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Captioning funded by CBS
and FORD.
We go further, so you can.
>> NATIONWIDE SINCE LAST YEAR,
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00:00:13,623 --> 00:00:22,331
THERE HAS BEEN A 53% INCREASE IN
THE MURDERS OF POLICE OFFICERS.
POLICE DEPARTMENTS ARE DEALING
WITH GROWING RESIGNATIONS, TOO.
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00:00:22,398 --> 00:00:29,972
SO, IS IT POSSIBLE THAT
"DEFUNDING THE POLICE" MAY HELP?
>> THE ADAGE HAS BEEN IN
LAW ENFORCEMENT SINCE FOREVER:
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00:00:30,039 --> 00:00:35,711
80% OF WHAT WE DO HAS NOTHING TO
DO WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT.
IT'S ALL SOCIAL WORK.
THE KITTEN-UP-THE-TREE STUFF--
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00:00:35,778 --> 00:00:40,149
DO YOU NEED A BADGE AND A GUN
FOR THAT?
AND WE'RE STARTING TO CUT AWAY
AT THE THINGS WE'VE ASKED LAW
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00:00:40,216 --> 00:00:44,554
ENFORCEMENT TO DO, THAT THEY
DON'T WANT TO DO.
( TICKING )
>> THIS IS IT?
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00:00:44,620 --> 00:00:49,826
>> THAT'S IT.
>> OH, WOW.
IF YOU'RE PLANNING TO TRAVEL
BY AIR OVER THE HOLIDAYS--
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00:00:49,892 --> 00:00:57,834
AND MILLIONS OF AMERICANS ARE--
WOULD YOU JUMP AT THE CHANCE
TO GET TO YOUR DESTINATION IN
HALF THE TIME?
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00:00:57,900 --> 00:01:04,207
>> WHEN I LOOK SEVERAL DECADES
OUT, YOU KNOW, WHAT I WANT IS
TO BE ABLE TO BE ANYWHERE IN
THE WORLD IN FOUR HOURS, FOR
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00:01:04,273 --> 00:01:09,745
100 BUCKS.
NOW, THAT'S NOT WHERE WE START.
BUT THAT'S THE END GOAL.
( TICKING )
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00:01:09,812 --> 00:01:13,716
>> THAT'S THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR
AND POLLUX?
>> EXACTLY, EXACTLY.
>> THE ROMAN EMPIRE CENTERED
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00:01:13,783 --> 00:01:19,555
AROUND CONQUESTS, AND THE
OUTSIZED PERSONALITIES OF ITS
EMPERORS.
RESEARCH AND ARCHEOLOGY CONTINUE
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00:01:19,622 --> 00:01:26,395
TO SEARCH FOR RELIABLE EVIDENCE
FROM THAT TIME.
AND TONIGHT, WE'LL INTRODUCE YOU
TO SOME NEW DISCOVERIES ABOUT
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00:01:26,462 --> 00:01:33,035
ONE OF THE MOST WRITTEN ABOUT,
IF NOT MISUNDERSTOOD, EMPERORS
OF ALL TIME:
CALIGULA.
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00:01:33,102 --> 00:01:38,307
I CAN'T BELIEVE THAT WE ARE
SITTING ON THE STEPS THAT
CALIGULA MAY HAVE WALKED ON.
IT'S AMAZING.
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00:01:38,374 --> 00:01:45,548
( TICKING )
>> I'M LESLEY STAHL.
>> I'M BILL WHITAKER.
>> I'M ANDERSON COOPER.
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00:01:45,615 --> 00:01:50,286
>> I'M SHARYN ALFONSI.
>> I'M JON WERTHEIM.
>> I'M SCOTT PELLEY.
THOSE STORIES, TONIGHT, ON
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00:01:50,353 --> 00:02:06,435
"60 MINUTES."
>> Pelley: THIS PAST WEEK,
THE KYLE RITTENHOUSE TRIAL WAS
A SHARP REMINDER OF 2020'S
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00:02:06,502 --> 00:02:13,976
SUMMER OF PROTEST AGAINST
POLICE VIOLENCE.
AFTER A POLICE SHOOTING OF
JACOB BLAKE IN WISCONSIN LAST
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00:02:14,043 --> 00:02:21,884
YEAR, RITTENHOUSE, THEN 17, SHOT
AND KILLED TWO DEMONSTRATORS,
AND WOUNDED ANOTHER.
JACOB BLAKE'S SHOOTING CAME
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00:02:21,951 --> 00:02:29,258
NOT LONG AFTER THE POLICE
KILLINGS OF BREONNA TAYLOR AND
GEORGE FLOYD.
PROTESTS PITTED SUPPORTERS OF
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00:02:29,325 --> 00:02:37,033
"DEFUND THE POLICE" AGAINST
THOSE WHO "BACKED THE BLUE."
AND WITH A SIGNIFICANT RISE IN
VIOLENT CRIME, PROGRESS ON
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00:02:37,099 --> 00:02:43,973
REFORM STALLED.
BUT, PHILLIP ATIBA GOFF SEES A
WAY FORWARD.
HE'S A YALE SOCIAL SCIENTIST
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00:02:44,040 --> 00:02:54,417
WHO'S BEEN ADVISING POLICE
DEPARTMENTS FOR 14 YEARS.
GOFF'S WORK HAS SHOWN THAT
JUSTICE AND SAFETY CAN BE FOUND
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00:02:54,483 --> 00:03:00,723
IN CITIES THAT ARE REIMAGINING
POLICE.
>> Phillip Atiba Goff: WE FOCUS
ON MAKING POLICING LESS DEADLY,
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00:03:00,790 --> 00:03:06,562
LESS RACIST, AND OFTEN, JUST
LESS PRESENT.
AND WE LEVERAGE DATA AND
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE TO DO ALL OF
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00:03:06,629 --> 00:03:11,801
THAT.
BECAUSE OFTENTIMES, A SCIENTIFIC
PROCESS IS ONE YOU CAN TRUST
WHEN YOU CAN'T TRUST EACH OTHER.
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00:03:11,867 --> 00:03:18,341
>> Pelley: PHILLIP GOFF IS A
PROFESSOR OF AFRICAN AMERICAN
STUDIES, WITH A Ph.D. IN
PSYCHOLOGY.
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00:03:18,407 --> 00:03:26,716
HE'S C.E.O. OF THE CENTER FOR
POLICING EQUITY, WHICH ANALYZES
POLICE DATA, 911 CALLS, ARRESTS,
AND TRAFFIC STOPS, TO HELP
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CITIES REDUCE RACIAL DISPARITY
AND THE USE OF FORCE.
LAS VEGAS IS ONE EXAMPLE.
LAS VEGAS POLICE DEPARTMENT CAME
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00:03:36,092 --> 00:03:42,598
TO YOU.
WHAT WAS THEIR QUESTION?
>> Goff: LAS VEGAS METRO, THEY
SAID, "WE THINK WE MIGHT BE
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USING TOO MUCH FORCE."
I SAID, "WHY DO YOU THINK THAT?"
THEY SAID, "BECAUSE OUR
COMMUNITY TELLS US SO."
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00:03:46,235 --> 00:03:50,506
I SAID, "THAT'S A GOOD
INDICATION."
>> Pelley: GOFF DISCOVERED,
MOST USE OF FORCE IN VEGAS CAME
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00:03:50,573 --> 00:03:56,178
AFTER FOOT CHASES.
>> Goff: SO LITERALLY, THEY
STARTED TRAINING THEIR OFFICERS,
YOU'RE HIGH ON ADRENALINE, YOU
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SLOW IT DOWN, YOU COUNT TO TEN.
DON'T TOUCH THE PERSON TILL THE
BACKUP SHOWS UP.
THEY DROPPED THEIR USE OF FORCE
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BY 23% THE NEXT MONTH.
AND IT STAYED LOW, AND IT BECAME
A NATIONAL MODEL FOR TRAINING IN
FOOT PURSUITS.
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00:04:09,759 --> 00:04:17,867
>> Pelley: IN BERKLEY,
CALIFORNIA, GOFF FOUND THE
LARGEST RACIAL BIAS WAS IN
LOW-LEVEL TRAFFIC STOPS, LIKE
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00:04:17,933 --> 00:04:23,873
BROKEN TAILLIGHTS.
SO, BERKELEY STOPPED ENFORCING
MINOR VIOLATIONS.
>> Goff: THE PLACES WHERE WE
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00:04:23,939 --> 00:04:28,511
WORK, WE SEE ABOUT A 26%
REDUCTION IN USE OF FORCE AFTER
WE WERE THERE.
DON'T KNOW HOW MUCH OF THAT WAS
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00:04:28,577 --> 00:04:34,583
US, BUT ALL THE THINGS THEY
TRIED TOGETHER-- ABOUT A
QUARTER, RIGHT, OF THE USE OF
FORCE GOES AWAY.
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BUT, IN THIS MOMENT, WHAT WE'RE
GETTING ASKED FOR IS SOMETHING
DIFFERENT.
NOT "HOW DO WE MAKE POLICING
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BETTER," BUT "HOW DO WE REMOVE
POLICING FROM THE PLACES WHERE
WE HAVE ABANDONED COMMUNITIES,
AND SO WE ASK POLICE TO PUNISH
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PEOPLE WHO WE'VE ABANDONED FOR
GENERATIONS."
THAT'S THE THING THAT'S COMING
NEXT.
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>> Pelley: TO SEE WHAT'S COMING
NEXT, WE WENT TO THE CAPITAL OF
TEXAS.
PROFESSOR GOFF IS NOT ADVISING
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AUSTIN, BUT THIS LIBERAL CITY OF
ONE MILLION IS FAR ALONG IN
POLICE REFORM, EVEN AGAINST THE
RESERVATIONS OF THE CONSERVATIVE
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00:05:06,982 --> 00:05:13,856
STATE LEGISLATURE.
>> BLACK LIVES MATTER!
BLACK LIVES MATTER!
>> Pelley: WHEN GEORGE FLOYD WAS
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00:05:13,923 --> 00:05:19,995
MURDERED IN MINNEAPOLIS IN 2020,
AUSTIN WAS ALREADY SMOLDERING
OVER TWO POLICE KILLINGS OF ITS
OWN.
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00:05:20,062 --> 00:05:29,338
TWO COPS ARE CHARGED WITH MURDER
IN SHOOTINGS, NINE MONTHS APART,
OF A MENTAL PATIENT, AND AN
UNARMED MAN WHO WAS BLACK AND
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00:05:29,405 --> 00:05:37,980
LATINO.
IN A DEMONSTRATION IN JULY, AN
ARMED BLACK LIVES MATTER
PROTESTER WAS SHOT AND KILLED...
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00:05:38,047 --> 00:05:43,986
( GUNFIRE )
...BY A MAN WHO DROVE HIS CAR
INTO THE MARCH.
THE SHOOTER IS CHARGED WITH
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00:05:44,053 --> 00:05:54,363
MURDER.
AT THE PEAK OF THE UNREST, THE
CITY COUNCIL VOTED UNANIMOUSLY
TO CUT THE POLICE BUDGET 25%--
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ABOUT $150 MILLION.
