and FORD. We go further, so you can. >> HOW DOES A COUNTRY GO FROM DEMOCRACY TO DICTATORSHIP IN ONE
GENERATION? IT'S EASIER THAN YOU MAY IMAGINE. THIS IS JUAN SEBASTIAN CHAMORRO,
A GEORGETOWN-EDUCATED ECONOMIST, WHO WAS PLANNING TO CHALLENGE THE DICTATOR DANIEL ORTEGA FOR PRESIDENT OF NICARAGUA.
>> SI ESTAN VIENDO ESTE VIDEO, ES PORQUE HE SIDO... >> THIS VIDEO WAS RECORDED JUST HOURS BEFORE HE WAS VIOLENTLY
TAKEN FROM HIS HOME BY MASKED POLICE OFFICERS. IN IT, HE SAYS "IF YOU'RE SEEING THIS, I'VE BEEN CAPTURED."
( TICKING )
>> THIS WE'RE SAVING. I MEAN, YOU CAN SEE... >> WE AMERICANS SPEND 90% OF OUR TIME INSIDE BUILDINGS.
WELL, WE FOUND A GROUP OF YOUNG ARCHITECTS WHO HAVE SET OUT TO CREATE A NEW MODEL OF ARCHITECTURE, ONE THAT IS BOTH
BEAUTIFUL AND HEALTHY FOR THE PEOPLE WHO BUILD AND USE THEM-- INSPIRATION THEY SAY THEY GOT IN AFRICA AND HAVE NOW BROUGHT
HOME. WHAT YOU WERE DOING IN RWANDA, YOU WERE ALSO DOING IN HAITI, MALAWI, AND POUGHKEEPSIE?
>> ( LAUGHS ) ( TICKING )
>> YUVAL NOAH HARARI IS A WORLD- RENOWNED HISTORIAN WHO HAS LOOKED INTO THE FUTURE AND IS MORE THAN A LITTLE CONCERNED
ABOUT WHAT HE SEES. >> WE WILL SOON HAVE THE POWER TO RE-ENGINEER OUR BODIES AND BRAINS-- WHETHER IT IS WITH
GENETIC ENGINEERING OR BY DIRECTLY CONNECTING BRAINS TO COMPUTERS, OR BY CREATING COMPLETELY NON-ORGANIC ENTITIES,
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. AND THESE TECHNOLOGIES ARE DEVELOPING AT BREAKNECK SPEED. ( TICKING )
>> I'M LESLEY STAHL. >> I'M BILL WHITAKER. >> I'M ANDERSON COOPER. >> I'M SHARYN ALFONSI.
>> I'M JON WERTHEIM. >> I'M SCOTT PELLEY. THOSE STORIES AND MORE, TONIGHT, ON "60 MINUTES."
( TICKING )
>> Sharyn Alfonsi: NEXT WEEK, A COUNTRY WITH A LONG, COMPLICATED HISTORY WITH THE U.S. WILL HOLD ITS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION.
ITS PRESIDENT IS SEEKING A FOURTH CONSECUTIVE TERM, AND HAS MADE SURE NOTHING STANDS IN HIS WAY.
HE'S CHANGED THE COUNTRY'S LAWS, SILENCED THE MEDIA, AND LOCKED UP CANDIDATES WHO PLANNED TO RUN AGAINST HIM.
NICARAGUA'S DANIEL ORTEGA IS NOT THE FATIGUE-WEARING REVOLUTIONARY THAT YOU MAY REMEMBER.
HE'S NOW 75, AND RARELY SEEN. STILL, MANY NICARAGUANS FEAR HE IS MORE DANGEROUS THAN HE'S EVER BEEN.
AND TONIGHT, YOU WILL HEAR FROM TWO WOMEN WHOSE HUSBANDS WERE PLANNING TO CHALLENGE ORTEGA FOR THE PRESIDENCY.
