wertheim: WHAT DOES
HOSPITALITY MEAN HERE?
301
00:35:31,729 --> 00:35:37,201
>> Cobb: HOSPITALITY, IN ITS
PUREST FORM, IS THE LOVE OF A
STRANGER.
WE DIDN'T GET A LOT OF STRANGERS
302
00:35:37,268 --> 00:35:42,640
AND WHEN THEY ARRIVED, AS MY
MOTHER USED TO SAY, IT'S ALWAYS
BETTER TO SEE A LIGHT COMING
INTO THE HARBOR THAN A LIGHT
303
00:35:42,707 --> 00:35:47,512
GOING OUT.
>> Wertheim: SO, IN 2013,
COBB BUILT THE BIGGEST BEACON IN
THE HARBOR.
304
00:35:47,578 --> 00:35:54,485
SHE MADETHE FOGO ISLAND INN
THE CENTERPIECE OF A CHARITABLE
TRUST-- CALLED SHOREFAST--
WITH PROFITS REINVESTED IN THE
305
00:35:54,552 --> 00:35:59,290
ISLAND.
AT $2,000 A NIGHT, THE INN DOES
TURN A PROFIT.
BUT THERE WERE OTHER
306
00:35:59,357 --> 00:36:05,463
CONSIDERATIONS.
>> Cobb: WE'RE GOING TO PUT A
29-ROOM INN ON AN ISLAND THAT'S
NEVER HAD AN INN.
307
00:36:05,530 --> 00:36:09,734
WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF
THAT?
WELL, MORE PEOPLE WILL COME?
WELL, HOW MANY MORE PEOPLE?
308
00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:15,439
AS ONE WOMAN SAID "WELL, YOU
KNOW, WE'RE ONLY 2,500 PEOPLE.
WE CAN ONLY LOVE SO MANY PEOPLE
AT A TIME."
309
00:36:15,506 --> 00:36:22,747
>> Wertheim: SHOREFAST AND
THE INN EMPLOY MORE THAN 300
ISLANDERS, BUT THE REAL PAYOFF
IS THE RIPPLE EFFECT.
310
00:36:22,813 --> 00:36:30,922
FOR STARTERS, ALL THE FURNITURE
AT THE INN IS LOCALLY MADE.
SAME FOR THE PILLOWS AND QUILTS.
IT SO HAPPENS THE WOMEN OF FOGO
311
00:36:30,988 --> 00:36:36,527
ISLAND HAVE BEEN MAKING THEM FOR
THEIR OWN HOMES FOR 400 YEARS.
>> Lillian Dwyer: WE'RE GETTING
THERE.
312
00:36:36,594 --> 00:36:41,799
WE GOT HALF DONE.
>> Wertheim: WORD IS OUT NOW.
THIS QUILT IS DESTINED FOR A
CUSTOMER IN BALTIMORE.
313
00:36:41,866 --> 00:36:46,237
WE JOINED THE QUILTING BEE...
>> Dwyer: WATCH HIM, MILLICENT.
>> Wertheim: ...BUT DIDN'T LAST
LONG.
314
00:36:46,304 --> 00:36:50,975
IT WAS ALL VERY NICE, EXCEPT FOR
THIS ONE SQUARE.
>> Dwight Budden: THIS IS OUR
LETTUCE ROOM.
315
00:36:51,042 --> 00:36:55,813
>> Wertheim: SHOREFAST PUTS UP
SEED MONEY FOR NEW BUSINESSES,
TOO-- A QUARTER OF A MILLION
DOLLARS SO FAR.
316
00:36:55,880 --> 00:37:01,319
>> Hayward Budden: AND THEN YOU
PUT YOUR PLANT IN.
>> Wertheim: A $7,500 MICRO-LOAN
WENT TO DWIGHT BUDDEN AND HIS
317
00:37:01,385 --> 00:37:09,393
FATHER HAYWARD, A FORMER FISHER
WHO LEFT FOGO ISLAND WHEN THE
INDUSTRY COLLAPSED.
HE'S BACK NOW, AS A HYDROPONIC
318
00:37:09,460 --> 00:37:14,198
FARMER, GROWING GREENS FOR THE
INN.
>> Dwight Budden: YEAH, THERE'S
OUR KALE.
319
00:37:14,265 --> 00:37:19,103
>> Wertheim: DOES HAYWARD EAT
KALE?
>> Hayward Budden: NOT TOO MUCH.