THE IDEA WAS TO PREVENT CRIME--
GIVE POLICE LESS TO DO-- BY
SPENDING THE MONEY ON ADDICTION,
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00:06:02,671 --> 00:06:10,713
MENTAL ILLNESS AND HOMELESSNESS.
AUSTIN CALLED IT "REIMAGINING
PUBLIC SAFETY."
>> Goff: LAW ENFORCEMENT IS NOT
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00:06:10,780 --> 00:06:16,986
GOING TO PREVENT THE VIOLENCE.
THEY'RE GOING TO RESPOND TO IT.
AND IF WHAT YOU WANT IS LESS
VIOLENCE, YOU WANT PREVENTION.
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00:06:17,052 --> 00:06:25,461
>> Pelley: WHEN PEOPLE HEAR
ABOUT REIMAGINING THE POLICE,
THAT SEEMS TO COME UNDER THE
SLOGAN OF DEFUNDING THE POLICE.
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00:06:25,528 --> 00:06:30,833
AND I THINK MANY PEOPLE LOOK AT
THAT AND THINK, "MY COMMUNITY'S
GOING TO BE LESS SAFE."
>> Goff: I THINK THERE ARE
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00:06:30,900 --> 00:06:37,173
COMMUNITIES WHERE THAT'S
ABSOLUTELY TRUE.
OF COURSE, YOU WOULD BE.
BUT, WE'VE DEFUNDED THE SCHOOLS
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00:06:37,239 --> 00:06:40,910
IN THOSE COMMUNITIES.
WE'VE DEFUNDED MENTAL HEALTH.
WE'VE DEFUNDED THE ACTUAL
HOSPITALS.
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00:06:40,976 --> 00:06:44,113
WE'VE DEFUNDED THE JOBS.
WE'VE DEFUNDED THE HOUSING
SYSTEM.
WE'VE DEFUNDED THE GROCERY
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00:06:44,180 --> 00:06:50,019
STORES.
WHAT IF, INSTEAD OF TALKING
ABOUT JUST DEFUNDING POLICE,
WE TALKED ABOUT RE-FUNDING TO
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THE COMMUNITIES, THOSE AREAS
WHERE WE'VE TAKEN ALL THE
RESOURCES AND THE PUBLIC GOODS
AWAY?
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00:06:54,890 --> 00:07:01,997
IF WE DID THAT, HOW MUCH SAFER
DO YOU THINK WE WOULD BE?
THE REASON WHY PEOPLE ARE SO
ALLERGIC TO THE IDEA OF LESS
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00:07:02,064 --> 00:07:08,003
POLICE IS, THEY CAN'T IMAGINE A
WORLD WHERE WE TAKE BETTER CARE
OF THE PEOPLE WHO ARE
VULNERABLE.
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00:07:08,070 --> 00:07:14,009
>> Pelley: BUT ARGUMENTS LIKE
THAT DIDN'T CARRY THE TEXAS
LEGISLATURE.
( GAVEL )
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00:07:14,076 --> 00:07:22,518
REPUBLICANS PASSED A LAW
PREVENTING ANY CUTS TO POLICE
BUDGETS IN LARGE CITIES.
THE STATE GOVERNMENT AT THE
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00:07:22,585 --> 00:07:26,722
CAPITOL HAS TOLD YOU, YOU CANNOT
REDUCE THE POLICE BUDGET.
>> Spencer Cronk: CORRECT.
>> Pelley: SO, AUSTIN CITY
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00:07:26,789 --> 00:07:34,730
MANAGER SPENCER CRONK PUT THE
MONEY BACK IN THE POLICE BUDGET.
WHAT DOES THAT DO TO YOUR PLAN?
>> Cronk: I THINK IT DOESN'T DO
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00:07:34,797 --> 00:07:41,670
MUCH, TO BE HONEST, BECAUSE THIS
PLAN HAS NEVER BEEN JUST ABOUT
RESOURCES.
THIS PLAN HAS ALWAYS BEEN ABOUT,
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00:07:41,737 --> 00:07:47,042
HOW DO WE THINK DIFFERENTLY
ABOUT PROVIDING PUBLIC SAFETY TO
OUR COMMUNITY?
>> Pelley: NOW, CRONK IS
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00:07:47,109 --> 00:07:54,884
SPENDING THE MONEY DIFFERENTLY
WITHIN THE POLICE BUDGET.
HE'S UNDETERRED, PERHAPS
BECAUSE, BEFORE AUSTIN, HE RAN
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00:07:54,950 --> 00:08:02,725
THE CITY OF MINNEAPOLIS.
HE LEFT TWO YEARS BEFORE GEORGE
FLOYD WAS MURDERED.
>> Cronk: IT IS ONE OF THOSE
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00:08:02,791 --> 00:08:11,233
TIMES IN WHICH YOU KNOW THAT
THINGS HAVE TO CHANGE.
>> Pelley: CRONK STARTED THAT
CHANGE BY SHUTTING DOWN THE
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00:08:11,300 --> 00:08:18,841
AUSTIN POLICE ACADEMY FOR A
YEAR, TO REWRITE THE CURRICULUM.
DO YOU FIND YOURSELF BEING TAKEN
SERIOUSLY AROUND HERE?
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00:08:18,908 --> 00:08:26,348
>> Anne Kringen: YOU KNOW, I
WOULD SAY, IT VARIES?
>> Pelley: ANNE KRINGEN, WITH A
Ph.D. IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE, WAS
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00:08:26,415 --> 00:08:37,192
HIRED TO OVERHAUL THE ACADEMY.
SHE WAS ONCE A COP IN VIRGINIA,
AND NOW RUNS THE JUST-REOPENED
ACADEMY, ALONGSIDE 22-YEAR
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00:08:37,259 --> 00:08:42,298
VETERAN, COMMANDER CATHERINE
JOHNSON.
>> Catherine Johnson: THIS CLASS
IS THE MOST DIVERSE IN AUSTIN
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00:08:42,364 --> 00:08:47,036
POLICE DEPARTMENT'S HISTORY, AND
WE WANT TO ASK THEM-- AND WE DO
ASK THEM-- IF THEY WANT TO BE A
PART OF THE CHANGE.
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00:08:47,102 --> 00:08:54,543
>> Pelley: "THAT CHANGE" TONED
DOWN THE ACADEMY'S MILITARY-
STYLE BOOT-CAMP YOU CAN SEE IN
THESE PICTURES FROM 2012.
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00:08:54,610 --> 00:08:58,781
>> YES, SIR!
>> YES, SIR!
>> YES, SIR!
>> Pelley: NOW, THERE'S PLENTY
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00:08:58,847 --> 00:09:06,488
OF ROUGH AND TUMBLE, BUT THE
NEW CURRICULUM EMPHASIZES
DE-ESCALATION IN VIOLENT
SITUATIONS.
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00:09:06,555 --> 00:09:13,996
THERE'S A COURSE ON THE HISTORY
OF RACE AND POLICING, PLUS
VISITS, IN PLAIN CLOTHES, TO
MEET AND HEAR FROM AUSTIN'S
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00:09:14,063 --> 00:09:24,340
BLACK, BROWN, ASIAN, AND
L.G.B.T.Q. COMMUNITIES.
AND, THERE ARE LESSONS FROM
THOSE 9.5 MINUTES THAT DEFY
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00:09:24,406 --> 00:09:30,679
EXPLANATION.
YOU'RE TRAINING THE CADETS TO
INTERVENE IF THEY BELIEVE AN
OFFICER'S DOING THE WRONG THING?
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00:09:30,746 --> 00:09:34,817
>> Kringen: YES.
>> Johnson: YES.
>> Pelley: THAT'S THE MESSAGE
FROM GEORGE FLOYD?
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00:09:34,883 --> 00:09:42,224
>> Kringen: I THINK IT'S ONE OF
THE MANY MESSAGES.
I THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT
THAT THEY'RE ABLE TO THINK OF
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00:09:42,291 --> 00:09:49,164
OTHERS THAT ARE NOT POLICE
OFFICERS, WHO ARE EVERYDAY
AUSTIN CITIZENS, WHO MAY NOT
LOOK LIKE THEM-- THAT THEY CAN
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00:09:49,231 --> 00:09:56,005
HUMANIZE WITH THEM.
>> Pelley: HOW DO YOU TEACH
SOMEONE TO HEAR THE WORDS, "I
CAN'T BREATHE"?
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00:09:56,071 --> 00:10:05,180
>> Kringen: IT GOES BACK TO THE
TRAINING, OF THINKING, WHAT IS
THE RESISTANCE LEVEL?
THIS IS A PERSON.
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00:10:05,247 --> 00:10:10,819
AND THEN I THINK WE ACTUALLY
TEACH THEM THE SKILLS AND THE
TACTICS TO BE ABLE TO SAY, "I
CAN DEAL WITH THIS.
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00:10:10,886 --> 00:10:18,961
MY FOCUS HAS TO BE ON THEM.
NOT THE CROWD, BUT ON THEM."
>> Pelley: COMMANDER, YOU TALK
ABOUT EMPATHY IN ANSWERING THAT
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00:10:19,028 --> 00:10:24,666
SAME QUESTION.
>> Johnson: IT'S BEING ABLE TO
UNDERSTAND AND CARE FOR THE
INDIVIDUAL IN THE COMMUNITY THAT
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00:10:24,733 --> 00:10:32,007
YOU SERVE.
>> Pelley: CAN YOU TEACH THAT?
>> Johnson: YOU CAN TRY.
AND WE'RE GOING TO TRY.
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00:10:32,074 --> 00:10:41,350
>> BLACK LIVES MATTER!
>> Joseph Chacon: I THINK THAT
THERE REALLY WAS JUST A PALPABLE
ANGER AT THE POLICE THAT WAS
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00:10:41,417 --> 00:10:46,722
PRESENT IN OUR COMMUNITY, AND
OTHER COMMUNITIES.
TO SOME DEGREE, THAT ANGER STILL
EXISTS.
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00:10:46,789 --> 00:10:54,530
...THE CITY OF AUSTIN, SO HELP
ME GOD.
>> Pelley: JOSEPH CHACON BECAME
CHIEF LAST MONTH, AFTER HIS TWO
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00:10:54,596 --> 00:11:00,436
DECADES ON THE FORCE.
ARE YOU ESSENTIALLY ASKING THE
QUESTION, "WHAT ARE THE POLICE
FOR?"
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00:11:00,502 --> 00:11:06,742
>> Chacon: I THINK THAT IS THE
QUESTION.
YOU HAVE POLICE THAT HAVE BEEN
ASKED TO DO MORE AND MORE
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00:11:06,809 --> 00:11:14,016
DIFFERENT KINDS OF THINGS.
DO WE NEED TO LOOK AT SCALING
BACK ON WHAT THESE OTHER THINGS
ARE, AND SEE, IS IT MORE
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00:11:14,083 --> 00:11:20,022
APPROPRIATE FOR, YOU KNOW, A
CIVILIAN OR-- OR SOMEBODY ELSE,
SOME OTHER FUNCTION, TO TAKE
CARE OF THAT?
