1 00:00:03,079 --> 00:00:13,556 Captioning funded by CBS and FORD. We go further, so you can. >> NATIONWIDE SINCE LAST YEAR, 2 00:00:13,623 --> 00:00:22,331 THERE HAS BEEN A 53% INCREASE IN THE MURDERS OF POLICE OFFICERS. POLICE DEPARTMENTS ARE DEALING WITH GROWING RESIGNATIONS, TOO. 3 00:00:22,398 --> 00:00:29,972 SO, IS IT POSSIBLE THAT "DEFUNDING THE POLICE" MAY HELP? >> THE ADAGE HAS BEEN IN LAW ENFORCEMENT SINCE FOREVER: 4 00:00:30,039 --> 00:00:35,711 80% OF WHAT WE DO HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT. IT'S ALL SOCIAL WORK. THE KITTEN-UP-THE-TREE STUFF-- 5 00:00:35,778 --> 00:00:40,149 DO YOU NEED A BADGE AND A GUN FOR THAT? AND WE'RE STARTING TO CUT AWAY AT THE THINGS WE'VE ASKED LAW 6 00:00:40,216 --> 00:00:44,554 ENFORCEMENT TO DO, THAT THEY DON'T WANT TO DO. ( TICKING ) >> THIS IS IT? 7 00:00:44,620 --> 00:00:49,826 >> THAT'S IT. >> OH, WOW. IF YOU'RE PLANNING TO TRAVEL BY AIR OVER THE HOLIDAYS-- 8 00:00:49,892 --> 00:00:57,834 AND MILLIONS OF AMERICANS ARE-- WOULD YOU JUMP AT THE CHANCE TO GET TO YOUR DESTINATION IN HALF THE TIME? 9 00:00:57,900 --> 00:01:04,207 >> WHEN I LOOK SEVERAL DECADES OUT, YOU KNOW, WHAT I WANT IS TO BE ABLE TO BE ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD IN FOUR HOURS, FOR 10 00:01:04,273 --> 00:01:09,745 100 BUCKS. NOW, THAT'S NOT WHERE WE START. BUT THAT'S THE END GOAL. ( TICKING ) 11 00:01:09,812 --> 00:01:13,716 >> THAT'S THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND POLLUX? >> EXACTLY, EXACTLY. >> THE ROMAN EMPIRE CENTERED 12 00:01:13,783 --> 00:01:19,555 AROUND CONQUESTS, AND THE OUTSIZED PERSONALITIES OF ITS EMPERORS. RESEARCH AND ARCHEOLOGY CONTINUE 13 00:01:19,622 --> 00:01:26,395 TO SEARCH FOR RELIABLE EVIDENCE FROM THAT TIME. AND TONIGHT, WE'LL INTRODUCE YOU TO SOME NEW DISCOVERIES ABOUT 14 00:01:26,462 --> 00:01:33,035 ONE OF THE MOST WRITTEN ABOUT, IF NOT MISUNDERSTOOD, EMPERORS OF ALL TIME: CALIGULA. 15 00:01:33,102 --> 00:01:38,307 I CAN'T BELIEVE THAT WE ARE SITTING ON THE STEPS THAT CALIGULA MAY HAVE WALKED ON. IT'S AMAZING. 16 00:01:38,374 --> 00:01:45,548 ( TICKING ) >> I'M LESLEY STAHL. >> I'M BILL WHITAKER. >> I'M ANDERSON COOPER. 17 00:01:45,615 --> 00:01:50,286 >> I'M SHARYN ALFONSI. >> I'M JON WERTHEIM. >> I'M SCOTT PELLEY. THOSE STORIES, TONIGHT, ON 18 00:01:50,353 --> 00:02:06,435 "60 MINUTES." >> Pelley: THIS PAST WEEK, THE KYLE RITTENHOUSE TRIAL WAS A SHARP REMINDER OF 2020'S 19 00:02:06,502 --> 00:02:13,976 SUMMER OF PROTEST AGAINST POLICE VIOLENCE. AFTER A POLICE SHOOTING OF JACOB BLAKE IN WISCONSIN LAST 20 00:02:14,043 --> 00:02:21,884 YEAR, RITTENHOUSE, THEN 17, SHOT AND KILLED TWO DEMONSTRATORS, AND WOUNDED ANOTHER. JACOB BLAKE'S SHOOTING CAME 21 00:02:21,951 --> 00:02:29,258 NOT LONG AFTER THE POLICE KILLINGS OF BREONNA TAYLOR AND GEORGE FLOYD. PROTESTS PITTED SUPPORTERS OF 22 00:02:29,325 --> 00:02:37,033 "DEFUND THE POLICE" AGAINST THOSE WHO "BACKED THE BLUE." AND WITH A SIGNIFICANT RISE IN VIOLENT CRIME, PROGRESS ON 23 00:02:37,099 --> 00:02:43,973 REFORM STALLED. BUT, PHILLIP ATIBA GOFF SEES A WAY FORWARD. HE'S A YALE SOCIAL SCIENTIST 24 00:02:44,040 --> 00:02:54,417 WHO'S BEEN ADVISING POLICE DEPARTMENTS FOR 14 YEARS. GOFF'S WORK HAS SHOWN THAT JUSTICE AND SAFETY CAN BE FOUND 25 00:02:54,483 --> 00:03:00,723 IN CITIES THAT ARE REIMAGINING POLICE. >> Phillip Atiba Goff: WE FOCUS ON MAKING POLICING LESS DEADLY, 26 00:03:00,790 --> 00:03:06,562 LESS RACIST, AND OFTEN, JUST LESS PRESENT. AND WE LEVERAGE DATA AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE TO DO ALL OF 27 00:03:06,629 --> 00:03:11,801 THAT. BECAUSE OFTENTIMES, A SCIENTIFIC PROCESS IS ONE YOU CAN TRUST WHEN YOU CAN'T TRUST EACH OTHER. 28 00:03:11,867 --> 00:03:18,341 >> Pelley: PHILLIP GOFF IS A PROFESSOR OF AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES, WITH A Ph.D. IN PSYCHOLOGY. 29 00:03:18,407 --> 00:03:26,716 HE'S C.E.O. OF THE CENTER FOR POLICING EQUITY, WHICH ANALYZES POLICE DATA, 911 CALLS, ARRESTS, AND TRAFFIC STOPS, TO HELP 30 00:03:26,782 --> 00:03:36,025 CITIES REDUCE RACIAL DISPARITY AND THE USE OF FORCE. LAS VEGAS IS ONE EXAMPLE. LAS VEGAS POLICE DEPARTMENT CAME 31 00:03:36,092 --> 00:03:42,598 TO YOU. WHAT WAS THEIR QUESTION? >> Goff: LAS VEGAS METRO, THEY SAID, "WE THINK WE MIGHT BE 32 00:03:42,665 --> 00:03:46,168 USING TOO MUCH FORCE." I SAID, "WHY DO YOU THINK THAT?" THEY SAID, "BECAUSE OUR COMMUNITY TELLS US SO." 33 00:03:46,235 --> 00:03:50,506 I SAID, "THAT'S A GOOD INDICATION." >> Pelley: GOFF DISCOVERED, MOST USE OF FORCE IN VEGAS CAME 34 00:03:50,573 --> 00:03:56,178 AFTER FOOT CHASES. >> Goff: SO LITERALLY, THEY STARTED TRAINING THEIR OFFICERS, YOU'RE HIGH ON ADRENALINE, YOU 35 00:03:56,245 --> 00:04:01,984 SLOW IT DOWN, YOU COUNT TO TEN. DON'T TOUCH THE PERSON TILL THE BACKUP SHOWS UP. THEY DROPPED THEIR USE OF FORCE 36 00:04:02,051 --> 00:04:09,692 BY 23% THE NEXT MONTH. AND IT STAYED LOW, AND IT BECAME A NATIONAL MODEL FOR TRAINING IN FOOT PURSUITS. 37 00:04:09,759 --> 00:04:17,867 >> Pelley: IN BERKLEY, CALIFORNIA, GOFF FOUND THE LARGEST RACIAL BIAS WAS IN LOW-LEVEL TRAFFIC STOPS, LIKE 38 00:04:17,933 --> 00:04:23,873 BROKEN TAILLIGHTS. SO, BERKELEY STOPPED ENFORCING MINOR VIOLATIONS. >> Goff: THE PLACES WHERE WE 39 00:04:23,939 --> 00:04:28,511 WORK, WE SEE ABOUT A 26% REDUCTION IN USE OF FORCE AFTER WE WERE THERE. DON'T KNOW HOW MUCH OF THAT WAS 40 00:04:28,577 --> 00:04:34,583 US, BUT ALL THE THINGS THEY TRIED TOGETHER-- ABOUT A QUARTER, RIGHT, OF THE USE OF FORCE GOES AWAY. 41 00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:40,856 BUT, IN THIS MOMENT, WHAT WE'RE GETTING ASKED FOR IS SOMETHING DIFFERENT. NOT "HOW DO WE MAKE POLICING 42 00:04:40,923 --> 00:04:47,096 BETTER," BUT "HOW DO WE REMOVE POLICING FROM THE PLACES WHERE WE HAVE ABANDONED COMMUNITIES, AND SO WE ASK POLICE TO PUNISH 43 00:04:47,163 --> 00:04:52,334 PEOPLE WHO WE'VE ABANDONED FOR GENERATIONS." THAT'S THE THING THAT'S COMING NEXT. 44 00:04:52,401 --> 00:04:58,774 >> Pelley: TO SEE WHAT'S COMING NEXT, WE WENT TO THE CAPITAL OF TEXAS. PROFESSOR GOFF IS NOT ADVISING 45 00:04:58,841 --> 00:05:06,916 AUSTIN, BUT THIS LIBERAL CITY OF ONE MILLION IS FAR ALONG IN POLICE REFORM, EVEN AGAINST THE RESERVATIONS OF THE CONSERVATIVE 46 00:05:06,982 --> 00:05:13,856 STATE LEGISLATURE. >> BLACK LIVES MATTER! BLACK LIVES MATTER! >> Pelley: WHEN GEORGE FLOYD WAS 47 00:05:13,923 --> 00:05:19,995 MURDERED IN MINNEAPOLIS IN 2020, AUSTIN WAS ALREADY SMOLDERING OVER TWO POLICE KILLINGS OF ITS OWN. 48 00:05:20,062 --> 00:05:29,338 TWO COPS ARE CHARGED WITH MURDER IN SHOOTINGS, NINE MONTHS APART, OF A MENTAL PATIENT, AND AN UNARMED MAN WHO WAS BLACK AND 49 00:05:29,405 --> 00:05:37,980 LATINO. IN A DEMONSTRATION IN JULY, AN ARMED BLACK LIVES MATTER PROTESTER WAS SHOT AND KILLED... 