( LAUGHS )
320
00:37:19,170 --> 00:37:26,043
>> Wertheim: BEYOND THE KALE,
NEW CULTURE IS TAKING ROOT.
FUTURISTIC-LOOKING STUDIOS NOW
SPECKLE THE LANDSCAPE-- PART OF
321
00:37:26,110 --> 00:37:36,420
SHOREFAST'S AMBITION TO BRING
ARTISTS-IN-RESIDENCE TO FOGO.
AND BACK AT THE INN, A CHEF
TURNS COD INTO HAUTE CUISINE.
322
00:37:36,487 --> 00:37:42,560
>> Wertheim: IF YOUR DAD SAW COD
WITH MAGNOLIA OIL AND SEA FOAM--
>> Cobb: AND PORCINI.
>> Wertheim: AND PORCINI--
323
00:37:42,627 --> 00:37:45,363
>> Cobb: CINI-- YES.
( LAUGHS )
>> Wertheim: WHAT WOULD HE SAY?
>> Cobb: YES.
324
00:37:45,429 --> 00:37:49,367
FIRST THING, HE'D SAY, "CAN YOU
REALLY EAT THAT?"
>> Wertheim: YOU CAN DO MORE
THAN EAT COD; YOU CAN FISH FOR
325
00:37:49,433 --> 00:37:55,573
IT AGAIN.
NOW THAT A DECADES-LONG BAN HAS
BEEN EASED, FOGO ISLAND'S
FISHERS ARE BACK HAULING COD.
326
00:37:55,640 --> 00:38:03,347
WE VENTURED OUT OF FOGO HARBOR
WITH BROTHERS GLEN AND JERRY
BEST-- THE FIFTH GENERATION OF
THEIR FAMILY TO HARVEST THESE
327
00:38:03,414 --> 00:38:07,518
WATERS.
>> Glen Best: YOU GO EAST, YOUR
NEXT STOP IS IRELAND.
>> Wertheim: IRELAND?
328
00:38:07,585 --> 00:38:11,188
>> Glen Best: WE'RE NOT GOING
THERE TODAY.
( LAUGHS )
>> Jerry Best: HAND OVER HAND,
329
00:38:11,255 --> 00:38:14,692
LIKE THAT.
ALL RIGHT.
>> Wertheim: THE BEST BROTHERS
SHOWED US THE TRADITIONAL
330
00:38:14,759 --> 00:38:21,465
NEWFOUNDLAND WAY OF FISHING WITH
A HANDLINE-- 150 FEET DOWN, NO
RODS, REELS, OR NETS.
NOW WE'RE TALKING
331
00:38:21,532 --> 00:38:26,570
>> Glen Best: THAT'S A BEAUTY.
>> Wertheim: UP COMES COD,
WITHOUT MUCH OF A FIGHT.
>> Glen Best: NOW THAT'S A NICE
332
00:38:26,637 --> 00:38:32,777
COD.
THAT'S PROBABLY A 20-POUND FISH.
>> Wertheim: COD IS MAKING A
COMEBACK IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC.
333
00:38:32,843 --> 00:38:40,418
CANADA STILL IMPOSES CATCH
LIMITS, BUT WHEN THE BESTS GET
DOWN TO BUSINESS, THEY USE AN
AUTOMATED SYSTEM TO DROP
334
00:38:40,484 --> 00:38:46,157
THOUSANDS OF HOOKS IN THE WATER
AT A TIME.
WE WATCHED THEM OFFLOAD 20,000
POUNDS OF COD FROM A SINGLE
335
00:38:46,223 --> 00:38:53,397
TRIP.
WHAT'S MORE, SHELLFISH HAS DONE
THE UNTHINKABLE, AND DETHRONED
COD AS KING.
336
00:38:53,464 --> 00:39:01,138
CRAB AND SHRIMP NOW MAKE UP 80%
OF GLEN BEST'S BUSINESS; AND
HE'S NEVER HAD A BETTER YEAR.
YOU TOLD ME YOU CAUGHT 400,000
337
00:39:01,205 --> 00:39:06,577
POUNDS OF SNOW CRAB.
AT $7.60 A POUND.
>> Glen Best: YEAH, IT'S PRETTY
GOOD.
338
00:39:06,644 --> 00:39:10,247
>> Wertheim: $3 MILLION BUCKS.
>> Glen Best: IT ADDS UP.
>> Wertheim: THAT'S PRETTY GOOD.
>> Glen Best: YEAH, IT WAS A
339
00:39:10,314 --> 00:39:14,218
GOOD YEAR.