BOTH MEN WERE ARRESTED BY THE REGIME IN JUNE, AND THEIR WIVES HAVEN'T SEEN OR SPOKEN TO THEM SINCE.
NOW, THE WOMEN ARE FIGHTING TO BRING BACK THEIR HUSBANDS, AND A DEMOCRACY LOST. >> Juan Sebastian Chamorro:
SI, ESTAN VIENDO ESTE VIDEO, ES PORQUE HE SIDO... >> Alfonsi: "IF YOU'RE SEEING THIS, I'VE BEEN CAPTURED."
THOSE WERE THE CHILLING WORDS OF JUAN SEBASTIAN CHAMORRO, HOURS BEFORE HE WAS TAKEN FROM HIS HOME BY MASKED POLICE OFFICERS
IN JUNE. >> Victoria Cardenas: EIGHT POLICE PATROLS WERE COMING. THERE WAS A LOT OF CARS, A LOT
OF NOISE, A LOT OF PEOPLE JUMPING IN OUR WALL. >> Alfonsi: VICTORIA CARDENAS IS JUAN SEBASTIAN CHAMORRO'S WIFE.
CHAMORRO WAS PLANNING TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT AGAINST DANIEL ORTEGA, AND WAS CONSIDERED A LEADING CANDIDATE.
>> Chamorro: POLICIA ORTEGUISTA. >> Alfonsi: BECAUSE OF THAT, CARDENAS SAYS, POLICE HAD BEEN HARASSING HIM OUTSIDE OF THEIR
HOME FOR MONTHS. BUT ON JUNE 8, THEY CAME IN. >> Cardenas: HE WAS ON THE FLOOR WITH HIS HANDS UP, SAYING, "I AM
HERE, PLEASE DON'T DO ANYTHING TO MY WIFE." WE ARE UNARMED. AND THEY JUMPED THE WALLS.
THEY BROKE IN, AND THEY TOOK HIM VIOLENTLY. >> Alfonsi: CARDENAS HASN'T SEEN OR SPOKEN TO HIM SINCE.
JUAN SEBASTIAN CHAMORRO, A GEORGETOWN-EDUCATED ECONOMIST, IS PART OF A PROMINENT POLITICAL FAMILY IN NICARAGUA.
DAYS EARLIER, HIS COUSIN, CRISTIANA CHAMORRO-- WHO, COINCIDENTALLY, WAS ALSO RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT-- WAS ABOUT TO
HOLD A PRESS CONFERENCE OUTSIDE HER HOME, WHEN POLICE IN RIOT GEAR SHOWED UP. YOU CAN SEE POLICE PUSH THE
CROWD BACK. CHAMORRO WAS PLACED UNDER HOUSE ARREST. OVER THE NEXT TWO MONTHS,
NICARAGUA'S POLICE FORCE DETAINED DOZENS OF CRITICS OF THE REGIME, JOURNALISTS, AND, ULTIMATELY, SEVEN OF THE LEADING
CANDIDATES WHO PLANNED TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT AGAINST ORTEGA. >> Jose Miguel Vivanco: NOBODY REALLY SEE HIM.
>> Alfonsi: JOSE MIGUEL VIVANCO IS A DIRECTOR OF HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, A NON-PROFIT ADVOCACY GROUP THAT'S BEEN REPORTING FROM
INSIDE NICARAGUA FOR DECADES. A LOT OF DICTATORS WILL AT LEAST GO THROUGH THE MOTIONS OF PRETENDING THERE'S A LEGITIMATE
ELECTION. HE'S NOT. >> Vivanco: ORTEGA'S DELIBERATE AND FLAGRANT CRACK-DOWN AGAINST
PEACEFUL OPPOSITION LEADERS IS SOMETHING WITHOUT ANY PRECEDENT IN LATIN AMERICA SINCE THE '70s AND '80s, WHEN MOST OF THE
REGION WAS UNDER MILITARY DICTATORSHIP. >> Alfonsi: WHAT MAKES IT UNPRECEDENTED?