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00:11:20,089 --> 00:11:29,665
>> Pelley: CHIEF CHACON'S PLAN
IS TO SEND UNARMED CIVILIAN
EMPLOYEES TO FENDER BENDERS,
VANDALISM, OR TO TAKE REPORTS ON
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00:11:29,731 --> 00:11:41,477
AUTO THEFTS AND BURGLARIES.
OF ALL THE CALLS TO 911, ONLY 1%
INVOLVE VIOLENT CRIME-- MUCH THE
SAME AS PHILIP GOFF SEES IN THE
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00:11:41,543 --> 00:11:45,514
CITIES HE'S CONSULTING.
>> Goff: AND THE ADAGE HAS
BEEN IN LAW ENFORCEMENT
SINCE FOREVER, 80% OF
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00:11:45,581 --> 00:11:50,819
WHAT WE DO HAS NOTHING TO DO
WITH-- WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT.
IT'S ALL SOCIAL WORK.
SO, ONCE THE 911 CALLS SAY,
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00:11:50,886 --> 00:11:58,760
"HERE'S WHAT THE USES OF LAW
ENFORCEMENT ARE," YOU CAN SAY,
"HEY, THIS STUFF, THE KITTEN-UP-
THE-TREE STUFF, DO YOU NEED A
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00:11:58,827 --> 00:12:04,233
BADGE AND A GUN FOR THAT?
THE SUBSTANCE-USE STUFF.
YOU WANT A SOCIAL WORKER TO GO
THERE, SOMEONE WHO'S ACTUALLY
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00:12:04,299 --> 00:12:09,238
TRAINED IN SUBSTANCE ABUSE?
MENTAL HEALTH STUFF.
HOW ABOUT WE SEND SOMEONE WHO'S
TRAINED IN THAT, TO GO DO THAT?"
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00:12:09,304 --> 00:12:13,609
AND WE'RE STARTING TO CUT AWAY
AT THE THINGS WE'VE ASKED LAW
ENFORCEMENT TO DO, THAT THEY
DON'T WANT TO DO.
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00:12:13,675 --> 00:12:21,316
>> AUSTIN 911, WHAT'S YOUR
EMERGENCY?
>> Pelley: AMONG THOSE THINGS
ARE MENTAL HEALTH CALLS.
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00:12:21,383 --> 00:12:26,121
>> DO YOU HAVE THOUGHTS OF
SUICIDE OR SELF-HARM?
>> Pelley: AND THIS IS WHERE
AUSTIN IS A CITY LEADING THE
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00:12:26,188 --> 00:12:30,726
NATION.
>> Ken Murphy: SO NOW IN THE
CITY OF AUSTIN, WHEN YOU CALL
911, YOU WILL HEAR, "DO YOU
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00:12:30,792 --> 00:12:38,000
NEED POLICE, FIRE, E.M.S., OR
MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES?"
>> Pelley: POLICE LIEUTENANT KEN
MURPHY MANAGES 911.
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00:12:38,066 --> 00:12:45,807
>> Murphy: I DO BELIEVE ADDING
THE FOURTH OPTION TO MENTAL
HEALTH IS THE NEXT EVOLUTION OF
911.
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00:12:45,874 --> 00:12:52,915
>> Pelley: IN AUSTIN, 911'S
"FOURTH OPTION" DISPATCHES
MENTAL HEALTH CLINICIANS WHEN
INTERVENTION IS NEEDED, BUT
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00:12:52,981 --> 00:13:02,257
THERE'S NO APPARENT THREAT OF
VIOLENCE.
>> Pelley: IN 2021, THIS WAS THE
RESULT.
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00:13:02,324 --> 00:13:10,732
>> Murphy: WE WERE ABLE TO
DIVERT 3,564 CALLS AWAY FROM
POLICE RESPONSE.
>> Pelley: SO, THOSE WERE 3,600
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00:13:10,799 --> 00:13:14,836
CALLS THE POLICE NEVER GOT--
THEY DIDN'T HAVE TO RESPOND--
>> Murphy: CORRECT.
>> Pelley: WHICH LEFT THEM TO DO
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00:13:14,903 --> 00:13:22,811
WHATEVER ELSE THEY NEEDED TO DO.
>> Murphy: RESPOND TO EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS.
>> Pelley: THAT WORK-LOAD OFF
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00:13:22,878 --> 00:13:32,020
COPS COMES AT A CRITICAL MOMENT.
LIKE MANY CITIES, CHIEF JOSEPH
CHACON'S DEPARTMENT IS SUFFERING
A QUIET CRISIS.
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00:13:32,087 --> 00:13:38,727
POLICE OFFICERS I'VE TALKED TO
HAVE TOLD ME, SINCE GEORGE
FLOYD, THAT THEY DON'T FEEL LIKE
THEY ARE RESPECTED.
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00:13:38,794 --> 00:13:43,999
COPS ARE RETIRING ALL OVER THE
COUNTRY.
>> Chacon: YEAH, THEY'RE
RETIRING HERE AS WELL.
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00:13:44,066 --> 00:13:53,709
MY ATTRITION RATE IS ABOUT
TRIPLE WHAT IT WAS FOUR YEARS
AGO.
BUT WHAT I TELL OUR OFFICERS IS
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00:13:53,775 --> 00:13:58,113
THAT, I KNOW THE MEN AND WOMEN
OF THIS DEPARTMENT.
I KNOW THEIR HEARTS.
AND WHEN THEY'RE OUT THERE AND
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00:13:58,180 --> 00:14:05,887
THEY'RE DOING THEIR JOB, THEY
NEED TO CONCENTRATE ON THAT, AND
NOT ON ANY FALSE NARRATIVE THERE
MIGHT BE ABOUT HOW POLICING IS
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00:14:05,954 --> 00:14:10,726
JUST ABSOLUTELY BROKEN.
CAN WE DO THINGS BETTER?
CERTAINLY.
BUT THERE'S MANY THINGS THAT I
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00:14:10,792 --> 00:14:18,734
THINK THAT WE DO VERY WELL.
>> Pelley: THE PERIOD AFTER
GEORGE FLOYD HAS BEEN DEADLY FOR
OFFICERS, TOO.
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00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:26,708
THE F.B.I. REPORTS, THIS YEAR,
66 HAVE BEEN MURDERED, A 53%
JUMP FROM 2020.
THE LEADING CAUSE OF THESE
127
00:14:26,775 --> 00:14:37,753
DEATHS HAS BEEN UNPROVOKED
ATTACKS.
AUSTIN, AND CITIES ADVISED BY
PHILIP GOFF, ARE ASKING WHETHER
128
00:14:37,819 --> 00:14:46,728
JUSTICE AND SAFETY CAN BE FOUND
IN RELIEVING POVERTY, ADDICTION,
AND MENTAL ILLNESS, WHILE
FOCUSING POLICE ON THOSE "THINGS
129
00:14:46,795 --> 00:14:56,004
THEY DO VERY WELL."
>> Goff: THEY COULD BE THE MODEL
FOR HOW WE START OVER AT KEEPING
THE VULNERABLE FOLKS IN OUR
130
00:14:56,071 --> 00:15:01,943
COMMUNITIES SAFE.
THEY COULD SAY, "WE'RE GOING
TO DO THIS DIFFERENTLY THAN
WE'VE EVER DONE THIS IN THE
131
00:15:02,010 --> 00:15:08,016
UNITED STATES BEFORE."
THEY COULD BE WHO WE TELL
OURSELVES WE ALREADY ARE, ABOUT
RACIAL JUSTICE IN THIS COUNTRY.
132
00:15:08,083 --> 00:15:21,963
THAT'S-- THAT'S THE PROMISE.
( TICKING )
>> Whitaker: IF YOU ARE
PLANNING TO TRAVEL BY AIR OVER
133
00:15:22,030 --> 00:15:29,371
THE THANKSGIVING OR CHRISTMAS
HOLIDAYS-- AND MILLIONS OF
AMERICANS ARE-- WOULD YOU JUMP
AT THE CHANCE TO GET TO YOUR
134
00:15:29,438 --> 00:15:34,776
DESTINATION IN HALF THE TIME?
DOES NEW YORK TO LOS ANGELES IN
UNDER THREE HOURS SOUND
APPEALING?
135
00:15:34,843 --> 00:15:42,084
THE LAST COMMERCIAL SUPERSONIC
FLIGHT WAS ALMOST 20 YEARS AGO,
AND EVEN THEN, SUPER-FAST
FLIGHTS WERE ONLY ON VERY
136
00:15:42,150 --> 00:15:50,359
LIMITED ROUTES.
MOST OF TODAY'S JETLINERS
ACTUALLY FLY MORE SLOWLY THAN
THEY DID 20 OR 30 YEARS AGO,
137
00:15:50,425 --> 00:15:58,567
IN ORDER TO SAVE FUEL.
BUT THAT MAY BE ABOUT TO CHANGE.
IT'S STILL A LONG SHOT, BUT
PRIVATE START-UP COMPANIES--
138
00:15:58,633 --> 00:16:06,074
WITH A BIG ASSIST FROM NASA--
MAY JUST GIVE US ALL ANOTHER
CHANCE TO FLY FASTER THAN THE
SPEED OF SOUND.
139
00:16:06,141 --> 00:16:17,819
( JET ROAR )
WHEN BRITISH AIRWAYS FLIGHT 002
ROARED INTO THE NEW YORK SKY ON
OCTOBER 24, 2003, EVERYONE ON
140
00:16:17,886 --> 00:16:24,059
BOARD-- PASSENGERS AND PILOTS--
KNEW THAT SOMETHING SPECIAL WAS
COMING TO AN END.
>> Pilot: ENJOY THE MOMENT, AS
141
00:16:24,126 --> 00:16:30,065
YOU ARE THE LAST PEOPLE IN THE
WORLD, AS PASSENGERS, TO CRUISE
AT TWICE THE SPEED OF SOUND.
>> Whitaker: THE SUPERSONIC
142
00:16:30,132 --> 00:16:38,073
CONCORDE, A JOINT EFFORT OF THE
BRITISH AND FRENCH GOVERNMENTS,
WAS MAKING ITS LAST FLIGHT AFTER
NEARLY 30 YEARS IN THE AIR,
143
00:16:38,140 --> 00:16:44,679
GROUNDED BY A COMBINATION OF
STRATOSPHERIC COSTS, AND
SFETY CONCERNS AFTER A DEADLY
CRASH IN 2000.
144
00:16:44,746 --> 00:16:49,851
EVEN PEOPLE WATCHING THAT
LAST LANDING IN LONDON WERE
EMOTIONAL.
>> Kid: I JUST LOVE AIRPLANES.
145
00:16:49,918 --> 00:16:54,055
>> Interviewer: AND THERE'S NOT
GOING TO BE ANYTHING LIKE
CONCORDE AGAIN, IS THERE?
>> Kid: NEVER.
146
00:16:54,122 --> 00:16:58,960
>> Whitaker: WELL, YOU KNOW THAT
OLD MAXIM, "NEVER SAY NEVER?"
>> Blake Scholl: SUPERSONIC'S
COMING BACK.