50 00:05:38,047 --> 00:05:43,986 ( GUNFIRE ) ...BY A MAN WHO DROVE HIS CAR INTO THE MARCH. THE SHOOTER IS CHARGED WITH 51 00:05:44,053 --> 00:05:54,363 MURDER. AT THE PEAK OF THE UNREST, THE CITY COUNCIL VOTED UNANIMOUSLY TO CUT THE POLICE BUDGET 25%-- 52 00:05:54,430 --> 00:06:02,605 ABOUT $150 MILLION. THE IDEA WAS TO PREVENT CRIME-- GIVE POLICE LESS TO DO-- BY SPENDING THE MONEY ON ADDICTION, 53 00:06:02,671 --> 00:06:10,713 MENTAL ILLNESS AND HOMELESSNESS. AUSTIN CALLED IT "REIMAGINING PUBLIC SAFETY." >> Goff: LAW ENFORCEMENT IS NOT 54 00:06:10,780 --> 00:06:16,986 GOING TO PREVENT THE VIOLENCE. THEY'RE GOING TO RESPOND TO IT. AND IF WHAT YOU WANT IS LESS VIOLENCE, YOU WANT PREVENTION. 55 00:06:17,052 --> 00:06:25,461 >> Pelley: WHEN PEOPLE HEAR ABOUT REIMAGINING THE POLICE, THAT SEEMS TO COME UNDER THE SLOGAN OF DEFUNDING THE POLICE. 56 00:06:25,528 --> 00:06:30,833 AND I THINK MANY PEOPLE LOOK AT THAT AND THINK, "MY COMMUNITY'S GOING TO BE LESS SAFE." >> Goff: I THINK THERE ARE 57 00:06:30,900 --> 00:06:37,173 COMMUNITIES WHERE THAT'S ABSOLUTELY TRUE. OF COURSE, YOU WOULD BE. BUT, WE'VE DEFUNDED THE SCHOOLS 58 00:06:37,239 --> 00:06:40,910 IN THOSE COMMUNITIES. WE'VE DEFUNDED MENTAL HEALTH. WE'VE DEFUNDED THE ACTUAL HOSPITALS. 59 00:06:40,976 --> 00:06:44,113 WE'VE DEFUNDED THE JOBS. WE'VE DEFUNDED THE HOUSING SYSTEM. WE'VE DEFUNDED THE GROCERY 60 00:06:44,180 --> 00:06:50,019 STORES. WHAT IF, INSTEAD OF TALKING ABOUT JUST DEFUNDING POLICE, WE TALKED ABOUT RE-FUNDING TO 61 00:06:50,085 --> 00:06:54,824 THE COMMUNITIES, THOSE AREAS WHERE WE'VE TAKEN ALL THE RESOURCES AND THE PUBLIC GOODS AWAY? 62 00:06:54,890 --> 00:07:01,997 IF WE DID THAT, HOW MUCH SAFER DO YOU THINK WE WOULD BE? THE REASON WHY PEOPLE ARE SO ALLERGIC TO THE IDEA OF LESS 63 00:07:02,064 --> 00:07:08,003 POLICE IS, THEY CAN'T IMAGINE A WORLD WHERE WE TAKE BETTER CARE OF THE PEOPLE WHO ARE VULNERABLE. 64 00:07:08,070 --> 00:07:14,009 >> Pelley: BUT ARGUMENTS LIKE THAT DIDN'T CARRY THE TEXAS LEGISLATURE. ( GAVEL ) 65 00:07:14,076 --> 00:07:22,518 REPUBLICANS PASSED A LAW PREVENTING ANY CUTS TO POLICE BUDGETS IN LARGE CITIES. THE STATE GOVERNMENT AT THE 66 00:07:22,585 --> 00:07:26,722 CAPITOL HAS TOLD YOU, YOU CANNOT REDUCE THE POLICE BUDGET. >> Spencer Cronk: CORRECT. >> Pelley: SO, AUSTIN CITY 67 00:07:26,789 --> 00:07:34,730 MANAGER SPENCER CRONK PUT THE MONEY BACK IN THE POLICE BUDGET. WHAT DOES THAT DO TO YOUR PLAN? >> Cronk: I THINK IT DOESN'T DO 68 00:07:34,797 --> 00:07:41,670 MUCH, TO BE HONEST, BECAUSE THIS PLAN HAS NEVER BEEN JUST ABOUT RESOURCES. THIS PLAN HAS ALWAYS BEEN ABOUT, 69 00:07:41,737 --> 00:07:47,042 HOW DO WE THINK DIFFERENTLY ABOUT PROVIDING PUBLIC SAFETY TO OUR COMMUNITY? >> Pelley: NOW, CRONK IS 70 00:07:47,109 --> 00:07:54,884 SPENDING THE MONEY DIFFERENTLY WITHIN THE POLICE BUDGET. HE'S UNDETERRED, PERHAPS BECAUSE, BEFORE AUSTIN, HE RAN 71 00:07:54,950 --> 00:08:02,725 THE CITY OF MINNEAPOLIS. HE LEFT TWO YEARS BEFORE GEORGE FLOYD WAS MURDERED. >> Cronk: IT IS ONE OF THOSE 72 00:08:02,791 --> 00:08:11,233 TIMES IN WHICH YOU KNOW THAT THINGS HAVE TO CHANGE. >> Pelley: CRONK STARTED THAT CHANGE BY SHUTTING DOWN THE 73 00:08:11,300 --> 00:08:18,841 AUSTIN POLICE ACADEMY FOR A YEAR, TO REWRITE THE CURRICULUM. DO YOU FIND YOURSELF BEING TAKEN SERIOUSLY AROUND HERE? 74 00:08:18,908 --> 00:08:26,348 >> Anne Kringen: YOU KNOW, I WOULD SAY, IT VARIES? >> Pelley: ANNE KRINGEN, WITH A Ph.D. IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE, WAS 75 00:08:26,415 --> 00:08:37,192 HIRED TO OVERHAUL THE ACADEMY. SHE WAS ONCE A COP IN VIRGINIA, AND NOW RUNS THE JUST-REOPENED ACADEMY, ALONGSIDE 22-YEAR 76 00:08:37,259 --> 00:08:42,298 VETERAN, COMMANDER CATHERINE JOHNSON. >> Catherine Johnson: THIS CLASS IS THE MOST DIVERSE IN AUSTIN 77 00:08:42,364 --> 00:08:47,036 POLICE DEPARTMENT'S HISTORY, AND WE WANT TO ASK THEM-- AND WE DO ASK THEM-- IF THEY WANT TO BE A PART OF THE CHANGE. 78 00:08:47,102 --> 00:08:54,543 >> Pelley: "THAT CHANGE" TONED DOWN THE ACADEMY'S MILITARY- STYLE BOOT-CAMP YOU CAN SEE IN THESE PICTURES FROM 2012. 79 00:08:54,610 --> 00:08:58,781 >> YES, SIR! >> YES, SIR! >> YES, SIR! >> Pelley: NOW, THERE'S PLENTY 80 00:08:58,847 --> 00:09:06,488 OF ROUGH AND TUMBLE, BUT THE NEW CURRICULUM EMPHASIZES DE-ESCALATION IN VIOLENT SITUATIONS. 81 00:09:06,555 --> 00:09:13,996 THERE'S A COURSE ON THE HISTORY OF RACE AND POLICING, PLUS VISITS, IN PLAIN CLOTHES, TO MEET AND HEAR FROM AUSTIN'S 82 00:09:14,063 --> 00:09:24,340 BLACK, BROWN, ASIAN, AND L.G.B.T.Q. COMMUNITIES. AND, THERE ARE LESSONS FROM THOSE 9.5 MINUTES THAT DEFY 83 00:09:24,406 --> 00:09:30,679 EXPLANATION. YOU'RE TRAINING THE CADETS TO INTERVENE IF THEY BELIEVE AN OFFICER'S DOING THE WRONG THING? 84 00:09:30,746 --> 00:09:34,817 >> Kringen: YES. >> Johnson: YES. >> Pelley: THAT'S THE MESSAGE FROM GEORGE FLOYD? 85 00:09:34,883 --> 00:09:42,224 >> Kringen: I THINK IT'S ONE OF THE MANY MESSAGES. I THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT THAT THEY'RE ABLE TO THINK OF 86 00:09:42,291 --> 00:09:49,164 OTHERS THAT ARE NOT POLICE OFFICERS, WHO ARE EVERYDAY AUSTIN CITIZENS, WHO MAY NOT LOOK LIKE THEM-- THAT THEY CAN 87 00:09:49,231 --> 00:09:56,005 HUMANIZE WITH THEM. >> Pelley: HOW DO YOU TEACH SOMEONE TO HEAR THE WORDS, "I CAN'T BREATHE"? 88 00:09:56,071 --> 00:10:05,180 >> Kringen: IT GOES BACK TO THE TRAINING, OF THINKING, WHAT IS THE RESISTANCE LEVEL? THIS IS A PERSON. 89 00:10:05,247 --> 00:10:10,819 AND THEN I THINK WE ACTUALLY TEACH THEM THE SKILLS AND THE TACTICS TO BE ABLE TO SAY, "I CAN DEAL WITH THIS. 90 00:10:10,886 --> 00:10:18,961 MY FOCUS HAS TO BE ON THEM. NOT THE CROWD, BUT ON THEM." >> Pelley: COMMANDER, YOU TALK ABOUT EMPATHY IN ANSWERING THAT 91 00:10:19,028 --> 00:10:24,666 SAME QUESTION. >> Johnson: IT'S BEING ABLE TO UNDERSTAND AND CARE FOR THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE COMMUNITY THAT 92 00:10:24,733 --> 00:10:32,007 YOU SERVE. >> Pelley: CAN YOU TEACH THAT? >> Johnson: YOU CAN TRY. AND WE'RE GOING TO TRY. 93 00:10:32,074 --> 00:10:41,350 >> BLACK LIVES MATTER! >> Joseph Chacon: I THINK THAT THERE REALLY WAS JUST A PALPABLE ANGER AT THE POLICE THAT WAS 94 00:10:41,417 --> 00:10:46,722 PRESENT IN OUR COMMUNITY, AND OTHER COMMUNITIES. TO SOME DEGREE, THAT ANGER STILL EXISTS. 