>> Vivanco: SINCE ORTEGA CONTROLS CONGRESS, HE MANAGED TO PASS LEGISLATION AT THE END OF LAST YEAR THAT SANCTIONED AS
TREASON ESSENTIALLY ANY CRITICISM OF THE GOVERNMENT. >> Alfonsi: SO, IF YOU CRITICIZE THE GOVERNMENT, YOU CAN BE
THROWN IN JAIL RIGHT NOW. >> Vivanco: THE LANGUAGE THAT THEY USE IS "ANY DAMAGE TO THE SUPERIOR INTERESTS OF THE
NATION." >> Alfonsi: IT SOUNDS ORWELLIAN. >> Vivanco: ORWELLIAN. IT'S COMPLETELY ORWELLIAN.
>> Alfonsi: IN JUNE, SECRETARY OF STATE ANTONY BLINKEN CALLED FOR PRESIDENT ORTEGA TO IMMEDIATELY RELEASE THE
CANDIDATES, AND ANNOUNCED SANCTIONS AGAINST MEMBERS OF ORTEGA'S FAMILY AND INNER CIRCLE.
UNTIL A FEW YEARS AGO, IT MIGHT HAVE LOOKED LIKE DANIEL ORTEGA HAD MELLOWED OUT WITH AGE... >> Ortega: CREAR LA CONDICIONES.
>> Alfonsi: ...A FAR CRY FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY PRESIDENT CARTER INVITED TO THE WHITE HOUSE IN 1979.
ORTEGA'S SANDANISTA GUERILLAS WERE CREDITED WITH BRINGING DOWN THE SOMOZA FAMILY DICTATORSHIP IN NICARAGUA.
LATER, THEY FOUGHT OFF THE U.S.-SPONSORED CONTRAS. IN 1984, DANIEL ORTEGA WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT.
AND LATER... >> Ortega: LA REVOLUCION NICARAGUÜENSE. >> Alfonsi: ...SAT DOWN WITH OUR
MIKE WALLACE. >> Ortega: MUY GENEROSO. >> Alfonsi: ORTEGA WAS VOTED OUT OF OFFICE IN 1990, BUT RETURNED
TO POWER IN 2006, PROMISING TO FIGHT CORRUPTION. INSTEAD, HE TIGHTENED HIS GRIP ON THE COUNTRY-- FIRST, CHANGING
THE CONSTITUTION SO HE COULD SERVE MORE TERMS, THEN MAKING HIS WIFE, ROSARIO MURILLO, AN ECCENTRIC, NEW-AGE POET, HIS
VICE PRESIDENT. THEIR CHILDREN ALSO HOLD KEY POSITIONS IN NICARAGUA. EIGHT OF THE COUPLE'S NINE
CHILDREN WERE MADE PRESIDENTIAL ADVISORS. THEY OVERSEE A LUCRATIVE OIL DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS, AND MOST
OF THE COUNTRY'S TV CHANNELS. BUT EVEN AS THE ORTEGA FAMILY'S WEALTH HAS EXPLODED, NICARAGUA REMAINS THE SECOND-POOREST
COUNTRY IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. ( HORNS BLOWING ) IN 2018, NICARAGUANS REVOLTED.
THOUSANDS TOOK TO THE STREETS TO PROTEST ORTEGA'S PROPOSED CUTS TO SOCIAL SECURITY FOR SENIOR CITIZENS.
SOON, PROTESTORS WERE CALLING FOR ORTEGA AND HIS WIFE TO STEP DOWN. JOSE MIGUEL VIVANCO SAYS IT WAS
A TURNING POINT FOR THE COUNTRY. >> Vivanco: THAT DEMONSTRATION... >> VANDO, VANDO!