147
00:16:59,027 --> 00:17:05,167
AND IT'S GOING TO BE DIFFERENT
THIS TIME.
IT'S-- IT'S BACK TO STAY.
>> Whitaker: BLAKE SCHOLL IS THE
148
00:17:05,233 --> 00:17:12,073
FOUNDER AND C.E.O. OF BOOM.
HIS AUDACIOUS GOAL IS TO BUILD A
NEW SUPERSONIC AIRLINER FROM
SCRATCH.
149
00:17:12,140 --> 00:17:18,780
HAS A PRIVATE COMPANY EVER BUILT
A SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT, ANYWHERE?
>> Scholl: NO.
NO, NOWHERE.
150
00:17:18,847 --> 00:17:24,085
IT'S BEEN GOVERNMENTS AND
MILITARIES ONLY.
>> Whitaker: BOOM IS NOT THE
ONLY AMERICAN START-UP COMPANY
151
00:17:24,152 --> 00:17:30,158
IN THE NEW SUPERSONIC
SWEEPSTAKES.
SPIKE IS DEVELOPING AN
ULTRA-FAST BUSINESS JET, AND
152
00:17:30,225 --> 00:17:38,767
HERMEUS ASPIRES TO MAKE A
HYPERSONIC PLANE THAT WOULD FLY
FIVE TIMES THE SPEED OF SOUND.
BUT BOOM IS THE ONLY ENTRANT TO
153
00:17:38,834 --> 00:17:45,640
ACTUALLY BUILD AN AIRPLANE.
THIS IS IT?
>> Scholl: THAT'S IT.
>> Whitaker: OH, WOW.
154
00:17:45,707 --> 00:17:52,647
SO FAR, BLAKE SCHOLL AND BOOM
HAVE BUILT THIS SINGLE-SEATER
TEST PLANE, DUE TO MAKE ITS
FIRST FLIGHT NEXT YEAR.
155
00:17:52,714 --> 00:18:00,088
THE PASSENGER JET MEANT TO
FOLLOW IS CALLED OVERTURE.
IT ONLY EXISTS IN ARTIST
RENDERINGS, BUT IT'S REAL ENOUGH
156
00:18:00,155 --> 00:18:06,428
FOR ONE OF AMERICA'S LARGEST
AIRLINES TO CLIMB ON BOARD.
SO, IS THE OVERTURE THE PLANE
THAT UNITED RECENTLY ORDERED?
157
00:18:06,495 --> 00:18:14,269
>> Scholl: THAT'S RIGHT.
UNITED JUST ORDERED 15 OVERTURE
AIRPLANES.
SO, MORE OVERTURES THAN
158
00:18:14,336 --> 00:18:18,874
CONCORDES WERE EVER DELIVERED
INTO SERVICE.
>> Whitaker: IS THIS UNITED DEAL
LIKE A-- A STAMP OF APPROVAL?
159
00:18:18,940 --> 00:18:24,079
>> Scholl: I THINK IT'S
INCREDIBLY VALIDATING.
YOU KNOW, WHEN YOU ARE UNITED,
YOU TAKE-- YOU TAKE THESE THINGS
160
00:18:24,145 --> 00:18:30,652
REALLY SERIOUSLY.
>> Whitaker: SERIOUSLY ENOUGH TO
PRODUCE A SLICK PROMOTIONAL
VIDEO THAT'S ALREADY PLAYING ON
161
00:18:30,719 --> 00:18:38,760
MANY UNITED FLIGHTS.
♪ ♪ ♪
>> Whitaker: THE AD MAY SAY
"SUPERSONIC IS HERE," BUT IT'S
162
00:18:38,827 --> 00:18:46,768
NOT-- NOT YET.
BLAKE SCHOLL IS A SOFTWARE
ENGINEER WHO STARTED HIS CAREER
AT AMAZON, NOT IN AEROSPACE.
163
00:18:46,835 --> 00:18:52,607
BUT HE INSISTS HE'S GOING TO
MAKE IT HAPPEN.
>> Scholl: WHEN I LOOK SEVERAL
DECADES OUT, YOU KNOW, WHAT I
164
00:18:52,674 --> 00:18:58,747
WANT IS TO BE ABLE TO BE
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD IN
FOUR HOURS, FOR 100 BUCKS.
NOW, THAT'S NOT WHERE WE START.
165
00:18:58,813 --> 00:19:06,087
BUT THAT'S THE END GOAL.
>> Whitaker: THE CONCORDE
CHARGED THOUSANDS-- THOUSANDS OF
DOLLARS FOR A ONE-WAY FLIGHT
166
00:19:06,154 --> 00:19:14,696
FROM NEW YORK TO LONDON.
HOW IS IT GOING TO BE POSSIBLE
FOR YOU TO HAVE A SIMILAR FLIGHT
EXPERIENCE FOR $100?
167
00:19:14,763 --> 00:19:18,967
>> Scholl: YOU KEEP ITERATING.
AND SO, THE SAME WAY-- YOU KNOW,
FOR EXAMPLE, ELECTRIC CARS, WHEN
THEY FIRST CAME OUT, THEY WERE
168
00:19:19,034 --> 00:19:23,939
PRETTY EXPENSIVE.
BUT WE KEPT WORKING ON THEM.
AND THE PRICE CAME DOWN.
THEY GOT BETTER AND BETTER.
169
00:19:24,005 --> 00:19:26,975
AND SO, WE'RE GOING TO DO THE
SAME THING WITH SUPERSONIC JETS.
WE'RE GOING TO KEEP WORKING ON
THEM.
170
00:19:27,042 --> 00:19:33,715
WE'RE GOING TO KEEP INNOVATING.
>> Jon Ostrower: THIS INDUSTRY
NEEDS PEOPLE DREAMING BIG.
THAT IS ESSENTIAL.
171
00:19:33,782 --> 00:19:38,787
THIS INDUSTRY WAS BUILT ON THAT.
>> Whitaker: JON OSTROWER IS
EDITOR IN CHIEF OF THE "AIR
CURRENT," A PUBLICATION THAT
172
00:19:38,853 --> 00:19:46,761
TRACKS EVERY DEVELOPMENT IN
COMMERICAL AVIATION, INCLUDING
BOOM AND BLAKE SCHOLL.
HE ADMITS THAT IT'S--
173
00:19:46,828 --> 00:19:57,272
SOMETHING LIKE HE IS PROPOSING
HAS NEVER BEEN DONE BY A PRIVATE
COMPANY BEFORE.
BUT YET, HE'S CONVINCED THAT HE
174
00:19:57,339 --> 00:20:02,877
CAN DO IT.
DO YOU THINK HE CAN?
>> Ostrower: I THINK YOU CANNOT
IGNORE THE OBSTACLES THAT WILL
175
00:20:02,944 --> 00:20:12,087
BE ON THE PATH TO GETTING THERE.
AND I THINK THE AMOUNT OF MONEY
THAT IS-- IS REQUIRED TO MAKE
THIS HAPPEN, MAKES THIS A VERY
176
00:20:12,153 --> 00:20:18,093
LONG SHOT.
>> Whitaker: HOW MUCH MONEY WILL
IT TAKE?
>> Ostrower: PROBABLY IN THE
177
00:20:18,159 --> 00:20:24,099
NEIGHBORHOOD OF AT LEAST $15 OR
$20 BILLION.
>> Whitaker: OSTROWER SAYS
THAT'S ABOUT WHAT IT COST BOEING
178
00:20:24,165 --> 00:20:33,375
TO DEVELOP AND BUILD AND CERTIFY
A NEW SUB-SONIC AIRLINER, AND
THEY ALREADY HAVE HUGE
MANUFACTURING FACILITIES.
179
00:20:33,441 --> 00:20:41,650
BOOM DOESN'T.
BLAKE SCHOLL TOLD US HE CAN GET
OVERTURE BUILT FOR $7 TO $8
BILLION, BUT THAT'S A LOT MORE
180
00:20:41,716 --> 00:20:48,089
THAN THE $300 MILLION HE'S
RAISED SO FAR.
AND MONEY'S NOT THE ONLY HURDLE.
BOOM AND UNITED HAVE PROMISED
181
00:20:48,156 --> 00:20:56,931
THEIR NEW PLANE WILL OPERATE ON
100% SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUEL,
BUT THAT DOESN'T EXIST YET IN
ANYTHING LIKE THE QUANTITIES
182
00:20:56,998 --> 00:21:01,770
THEY'LL NEED.
OH, AND ONE OTHER THING:
>> Ostrower: THEY'RE GOING TO
NEED AN ENGINE TO DO THIS.
183
00:21:01,836 --> 00:21:05,373
>> Whitaker: AND THEY DON'T HAVE
THE ENGINE YET.
>> Ostrower: THEY DON'T HAVE AN
ENGINE.
184
00:21:05,440 --> 00:21:10,779
>> Whitaker: BLAKE SCHOLL SAYS
AN ENGINE IS ON THE WAY, FROM
THE SAME COMPANY THAT BUILT THE
SUPERSONIC ENGINES FOR THE
185
00:21:10,845 --> 00:21:16,718
CONCORDE.
>> Scholl: AND WE ARE WORKING
WITH ROLLS ROYCE ON A CUSTOM JET
ENGINE THAT WILL POWER OVERTURE.
186
00:21:16,785 --> 00:21:21,389
>> Whitaker: YOU'RE WORKING WITH
ROLLS ROYCE.
IT-- IT DOESN'T EX-- THIS ENGINE
DOES NOT EXIST YET?
187
00:21:21,456 --> 00:21:26,761
>> Scholl: IT IS A-- IT IS A
LIGHTLY CUSTOMIZED ENGINE.
AND PART OF THAT IS ROLLS
ROYCE'S WORK, WHERE THEY'RE KIND
188
00:21:26,828 --> 00:21:33,868
OF TURNING SOME DESIGN KNOBS.
>> Whitaker: BLAKE SCHOLL
DOESN'T DISMISS THE SKEPTICS,
BUT HE POINTS TO THE EXAMPLE
189
00:21:33,935 --> 00:21:40,208
OF ELON MUSK, AND SAYS NOT SO
LONG AGO, NO ONE THOUGHT HE
COULD BUILD TESLAS AND REUSABLE
ROCKETS.
190
00:21:40,275 --> 00:21:44,713
WHERE DOES THIS PASSION COME
FROM?
>> Scholl: IT'S BECAUSE WE
STOPPED MAKING PROGRESS ON THE
191
00:21:44,779 --> 00:21:49,751
SPEED OF TRAVEL.
YOU KNOW, THE AIRPLANES WE HAVE
TODAY ARE NO FASTER THAN THE
ONES WE HAD WHEN MY PARENTS WERE
192
00:21:49,818 --> 00:21:54,089
GROWING UP.
AND THERE IS NO GOOD REASON FOR
THAT.
IT DOESN'T HAVE TO BE.
193
00:21:54,155 --> 00:22:00,095
WE CAN FIX IT.
>> Whitaker: WHEN DO YOU EXPECT
THE FIRST PAYING CUSTOMERS TO
FLY ON ONE OF YOUR PLANES?
194
00:22:00,161 --> 00:22:06,101
>> Scholl: BY THE END OF THE
DECADE.