95 00:10:46,789 --> 00:10:54,530 ...THE CITY OF AUSTIN, SO HELP ME GOD. >> Pelley: JOSEPH CHACON BECAME CHIEF LAST MONTH, AFTER HIS TWO 96 00:10:54,596 --> 00:11:00,436 DECADES ON THE FORCE. ARE YOU ESSENTIALLY ASKING THE QUESTION, "WHAT ARE THE POLICE FOR?" 97 00:11:00,502 --> 00:11:06,742 >> Chacon: I THINK THAT IS THE QUESTION. YOU HAVE POLICE THAT HAVE BEEN ASKED TO DO MORE AND MORE 98 00:11:06,809 --> 00:11:14,016 DIFFERENT KINDS OF THINGS. DO WE NEED TO LOOK AT SCALING BACK ON WHAT THESE OTHER THINGS ARE, AND SEE, IS IT MORE 99 00:11:14,083 --> 00:11:20,022 APPROPRIATE FOR, YOU KNOW, A CIVILIAN OR-- OR SOMEBODY ELSE, SOME OTHER FUNCTION, TO TAKE CARE OF THAT? 100 00:11:20,089 --> 00:11:29,665 >> Pelley: CHIEF CHACON'S PLAN IS TO SEND UNARMED CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES TO FENDER BENDERS, VANDALISM, OR TO TAKE REPORTS ON 101 00:11:29,731 --> 00:11:41,477 AUTO THEFTS AND BURGLARIES. OF ALL THE CALLS TO 911, ONLY 1% INVOLVE VIOLENT CRIME-- MUCH THE SAME AS PHILIP GOFF SEES IN THE 102 00:11:41,543 --> 00:11:45,514 CITIES HE'S CONSULTING. >> Goff: AND THE ADAGE HAS BEEN IN LAW ENFORCEMENT SINCE FOREVER, 80% OF 103 00:11:45,581 --> 00:11:50,819 WHAT WE DO HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH-- WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT. IT'S ALL SOCIAL WORK. SO, ONCE THE 911 CALLS SAY, 104 00:11:50,886 --> 00:11:58,760 "HERE'S WHAT THE USES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ARE," YOU CAN SAY, "HEY, THIS STUFF, THE KITTEN-UP- THE-TREE STUFF, DO YOU NEED A 105 00:11:58,827 --> 00:12:04,233 BADGE AND A GUN FOR THAT? THE SUBSTANCE-USE STUFF. YOU WANT A SOCIAL WORKER TO GO THERE, SOMEONE WHO'S ACTUALLY 106 00:12:04,299 --> 00:12:09,238 TRAINED IN SUBSTANCE ABUSE? MENTAL HEALTH STUFF. HOW ABOUT WE SEND SOMEONE WHO'S TRAINED IN THAT, TO GO DO THAT?" 107 00:12:09,304 --> 00:12:13,609 AND WE'RE STARTING TO CUT AWAY AT THE THINGS WE'VE ASKED LAW ENFORCEMENT TO DO, THAT THEY DON'T WANT TO DO. 108 00:12:13,675 --> 00:12:21,316 >> AUSTIN 911, WHAT'S YOUR EMERGENCY? >> Pelley: AMONG THOSE THINGS ARE MENTAL HEALTH CALLS. 109 00:12:21,383 --> 00:12:26,121 >> DO YOU HAVE THOUGHTS OF SUICIDE OR SELF-HARM? >> Pelley: AND THIS IS WHERE AUSTIN IS A CITY LEADING THE 110 00:12:26,188 --> 00:12:30,726 NATION. >> Ken Murphy: SO NOW IN THE CITY OF AUSTIN, WHEN YOU CALL 911, YOU WILL HEAR, "DO YOU 111 00:12:30,792 --> 00:12:38,000 NEED POLICE, FIRE, E.M.S., OR MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES?" >> Pelley: POLICE LIEUTENANT KEN MURPHY MANAGES 911. 112 00:12:38,066 --> 00:12:45,807 >> Murphy: I DO BELIEVE ADDING THE FOURTH OPTION TO MENTAL HEALTH IS THE NEXT EVOLUTION OF 911. 113 00:12:45,874 --> 00:12:52,915 >> Pelley: IN AUSTIN, 911'S "FOURTH OPTION" DISPATCHES MENTAL HEALTH CLINICIANS WHEN INTERVENTION IS NEEDED, BUT 114 00:12:52,981 --> 00:13:02,257 THERE'S NO APPARENT THREAT OF VIOLENCE. >> Pelley: IN 2021, THIS WAS THE RESULT. 115 00:13:02,324 --> 00:13:10,732 >> Murphy: WE WERE ABLE TO DIVERT 3,564 CALLS AWAY FROM POLICE RESPONSE. >> Pelley: SO, THOSE WERE 3,600 116 00:13:10,799 --> 00:13:14,836 CALLS THE POLICE NEVER GOT-- THEY DIDN'T HAVE TO RESPOND-- >> Murphy: CORRECT. >> Pelley: WHICH LEFT THEM TO DO 117 00:13:14,903 --> 00:13:22,811 WHATEVER ELSE THEY NEEDED TO DO. >> Murphy: RESPOND TO EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. >> Pelley: THAT WORK-LOAD OFF 118 00:13:22,878 --> 00:13:32,020 COPS COMES AT A CRITICAL MOMENT. LIKE MANY CITIES, CHIEF JOSEPH CHACON'S DEPARTMENT IS SUFFERING A QUIET CRISIS. 119 00:13:32,087 --> 00:13:38,727 POLICE OFFICERS I'VE TALKED TO HAVE TOLD ME, SINCE GEORGE FLOYD, THAT THEY DON'T FEEL LIKE THEY ARE RESPECTED. 120 00:13:38,794 --> 00:13:43,999 COPS ARE RETIRING ALL OVER THE COUNTRY. >> Chacon: YEAH, THEY'RE RETIRING HERE AS WELL. 121 00:13:44,066 --> 00:13:53,709 MY ATTRITION RATE IS ABOUT TRIPLE WHAT IT WAS FOUR YEARS AGO. BUT WHAT I TELL OUR OFFICERS IS 122 00:13:53,775 --> 00:13:58,113 THAT, I KNOW THE MEN AND WOMEN OF THIS DEPARTMENT. I KNOW THEIR HEARTS. AND WHEN THEY'RE OUT THERE AND 123 00:13:58,180 --> 00:14:05,887 THEY'RE DOING THEIR JOB, THEY NEED TO CONCENTRATE ON THAT, AND NOT ON ANY FALSE NARRATIVE THERE MIGHT BE ABOUT HOW POLICING IS 124 00:14:05,954 --> 00:14:10,726 JUST ABSOLUTELY BROKEN. CAN WE DO THINGS BETTER? CERTAINLY. BUT THERE'S MANY THINGS THAT I 125 00:14:10,792 --> 00:14:18,734 THINK THAT WE DO VERY WELL. >> Pelley: THE PERIOD AFTER GEORGE FLOYD HAS BEEN DEADLY FOR OFFICERS, TOO. 126 00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:26,708 THE F.B.I. REPORTS, THIS YEAR, 66 HAVE BEEN MURDERED, A 53% JUMP FROM 2020. THE LEADING CAUSE OF THESE 127 00:14:26,775 --> 00:14:37,753 DEATHS HAS BEEN UNPROVOKED ATTACKS. AUSTIN, AND CITIES ADVISED BY PHILIP GOFF, ARE ASKING WHETHER 128 00:14:37,819 --> 00:14:46,728 JUSTICE AND SAFETY CAN BE FOUND IN RELIEVING POVERTY, ADDICTION, AND MENTAL ILLNESS, WHILE FOCUSING POLICE ON THOSE "THINGS 129 00:14:46,795 --> 00:14:56,004 THEY DO VERY WELL." >> Goff: THEY COULD BE THE MODEL FOR HOW WE START OVER AT KEEPING THE VULNERABLE FOLKS IN OUR 130 00:14:56,071 --> 00:15:01,943 COMMUNITIES SAFE. THEY COULD SAY, "WE'RE GOING TO DO THIS DIFFERENTLY THAN WE'VE EVER DONE THIS IN THE 131 00:15:02,010 --> 00:15:08,016 UNITED STATES BEFORE." THEY COULD BE WHO WE TELL OURSELVES WE ALREADY ARE, ABOUT RACIAL JUSTICE IN THIS COUNTRY. 132 00:15:08,083 --> 00:15:21,963 THAT'S-- THAT'S THE PROMISE. ( TICKING ) >> Whitaker: IF YOU ARE PLANNING TO TRAVEL BY AIR OVER 133 00:15:22,030 --> 00:15:29,371 THE THANKSGIVING OR CHRISTMAS HOLIDAYS-- AND MILLIONS OF AMERICANS ARE-- WOULD YOU JUMP AT THE CHANCE TO GET TO YOUR 134 00:15:29,438 --> 00:15:34,776 DESTINATION IN HALF THE TIME? DOES NEW YORK TO LOS ANGELES IN UNDER THREE HOURS SOUND APPEALING? 135 00:15:34,843 --> 00:15:42,084 THE LAST COMMERCIAL SUPERSONIC FLIGHT WAS ALMOST 20 YEARS AGO, AND EVEN THEN, SUPER-FAST FLIGHTS WERE ONLY ON VERY 136 00:15:42,150 --> 00:15:50,359 LIMITED ROUTES. MOST OF TODAY'S JETLINERS ACTUALLY FLY MORE SLOWLY THAN THEY DID 20 OR 30 YEARS AGO, 137 00:15:50,425 --> 00:15:58,567 IN ORDER TO SAVE FUEL. BUT THAT MAY BE ABOUT TO CHANGE. IT'S STILL A LONG SHOT, BUT PRIVATE START-UP COMPANIES-- 138 00:15:58,633 --> 00:16:06,074 WITH A BIG ASSIST FROM NASA-- MAY JUST GIVE US ALL ANOTHER CHANCE TO FLY FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF SOUND. 139 00:16:06,141 --> 00:16:17,819 ( JET ROAR ) WHEN BRITISH AIRWAYS FLIGHT 002 ROARED INTO THE NEW YORK SKY ON OCTOBER 24, 2003, EVERYONE ON 140 00:16:17,886 --> 00:16:24,059 BOARD-- PASSENGERS AND PILOTS-- KNEW THAT SOMETHING SPECIAL WAS COMING TO AN END. >> Pilot: ENJOY THE MOMENT, AS 141 00:16:24,126 --> 00:16:30,065 YOU ARE THE LAST PEOPLE IN THE WORLD, AS PASSENGERS, TO CRUISE AT TWICE THE SPEED OF SOUND. >> Whitaker: THE SUPERSONIC 142 00:16:30,132 --> 00:16:38,073 CONCORDE, A JOINT EFFORT OF THE BRITISH AND FRENCH GOVERNMENTS, WAS MAKING ITS LAST FLIGHT AFTER NEARLY 30 YEARS IN THE AIR, 143 00:16:38,140 --> 00:16:44,679 GROUNDED BY A COMBINATION OF STRATOSPHERIC COSTS, AND SFETY CONCERNS AFTER A DEADLY CRASH IN 2000. 144 00:16:44,746 --> 00:16:49,851 EVEN PEOPLE WATCHING THAT LAST LANDING IN LONDON WERE EMOTIONAL. >> Kid: I JUST LOVE AIRPLANES. 