( SHOTS FIRED ) >> Vivanco: ...WAS CONFRONTED WITH BRUTAL FORCE BY ORTEGA. ( GUNFIRE )
>> Alfonsi: THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE WERE INJURED, MORE THAN 700 WERE ARRESTED, AND AT LEAST 350 PEOPLE WERE KILLED BY POLICE OR
PARAMILITARY GROUPS SUPPORTED BY THE NICARAGUAN GOVERNMENT. >> Vivanco: ALL OF THOSE CRIMES, ALL OF THOSE ATROCITIES
COMMITTED BY ORTEGA AND HIS SECURITY FORCES JUST A COUPLE OF YEARS AGO, HE WAS ABLE TO GET AWAY WITH THOSE CRIMES.
>> Alfonsi: BUT VIVANCO SAYS ORTEGA ALSO REALIZED THAT IF HE LOST POWER, HE MIGHT BE IMPRISONED FOR WHAT NICARAGUAN
JOURNALISTS CALLED A "MASSACRE" OF PROTESTORS. >> Felix Maradiaga: VERY FEW PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD DOUBT
THAT NICARAGUA IS A DICTATORSHIP. >> Alfonsi: FELIX MARADIAGA, A FORMER CABINET MEMBER, WAS ONE
OF ORTEGA'S MOST OUTSPOKEN CRITICS. A GRADUATE OF HARVARD, HE ADDRESSED WORLD LEADERS AT THE
GENEVA SUMMIT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN 2019. >> Maradiaga: I COME HERE WITH THE CONVICTION AND HOPE THAT THE
WORLD WILL CONTINUE TO SUPPORT THE STRUGGLE OF MY PEOPLE TO BUILD A FREE AND OPEN SOCIETY. >> Alfonsi: FELIX MARADIAGA WAS
TEACHING NON-VIOLENT ACTIVISM TO NICARAGUAN STUDENTS... ( SHOUTING ) ...WHEN WITNESSES SAY HE WAS
BEATEN BY ORTEGA'S HENCHMEN IN 2018. ( LOUD CHANTING ) AFTER THIS ATTACK, MARADIAGA WAS
HOSPITALIZED. FOR THE NEXT FEW YEARS, HE WAS UNDER CONSTANT SURVEILLANCE BY THE POLICE, ACCORDING TO HIS
WIFE, BERTA VALLE. >> Berta Valle: THEY WATCH HIM. THEY PUT PATROLS IN FRONT OF HIS HOUSE.
THE POLICE WOULD TELL HIM THAT HE WAS NOT ABLE TO GO OUT OF THE HOUSE. >> NO, NO PERMITA.
>> Valle: AND FROM DECEMBER 2020 TO FEBRUARY '21, HE WAS UNDER HOUSE ARREST. >> Alfonsi: SO, NO WARRANT, BUT
HE'S NOT ALLOWED TO LEAVE THE HOUSE? >> Valle: EXACTLY. >> Alfonsi: EVEN SO, FELIX
MARADIAGA DECIDED HE WOULD RUN FOR PRESIDENT, ONE OF A GROUP OF OPPOSITION CANDIDATES WHO, FOR THE FIRST TIME, HAD DECIDED TO
BAND TOGETHER TO TRY TO DEFEAT DANIEL ORTEGA. >> Valle: THEY SIGNED A DOCUMENT SAYING THAT THEY WERE WILLING TO
SUPPORT THE ONE THAT COULD REPRESENT THE NICARAGUAN PEOPLE. >> Alfonsi: BUT THE OPPOSITION NEVER GOT THE CHANCE TO PUT
THEIR CANDIDATE FORWARD. MOST WERE ARRESTED OR FLED THE COUNTRY BEFORE THEY COULD FILE THE PAPERWORK TO OFFICIALLY PUT
THEM ON THE BALLOT. ON JUNE 8, FELIX MARADIAGA WAS SUMMONED TO MEET WITH GOVERNMENT PROSECUTORS.