>> Whitaker: SUPERSONIC REALLY
ONLY MAKES SENSE ON FLIGHTS OF
195
00:22:06,167 --> 00:22:13,374
FOUR OR FIVE HOURS, OR MORE.
BUT THOUSANDS OF SUCH ROUTES ARE
OUT OF REACH TO BOOM.
THE REASON IS IN THE VERY NAME
196
00:22:13,441 --> 00:22:20,515
OF HIS COMPANY.
( SONIC BOOM )
THAT'S THE SOUND OF A SONIC BOOM
CREATED BY A PLANE BREAKING THE
197
00:22:20,582 --> 00:22:26,755
SOUND BARRIER.
LISTEN AGAIN:
( SONIC BOOM )
THE FIRST BOOM WAS MADE BY CHUCK
198
00:22:26,821 --> 00:22:34,763
YEAGER'S X-1 ROCKET PLANE WHEN
IT PASSED THROUGH MACH ONE--
ABOUT 660 MILES PER HOUR--
BACK IN 1947.
199
00:22:34,829 --> 00:22:41,569
>> Announcer: AND HE DOES IT.
( SONIC BOOM )
>> Whitaker: WHAT IS THE SONIC
BOOM?
200
00:22:41,636 --> 00:22:46,775
WHAT-- WHAT GENERATES IT?
>> Mike Buonanno: SO, WHEN AN
AIRCRAFT FLIES FASTER THAN THE
SPEED OF SOUND, IT CREATES
201
00:22:46,841 --> 00:22:54,082
DISTURBANCES.
>> Whitaker: MIKE BUONANNO IS A
TOP ENGINEER AT LOCKHEED
MARTIN'S "SKUNKWORKS" AIRCRAFT
202
00:22:54,149 --> 00:22:59,320
DESIGN STUDIO IN CALIFORNIA.
DAVE RICHARDSON IS HIS BOSS.
>> Dave Richardson: A LOT OF US
UNDERSTAND THE WAKE THAT'S
203
00:22:59,387 --> 00:23:05,860
GENERATED BY A SHIP OR A BOAT.
AND SO, IMAGINE THAT WAKE FROM A
SPEED BOAT OR WHATEVER, ALL
THOSE DIFFERENT WAVES COMING TO
204
00:23:05,927 --> 00:23:10,765
BE ONE LARGE WAVE.
>> Buonanno: THOSE INDIVIDUAL
DISTURBANCES CREATED UP BY THE
AIRPLANE, THEY COMBINE TOGETHER
205
00:23:10,832 --> 00:23:18,106
TO MAKE A LOUD DOUBLE BANG.
>> Whitaker: THE FEDERAL
AVIATION ADMINISTRATION TESTED
THE IMPACT OF THAT BIG BANG BACK
206
00:23:18,173 --> 00:23:26,781
IN 1964, BY FLYING MILITARY
SUPERSONIC JETS LIKE THESE OVER
OKLAHOMA CITY FOR SIX MONTHS.
THE OUTCOME?
207
00:23:26,848 --> 00:23:33,955
BROKEN BRICKS AND CEILINGS,
FRAYED NERVES AND PUBLIC
OUTRAGE.
>> Buonanno: IT WAS JUST
208
00:23:34,022 --> 00:23:39,294
PATENTLY OBVIOUS THAT NO ONE WAS
GOING TO TOLERATE SUCH A LOUD
NOISE ON A DAY-TO-DAY BASIS.
>> Whitaker: THE RESULT WAS A
209
00:23:39,360 --> 00:23:46,734
BAN ON CIVILIAN SUPERSONIC
FLIGHTS EVERYWHERE IN THE WORLD,
OTHER THAN OVER OPEN WATER.
>> Buonanno: AND THAT BASICALLY
210
00:23:46,801 --> 00:23:54,075
HIT THE BRAKES ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL
AIR TRAVEL, IN TERMS OF AN
ADVANCING SPEED.
211
00:23:54,142 --> 00:23:58,780
UP UNTIL THAT BAN, EVERY DECADE,
AIR TRAVEL HAD GOTTEN FASTER AND
FASTER.
>> Whitaker: THE BAN REMAINS IN
212
00:23:58,847 --> 00:24:06,387
PLACE TODAY.
SO, IF BOOM GETS ITS OVERTURE IN
THE AIR, IT WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO
SERVE LONG TRANS-OCEANIC ROUTES,
213
00:24:06,454 --> 00:24:11,359
SIMILAR TO WHAT THE CONCORDE
FLEW.
>> Buonanno: SO IF YOU WANT TO
GO FROM J.F.K. IN NEW YORK TO
214
00:24:11,426 --> 00:24:18,633
PARIS, THAT'S OKAY.
BUT FOR MANY OF US, WE WANT TO
FLY PLACES OVER LAND.
HERE LIVING IN LOS ANGELES,
215
00:24:18,700 --> 00:24:24,105
ALMOST EVERYWHERE I WANT TO GO--
FLYING EAST, REQUIRES OVER-LAND
TRAVEL.
AND THAT'S ONE OF THE
216
00:24:24,172 --> 00:24:29,110
BIG PROBLEMS THAT WE'RE
TRYING TO SOLVE.
>> Whitaker: BUONANNO AND
RICHARDSON AND THEIR LOCKHEED
217
00:24:29,177 --> 00:24:36,084
MARTIN TEAM HAVE BEEN
COMMISSIONED BY NASA TO BUILD A
TEST PLANE THAT CAN FLY TWICE AS
FAST AS CURRENT AIRLINERS,
218
00:24:36,150 --> 00:24:42,757
WITHOUT RATTLING NERVES OR
BREAKING WINDOWS.
YOUR MISSION IS TO GET RID OF
THIS SONIC BOOM?
219
00:24:42,824 --> 00:24:50,798
>> Buonanno: THAT'S RIGHT.
THE ENTIRE POINT OF THE AIRPLANE
IS TO REDUCE SONIC BOOM.
>> Whitaker: THE AIRPLANE IS
220
00:24:50,865 --> 00:24:57,372
CALLED THE X-59.
IT WILL LOOK LIKE THIS, WHEN
IT MAKES ITS FIRST FLIGHT NEXT
YEAR.
221
00:24:57,438 --> 00:25:02,777
FOR NOW, IT LOOKS LIKE THIS,
INSIDE LOCKHEED MARTIN'S
ASSEMBLY BUILDING.
>> Richardson: YOU'RE LOOKING AT
222
00:25:02,844 --> 00:25:09,918
THE COCKPIT OF THE AIRPLANE, AND
THERE'S NO FORWARD WINDSCREEN.
THIS IS IT.
>> Whitaker: EVERY PART OF THE
223
00:25:09,984 --> 00:25:18,092
X-59 IS STREAMLINED AND SMOOTH,
TO DISPERSE SOUND WAVES AND
TRANSFORM THE LOUD SONIC BOOM
INTO A MUCH QUIETER "THUMP."
224
00:25:18,159 --> 00:25:24,098
>> Nils Larson: IF YOU LOOK AT
IT, IT'S PRETTY SLICK.
I MEAN, IT LOOKS LIKE A DART.
>> Whitaker: NILS LARSON IS THE
225
00:25:24,165 --> 00:25:33,574
NASA TEST PILOT WHOSE JOB IT
WILL BE TO PROVE THAT THE X-59
CAN REPLACE THE SONIC BOOM WITH
A SIMPLE THUMP.
226
00:25:33,641 --> 00:25:40,915
STARTING NEXT YEAR, HE'LL PILOT
SOME OF THE EARLY TEST FLIGHTS,
AND THEN ITS FIRST SOUND TESTS.
>> Larson: THAT'S COMING TO A
227
00:25:40,982 --> 00:25:46,921
TOWN NEAR YOU.
SO, OUR RESEARCHERS ARE GOING
TO WORK WITH THE PUBLIC, AND
WE'RE GOING TO FLY OVER VARIOUS
228
00:25:46,988 --> 00:25:54,095
CITIES AND TOWNS, AND THEY'RE
GOING TO GIVE US THE FEEDBACK
OF THAT THUMP.
WAS THAT THUMP TOO LOUD?
229
00:25:54,162 --> 00:26:00,101
YOU KNOW, DID YOU EVEN HEAR IT
AT ALL?
>> Whitaker: SO, IF YOU ARE ABLE
TO FLY OVER POPULATED AREAS, AND
230
00:26:00,168 --> 00:26:06,774
PROVIDE THIS DATA, THEN THE
F.A.A. WILL USE THIS DATA,
PERHAPS, TO LIFT THIS BAN?
>> Larson: EXACTLY.
231
00:26:06,841 --> 00:26:14,782
>> Whitaker: ARE WE LIKELY TO
SEE PLANES IN THE FUTURE FLYING
SUPERSONIC THAT LOOK LIKE THIS
ONE?
232
00:26:14,849 --> 00:26:21,055
>> Larson: I CERTAINLY HOPE SO.
AND I THINK YOU WILL.
SO, THERE ARE DEFINITE THINGS
THAT YOU WOULD SEE, IF YOU
233
00:26:21,122 --> 00:26:26,761
WALKED INTO A COMMERCIAL, YOU
KNOW, SUPERSONIC AIRPLANE HERE,
YOU KNOW, TEN, 12 YEARS FROM
NOW, AND YOU WERE TO LOOK AT
234
00:26:26,828 --> 00:26:34,769
THAT, YOU COULD SEE, YOU KNOW,
SOME D.N.A. THAT GOES BACK TO
THE X-59.
>> Whitaker: LARSON TOOK US OVER
235
00:26:34,836 --> 00:26:42,276
TO NASA'S X-59 FLIGHT SIMULATOR,
AND THE FIRST THING WE NOTICED
IS THAT THERE'S A TV SCREEN IN
PLACE OF THE MISSING WINDSHIELD.
236
00:26:42,343 --> 00:26:48,082
FOR YOU, DOES IT WORK AS WELL AS
USING YOUR OWN EYES?
>> Larson: YEAH, I THINK--
SO FAR, I THINK IT DOES.
237
00:26:48,149 --> 00:26:52,120
ABOUT TO GO THROUGH MACH ONE.
THERE'S MACH ONE.
YOU KNOW, YOU SEE--
>> Whitaker: SO WE'RE NOW GOING
238
00:26:52,186 --> 00:26:56,424
SUPERSONIC.
>> Larson: YUP, YOU'RE NOW
SUPERSONIC.
>> Whitaker: LARSON GAVE ME A
239
00:26:56,491 --> 00:27:05,333
TURN IN THE COCKPIT-- NOT TO
FLY SUPERSONIC, BUT TO LAND THE
X-59-- WHICH IS TRICKY, GIVEN
THAT IT'S SHAPED LIKE A PENCIL,
240
00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:10,004
HAS NO WINDSHIELD, AND I'M NOT A
PILOT.
>> Larson: COME UP, FOLLOW THEM
UP JUST A LITTLE BIT.
241
00:27:10,071 --> 00:27:16,144
SO, PULL BACK JUST A LITTLE BIT,
LITTLE BIT MORE.
AND JUST HOLD IT RIGHT THERE.