145 00:16:49,918 --> 00:16:54,055 >> Interviewer: AND THERE'S NOT GOING TO BE ANYTHING LIKE CONCORDE AGAIN, IS THERE? >> Kid: NEVER. 146 00:16:54,122 --> 00:16:58,960 >> Whitaker: WELL, YOU KNOW THAT OLD MAXIM, "NEVER SAY NEVER?" >> Blake Scholl: SUPERSONIC'S COMING BACK. 147 00:16:59,027 --> 00:17:05,167 AND IT'S GOING TO BE DIFFERENT THIS TIME. IT'S-- IT'S BACK TO STAY. >> Whitaker: BLAKE SCHOLL IS THE 148 00:17:05,233 --> 00:17:12,073 FOUNDER AND C.E.O. OF BOOM. HIS AUDACIOUS GOAL IS TO BUILD A NEW SUPERSONIC AIRLINER FROM SCRATCH. 149 00:17:12,140 --> 00:17:18,780 HAS A PRIVATE COMPANY EVER BUILT A SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT, ANYWHERE? >> Scholl: NO. NO, NOWHERE. 150 00:17:18,847 --> 00:17:24,085 IT'S BEEN GOVERNMENTS AND MILITARIES ONLY. >> Whitaker: BOOM IS NOT THE ONLY AMERICAN START-UP COMPANY 151 00:17:24,152 --> 00:17:30,158 IN THE NEW SUPERSONIC SWEEPSTAKES. SPIKE IS DEVELOPING AN ULTRA-FAST BUSINESS JET, AND 152 00:17:30,225 --> 00:17:38,767 HERMEUS ASPIRES TO MAKE A HYPERSONIC PLANE THAT WOULD FLY FIVE TIMES THE SPEED OF SOUND. BUT BOOM IS THE ONLY ENTRANT TO 153 00:17:38,834 --> 00:17:45,640 ACTUALLY BUILD AN AIRPLANE. THIS IS IT? >> Scholl: THAT'S IT. >> Whitaker: OH, WOW. 154 00:17:45,707 --> 00:17:52,647 SO FAR, BLAKE SCHOLL AND BOOM HAVE BUILT THIS SINGLE-SEATER TEST PLANE, DUE TO MAKE ITS FIRST FLIGHT NEXT YEAR. 155 00:17:52,714 --> 00:18:00,088 THE PASSENGER JET MEANT TO FOLLOW IS CALLED OVERTURE. IT ONLY EXISTS IN ARTIST RENDERINGS, BUT IT'S REAL ENOUGH 156 00:18:00,155 --> 00:18:06,428 FOR ONE OF AMERICA'S LARGEST AIRLINES TO CLIMB ON BOARD. SO, IS THE OVERTURE THE PLANE THAT UNITED RECENTLY ORDERED? 157 00:18:06,495 --> 00:18:14,269 >> Scholl: THAT'S RIGHT. UNITED JUST ORDERED 15 OVERTURE AIRPLANES. SO, MORE OVERTURES THAN 158 00:18:14,336 --> 00:18:18,874 CONCORDES WERE EVER DELIVERED INTO SERVICE. >> Whitaker: IS THIS UNITED DEAL LIKE A-- A STAMP OF APPROVAL? 159 00:18:18,940 --> 00:18:24,079 >> Scholl: I THINK IT'S INCREDIBLY VALIDATING. YOU KNOW, WHEN YOU ARE UNITED, YOU TAKE-- YOU TAKE THESE THINGS 160 00:18:24,145 --> 00:18:30,652 REALLY SERIOUSLY. >> Whitaker: SERIOUSLY ENOUGH TO PRODUCE A SLICK PROMOTIONAL VIDEO THAT'S ALREADY PLAYING ON 161 00:18:30,719 --> 00:18:38,760 MANY UNITED FLIGHTS. ♪ ♪ ♪ >> Whitaker: THE AD MAY SAY "SUPERSONIC IS HERE," BUT IT'S 162 00:18:38,827 --> 00:18:46,768 NOT-- NOT YET. BLAKE SCHOLL IS A SOFTWARE ENGINEER WHO STARTED HIS CAREER AT AMAZON, NOT IN AEROSPACE. 163 00:18:46,835 --> 00:18:52,607 BUT HE INSISTS HE'S GOING TO MAKE IT HAPPEN. >> Scholl: WHEN I LOOK SEVERAL DECADES OUT, YOU KNOW, WHAT I 164 00:18:52,674 --> 00:18:58,747 WANT IS TO BE ABLE TO BE ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD IN FOUR HOURS, FOR 100 BUCKS. NOW, THAT'S NOT WHERE WE START. 165 00:18:58,813 --> 00:19:06,087 BUT THAT'S THE END GOAL. >> Whitaker: THE CONCORDE CHARGED THOUSANDS-- THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS FOR A ONE-WAY FLIGHT 166 00:19:06,154 --> 00:19:14,696 FROM NEW YORK TO LONDON. HOW IS IT GOING TO BE POSSIBLE FOR YOU TO HAVE A SIMILAR FLIGHT EXPERIENCE FOR $100? 167 00:19:14,763 --> 00:19:18,967 >> Scholl: YOU KEEP ITERATING. AND SO, THE SAME WAY-- YOU KNOW, FOR EXAMPLE, ELECTRIC CARS, WHEN THEY FIRST CAME OUT, THEY WERE 168 00:19:19,034 --> 00:19:23,939 PRETTY EXPENSIVE. BUT WE KEPT WORKING ON THEM. AND THE PRICE CAME DOWN. THEY GOT BETTER AND BETTER. 169 00:19:24,005 --> 00:19:26,975 AND SO, WE'RE GOING TO DO THE SAME THING WITH SUPERSONIC JETS. WE'RE GOING TO KEEP WORKING ON THEM. 170 00:19:27,042 --> 00:19:33,715 WE'RE GOING TO KEEP INNOVATING. >> Jon Ostrower: THIS INDUSTRY NEEDS PEOPLE DREAMING BIG. THAT IS ESSENTIAL. 171 00:19:33,782 --> 00:19:38,787 THIS INDUSTRY WAS BUILT ON THAT. >> Whitaker: JON OSTROWER IS EDITOR IN CHIEF OF THE "AIR CURRENT," A PUBLICATION THAT 172 00:19:38,853 --> 00:19:46,761 TRACKS EVERY DEVELOPMENT IN COMMERICAL AVIATION, INCLUDING BOOM AND BLAKE SCHOLL. HE ADMITS THAT IT'S-- 173 00:19:46,828 --> 00:19:57,272 SOMETHING LIKE HE IS PROPOSING HAS NEVER BEEN DONE BY A PRIVATE COMPANY BEFORE. BUT YET, HE'S CONVINCED THAT HE 174 00:19:57,339 --> 00:20:02,877 CAN DO IT. DO YOU THINK HE CAN? >> Ostrower: I THINK YOU CANNOT IGNORE THE OBSTACLES THAT WILL 175 00:20:02,944 --> 00:20:12,087 BE ON THE PATH TO GETTING THERE. AND I THINK THE AMOUNT OF MONEY THAT IS-- IS REQUIRED TO MAKE THIS HAPPEN, MAKES THIS A VERY 176 00:20:12,153 --> 00:20:18,093 LONG SHOT. >> Whitaker: HOW MUCH MONEY WILL IT TAKE? >> Ostrower: PROBABLY IN THE 177 00:20:18,159 --> 00:20:24,099 NEIGHBORHOOD OF AT LEAST $15 OR $20 BILLION. >> Whitaker: OSTROWER SAYS THAT'S ABOUT WHAT IT COST BOEING 178 00:20:24,165 --> 00:20:33,375 TO DEVELOP AND BUILD AND CERTIFY A NEW SUB-SONIC AIRLINER, AND THEY ALREADY HAVE HUGE MANUFACTURING FACILITIES. 179 00:20:33,441 --> 00:20:41,650 BOOM DOESN'T. BLAKE SCHOLL TOLD US HE CAN GET OVERTURE BUILT FOR $7 TO $8 BILLION, BUT THAT'S A LOT MORE 180 00:20:41,716 --> 00:20:48,089 THAN THE $300 MILLION HE'S RAISED SO FAR. AND MONEY'S NOT THE ONLY HURDLE. BOOM AND UNITED HAVE PROMISED 181 00:20:48,156 --> 00:20:56,931 THEIR NEW PLANE WILL OPERATE ON 100% SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUEL, BUT THAT DOESN'T EXIST YET IN ANYTHING LIKE THE QUANTITIES 182 00:20:56,998 --> 00:21:01,770 THEY'LL NEED. OH, AND ONE OTHER THING: >> Ostrower: THEY'RE GOING TO NEED AN ENGINE TO DO THIS. 183 00:21:01,836 --> 00:21:05,373 >> Whitaker: AND THEY DON'T HAVE THE ENGINE YET. >> Ostrower: THEY DON'T HAVE AN ENGINE. 184 00:21:05,440 --> 00:21:10,779 >> Whitaker: BLAKE SCHOLL SAYS AN ENGINE IS ON THE WAY, FROM THE SAME COMPANY THAT BUILT THE SUPERSONIC ENGINES FOR THE 185 00:21:10,845 --> 00:21:16,718 CONCORDE. >> Scholl: AND WE ARE WORKING WITH ROLLS ROYCE ON A CUSTOM JET ENGINE THAT WILL POWER OVERTURE. 186 00:21:16,785 --> 00:21:21,389 >> Whitaker: YOU'RE WORKING WITH ROLLS ROYCE. IT-- IT DOESN'T EX-- THIS ENGINE DOES NOT EXIST YET? 187 00:21:21,456 --> 00:21:26,761 >> Scholl: IT IS A-- IT IS A LIGHTLY CUSTOMIZED ENGINE. AND PART OF THAT IS ROLLS ROYCE'S WORK, WHERE THEY'RE KIND 188 00:21:26,828 --> 00:21:33,868 OF TURNING SOME DESIGN KNOBS. >> Whitaker: BLAKE SCHOLL DOESN'T DISMISS THE SKEPTICS, BUT HE POINTS TO THE EXAMPLE 189 00:21:33,935 --> 00:21:40,208 OF ELON MUSK, AND SAYS NOT SO LONG AGO, NO ONE THOUGHT HE COULD BUILD TESLAS AND REUSABLE ROCKETS. 190 00:21:40,275 --> 00:21:44,713 WHERE DOES THIS PASSION COME FROM? >> Scholl: IT'S BECAUSE WE STOPPED MAKING PROGRESS ON THE 191 00:21:44,779 --> 00:21:49,751 SPEED OF TRAVEL. YOU KNOW, THE AIRPLANES WE HAVE TODAY ARE NO FASTER THAN THE ONES WE HAD WHEN MY PARENTS WERE 192 00:21:49,818 --> 00:21:54,089 GROWING UP. AND THERE IS NO GOOD REASON FOR THAT. IT DOESN'T HAVE TO BE. 193 00:21:54,155 --> 00:22:00,095 WE CAN FIX IT. >> Whitaker: WHEN DO YOU EXPECT THE FIRST PAYING CUSTOMERS TO FLY ON ONE OF YOUR PLANES? 