HIS FAMILY FEARED HE WOULD BE ARRESTED DURING THE MEETING. >> Valle: SO, HE WENT WITH A LAWYER, A FRIEND, AND HE WAS
INTERVIEWED FOR FOUR HOURS. >> Alfonsi: SO, FELIX CAME OUT. HE TALKED TO THE INDEPENDENT PRESS.
>> Valle: EXACTLY. >> Maradiaga: NO TENEMOS MIEDO, NO TENEMOS MIEDO. >> Valle: WE WERE WATCHING THIS
LIVE, AND WE SAID, "OH, THANKS, GOD. HE CAME OUT, HE'S OKAY, HE'S GOING TO TAKE THE CAR, AND HE'S
GOING TO LEAVE." >> Alfonsi: HIS ATTORNEY SAYS THEY WERE DRIVING AWAY WHEN MARADIAGA WAS DRAGGED OUT OF THE
CAR AND BEATEN BY POLICE. HIS WIFE HASN'T SEEN HIM SINCE THAT MORNING IN JUNE. >> Maradiaga: FELIZ CUMPLEANOS,
MI AMOR. >> Alfonsi: IT TURNS OUT, MARADIAGA KNEW HE WAS IN DANGER. HOURS BEFORE HIS ARREST, HE LEFT
HIS DAUGHTER, ALEJANDRA, A SERIES OF VIDEOS SO SHE WOULD HEAR HIS VOICE IN CASE HE WASN'T THERE FOR HER EIGHTH BIRTHDAY.
>> Maradiaga: ESTA PENSANDO ENVOS HOY DIA TE CUPLEANOS. >> Alfonsi: "I'M THINKING OF YOU ON YOUR BIRTHDAY," HE SAYS, AND
TELLS HER, "I LOVE YOU." >> Maradiaga: TE AMO. >> Alfonsi: SHE AND HER MOTHER HAVE BEEN LIVING IN THE UNITED
STATES FOR THREE YEARS BECAUSE OF THREATS AT HOME, AND ARE NOW APPLYING FOR ASYLUM. WE CONCEALED ALEJANDRA'S
IDENTITY FOR HER SAFETY. >> Alejandra: I WANT TO GO SEE MY DOG, MY FAMILY. I HAVE A CAT AND A DOG.
>> Alfonsi: IN AUGUST, WE MET BERTA VALLE AND VICTORIA CARDENAS IN WASHINGTON, WHERE THEY'D BEEN PETITIONING U.S.
LAWMAKERS TO HELP FREE THEIR HUSBANDS AND ABOUT 150 OTHER POLITICAL PRISONERS IN NICARAGUA.
>> Valle: AND WE'RE DEMANDING JUSTICE... >> Alfonsi: AT THAT POINT, THE MEN HAD DISAPPEARED.
NO ONE HAD HEARD FROM THEM OR SEEN THEM IN TWO MONTHS. DO YOU BELIEVE THAT HE'S STILL ALIVE?
>> Valle: THAT'S WHAT I WANT TO- - TO BELIEVE, YOU KNOW? WE-- WE HAVE THE HOPE THAT-- THAT HE IS OKAY, BUT WE DON'T
KNOW. AND THAT'S WHY WE ARE ASKING FOR A PROOF OF LIFE TO THIS POINT. AND THIS IS WHY WE ARE DOING ALL
THIS EFFORT TO COME OUT AND TO-- TO GO TO THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, BECAUSE THERE'S NOTHING WE CAN DO IN NICARAGUA.
>> Alfonsi: LAST MONTH, 87 DAYS AFTER THEIR ARRESTS, ATTORNEYS FOR FELIX MARADIAGA AND JUAN SEBASTIAN CHAMORRO WERE ALLOWED
TO BRIEFLY SEE THEM AT EL CHIPOTE, THE NICARAGUAN PRISON THAT'S BEEN DESCRIBED BY HUMAN RIGHTS WORKERS AS "A DUNGEON."