HOLD IT RIGHT THERE.
242
00:27:16,210 --> 00:27:19,981
THERE YOU GO.
YOU JUST LANDED THE X-59.
AND IN THE MIDDLE OF THE RUNWAY!
>> Whitaker: I LANDED-- I LANDED
243
00:27:20,048 --> 00:27:22,784
THE--
>> Larson: THAT'S BETTER THAN I
DID.
( LAUGHS )
244
00:27:22,850 --> 00:27:30,091
SIGN HIM UP!
>> Whitaker: NILS LARSON WILL
START TEST-FLYING THE REAL X-59
SOMETIME NEXT YEAR.
245
00:27:30,158 --> 00:27:38,766
AND SOON AFTER THAT, HE'LL BE
FLYING IT OVER US.
AND IF IT'S QUIET ENOUGH, FUTURE
PLANES THAT FOLLOW ITS DESIGN
246
00:27:38,833 --> 00:27:46,774
LEAD COULD EVENTUALLY FLY US
LOTS OF PLACES, TWICE AS FAST AS
WE CAN GET THERE NOW.
WHEN MIGHT I BE ABLE TO FLY FROM
247
00:27:46,841 --> 00:27:51,179
NEW YORK TO LOS ANGELES IN A
SUPERSONIC PLANE?
>> Richardson: SO THERE'S--
THERE'S A LONG LINE OF THINGS
248
00:27:51,245 --> 00:27:57,819
THAT HAVE TO HAPPEN, STARTING
WITH THE X-59.
BUT I THINK 2035 IS YOUR ANSWER,
IF EVERYTHING MARCHES ALONG THE
249
00:27:57,885 --> 00:28:02,857
WAY THAT IT'S SUPPOSED TO.
>> Whitaker: IT'S SOMETHING THAT
PEOPLE HAVE BEEN TRYING TO SOLVE
FOR-- FOR DECADES.
250
00:28:02,924 --> 00:28:09,597
HAVE YOU GUYS SOLVED THAT
PROBLEM?
>> Buonanno: WE BELIEVE WE HAVE.
IT'S REWARDING SEEING IT GETTING
251
00:28:09,664 --> 00:28:15,136
BUILT.
BUT I THINK THAT REAL "AHA"
MOMENT FOR ME IS GOING TO BE
WHEN I HEAR THAT FIRST SHAPED
252
00:28:15,203 --> 00:28:20,274
BOOM FROM X-59.
>> Whitaker: THUMP, THUMP.
>> Buonanno: THUMP, THUMP.
>> Richardson: WE WON'T HEAR
253
00:28:20,341 --> 00:28:26,781
THIS BANG.
AND WHEN WE HEAR, OR DON'T HEAR,
THAT SOUND, IS WHEN WE KNOW WE
DID IT.
254
00:28:26,848 --> 00:28:28,249
( TICKING )
255
00:28:35,490 --> 00:28:42,797
( TICKING )
>> Cooper: WHEN WORKERS
BROKE GROUND ON AN UNDERGROUND
PARKING LOT IN THE HEART OF ROME
256
00:28:42,864 --> 00:28:48,769
15 YEARS AGO, THEY HAD NO IDEA
WHAT THEIR BACKHOES WERE ABOUT
TO UNEARTH.
THE SITE TURNED OUT TO BE WHAT
257
00:28:48,836 --> 00:28:55,543
ITALIAN ARCHEOLOGISTS BELIEVE
WAS ONCE "THE PLEASURE GARDENS"
OF THE ROMAN EMPEROR CALIGULA--
WHERE SOME 2,000 YEARS AGO, ALL
258
00:28:55,610 --> 00:29:03,451
SORTS OF LAVISH PARTIES, ROYAL
INTRIGUE, AND DEBAUCHED BEHAVIOR
LIKELY TOOK PLACE.
CALIGULA BECAME THE THIRD
259
00:29:03,518 --> 00:29:10,324
EMPEROR OF ROME IN 37 A.D.,
AND HE REIGNED FOR BARELY
FOUR YEARS.
HE'S BEEN PORTRAYED IN HISTORY
260
00:29:10,391 --> 00:29:17,832
AS ONE OF THE MOST DERANGED AND
DESPICABLE ROMAN EMPERORS EVER
TO RULE, BUT FOR YEARS, SCHOLARS
HAVE BEEN RE-EXAMINING PARTS OF
261
00:29:17,899 --> 00:29:23,437
CALIGULA'S STORY, TO SEE IF
HISTORY HAS IT RIGHT.
COULD WE DISCOVER SOME NEW
FRAGMENTS OF TRUTH IN CALIGULA'S
262
00:29:23,504 --> 00:29:30,778
GARDENS?
WE WERE MORE THAN HAPPY TO GO TO
ROME, TO FIND OUT.
THE TEMPLES AND PALACES OF
263
00:29:30,845 --> 00:29:36,984
ANCIENT ROME MAY HAVE CRUMBLED
LONG AGO, BUT THE LEGEND OF ONE
OF ITS ODDEST EMPERORS LIVES ON.
>> Caligula: DOWN ON YOUR KNEES,
264
00:29:37,051 --> 00:29:41,989
ALL OF YOU.
BEND YOUR HEADS.
I SHALL SEVER EACH ONE AT THE
NECK.
265
00:29:42,056 --> 00:29:47,428
>> Cooper: WHAT MOST PEOPLE
KNOW ABOUT CALIGULA COMES
FROM THIS ICONIC BBC SERIES,
"I, CLAUDIUS," WHICH WAS BASED
266
00:29:47,495 --> 00:29:54,202
ON TWO HISTORICAL NOVELS BY
ROBERT GRAVES.
♪ ♪ ♪
IN THE SHOW, CALIGULA TURNS
267
00:29:54,268 --> 00:30:01,943
HIS PALACE INTO A BROTHEL,
MAKES HIS HORSE A HIGH-RANKING
SENATOR, AND DECLARES HIMSELF A
LIVING GOD.
268
00:30:02,009 --> 00:30:09,617
>> Caligula: FOR NOW, YOU MAY
ADDRESS ME AS ZEUS.
>> Cooper: IT'S A TORRID TALE OF
INCEST, INFANTICIDE...
269
00:30:09,684 --> 00:30:15,289
>> DON'T GO IN THERE.
>> Caligula: ( LAUGHS )
>> Cooper: ...AND IMPERIAL
MADNESS.
270
00:30:15,356 --> 00:30:21,529
>> HELP ME!
>> Cooper: BUT HOW MUCH OF THAT
PORTRAYAL IS REAL?
DID CALIGULA IMPREGNATE HIS
271
00:30:21,596 --> 00:30:26,601
SISTER AND THEN EAT HER BABY?
>> Andrew Wallace-Hadrill:
( LAUGHS )
CALIGULA DID NOT IMPREGNATE HIS
272
00:30:26,667 --> 00:30:30,771
SISTER AND EAT HER BABY.
>> Cooper: DID CALIGULA MAKE A
HORSE A HIGH-RANKING SENATOR OR
CONSUL?
273
00:30:30,838 --> 00:30:35,309
>> Wallace-Hadrill: NO, NO, OF
COURSE HE DIDN'T.
>> Cooper: DID HE TURN HIS
PALACE INTO A BROTHEL?
274
00:30:35,376 --> 00:30:39,814
>> Wallace-Hadrill: NO.
>> Cooper: SO, WHERE DID ALL
THESE IDEAS COME FROM?
>> Wallace-Hadrill: WELL,
275
00:30:39,880 --> 00:30:47,922
LARGELY FROM ROBERT GRAVES.
YOU KNOW, HIS "I, CLAUDIUS"
NOVELS ARE AWESOME.
BUT HE WASN'T AN ACADEMIC.
276
00:30:47,989 --> 00:30:53,995
HE WAS A WRITER.
>> Cooper: ANDREW WALLACE-
HADRILL IS AN ACADEMIC-- A
PROFESSOR EMERITUS AT THE
277
00:30:54,061 --> 00:30:59,433
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, AND
HE'S CLOSELY STUDIED THE FEW
WRITTEN ACCOUNTS THAT SURVIVE
FROM CALIGULA'S TIME.
278
00:30:59,500 --> 00:31:03,971
I GREW UP WATCHING "I,
CLAUDIUS."
I LOVED THE BOOK.
I LOVE THE OLD TV SERIES.
279
00:31:04,038 --> 00:31:09,710
YOU'RE TELLING ME, A LOT OF THAT
JUST WASN'T TRUE.
>> Wallace-Hadrill: NOW, WHAT
I'M NOT DENYING IS THEY HAD SEX
280
00:31:09,777 --> 00:31:15,816
IN THE PALACE.
OF COURSE THEY HAD SEX.
( LAUGHS )
PRETTY SPECTACULARLY, OF COURSE
281
00:31:15,883 --> 00:31:19,553
THEY HAD SEX.
>> Cooper: ( LAUGHS )
PRETTY SPECTACULARLY?
>> Cooper: BUT WALLACE-HADRILL
282
00:31:19,620 --> 00:31:24,792
DOES BELIEVE CALIGULA COULD BE
VERY IMPULSIVE AND BRUTAL, AND
HE DOESN'T RULE OUT THE
POSSIBILITY THAT HE MAY HAVE HAD
283
00:31:24,859 --> 00:31:30,798
A SEVERE PHYSICAL OR MENTAL
DISORDER.
>> Wallace-Hadrill: I THINK
THERE'S A SERIOUS DANGER THAT
284
00:31:30,865 --> 00:31:39,440
CALIGULA WAS-- WAS PATHOLOGICAL,
THAT HE ACTUALLY DIDN'T CARE
ABOUT THE HURT HE CAUSED.
>> Cooper: WALLACE-HADRILL SAYS
285
00:31:39,507 --> 00:31:47,448
ROBERT GRAVES' NOVELS WERE
LARGELY BASED ON STORIES
PUBLISHED AROUND 121 A.D.,
80 YEARS AFTER CALIGULA'S DEATH,
286
00:31:47,515 --> 00:31:54,088
BY SUETONIUS, A WELL-KNOWN
BIOGRAPHER AND ADVISER TO LATER
EMPERORS.
BUT SUETONIUS OFTEN HAD TO RELY
287
00:31:54,155 --> 00:31:59,327
ON SECOND-HAND STORIES AND
GOSSIP FROM MEMBERS OF THE
IMPERIAL COURT.
>> Wallace-Hadrill: THESE
288
00:31:59,393 --> 00:32:05,399
MEMBERS OF THE COURT, IT'S--
YOU KNOW, IT'S LIKE STAFFERS IN
THE WHITE HOUSE.
IT'S LIKE ALL THOSE LEAKY PEOPLE
289
00:32:05,466 --> 00:32:10,871
IN BUCKINGHAM PALACE.
WHAT ARE THESE STORIES WORTH?
HOW CAN YOU PIN THEM DOWN?
( CHURCH BELLS )
290
00:32:10,938 --> 00:32:18,212
>> Cooper: ARCHEOLOGY CAN
HELP PIN DOWN THE PAST, BUT IN A
CITY FULL OF AMAZING RUINS, NOT
MUCH DIRECTLY LINKED TO CALIGULA
291
00:32:18,279 --> 00:32:23,851
HAD BEEN DISCOVERED--
THAT IS, UNTIL 2006.