194 00:22:00,161 --> 00:22:06,101 >> Scholl: BY THE END OF THE DECADE. >> Whitaker: SUPERSONIC REALLY ONLY MAKES SENSE ON FLIGHTS OF 195 00:22:06,167 --> 00:22:13,374 FOUR OR FIVE HOURS, OR MORE. BUT THOUSANDS OF SUCH ROUTES ARE OUT OF REACH TO BOOM. THE REASON IS IN THE VERY NAME 196 00:22:13,441 --> 00:22:20,515 OF HIS COMPANY. ( SONIC BOOM ) THAT'S THE SOUND OF A SONIC BOOM CREATED BY A PLANE BREAKING THE 197 00:22:20,582 --> 00:22:26,755 SOUND BARRIER. LISTEN AGAIN: ( SONIC BOOM ) THE FIRST BOOM WAS MADE BY CHUCK 198 00:22:26,821 --> 00:22:34,763 YEAGER'S X-1 ROCKET PLANE WHEN IT PASSED THROUGH MACH ONE-- ABOUT 660 MILES PER HOUR-- BACK IN 1947. 199 00:22:34,829 --> 00:22:41,569 >> Announcer: AND HE DOES IT. ( SONIC BOOM ) >> Whitaker: WHAT IS THE SONIC BOOM? 200 00:22:41,636 --> 00:22:46,775 WHAT-- WHAT GENERATES IT? >> Mike Buonanno: SO, WHEN AN AIRCRAFT FLIES FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF SOUND, IT CREATES 201 00:22:46,841 --> 00:22:54,082 DISTURBANCES. >> Whitaker: MIKE BUONANNO IS A TOP ENGINEER AT LOCKHEED MARTIN'S "SKUNKWORKS" AIRCRAFT 202 00:22:54,149 --> 00:22:59,320 DESIGN STUDIO IN CALIFORNIA. DAVE RICHARDSON IS HIS BOSS. >> Dave Richardson: A LOT OF US UNDERSTAND THE WAKE THAT'S 203 00:22:59,387 --> 00:23:05,860 GENERATED BY A SHIP OR A BOAT. AND SO, IMAGINE THAT WAKE FROM A SPEED BOAT OR WHATEVER, ALL THOSE DIFFERENT WAVES COMING TO 204 00:23:05,927 --> 00:23:10,765 BE ONE LARGE WAVE. >> Buonanno: THOSE INDIVIDUAL DISTURBANCES CREATED UP BY THE AIRPLANE, THEY COMBINE TOGETHER 205 00:23:10,832 --> 00:23:18,106 TO MAKE A LOUD DOUBLE BANG. >> Whitaker: THE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION TESTED THE IMPACT OF THAT BIG BANG BACK 206 00:23:18,173 --> 00:23:26,781 IN 1964, BY FLYING MILITARY SUPERSONIC JETS LIKE THESE OVER OKLAHOMA CITY FOR SIX MONTHS. THE OUTCOME? 207 00:23:26,848 --> 00:23:33,955 BROKEN BRICKS AND CEILINGS, FRAYED NERVES AND PUBLIC OUTRAGE. >> Buonanno: IT WAS JUST 208 00:23:34,022 --> 00:23:39,294 PATENTLY OBVIOUS THAT NO ONE WAS GOING TO TOLERATE SUCH A LOUD NOISE ON A DAY-TO-DAY BASIS. >> Whitaker: THE RESULT WAS A 209 00:23:39,360 --> 00:23:46,734 BAN ON CIVILIAN SUPERSONIC FLIGHTS EVERYWHERE IN THE WORLD, OTHER THAN OVER OPEN WATER. >> Buonanno: AND THAT BASICALLY 210 00:23:46,801 --> 00:23:54,075 HIT THE BRAKES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL AIR TRAVEL, IN TERMS OF AN ADVANCING SPEED. 211 00:23:54,142 --> 00:23:58,780 UP UNTIL THAT BAN, EVERY DECADE, AIR TRAVEL HAD GOTTEN FASTER AND FASTER. >> Whitaker: THE BAN REMAINS IN 212 00:23:58,847 --> 00:24:06,387 PLACE TODAY. SO, IF BOOM GETS ITS OVERTURE IN THE AIR, IT WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO SERVE LONG TRANS-OCEANIC ROUTES, 213 00:24:06,454 --> 00:24:11,359 SIMILAR TO WHAT THE CONCORDE FLEW. >> Buonanno: SO IF YOU WANT TO GO FROM J.F.K. IN NEW YORK TO 214 00:24:11,426 --> 00:24:18,633 PARIS, THAT'S OKAY. BUT FOR MANY OF US, WE WANT TO FLY PLACES OVER LAND. HERE LIVING IN LOS ANGELES, 215 00:24:18,700 --> 00:24:24,105 ALMOST EVERYWHERE I WANT TO GO-- FLYING EAST, REQUIRES OVER-LAND TRAVEL. AND THAT'S ONE OF THE 216 00:24:24,172 --> 00:24:29,110 BIG PROBLEMS THAT WE'RE TRYING TO SOLVE. >> Whitaker: BUONANNO AND RICHARDSON AND THEIR LOCKHEED 217 00:24:29,177 --> 00:24:36,084 MARTIN TEAM HAVE BEEN COMMISSIONED BY NASA TO BUILD A TEST PLANE THAT CAN FLY TWICE AS FAST AS CURRENT AIRLINERS, 218 00:24:36,150 --> 00:24:42,757 WITHOUT RATTLING NERVES OR BREAKING WINDOWS. YOUR MISSION IS TO GET RID OF THIS SONIC BOOM? 219 00:24:42,824 --> 00:24:50,798 >> Buonanno: THAT'S RIGHT. THE ENTIRE POINT OF THE AIRPLANE IS TO REDUCE SONIC BOOM. >> Whitaker: THE AIRPLANE IS 220 00:24:50,865 --> 00:24:57,372 CALLED THE X-59. IT WILL LOOK LIKE THIS, WHEN IT MAKES ITS FIRST FLIGHT NEXT YEAR. 221 00:24:57,438 --> 00:25:02,777 FOR NOW, IT LOOKS LIKE THIS, INSIDE LOCKHEED MARTIN'S ASSEMBLY BUILDING. >> Richardson: YOU'RE LOOKING AT 222 00:25:02,844 --> 00:25:09,918 THE COCKPIT OF THE AIRPLANE, AND THERE'S NO FORWARD WINDSCREEN. THIS IS IT. >> Whitaker: EVERY PART OF THE 223 00:25:09,984 --> 00:25:18,092 X-59 IS STREAMLINED AND SMOOTH, TO DISPERSE SOUND WAVES AND TRANSFORM THE LOUD SONIC BOOM INTO A MUCH QUIETER "THUMP." 224 00:25:18,159 --> 00:25:24,098 >> Nils Larson: IF YOU LOOK AT IT, IT'S PRETTY SLICK. I MEAN, IT LOOKS LIKE A DART. >> Whitaker: NILS LARSON IS THE 225 00:25:24,165 --> 00:25:33,574 NASA TEST PILOT WHOSE JOB IT WILL BE TO PROVE THAT THE X-59 CAN REPLACE THE SONIC BOOM WITH A SIMPLE THUMP. 226 00:25:33,641 --> 00:25:40,915 STARTING NEXT YEAR, HE'LL PILOT SOME OF THE EARLY TEST FLIGHTS, AND THEN ITS FIRST SOUND TESTS. >> Larson: THAT'S COMING TO A 227 00:25:40,982 --> 00:25:46,921 TOWN NEAR YOU. SO, OUR RESEARCHERS ARE GOING TO WORK WITH THE PUBLIC, AND WE'RE GOING TO FLY OVER VARIOUS 228 00:25:46,988 --> 00:25:54,095 CITIES AND TOWNS, AND THEY'RE GOING TO GIVE US THE FEEDBACK OF THAT THUMP. WAS THAT THUMP TOO LOUD? 229 00:25:54,162 --> 00:26:00,101 YOU KNOW, DID YOU EVEN HEAR IT AT ALL? >> Whitaker: SO, IF YOU ARE ABLE TO FLY OVER POPULATED AREAS, AND 230 00:26:00,168 --> 00:26:06,774 PROVIDE THIS DATA, THEN THE F.A.A. WILL USE THIS DATA, PERHAPS, TO LIFT THIS BAN? >> Larson: EXACTLY. 231 00:26:06,841 --> 00:26:14,782 >> Whitaker: ARE WE LIKELY TO SEE PLANES IN THE FUTURE FLYING SUPERSONIC THAT LOOK LIKE THIS ONE? 232 00:26:14,849 --> 00:26:21,055 >> Larson: I CERTAINLY HOPE SO. AND I THINK YOU WILL. SO, THERE ARE DEFINITE THINGS THAT YOU WOULD SEE, IF YOU 233 00:26:21,122 --> 00:26:26,761 WALKED INTO A COMMERCIAL, YOU KNOW, SUPERSONIC AIRPLANE HERE, YOU KNOW, TEN, 12 YEARS FROM NOW, AND YOU WERE TO LOOK AT 234 00:26:26,828 --> 00:26:34,769 THAT, YOU COULD SEE, YOU KNOW, SOME D.N.A. THAT GOES BACK TO THE X-59. >> Whitaker: LARSON TOOK US OVER 235 00:26:34,836 --> 00:26:42,276 TO NASA'S X-59 FLIGHT SIMULATOR, AND THE FIRST THING WE NOTICED IS THAT THERE'S A TV SCREEN IN PLACE OF THE MISSING WINDSHIELD. 236 00:26:42,343 --> 00:26:48,082 FOR YOU, DOES IT WORK AS WELL AS USING YOUR OWN EYES? >> Larson: YEAH, I THINK-- SO FAR, I THINK IT DOES. 237 00:26:48,149 --> 00:26:52,120 ABOUT TO GO THROUGH MACH ONE. THERE'S MACH ONE. YOU KNOW, YOU SEE-- >> Whitaker: SO WE'RE NOW GOING 238 00:26:52,186 --> 00:26:56,424 SUPERSONIC. >> Larson: YUP, YOU'RE NOW SUPERSONIC. >> Whitaker: LARSON GAVE ME A 239 00:26:56,491 --> 00:27:05,333 TURN IN THE COCKPIT-- NOT TO FLY SUPERSONIC, BUT TO LAND THE X-59-- WHICH IS TRICKY, GIVEN THAT IT'S SHAPED LIKE A PENCIL, 240 00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:10,004 HAS NO WINDSHIELD, AND I'M NOT A PILOT. >> Larson: COME UP, FOLLOW THEM UP JUST A LITTLE BIT. 241 00:27:10,071 --> 00:27:16,144 SO, PULL BACK JUST A LITTLE BIT, LITTLE BIT MORE. AND JUST HOLD IT RIGHT THERE. HOLD IT RIGHT THERE. 