>> Wertheim: BUT A THRIVING
FISHERY ISN'T ALWAYS ENOUGH TO
KEEP THE KIDS AROUND.
340
00:39:14,285 --> 00:39:19,857
BEST'S THREE CHILDREN HAVE MOVED
AWAY FROM FOGO TO PURSUE OTHER
CAREERS.
YOUR FAMILY'S BEEN DOING THIS
341
00:39:19,924 --> 00:39:25,262
FOR GENERATIONS.
YOU NAMED THIS BOAT AFTER YOUR
DAD.
>> Glen Best: SO, THE SAD PART
342
00:39:25,329 --> 00:39:31,669
ABOUT IT IS THAT JERRY AND
MYSELF, WE PROBABLY COULD BE THE
LAST GENERATION THAT WILL FISH
WITHIN OUR FAMILY.
343
00:39:31,736 --> 00:39:38,709
WHEN THE DAY COMES, THAT THAT
HAPPENS, THAT WILL PROBABLY BE A
SAD DAY.
>> Wertheim: STILL, FOGO
344
00:39:38,776 --> 00:39:43,514
ISLAND'S POPULATION HAS
STABILIZED.
THERE'S HOPE THE NEXT CENSUS
WILL SHOW AN UPTICK.
345
00:39:43,581 --> 00:39:49,553
BABIES ARE THE ISLAND'S BIGGEST
CELEBRITIES.
BUT, AS EVER, WITH GROWTH, COME
GROWING PAINS.
346
00:39:49,620 --> 00:39:57,228
IT'S ALREADY BECOME ONE OF THOSE
ISLANDS WHERE YOU HAVE TO PRAY
TO GET A SPOT ON THE FERRY.
JENNIFER SEXTON SPENT SUMMERS ON
347
00:39:57,294 --> 00:40:03,400
FOGO ISLAND VISITING HER
GRANDPARENTS.
SHE RECENTLY MOVED HERE FROM
WESTERN CANADA TO OPEN THIS
348
00:40:03,467 --> 00:40:08,973
COFFEE JOINT, WHERE LOCALS MIX
WITH THOSE WHO COME FROM AWAY.
>> Jennifer Sexton: EVERYBODY
ASKS ABOUT THE INN.
349
00:40:09,039 --> 00:40:13,911
>> Wertheim: WHAT DO YOU TELL
THEM?
>> Sexton: WELL, IT'S A BLESSING
AND A CURSE.
350
00:40:13,978 --> 00:40:20,785
>> Wertheim: HER REGULARS
GRUMBLE THAT NOT LONG AGO, THEY
COULD GET A HOME FOR $25,000--
CANADIAN.
351
00:40:20,851 --> 00:40:26,123
NOW HOMES COST TEN TIMES AS
MUCH.
>> Sexton: FOR SOMEBODY FROM
AWAY, THAT WOULDN'T BE A LOT.
352
00:40:26,190 --> 00:40:31,962
BUT FOR SOMEBODY FROM HERE, THAT
IS A LOT OF MONEY.
>> Wertheim: ZITA COBB, THE
WOMAN WHO TURNED THIS TIDE,
353
00:40:32,029 --> 00:40:39,003
SAYS SHE DOESN'T WANT UNCHECKED
GROWTH, EITHER.
>> Cobb: AS THE ECONOMY GROWS,
WE WILL BE SMALLER AS A
354
00:40:39,069 --> 00:40:43,140
PERCENTAGE OF THE WHOLE ECONOMY.
>> Wertheim: A RARE BUSINESS
LEADER THAT WANTS LESS MARKET
SHARE.
355
00:40:43,207 --> 00:40:47,444
( LAUGHS )
>> Cobb: WE WANT LESS MARKET
SHARE, EXACTLY.
>> Wertheim: YOU SAY THAT WITH A
356
00:40:47,511 --> 00:40:51,682
SMILE ON YOUR FACE, BUT THERE'S
A LOT OF RESPONSIBILITY HERE.
>> Cobb: YEAH.
I MEAN, THE CONSEQUENCES ARE
357
00:40:51,749 --> 00:40:57,321
HUGE, BECAUSE-- AS MY BROTHER
SAYS, YES, OUR-- OUR PARENTS
WILL GET OUT OF THE GRAVEYARD
AND WRING OUR NECKS IF WE-- IF
358
00:40:57,388 --> 00:41:02,226
WE MESS THIS UP.