BOTH MEN WERE CHARGED WITH "CONSPIRACY TO UNDERMINE THE NATIONAL INTEGRITY" AT A CLOSED HEARING IN THE JAIL.
ATTORNEYS SAY BOTH CHAMORRO AND MARADIAGA HAVE LOST SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT AND BEEN SUBJECTED TO MONTHS OF INTERROGATIONS AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL TORTURE. >> Cardenas: IT'S A VIOLATION OF THE BASIC UMAN RIGHTS. IT'S NOT ONLY MY FAMILY WHO IS
SUFFERING; IT'S MORE THAN 140 FAMILIES WHO HAVE POLITICAL PRISONERS WHO ARE INNOCENT AND ARE LIVING THIS AWFUL SITUATION.
>> Alfonsi: VICTORIA CARDENAS AND BERTA VALLE CANNOT GO BACK TO NICARAGUA BECAUSE OF THEIR APPEALS FOR HELP TO WASHINGTON
AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY. THE WOMEN HAVE BEEN CHARGED IN ABSENTIA WITH BEING "TRAITORS TO THE HOMELAND."
SO, WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF YOU WENT BACK TO NICARAGUA NOW? WOULD YOU BE ARRESTED? >> Valle: DEFINITELY, YES.
NOT ONLY ARRESTED, BUT, IF THEY CONDEMN ME, THAT WOULD BE LIFE-- LIFE PRISON. >> Alfonsi: THE VIOLENCE IN
NICARAGUA IS FUELING AN EXODUS. TENS OF THOUSANDS OF NICARAGUANS HAVE FLED TO COSTA RICA, AND U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER
PROTECTION SAYS ABOUT 38,000 NICARAGUANS HAVE REACHED THE U.S. BORDER SINCE JUNE COMPARED TO LESS THAN 800 PEOPLE OVER THE
SAME TIME LAST YEAR. IN AUGUST, THE STATE DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCED MORE SANCTIONS AGAINST MEMBERS OF THE ORTEGA REGIME.
BUT AT THE SAME TIME, THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND APPROVED SENDING MORE THAN $350 MILLION TO NICARAGUA THAT'S
SUPPOSED TO HELP FIGHT HUNGER AND COVID. >> Elvira Salazar: WHAT DO YOU THINK THEY ARE GOING TO GIVE
THAT MONEY TO? JUST TO PUT THESE PEOPLE IN JAIL AND TORTURE THEM EVEN MORE? >> Alfonsi: LAST MONTH, MEMBERS
OF CONGRESS FROM BOTH PARTIES DEMANDED THE I.M.F. RECONSIDER SENDING MORE MONEY TO NICARAGUA...
>> Albio Sires: THIS IS JUST NOT ACCEPTABLE. >> Alfonsi: ...AND CALLED FOR STRONGER SANCTIONS AGAINST
ORTEGA. THE PENTAGON HAS ALSO WARNED CONGRESS THAT RUSSIA HAS BEEN SUPPLYING NICARAGUA WITH
MILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN MILITARY EQUIPMENT AND TRAINING, AND THAT ORTEGA HAS ALLOWED RUSSIA TO BUILD A LISTENING STATION SO
CLOSE TO THE U.S. HAVEN'T WE HEARD THIS STORY BEFORE? THIS ALL SOUNDS VERY FAMILIAR.
>> Vivanco: IT-- IT IS, GOING BACK 35 YEARS TO THE-- TO THE MIDDLE OF THE COLD WAR. THAT IS UNFORTUNATELY THE
SCENARIO WE ARE OPERATING, WE'RE LIVING NOW. >> Alfonsi: JOSE MIGUEL VIVANCO SAYS, WITH RUSSIA'S CONTINUED
MILITARY AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT, U.S. SANCTIONS WILL NOT BE ENOUGH TO CONVINCE DANIEL ORTEGA TO CHANGE COURSE.