242 00:27:16,210 --> 00:27:19,981 THERE YOU GO. YOU JUST LANDED THE X-59. AND IN THE MIDDLE OF THE RUNWAY! >> Whitaker: I LANDED-- I LANDED 243 00:27:20,048 --> 00:27:22,784 THE-- >> Larson: THAT'S BETTER THAN I DID. ( LAUGHS ) 244 00:27:22,850 --> 00:27:30,091 SIGN HIM UP! >> Whitaker: NILS LARSON WILL START TEST-FLYING THE REAL X-59 SOMETIME NEXT YEAR. 245 00:27:30,158 --> 00:27:38,766 AND SOON AFTER THAT, HE'LL BE FLYING IT OVER US. AND IF IT'S QUIET ENOUGH, FUTURE PLANES THAT FOLLOW ITS DESIGN 246 00:27:38,833 --> 00:27:46,774 LEAD COULD EVENTUALLY FLY US LOTS OF PLACES, TWICE AS FAST AS WE CAN GET THERE NOW. WHEN MIGHT I BE ABLE TO FLY FROM 247 00:27:46,841 --> 00:27:51,179 NEW YORK TO LOS ANGELES IN A SUPERSONIC PLANE? >> Richardson: SO THERE'S-- THERE'S A LONG LINE OF THINGS 248 00:27:51,245 --> 00:27:57,819 THAT HAVE TO HAPPEN, STARTING WITH THE X-59. BUT I THINK 2035 IS YOUR ANSWER, IF EVERYTHING MARCHES ALONG THE 249 00:27:57,885 --> 00:28:02,857 WAY THAT IT'S SUPPOSED TO. >> Whitaker: IT'S SOMETHING THAT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN TRYING TO SOLVE FOR-- FOR DECADES. 250 00:28:02,924 --> 00:28:09,597 HAVE YOU GUYS SOLVED THAT PROBLEM? >> Buonanno: WE BELIEVE WE HAVE. IT'S REWARDING SEEING IT GETTING 251 00:28:09,664 --> 00:28:15,136 BUILT. BUT I THINK THAT REAL "AHA" MOMENT FOR ME IS GOING TO BE WHEN I HEAR THAT FIRST SHAPED 252 00:28:15,203 --> 00:28:20,274 BOOM FROM X-59. >> Whitaker: THUMP, THUMP. >> Buonanno: THUMP, THUMP. >> Richardson: WE WON'T HEAR 253 00:28:20,341 --> 00:28:26,781 THIS BANG. AND WHEN WE HEAR, OR DON'T HEAR, THAT SOUND, IS WHEN WE KNOW WE DID IT. 254 00:28:26,848 --> 00:28:28,249 ( TICKING ) 255 00:28:35,490 --> 00:28:42,797 ( TICKING ) >> Cooper: WHEN WORKERS BROKE GROUND ON AN UNDERGROUND PARKING LOT IN THE HEART OF ROME 256 00:28:42,864 --> 00:28:48,769 15 YEARS AGO, THEY HAD NO IDEA WHAT THEIR BACKHOES WERE ABOUT TO UNEARTH. THE SITE TURNED OUT TO BE WHAT 257 00:28:48,836 --> 00:28:55,543 ITALIAN ARCHEOLOGISTS BELIEVE WAS ONCE "THE PLEASURE GARDENS" OF THE ROMAN EMPEROR CALIGULA-- WHERE SOME 2,000 YEARS AGO, ALL 258 00:28:55,610 --> 00:29:03,451 SORTS OF LAVISH PARTIES, ROYAL INTRIGUE, AND DEBAUCHED BEHAVIOR LIKELY TOOK PLACE. CALIGULA BECAME THE THIRD 259 00:29:03,518 --> 00:29:10,324 EMPEROR OF ROME IN 37 A.D., AND HE REIGNED FOR BARELY FOUR YEARS. HE'S BEEN PORTRAYED IN HISTORY 260 00:29:10,391 --> 00:29:17,832 AS ONE OF THE MOST DERANGED AND DESPICABLE ROMAN EMPERORS EVER TO RULE, BUT FOR YEARS, SCHOLARS HAVE BEEN RE-EXAMINING PARTS OF 261 00:29:17,899 --> 00:29:23,437 CALIGULA'S STORY, TO SEE IF HISTORY HAS IT RIGHT. COULD WE DISCOVER SOME NEW FRAGMENTS OF TRUTH IN CALIGULA'S 262 00:29:23,504 --> 00:29:30,778 GARDENS? WE WERE MORE THAN HAPPY TO GO TO ROME, TO FIND OUT. THE TEMPLES AND PALACES OF 263 00:29:30,845 --> 00:29:36,984 ANCIENT ROME MAY HAVE CRUMBLED LONG AGO, BUT THE LEGEND OF ONE OF ITS ODDEST EMPERORS LIVES ON. >> Caligula: DOWN ON YOUR KNEES, 264 00:29:37,051 --> 00:29:41,989 ALL OF YOU. BEND YOUR HEADS. I SHALL SEVER EACH ONE AT THE NECK. 265 00:29:42,056 --> 00:29:47,428 >> Cooper: WHAT MOST PEOPLE KNOW ABOUT CALIGULA COMES FROM THIS ICONIC BBC SERIES, "I, CLAUDIUS," WHICH WAS BASED 266 00:29:47,495 --> 00:29:54,202 ON TWO HISTORICAL NOVELS BY ROBERT GRAVES. ♪ ♪ ♪ IN THE SHOW, CALIGULA TURNS 267 00:29:54,268 --> 00:30:01,943 HIS PALACE INTO A BROTHEL, MAKES HIS HORSE A HIGH-RANKING SENATOR, AND DECLARES HIMSELF A LIVING GOD. 268 00:30:02,009 --> 00:30:09,617 >> Caligula: FOR NOW, YOU MAY ADDRESS ME AS ZEUS. >> Cooper: IT'S A TORRID TALE OF INCEST, INFANTICIDE... 269 00:30:09,684 --> 00:30:15,289 >> DON'T GO IN THERE. >> Caligula: ( LAUGHS ) >> Cooper: ...AND IMPERIAL MADNESS. 270 00:30:15,356 --> 00:30:21,529 >> HELP ME! >> Cooper: BUT HOW MUCH OF THAT PORTRAYAL IS REAL? DID CALIGULA IMPREGNATE HIS 271 00:30:21,596 --> 00:30:26,601 SISTER AND THEN EAT HER BABY? >> Andrew Wallace-Hadrill: ( LAUGHS ) CALIGULA DID NOT IMPREGNATE HIS 272 00:30:26,667 --> 00:30:30,771 SISTER AND EAT HER BABY. >> Cooper: DID CALIGULA MAKE A HORSE A HIGH-RANKING SENATOR OR CONSUL? 273 00:30:30,838 --> 00:30:35,309 >> Wallace-Hadrill: NO, NO, OF COURSE HE DIDN'T. >> Cooper: DID HE TURN HIS PALACE INTO A BROTHEL? 274 00:30:35,376 --> 00:30:39,814 >> Wallace-Hadrill: NO. >> Cooper: SO, WHERE DID ALL THESE IDEAS COME FROM? >> Wallace-Hadrill: WELL, 275 00:30:39,880 --> 00:30:47,922 LARGELY FROM ROBERT GRAVES. YOU KNOW, HIS "I, CLAUDIUS" NOVELS ARE AWESOME. BUT HE WASN'T AN ACADEMIC. 276 00:30:47,989 --> 00:30:53,995 HE WAS A WRITER. >> Cooper: ANDREW WALLACE- HADRILL IS AN ACADEMIC-- A PROFESSOR EMERITUS AT THE 277 00:30:54,061 --> 00:30:59,433 UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, AND HE'S CLOSELY STUDIED THE FEW WRITTEN ACCOUNTS THAT SURVIVE FROM CALIGULA'S TIME. 278 00:30:59,500 --> 00:31:03,971 I GREW UP WATCHING "I, CLAUDIUS." I LOVED THE BOOK. I LOVE THE OLD TV SERIES. 279 00:31:04,038 --> 00:31:09,710 YOU'RE TELLING ME, A LOT OF THAT JUST WASN'T TRUE. >> Wallace-Hadrill: NOW, WHAT I'M NOT DENYING IS THEY HAD SEX 280 00:31:09,777 --> 00:31:15,816 IN THE PALACE. OF COURSE THEY HAD SEX. ( LAUGHS ) PRETTY SPECTACULARLY, OF COURSE 281 00:31:15,883 --> 00:31:19,553 THEY HAD SEX. >> Cooper: ( LAUGHS ) PRETTY SPECTACULARLY? >> Cooper: BUT WALLACE-HADRILL 282 00:31:19,620 --> 00:31:24,792 DOES BELIEVE CALIGULA COULD BE VERY IMPULSIVE AND BRUTAL, AND HE DOESN'T RULE OUT THE POSSIBILITY THAT HE MAY HAVE HAD 283 00:31:24,859 --> 00:31:30,798 A SEVERE PHYSICAL OR MENTAL DISORDER. >> Wallace-Hadrill: I THINK THERE'S A SERIOUS DANGER THAT 284 00:31:30,865 --> 00:31:39,440 CALIGULA WAS-- WAS PATHOLOGICAL, THAT HE ACTUALLY DIDN'T CARE ABOUT THE HURT HE CAUSED. >> Cooper: WALLACE-HADRILL SAYS 285 00:31:39,507 --> 00:31:47,448 ROBERT GRAVES' NOVELS WERE LARGELY BASED ON STORIES PUBLISHED AROUND 121 A.D., 80 YEARS AFTER CALIGULA'S DEATH, 286 00:31:47,515 --> 00:31:54,088 BY SUETONIUS, A WELL-KNOWN BIOGRAPHER AND ADVISER TO LATER EMPERORS. BUT SUETONIUS OFTEN HAD TO RELY 287 00:31:54,155 --> 00:31:59,327 ON SECOND-HAND STORIES AND GOSSIP FROM MEMBERS OF THE IMPERIAL COURT. >> Wallace-Hadrill: THESE 288 00:31:59,393 --> 00:32:05,399 MEMBERS OF THE COURT, IT'S-- YOU KNOW, IT'S LIKE STAFFERS IN THE WHITE HOUSE. IT'S LIKE ALL THOSE LEAKY PEOPLE 289 00:32:05,466 --> 00:32:10,871 IN BUCKINGHAM PALACE. WHAT ARE THESE STORIES WORTH? HOW CAN YOU PIN THEM DOWN? ( CHURCH BELLS ) 290 00:32:10,938 --> 00:32:18,212 >> Cooper: ARCHEOLOGY CAN HELP PIN DOWN THE PAST, BUT IN A CITY FULL OF AMAZING RUINS, NOT MUCH DIRECTLY LINKED TO CALIGULA 291 00:32:18,279 --> 00:32:23,851 HAD BEEN DISCOVERED-- THAT IS, UNTIL 2006. ( CONSTRUCTION ) WHEN A PENSION FUND FOR ITALIAN 292 00:32:23,918 --> 00:32:30,791 DOCTORS CALLED ENPAM STARTED DIGGING AN UNDERGROUND PARKING GARAGE FOR ITS NEW OFFICE BUILDING IN THE ESQUILINO 293 00:32:30,858 --> 00:32:38,399 NEIGHBORHOOD OF ROME. IN ANCIENT TIMES, THIS WAS ONE OF A NUMBER OF TRANQUIL GARDEN ESTATES LOCATED ABOUT TEN 294 00:32:38,466 --> 00:32:45,840 MINUTES BY CARRIAGE FROM THE BUSTLING ROMAN FORUM. THESE RE-CREATIONS FROM ROME'S SUPERINTENDENT OF ANTIQUITIES 295 00:32:45,906 --> 00:32:53,914 GIVE SOME SENSE OF THE SPRAWLING GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS ENJOYED BY EMPERORS AND THEIR GUESTS FOR ABOUT FOUR CENTURIES. 