>> Wertheim: WHAT'S YOUR
RESPONSE TO THE-- THE CAPITALIST
WHO WOULD SAY, WHY ARE YOU
359
00:41:02,293 --> 00:41:07,765
LIMITING YOUR GROWTH?
>> Cobb: THAT IS THE TECHNO-
ECONOMIC QUESTION.
BUT I START WITH A DIFFERENT
360
00:41:07,832 --> 00:41:13,771
QUESTION:
WHAT ARE WE OPTIMIZING FOR?
WE ARE OPTIMIZING FOR PLACE.
WE'RE OPTIMIZING FOR COMMUNITY.
361
00:41:13,838 --> 00:41:19,810
>> Wertheim: THE PILLARS OF THIS
COMMUNITY HAVE BEEN WON OVER.
IF COBB'S EXPERIMENT HELPS
DIVERSIFY THE ECONOMY, GLEN BEST
362
00:41:19,877 --> 00:41:24,748
SAYS HE'S ALL-IN.
>> Glen Best: IT'S NOT LIKE
WE'RE OVERRUN BY TOURISM.
THAT'S NOT THE WAY IT WORKS
363
00:41:24,815 --> 00:41:28,686
HERE.
WE'RE NOT, YOU KNOW, WE'RE NOT
THE VENICE OF-- NEWFOUNDLAND,
YOU KNOW?
364
00:41:28,752 --> 00:41:33,691
WE'RE NOT OUT OF PATIENCE WITH
PEOPLE YET.
♪ ♪ ♪
>> Wertheim: ON OUR LAST NIGHT,
365
00:41:33,757 --> 00:41:43,367
AT THE SHED PARTY, WE GOT THE
FULL SWEEP OF FOGO ISLAND, ITS
HOSPITALITY, AND ITS CONTRASTS
LAID OUT ON THE TABLE.
366
00:41:43,434 --> 00:41:51,809
COD AND CRAB.
YOUNG AND OLD.
WARMTH, WIT, AND THIS:
♪ DON'T TELL FATE WHAT TO DO ♪
367
00:41:51,876 --> 00:41:57,581
>> Wertheim: A TRADITIONAL SONG
DELIVERED WITH A HANDSHAKE.
A KIND OF HOPE THAT COMES
TEMPERED BY HISTORY.
368
00:41:57,648 --> 00:42:05,189
>> Cobb: THE UNDOING OF THIS
TRADITIONAL WAY OF MAKING A LIFE
WAS VERY PAINFUL.
I THINK I STILL CARRY THOSE
369
00:42:05,256 --> 00:42:10,094
BROKEN HEARTS.
I THINK THAT KIND OF PAIN
DOESN'T GO AWAY.
>> Wertheim: TO WHAT EXTENT HAS
370
00:42:10,160 --> 00:42:15,532
THAT BEEN REPAIRED BY THE WORK
YOU'VE DONE SINCE YOU'VE COME
BACK?
>> Cobb: YEAH, I THINK IT
371
00:42:15,599 --> 00:42:22,473
ACTUALLY DOES HELP.
YOU CAN HEAL A BROKEN HEART.
♪ BE SATISFIED WITH
WHAT YOU'VE GOT
372
00:42:22,539 --> 00:42:40,557
♪ LEAVE WELL ENOUGH ALONE ♪
( TICKING )
>> Pelley: NEXT SUNDAY ON "60
MINUTES," THE SCIENCE BEHIND
373
00:42:40,624 --> 00:42:46,263
THIS WEEKEND'S CATASTROPHIC
STORM.
WHAT SPAWNED ONE OF THE MOST
DEVASTATING SWARMS OF TORNADOES
374
00:42:46,330 --> 00:42:52,403
EVER TO TEAR THROUGH THE UNITED
STATES?
MORE THAN 80 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN
KILLED AND MANY ARE MISSING
375
00:42:52,469 --> 00:43:00,344
ACROSS ARKANSAS, TENNESSEE,
MISSOURI, ILLINOIS AND KENTUCKY.
THERE ARE BILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN
LOSSES.
376
00:43:00,411 --> 00:43:07,818
NEXT SUNDAY, THE NEW SCIENCE OF
SUPER STORMS.
FOR THE LATEST ON THE SEARCH AND
RESCUE BE SURE TO WATCH CBS
377
00:43:07,885 --> 00:43:13,490
MORNINGS AND THE CBS EVENING
NEWS.
I'M SCOTT PELLEY.
WE'LL BE BACK NEXT WEEK WITH
378
00:43:13,557 --> 00:43:15,893
ANOTHER EDITION OF "60 MINUTES."