( CONSTRUCTION )
WHEN A PENSION FUND FOR ITALIAN
292
00:32:23,918 --> 00:32:30,791
DOCTORS CALLED ENPAM STARTED
DIGGING AN UNDERGROUND PARKING
GARAGE FOR ITS NEW OFFICE
BUILDING IN THE ESQUILINO
293
00:32:30,858 --> 00:32:38,399
NEIGHBORHOOD OF ROME.
IN ANCIENT TIMES, THIS WAS ONE
OF A NUMBER OF TRANQUIL GARDEN
ESTATES LOCATED ABOUT TEN
294
00:32:38,466 --> 00:32:45,840
MINUTES BY CARRIAGE FROM THE
BUSTLING ROMAN FORUM.
THESE RE-CREATIONS FROM ROME'S
SUPERINTENDENT OF ANTIQUITIES
295
00:32:45,906 --> 00:32:53,914
GIVE SOME SENSE OF THE SPRAWLING
GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS ENJOYED BY
EMPERORS AND THEIR GUESTS FOR
ABOUT FOUR CENTURIES.
296
00:32:53,981 --> 00:32:59,587
IT TOOK ARCHEOLOGISTS NINE YEARS
TO CAREFULLY RECOVER MORE THAN A
MILLION PIECES OF THE PAST,
WHILE AN UNDERGROUND PARKING
297
00:32:59,653 --> 00:33:05,693
GARAGE AND MODERN BUILDING WAS
BUILT AROUND THEM.
( EXCAVATION )
EVERYTHING FOUND WAS TAKEN TO A
298
00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:12,800
LARGE WAREHOUSE, WHERE IT WAS
CLOSELY ANALYZED, LOGGED INTO A
DATABASE, AND-- WHEN POSSIBLE--
PAINSTAKINGLY RESTORED.
299
00:33:12,867 --> 00:33:19,540
THE OFFICE BUILDING'S COMPLETED
NOW, AND LAST MONTH, ROME'S
NEWEST ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE, THE
NYMPHEUM MUSEUM, OPENED IN THE
300
00:33:19,607 --> 00:33:27,481
BASEMENT, PRESERVING SOME OF THE
EXCAVATION, AND SUGGESTING WHAT
A LUSH AND LAVISH PLACE THIS
ONCE WAS.
301
00:33:27,548 --> 00:33:35,456
IT CONTAINS THOUSANDS OF ITEMS,
FROM THE SECOND CENTURY B.C.
THROUGH THE FIFTH CENTURY A.D.,
LIKE THIS DRINKING GLASS THAT
302
00:33:35,523 --> 00:33:42,797
SOMEHOW SURVIVED LARGELY INTACT
FOR 1,900 YEARS.
MIRELLA SERLORENZI, DIRECTOR OF
EXCAVATIONS FOR THE ITALIAN
303
00:33:42,863 --> 00:33:48,769
MINISTRY OF CULTURE, TOOK US TO
A SMALL STAIRCASE NORMALLY
CLOSED TO THE PUBLIC, AND
BROUGHT US TO THE LEVEL OF THE
304
00:33:48,836 --> 00:33:57,511
GROUND DURING CALIGULA'S TIME.
AND SO, BACK THEN, IN THE FIRST
CENTURY, 2,000 YEARS AGO, THIS
WAS OUTSIDE?
305
00:33:57,578 --> 00:34:03,584
>> Mirella Serlorenzi
( translated ): IT WAS CLEARLY
A GARDEN, BECAUSE WE FOUND IN
THE LAYERS TRACES OF THE ROOTS
306
00:34:03,651 --> 00:34:10,691
OF THE PLANTS, AND IN THIS
PART HERE, THE STAIRCASE
CONNECTED THE VARIOUS LEVELS OF
THE GARDEN.
307
00:34:10,758 --> 00:34:15,429
>> Cooper: IS IT POSSIBLE TO
WALK ON IT?
>> Serlorenzi: ASSOLUTAMENTE.
>> Cooper: YEAH?
308
00:34:15,496 --> 00:34:23,437
EXCELLENT.
THIS IS WHAT SERLORENZI'S TEAM
BELIEVES THE AREA LOOKED LIKE
DURING CALIGULA'S REIGN.
309
00:34:23,504 --> 00:34:29,910
WE ENDED UP TALKING FOR A LONG
TIME ON THE GARDEN STEPS.
ISIT ALL RIGHT TO SIT DOWN?
>> Serlorenzi: SIT, OKAY.
310
00:34:29,977 --> 00:34:35,449
>> Cooper: THERE WAS SOMETHING
ABOUT TOUCHING THOSE OLD SLABS
OF MARBLE THAT MADE ANCIENT
HISTORY FEEL VERY REAL.
311
00:34:35,516 --> 00:34:42,523
I CAN'T BELIEVE THAT WE ARE
SITTING ON THE STEPS THAT
CALIGULA MAY HAVE WALKED ON.
IT'S AMAZING.
312
00:34:42,590 --> 00:34:47,528
SHE TOLD US THE WATER PIPE BY
OUR FEET WAS INSTALLED BY
CALIGULA'S SUCCESSOR, HIS UNCLE
CLAUDIUS.
313
00:34:47,595 --> 00:34:54,869
HIS NAME IS STAMPED ON THE PIPE.
ONE OF THE MOST REMARKABLE
THINGS ABOUT CALIGULA IS THAT HE
LIVED TO BECOME EMPEROR AT ALL.
314
00:34:54,935 --> 00:35:00,774
THE EMPEROR BEFORE HIM, HIS
ADOPTIVE GRANDFATHER TIBERIUS,
WAS SUSPECTED OF KILLING
CALIGULA'S FATHER, MOTHER, AND
315
00:35:00,841 --> 00:35:07,548
TWO BROTHERS.
AND WHEN CALIGULA TURNED 19,
HE WAS SUMMONED TO LIVE WITH
TIBERIUS AT HIS PALACE ON THE
316
00:35:07,615 --> 00:35:15,422
ISLAND OF CAPRI.
IT SITS HIGH ON A CLIFF, AND
IT'S SAID TIBERIUS WOULD HAVE
PEOPLE WHO CROSSED HIM TOSSED
317
00:35:15,489 --> 00:35:22,363
ONTO THE ROCKS BELOW.
THROUGH SOME COMBINATION OF
FLATTERY AND DECEIT, CALIGULA
MANAGED TO SURVIVE HERE FOR
318
00:35:22,429 --> 00:35:30,271
SIX YEARS WITH THE MAN WHO MAY
HAVE KILLED MUCH OF HIS FAMILY.
HE BECAME TIBERIUS'S SUCCESSOR
IN 37 A.D.
319
00:35:30,337 --> 00:35:35,743
HE WAS JUST 24 YEARS OLD, AND IN
CHARGE OF AN EMPIRE.
>> Wallace-Hadrill: HE WAS IN A
VERY, VERY DIFFICULT POSITION.
320
00:35:35,809 --> 00:35:46,954
I LIKE THE SAYING OF TIBERIUS,
WHO SAYS, "BEING EMPEROR IS
LIKE HAVING TO HOLD A WOLF BY
THE EARS."
321
00:35:47,021 --> 00:35:51,825
THERE'S THIS SORT OF SAVAGE
BEAST, THAT CAN TURN ON YOU ANY
MOMENT.
>> Cooper: WHAT IS SO INSECURE
322
00:35:51,892 --> 00:35:59,300
ABOUT IT?
WAS IT THE SYSTEM ITSELF?
>> Wallace-Hadrill: YOU'VE GOT
THIS ENORMOUS CONCENTRATION OF
323
00:35:59,366 --> 00:36:06,740
POWER AND RESOURCE, WEALTH,
CONCENTRATED ON THE PALACE IN
ROME.
AND EVERYONE WANTS IN ON IT.
324
00:36:06,807 --> 00:36:11,845
AND THEY ARE PREPARED TO DO
ANYTHING TO SEIZE THIS POWER.
>> Cooper: BACK THEN, THE ROMAN
EMPIRE DOMINATED THE
325
00:36:11,912 --> 00:36:19,186
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD.
AND ITEMS FOUND IN THE GARDENS
GIVE SOME SENSE OF THE RICHES
THAT FLOWED TOWARDS ROME.
326
00:36:19,253 --> 00:36:24,792
RARE AND INTRICATELY-CARVED
MARBLE FROM THE FAR REACHES OF
THE EMPIRE DECORATED THE WALLS
OF THE BUILDINGS.
327
00:36:24,858 --> 00:36:30,264
GLASS RECOVERED AT THE SITE
APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN USED IN
VERY EARLY WINDOWS.
AND, LARGE AMOUNTS OF OYSTERS
328
00:36:30,331 --> 00:36:35,436
APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN SERVED AT
MEALS.
MIRELLA SERLORENZI SAYS HER
TEAM RECOVERED THE BONES OF
329
00:36:35,502 --> 00:36:41,208
WILD ANIMALS THAT WOULD
HAVE BEEN BROUGHT HERE FROM
FAR-AWAY LANDS.
SHE SHOWED US THE LEG OF AN
330
00:36:41,275 --> 00:36:47,081
OSTRICH, THE FOOT OF A LION, AND
THE TOOTH OF A BEAR.
>> Serlorenzi ( translated ):
IT'S EVIDENT THAT WILD ANIMALS
331
00:36:47,147 --> 00:36:54,254
WERE HERE FOR THE ENTERTAINMENT
OF THE EMPEROR.
GAMES WERE CARRIED OUT HERE WITH
GLADIATORS, WE CAN IMAGINE, AND
332
00:36:54,321 --> 00:36:59,827
BATTLES WITH FEROCIOUS BEASTS.
>> Cooper: WHEN HE BECAME
EMPEROR, CALIGULA STARTED
IMPROVING ROME'S INFRASTRUCTURE.
333
00:36:59,893 --> 00:37:07,534
HE BEGAN WORK ON NEW AQUEDUCTS.
HE ALSO CUT TAXES.
SERLORENZI SAYS THIS COIN FOUND
IN THE GARDENS WAS MINTED AROUND
334
00:37:07,601 --> 00:37:15,442
39 A.D. TO REMIND ROMANS THAT
CALIGULA GOT RID OF A SALES TAX.
2,000 YEARS AGO, POLITICIANS
WERE JUST LIKE POLITICIANS
335
00:37:15,509 --> 00:37:21,982
TODAY?
IF THEY CUT TAXES, THEY WANTED
EVERYBODY TO KNOW ABOUT IT.
>> Serlorenzi ( translated ):
336
00:37:22,049 --> 00:37:27,488
THAT'S EXACTLY RIGHT.
THE COINS ARE A FORM OF IMPERIAL
PROPAGANDA.
>> Cooper: BUT SOMETHING CHANGED
337
00:37:27,554 --> 00:37:35,429
AS THE YEARS PROGRESSED.