296 00:32:53,981 --> 00:32:59,587 IT TOOK ARCHEOLOGISTS NINE YEARS TO CAREFULLY RECOVER MORE THAN A MILLION PIECES OF THE PAST, WHILE AN UNDERGROUND PARKING 297 00:32:59,653 --> 00:33:05,693 GARAGE AND MODERN BUILDING WAS BUILT AROUND THEM. ( EXCAVATION ) EVERYTHING FOUND WAS TAKEN TO A 298 00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:12,800 LARGE WAREHOUSE, WHERE IT WAS CLOSELY ANALYZED, LOGGED INTO A DATABASE, AND-- WHEN POSSIBLE-- PAINSTAKINGLY RESTORED. 299 00:33:12,867 --> 00:33:19,540 THE OFFICE BUILDING'S COMPLETED NOW, AND LAST MONTH, ROME'S NEWEST ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE, THE NYMPHEUM MUSEUM, OPENED IN THE 300 00:33:19,607 --> 00:33:27,481 BASEMENT, PRESERVING SOME OF THE EXCAVATION, AND SUGGESTING WHAT A LUSH AND LAVISH PLACE THIS ONCE WAS. 301 00:33:27,548 --> 00:33:35,456 IT CONTAINS THOUSANDS OF ITEMS, FROM THE SECOND CENTURY B.C. THROUGH THE FIFTH CENTURY A.D., LIKE THIS DRINKING GLASS THAT 302 00:33:35,523 --> 00:33:42,797 SOMEHOW SURVIVED LARGELY INTACT FOR 1,900 YEARS. MIRELLA SERLORENZI, DIRECTOR OF EXCAVATIONS FOR THE ITALIAN 303 00:33:42,863 --> 00:33:48,769 MINISTRY OF CULTURE, TOOK US TO A SMALL STAIRCASE NORMALLY CLOSED TO THE PUBLIC, AND BROUGHT US TO THE LEVEL OF THE 304 00:33:48,836 --> 00:33:57,511 GROUND DURING CALIGULA'S TIME. AND SO, BACK THEN, IN THE FIRST CENTURY, 2,000 YEARS AGO, THIS WAS OUTSIDE? 305 00:33:57,578 --> 00:34:03,584 >> Mirella Serlorenzi ( translated ): IT WAS CLEARLY A GARDEN, BECAUSE WE FOUND IN THE LAYERS TRACES OF THE ROOTS 306 00:34:03,651 --> 00:34:10,691 OF THE PLANTS, AND IN THIS PART HERE, THE STAIRCASE CONNECTED THE VARIOUS LEVELS OF THE GARDEN. 307 00:34:10,758 --> 00:34:15,429 >> Cooper: IS IT POSSIBLE TO WALK ON IT? >> Serlorenzi: ASSOLUTAMENTE. >> Cooper: YEAH? 308 00:34:15,496 --> 00:34:23,437 EXCELLENT. THIS IS WHAT SERLORENZI'S TEAM BELIEVES THE AREA LOOKED LIKE DURING CALIGULA'S REIGN. 309 00:34:23,504 --> 00:34:29,910 WE ENDED UP TALKING FOR A LONG TIME ON THE GARDEN STEPS. ISIT ALL RIGHT TO SIT DOWN? >> Serlorenzi: SIT, OKAY. 310 00:34:29,977 --> 00:34:35,449 >> Cooper: THERE WAS SOMETHING ABOUT TOUCHING THOSE OLD SLABS OF MARBLE THAT MADE ANCIENT HISTORY FEEL VERY REAL. 311 00:34:35,516 --> 00:34:42,523 I CAN'T BELIEVE THAT WE ARE SITTING ON THE STEPS THAT CALIGULA MAY HAVE WALKED ON. IT'S AMAZING. 312 00:34:42,590 --> 00:34:47,528 SHE TOLD US THE WATER PIPE BY OUR FEET WAS INSTALLED BY CALIGULA'S SUCCESSOR, HIS UNCLE CLAUDIUS. 313 00:34:47,595 --> 00:34:54,869 HIS NAME IS STAMPED ON THE PIPE. ONE OF THE MOST REMARKABLE THINGS ABOUT CALIGULA IS THAT HE LIVED TO BECOME EMPEROR AT ALL. 314 00:34:54,935 --> 00:35:00,774 THE EMPEROR BEFORE HIM, HIS ADOPTIVE GRANDFATHER TIBERIUS, WAS SUSPECTED OF KILLING CALIGULA'S FATHER, MOTHER, AND 315 00:35:00,841 --> 00:35:07,548 TWO BROTHERS. AND WHEN CALIGULA TURNED 19, HE WAS SUMMONED TO LIVE WITH TIBERIUS AT HIS PALACE ON THE 316 00:35:07,615 --> 00:35:15,422 ISLAND OF CAPRI. IT SITS HIGH ON A CLIFF, AND IT'S SAID TIBERIUS WOULD HAVE PEOPLE WHO CROSSED HIM TOSSED 317 00:35:15,489 --> 00:35:22,363 ONTO THE ROCKS BELOW. THROUGH SOME COMBINATION OF FLATTERY AND DECEIT, CALIGULA MANAGED TO SURVIVE HERE FOR 318 00:35:22,429 --> 00:35:30,271 SIX YEARS WITH THE MAN WHO MAY HAVE KILLED MUCH OF HIS FAMILY. HE BECAME TIBERIUS'S SUCCESSOR IN 37 A.D. 319 00:35:30,337 --> 00:35:35,743 HE WAS JUST 24 YEARS OLD, AND IN CHARGE OF AN EMPIRE. >> Wallace-Hadrill: HE WAS IN A VERY, VERY DIFFICULT POSITION. 320 00:35:35,809 --> 00:35:46,954 I LIKE THE SAYING OF TIBERIUS, WHO SAYS, "BEING EMPEROR IS LIKE HAVING TO HOLD A WOLF BY THE EARS." 321 00:35:47,021 --> 00:35:51,825 THERE'S THIS SORT OF SAVAGE BEAST, THAT CAN TURN ON YOU ANY MOMENT. >> Cooper: WHAT IS SO INSECURE 322 00:35:51,892 --> 00:35:59,300 ABOUT IT? WAS IT THE SYSTEM ITSELF? >> Wallace-Hadrill: YOU'VE GOT THIS ENORMOUS CONCENTRATION OF 323 00:35:59,366 --> 00:36:06,740 POWER AND RESOURCE, WEALTH, CONCENTRATED ON THE PALACE IN ROME. AND EVERYONE WANTS IN ON IT. 324 00:36:06,807 --> 00:36:11,845 AND THEY ARE PREPARED TO DO ANYTHING TO SEIZE THIS POWER. >> Cooper: BACK THEN, THE ROMAN EMPIRE DOMINATED THE 325 00:36:11,912 --> 00:36:19,186 MEDITERRANEAN WORLD. AND ITEMS FOUND IN THE GARDENS GIVE SOME SENSE OF THE RICHES THAT FLOWED TOWARDS ROME. 326 00:36:19,253 --> 00:36:24,792 RARE AND INTRICATELY-CARVED MARBLE FROM THE FAR REACHES OF THE EMPIRE DECORATED THE WALLS OF THE BUILDINGS. 327 00:36:24,858 --> 00:36:30,264 GLASS RECOVERED AT THE SITE APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN USED IN VERY EARLY WINDOWS. AND, LARGE AMOUNTS OF OYSTERS 328 00:36:30,331 --> 00:36:35,436 APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN SERVED AT MEALS. MIRELLA SERLORENZI SAYS HER TEAM RECOVERED THE BONES OF 329 00:36:35,502 --> 00:36:41,208 WILD ANIMALS THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN BROUGHT HERE FROM FAR-AWAY LANDS. SHE SHOWED US THE LEG OF AN 330 00:36:41,275 --> 00:36:47,081 OSTRICH, THE FOOT OF A LION, AND THE TOOTH OF A BEAR. >> Serlorenzi ( translated ): IT'S EVIDENT THAT WILD ANIMALS 331 00:36:47,147 --> 00:36:54,254 WERE HERE FOR THE ENTERTAINMENT OF THE EMPEROR. GAMES WERE CARRIED OUT HERE WITH GLADIATORS, WE CAN IMAGINE, AND 332 00:36:54,321 --> 00:36:59,827 BATTLES WITH FEROCIOUS BEASTS. >> Cooper: WHEN HE BECAME EMPEROR, CALIGULA STARTED IMPROVING ROME'S INFRASTRUCTURE. 333 00:36:59,893 --> 00:37:07,534 HE BEGAN WORK ON NEW AQUEDUCTS. HE ALSO CUT TAXES. SERLORENZI SAYS THIS COIN FOUND IN THE GARDENS WAS MINTED AROUND 334 00:37:07,601 --> 00:37:15,442 39 A.D. TO REMIND ROMANS THAT CALIGULA GOT RID OF A SALES TAX. 2,000 YEARS AGO, POLITICIANS WERE JUST LIKE POLITICIANS 335 00:37:15,509 --> 00:37:21,982 TODAY? IF THEY CUT TAXES, THEY WANTED EVERYBODY TO KNOW ABOUT IT. >> Serlorenzi ( translated ): 336 00:37:22,049 --> 00:37:27,488 THAT'S EXACTLY RIGHT. THE COINS ARE A FORM OF IMPERIAL PROPAGANDA. >> Cooper: BUT SOMETHING CHANGED 337 00:37:27,554 --> 00:37:35,429 AS THE YEARS PROGRESSED. SUETONIUS SAYS CALIGULA WANTED TO BE TREATED AS A GOD, AND CONNECTED HIS PALACE IN THE 338 00:37:35,496 --> 00:37:39,233 ROMAN FORUM TO A MAJOR TEMPLE. THAT'S THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND POLLUX? >> Paolo Carafa: EXACTLY, 339 00:37:39,299 --> 00:37:43,537 EXACTLY, AND THIS COLUMN HAS BEEN STANDING THERE FOR MORE THAN 2,000 YEARS. >> Cooper: THAT'S INCREDIBLE. 