>> Vivanco: ORTEGA HAS DECIDED TO STAY IN POWER FOR THE REST OF HIS LIFE. ( TICKING )
>> Lesley Stahl: WE AMERICANS SPEND 90% OF OUR TIME INSIDE OF BUILDINGS, YET MOST OF US GIVE LITTLE THOUGHT TO THE ROLE
ARCHITECTURE PLAYS IN OUR LIVES AND OUR HEALTH. TONIGHT, WE BRING YOU A STORY ABOUT A GROUP OF AWARD-WINNING
YOUNG ARCHITECTS WHO HAVE SET OUT TO CREATE A NEW MODEL OF ARCHITECTURE-- NOT A PARTICULAR STYLE OF BUILDING, BUT A WAY OF
THINKING ABOUT HOW TO BUILD, WHO SHOULD BUILD, USING WHAT, AND FOR WHOM. THEIR NON-PROFIT FIRM, BASED IN
BOSTON, IS CALLED MASS, SHORT FOR "MODEL OF ARCHITECTURE SERVING SOCIETY." AND, THOUGH THEY TRAINED AT
HARVARD, THEY SAY THEY LEARNED THE MOST IMPORTANT LESSONS OF ARCHITECTURE DURING THEIR TIME SPENT IN, OF ALL PLACES, RWANDA.
RWANDA IS A COUNTRY MANY PEOPLE KNOW FOR ONE THING: THE 1994 GENOCIDE THAT KILLED MORE THAN 800,000 PEOPLE.
TODAY, RWANDA IS AT PEACE, A BUSTLING NATION OF 13 MILLION, WORKING HARD TO LIFT ITS POPULATION OUT OF POVERTY.
THERE ARE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ALL AROUND THE COUNTRY, SEVERAL OF THEM BEING DESIGNED BY MASS. THOUGH STARTED BY AMERICANS, THE
HEAD OF ITS TEAM IN KIGALI TODAY IS RWANDAN ARCHITECT CHRISTIAN BENIMANA. I HEARD THAT WHEN MASS STARTED,
THERE WAS NO WORD FOR "ARCHITECT" IN YOUR LANGUAGE. >> Christian Benimana: AND THERE IS STILL NO WORD FOR
"ARCHITECT." YOU HAVE AN EXPRESSION: ( SPEAKING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE ) >> Stahl: MEANING?
>> Benimana: "EXPERT IN THE CREATION OF BUILDINGS." >> Stahl: BENIMANA TOLD US HE DREAMED OF CREATING BUILDINGS
EVEN AS A LITTLE BOY. BUT, WITH NO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE IN POST-GENOCIDE RWANDA, HE HAD TO STUDY IN
CHINA, IN MANDARIN. MICHAEL MURPHY, MASS' EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, HAD A VERY DIFFERENT PATH TO ARCHITECTURE.
>> Michael Murphy: I STUDIED ENGLISH LITERATURE. >> Stahl: WELL, THAT'S GOING TO GET YOU FAR IN ARCHITECTURE.
>> Murphy: YEAH. ( CHUCKLES ) >> Stahl: MURPHY'S LIFE TOOK A SHARP TURN AFTER COLLEGE, WHEN
HIS FATHER WAS DIAGNOSED WITH CANCER, GIVEN JUST A FEW WEEKS TO LIVE. MURPHY RUSHED BACK TO
POUGHKEEPSIE, NEW YORK, TO THEIR OLD HOME THAT HIS DAD HAD SPENT WEEKENDS RESTORING. >> Murphy: I SAID, "WHAT CAN I
DO WHILE I WAIT HERE ON DEATH WATCH?" SO, I START WORKING ON THE HOUSE, AND, AFTER THREE WEEKS,
HE WAS STILL ALIVE. SIX WEEKS, WE STARTED WORKING TOGETHER. AFTER A YEAR AND A HALF-- I'D
FULLY RESTORED THE BUILDING. HE WAS FULLY IN REMISSION, AND HE SAID, "YOU KNOW, WORKING ON THIS HOUSE WITH YOU, IT SAVED MY
LIFE. IT HEALED ME." >> Stahl: WHOA. WOW.