SUETONIUS SAYS CALIGULA WANTED
TO BE TREATED AS A GOD, AND
CONNECTED HIS PALACE IN THE
338
00:37:35,496 --> 00:37:39,233
ROMAN FORUM TO A MAJOR TEMPLE.
THAT'S THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND
POLLUX?
>> Paolo Carafa: EXACTLY,
339
00:37:39,299 --> 00:37:43,537
EXACTLY, AND THIS COLUMN HAS
BEEN STANDING THERE FOR MORE
THAN 2,000 YEARS.
>> Cooper: THAT'S INCREDIBLE.
340
00:37:43,604 --> 00:37:47,941
>> Carafa: THEY HAVE BEEN
CREATED IN THE YEAR SIX.
>> Cooper: PAOLO CARAFA,
PROFESSOR OF ARCHEOLOGY AT
341
00:37:48,008 --> 00:37:55,549
SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME, HAS
BEEN STUDYING THE ROMAN FORUM
AREA FOR MORE THAN 35 YEARS.
SO, ACCORDING TO SUETONIUS,
342
00:37:55,616 --> 00:38:02,589
CALIGULA EXTENDED HIS HOUSE UP
TO THAT TEMPLE?
>> Carafa: EXACTLY.
>> Cooper: HAVE YOU FOUND
343
00:38:02,656 --> 00:38:09,229
EVIDENCE OF THAT?
>> Carafa: BEHIND TH TEMPLE,
RECENT EXCAVATION HAVE
IDENTIFIED FRAGMENTS OF A LARGE
344
00:38:09,296 --> 00:38:15,436
HOUSE, A LUXURY HOUSE.
>> Cooper: HE CAN'T SAY FOR SURE
IT WAS CALIGULA'S HOUSE, BUT HE
SAYS IT COMES FROM THAT TIME
345
00:38:15,502 --> 00:38:22,042
PERIOD, AND ONLY AN EMPEROR LIKE
CALIGULA WOULD HAVE DARED DO
SOMETHING SO SHOCKING.
HE WANTED THE TEMPLE TO BE THE
346
00:38:22,109 --> 00:38:27,081
ENTRANCE TO HIS OWN HOUSE?
>> Carafa: EXACTLY.
WHICH IS QUITE UNUSUAL.
>> Cooper: ONE OF THE THINGS
347
00:38:27,147 --> 00:38:33,420
"I, CLAUDIUS" SEEMS TO HAVE
GOTTEN RIGHT, WALLACE-HADRILL
TOLD US, WAS CALIGULA'S CAPACITY
FOR BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
348
00:38:33,487 --> 00:38:39,293
CRUELTY.
( CROWD JEERS )
>> Wallace-Hadrill: THERE'S NO
DOUBT THAT CALIGULA'S BRUTAL.
349
00:38:39,359 --> 00:38:46,166
BUT SUETONIUS SAYS HE'S NOT ONLY
BRUTAL, HE THINKS IT'S AMUSING.
HE TAKES PLEASURE IN IT.
>> Cooper: PERHAPS THE MOST
350
00:38:46,233 --> 00:38:52,005
TELLING ACCOUNT COMES FROM A
CONTEMPORARY OF CALIGULA'S, THE
PHILOSOPHER SENECA, WHO
DESCRIBES HOW CALIGULA INVITED A
351
00:38:52,072 --> 00:38:59,513
FATHER TO A FESTIVE DINNER ON
THE DAY HE HAD EXECUTED THE
MAN'S SON.
>> Wallace-Hadrill: AND AT THE
352
00:38:59,580 --> 00:39:09,289
DINNER, HE INSISTS THAT THE
FATHER SHOULD HAVE A JOLLY TIME.
HE PLIES HIM WITH WINE AND FOOD.
HE EVEN PLIES HIM WITH PERFUME
353
00:39:09,356 --> 00:39:12,793
AND A GARLAND.
>> Cooper: ON THE VERY DAY HIS
SON...
>> Wallace-Hadrill: ON THE VERY
354
00:39:12,860 --> 00:39:18,799
DAY.
AND SENECA SAYS, PEOPLE ASKED,
HOW ON EARTH COULD HE ENDURE TO
DO IT?
355
00:39:18,866 --> 00:39:27,474
AND THE ANSWER IS, HE HAD A
SECOND SON.
AND I THINK THAT ANECDOTE JUST
EVOKES THE ATMOSPHERE OF TERROR
356
00:39:27,541 --> 00:39:34,248
OF THE COURT OF CALIGULA.
>> Caligula: AAAAAAH!
>> Cooper: AS "I, CLAUDIUS"
SHOWED, THE END CAME IN 41 A.D.
357
00:39:34,314 --> 00:39:39,453
WHEN CALIGULA WAS STABBED TO
DEATH BY MEMBERS OF HIS OWN
IMPERIAL GUARD.
>> Wallace-Hadrill: HE'S KILLED
358
00:39:39,520 --> 00:39:47,995
BY HIS OWN GUARDSMEN, BUT THEN
THEY HAVEN'T GOT A CANDIDATE.
>> Cooper: THEY DON'T HAVE
SOMEBODY WAITING TO TAKE OVER?
359
00:39:48,061 --> 00:39:53,934
>> Wallace-Hadrill: THEY HAVE
NO ONE IN THE WINGS.
EXCEPT POOR OLD CLAUDIUS.
>> Cooper: DOES THAT ARGUE THE
360
00:39:54,001 --> 00:40:00,774
POINT THAT HE HAD TO HAVE BEEN
REALLY AWFUL IF THEY WERE SO
MOTIVATED TO JUST KILL HIM?
>> Wallace-Hadrill: YEAH, YEAH.
361
00:40:00,841 --> 00:40:11,552
IT'S AN ASSASSINATION BORN OF
ANGER, HUMILIATION, DISGUST.
"WE CAN'T TAKE THIS ANYMORE."
>> Cooper: LONG AFTER THE
362
00:40:11,618 --> 00:40:18,792
ASSASSINATION ITSELF, SOME
HISTORIANS BELIEVE, CALIGULA'S
ENEMIES ASSASSINATED HIS MEMORY
AS WELL.
363
00:40:18,859 --> 00:40:26,867
THERE'S A NUMBER OF CONTEMPORARY
SCHOLARS WHO HAVE ARGUED THAT
CALIGULA'S CRITICS DISTORTED HIS
MEMORY, THAT THEY HAVE FALSELY
364
00:40:26,934 --> 00:40:30,771
MADE HIM OUT TO BE FAR WORSE
THAN HE WAS.
>> Wallace-Hadrill: OF COURSE.
IT'S LIKE ENTERING A HALL OF
365
00:40:30,838 --> 00:40:36,777
MIRRORS AND, YOU KNOW, SOME OF
THEM ARE CONCAVE, AND SOME ARE
CONVEX.
AND THERE ARE NO FLAT MIRRORS.
366
00:40:36,844 --> 00:40:46,954
>> Cooper: BUT ISN'T THAT
TERRIFYING, THAT WHAT WE THINK
WE KNOW ABOUT HISTORY IS SO
DEPENDENT ON RUMORS, OR...
367
00:40:47,020 --> 00:40:54,795
>> Wallace-Hadrill: BUT I THINK
IT'S AN ENORMOUS MISTAKE TO
LOOK AT THE PAST AS A SERIES OF
SOLID ROCKS THAT, YOU KNOW, THAT
368
00:40:54,862 --> 00:41:02,302
WAS DEFINITELY THERE.
AND THAT WAS DEFINITELY...
IT'S-- IT'S A GREAT MORASS, A
FLOWING SEA.
369
00:41:02,369 --> 00:41:08,442
I THINK THAT ANCIENT HISTORY'S
VERY GOOD FOR PEOPLE, BECAUSE
IT'S GOT SO MUCH UNCERTAINTY IN
IT.
370
00:41:08,508 --> 00:41:14,481
>> Cooper: BUT WHY IS IT GOOD
THAT THERE'S A LOT OF
MISINFORMATION?
>> Wallace-Hadrill: IT'S GOOD
371
00:41:14,548 --> 00:41:19,453
BECAUSE THE WORLD WE LIVE IN
IS FULL OF MISINFORMATION,
AS WE HAVE LEARNED SPECTACULARLY
IN RECENT YEARS.
372
00:41:19,519 --> 00:41:26,426
YOU KNOW?
PEOPLE INVENT TRUTHS.
YOU HAVE TO BE SKEPTICAL.
>> Cooper: AS WE PREPARED TO
373
00:41:26,493 --> 00:41:31,565
LEAVE THE NYMPHEUM MUSEUM, WE
COULDN'T HELP THINKING ABOUT HOW
TIME TRAMPLES EVEN THE MIGHTIEST
OF EMPIRES, TURNING LAVISH
374
00:41:31,632 --> 00:41:37,170
GARDENS INTO UNDERGROUND PARKING
LOTS.
WHAT DO YOU THINK CALIGULA WOULD
THINK OF-- OF WHAT'S HAPPENED TO
375
00:41:37,237 --> 00:41:41,975
HIS GARDENS?
>> Serlorenzi ( translated ):
( LAUGHS )
I THINK HE WOULD BE IN TOTAL
376
00:41:42,042 --> 00:41:48,782
DISAGREEMENT.
AND, I DON'T THINK HE WOULD BE
VERY HAPPY THAT WE ARE SITTING
ON HIS STAIRCASE.
377
00:41:48,849 --> 00:41:58,425
( TICKING )
>> HOW DID A MOSAIC FROM
CALIGULA'S REIGN TURN UP AS A
COFFEE TABLE IN A NEW YORK CITY
378
00:41:58,492 --> 00:42:04,631
APARTMENT?
THAT STORY, AT
60minutesovertime.com.
379
00:42:08,702 --> 00:42:14,741
>> Whitaker: ON THURSDAY THIS
WEEK, THE PUMPKIN PIE WILL TASTE
A LITTLE SWEETER.
THE GREEN BEANS AND ALMONDS WILL
380
00:42:14,808 --> 00:42:20,647
HAVE AN EXTRA SNAP.
THE STUFFING WILL BE A LITTLE
RICHER, AND THE GIBLET GRAVY
LESS LUMPY.
381
00:42:20,714 --> 00:42:27,054
THE TURKEY WON'T TASTE THE LEAST
BIT DRY.
THIS WILL HAVE NOTHING TO DO
WITH ANY TWEAKING OF THE RECIPES
382
00:42:27,120 --> 00:42:32,626
FOR THE FEAST ON THE
THANKSGIVING TABLE.
IT HAS EVERYTHING TO DO WITH THE
FAMILY MEMBERS AND FRIENDS
383
00:42:32,693 --> 00:42:41,134
GATHERED AROUND IT.
FAMILIES ARE PLANNING TO COME
TOGETHER AGAIN-- WITH CARE,
CAUTION, AND VACCINATION--
384
00:42:41,201 --> 00:42:47,274
AFTER NEARLY TWO YEARS OF
PANDEMIC SEPARATION.
AND WHO WOULDN'T BE THANKFUL
FOR THAT?
385
00:42:47,341 --> 00:42:50,577
I'M BILL WHITAKER.
WE'LL BE BACK NEXT WEEK WITH