340 00:37:43,604 --> 00:37:47,941 >> Carafa: THEY HAVE BEEN CREATED IN THE YEAR SIX. >> Cooper: PAOLO CARAFA, PROFESSOR OF ARCHEOLOGY AT 341 00:37:48,008 --> 00:37:55,549 SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME, HAS BEEN STUDYING THE ROMAN FORUM AREA FOR MORE THAN 35 YEARS. SO, ACCORDING TO SUETONIUS, 342 00:37:55,616 --> 00:38:02,589 CALIGULA EXTENDED HIS HOUSE UP TO THAT TEMPLE? >> Carafa: EXACTLY. >> Cooper: HAVE YOU FOUND 343 00:38:02,656 --> 00:38:09,229 EVIDENCE OF THAT? >> Carafa: BEHIND TH TEMPLE, RECENT EXCAVATION HAVE IDENTIFIED FRAGMENTS OF A LARGE 344 00:38:09,296 --> 00:38:15,436 HOUSE, A LUXURY HOUSE. >> Cooper: HE CAN'T SAY FOR SURE IT WAS CALIGULA'S HOUSE, BUT HE SAYS IT COMES FROM THAT TIME 345 00:38:15,502 --> 00:38:22,042 PERIOD, AND ONLY AN EMPEROR LIKE CALIGULA WOULD HAVE DARED DO SOMETHING SO SHOCKING. HE WANTED THE TEMPLE TO BE THE 346 00:38:22,109 --> 00:38:27,081 ENTRANCE TO HIS OWN HOUSE? >> Carafa: EXACTLY. WHICH IS QUITE UNUSUAL. >> Cooper: ONE OF THE THINGS 347 00:38:27,147 --> 00:38:33,420 "I, CLAUDIUS" SEEMS TO HAVE GOTTEN RIGHT, WALLACE-HADRILL TOLD US, WAS CALIGULA'S CAPACITY FOR BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL 348 00:38:33,487 --> 00:38:39,293 CRUELTY. ( CROWD JEERS ) >> Wallace-Hadrill: THERE'S NO DOUBT THAT CALIGULA'S BRUTAL. 349 00:38:39,359 --> 00:38:46,166 BUT SUETONIUS SAYS HE'S NOT ONLY BRUTAL, HE THINKS IT'S AMUSING. HE TAKES PLEASURE IN IT. >> Cooper: PERHAPS THE MOST 350 00:38:46,233 --> 00:38:52,005 TELLING ACCOUNT COMES FROM A CONTEMPORARY OF CALIGULA'S, THE PHILOSOPHER SENECA, WHO DESCRIBES HOW CALIGULA INVITED A 351 00:38:52,072 --> 00:38:59,513 FATHER TO A FESTIVE DINNER ON THE DAY HE HAD EXECUTED THE MAN'S SON. >> Wallace-Hadrill: AND AT THE 352 00:38:59,580 --> 00:39:09,289 DINNER, HE INSISTS THAT THE FATHER SHOULD HAVE A JOLLY TIME. HE PLIES HIM WITH WINE AND FOOD. HE EVEN PLIES HIM WITH PERFUME 353 00:39:09,356 --> 00:39:12,793 AND A GARLAND. >> Cooper: ON THE VERY DAY HIS SON... >> Wallace-Hadrill: ON THE VERY 354 00:39:12,860 --> 00:39:18,799 DAY. AND SENECA SAYS, PEOPLE ASKED, HOW ON EARTH COULD HE ENDURE TO DO IT? 355 00:39:18,866 --> 00:39:27,474 AND THE ANSWER IS, HE HAD A SECOND SON. AND I THINK THAT ANECDOTE JUST EVOKES THE ATMOSPHERE OF TERROR 356 00:39:27,541 --> 00:39:34,248 OF THE COURT OF CALIGULA. >> Caligula: AAAAAAH! >> Cooper: AS "I, CLAUDIUS" SHOWED, THE END CAME IN 41 A.D. 357 00:39:34,314 --> 00:39:39,453 WHEN CALIGULA WAS STABBED TO DEATH BY MEMBERS OF HIS OWN IMPERIAL GUARD. >> Wallace-Hadrill: HE'S KILLED 358 00:39:39,520 --> 00:39:47,995 BY HIS OWN GUARDSMEN, BUT THEN THEY HAVEN'T GOT A CANDIDATE. >> Cooper: THEY DON'T HAVE SOMEBODY WAITING TO TAKE OVER? 359 00:39:48,061 --> 00:39:53,934 >> Wallace-Hadrill: THEY HAVE NO ONE IN THE WINGS. EXCEPT POOR OLD CLAUDIUS. >> Cooper: DOES THAT ARGUE THE 360 00:39:54,001 --> 00:40:00,774 POINT THAT HE HAD TO HAVE BEEN REALLY AWFUL IF THEY WERE SO MOTIVATED TO JUST KILL HIM? >> Wallace-Hadrill: YEAH, YEAH. 361 00:40:00,841 --> 00:40:11,552 IT'S AN ASSASSINATION BORN OF ANGER, HUMILIATION, DISGUST. "WE CAN'T TAKE THIS ANYMORE." >> Cooper: LONG AFTER THE 362 00:40:11,618 --> 00:40:18,792 ASSASSINATION ITSELF, SOME HISTORIANS BELIEVE, CALIGULA'S ENEMIES ASSASSINATED HIS MEMORY AS WELL. 363 00:40:18,859 --> 00:40:26,867 THERE'S A NUMBER OF CONTEMPORARY SCHOLARS WHO HAVE ARGUED THAT CALIGULA'S CRITICS DISTORTED HIS MEMORY, THAT THEY HAVE FALSELY 364 00:40:26,934 --> 00:40:30,771 MADE HIM OUT TO BE FAR WORSE THAN HE WAS. >> Wallace-Hadrill: OF COURSE. IT'S LIKE ENTERING A HALL OF 365 00:40:30,838 --> 00:40:36,777 MIRRORS AND, YOU KNOW, SOME OF THEM ARE CONCAVE, AND SOME ARE CONVEX. AND THERE ARE NO FLAT MIRRORS. 366 00:40:36,844 --> 00:40:46,954 >> Cooper: BUT ISN'T THAT TERRIFYING, THAT WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW ABOUT HISTORY IS SO DEPENDENT ON RUMORS, OR... 367 00:40:47,020 --> 00:40:54,795 >> Wallace-Hadrill: BUT I THINK IT'S AN ENORMOUS MISTAKE TO LOOK AT THE PAST AS A SERIES OF SOLID ROCKS THAT, YOU KNOW, THAT 368 00:40:54,862 --> 00:41:02,302 WAS DEFINITELY THERE. AND THAT WAS DEFINITELY... IT'S-- IT'S A GREAT MORASS, A FLOWING SEA. 369 00:41:02,369 --> 00:41:08,442 I THINK THAT ANCIENT HISTORY'S VERY GOOD FOR PEOPLE, BECAUSE IT'S GOT SO MUCH UNCERTAINTY IN IT. 370 00:41:08,508 --> 00:41:14,481 >> Cooper: BUT WHY IS IT GOOD THAT THERE'S A LOT OF MISINFORMATION? >> Wallace-Hadrill: IT'S GOOD 371 00:41:14,548 --> 00:41:19,453 BECAUSE THE WORLD WE LIVE IN IS FULL OF MISINFORMATION, AS WE HAVE LEARNED SPECTACULARLY IN RECENT YEARS. 372 00:41:19,519 --> 00:41:26,426 YOU KNOW? PEOPLE INVENT TRUTHS. YOU HAVE TO BE SKEPTICAL. >> Cooper: AS WE PREPARED TO 373 00:41:26,493 --> 00:41:31,565 LEAVE THE NYMPHEUM MUSEUM, WE COULDN'T HELP THINKING ABOUT HOW TIME TRAMPLES EVEN THE MIGHTIEST OF EMPIRES, TURNING LAVISH 374 00:41:31,632 --> 00:41:37,170 GARDENS INTO UNDERGROUND PARKING LOTS. WHAT DO YOU THINK CALIGULA WOULD THINK OF-- OF WHAT'S HAPPENED TO 375 00:41:37,237 --> 00:41:41,975 HIS GARDENS? >> Serlorenzi ( translated ): ( LAUGHS ) I THINK HE WOULD BE IN TOTAL 376 00:41:42,042 --> 00:41:48,782 DISAGREEMENT. AND, I DON'T THINK HE WOULD BE VERY HAPPY THAT WE ARE SITTING ON HIS STAIRCASE. 377 00:41:48,849 --> 00:41:58,425 ( TICKING ) >> HOW DID A MOSAIC FROM CALIGULA'S REIGN TURN UP AS A COFFEE TABLE IN A NEW YORK CITY 378 00:41:58,492 --> 00:42:04,631 APARTMENT? THAT STORY, AT 60minutesovertime.com. 379 00:42:08,702 --> 00:42:14,741 >> Whitaker: ON THURSDAY THIS WEEK, THE PUMPKIN PIE WILL TASTE A LITTLE SWEETER. THE GREEN BEANS AND ALMONDS WILL 380 00:42:14,808 --> 00:42:20,647 HAVE AN EXTRA SNAP. THE STUFFING WILL BE A LITTLE RICHER, AND THE GIBLET GRAVY LESS LUMPY. 381 00:42:20,714 --> 00:42:27,054 THE TURKEY WON'T TASTE THE LEAST BIT DRY. THIS WILL HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH ANY TWEAKING OF THE RECIPES 382 00:42:27,120 --> 00:42:32,626 FOR THE FEAST ON THE THANKSGIVING TABLE. IT HAS EVERYTHING TO DO WITH THE FAMILY MEMBERS AND FRIENDS 383 00:42:32,693 --> 00:42:41,134 GATHERED AROUND IT. FAMILIES ARE PLANNING TO COME TOGETHER AGAIN-- WITH CARE, CAUTION, AND VACCINATION-- 384 00:42:41,201 --> 00:42:47,274 AFTER NEARLY TWO YEARS OF PANDEMIC SEPARATION. AND WHO WOULDN'T BE THANKFUL FOR THAT? 385 00:42:47,341 --> 00:42:50,577 I'M BILL WHITAKER. WE'LL BE BACK NEXT WEEK WITH