>> Murphy: AND THEN I SAID, "WELL, I HAVE TO BE AN ARCHITECT NOW." >> Alan Ricks: AND HE CAME IN
WEARING THESE SILVER COWBOY BOOTS. ( LAUGHS ) >> Stahl: ALAN RICKS AND MURPHY
BECAME FAST FRIENDS AS FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS AT HARVARD'S GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN. BUT AS THEY DOVE IN, BOTH FOUND
SOMETHING WANTING IN THE CURRICULUM. >> Murphy: WE WERE LEARNING ABOUT THE HEROISM OF
ARCHITECTURE, THE BEAUTIFUL SCULPTURES, THE NAMES OF THE FAMOUS ARCHITECTS. >> Stahl: BUT NOT SO MUCH ABOUT
HOW ARCHITECTURE COULD HELP PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES. DURING FIRST SEMESTER, MURPHY WENT TO A TALK BY ONE OF HIS
IDOLS, DR. PAUL FARMER, WHO HAD FOUNDED THE NON-PROFIT PARTNERS IN HEALTH TO PROVIDE MEDICAL CARE FOR THE NEEDIEST
POPULATIONS AROUND THE WORLD. >> Murphy: HE SAID, "WE'RE BUILDING HOSPITALS, WE'RE BUILDING CLINICS, WE'RE BUILDING
SCHOOLS." AND SO, WHEN I WENT UP TO HIM AFTERWARDS TO ASK, YOU KNOW, "WHO ARE THE ARCHITECTS THAT
YOU'RE WORKING WITH?," HE SAID, "YOU KNOW, ARCHITECTS HAVE NEVER ASKED US HOW THEY COULD BE OF SERVICE TO WHAT WE'RE DOING, SO
WE OFTEN HAVE TO DO IT OURSELVES." >> Stahl: WHY WEREN'T ARCHITECTS ATTRACTED TO WORKING WITH YOU?
I MEAN, A LOT OF THEM CARE ABOUT THE POOR. >> Dr. Paul Farmer: THEY CERTAINLY DO.
BUT THE WAY THE INCENTIVE STRUCTURE IS SET UP IS, "HEY, YOU GIVE US MONEY, WE'LL DESIGN SOMETHING FOR YOU."
>> Stahl: SO, WHEN MURPHY OFFERED TO VOLUNTEER ON A PARTNERS IN HEALTH PROJECT IN RWANDA THE FOLLOWING SUMMER OF
2007, DR. FARMER SAID, "BRING IT ON." >> Farmer: WE GAVE HIM SOME VERY HUMBLE PROJECTS.
>> Stahl: YOU'RE SMILING. ( LAUGHS ) MUST BE PRETTY GOOD. >> Murphy: HE ASKED ME IF I
WOULD DESIGN A LITTLE LAUNDRY BUILDING. >> Stahl: A LAUNDRY BUILDING? >> Murphy: ( LAUGHS )
>> Stahl: WELL, HOW DID THE LAUNDRY LOOK? >> Farmer: IT LOOKED PRETTY GOOD.
IT STILL LOOKS GOOD. >> Stahl: SO GOOD, HE CALLED MICHAEL MURPHY A FEW MONTHS LATER AND ASKED IF HE COULD HELP
DESIGN A BRAND NEW HOSPITAL FOR A REMOTE DISTRICT OF 350,000, THAT DIDN'T EVEN HAVE A DOCTOR. YOU'RE STILL A STUDENT.
>> Murphy: STILL A STUDENT. SO, I LOOKED AROUND MY CLASSMATES AND SAID, "THIS CRAZY CALL CAME IN.
CAN ANYONE HELP ME?" >> Stahl: YOU SAID YES RIGHT AWAY, WITHOUT HESITATION. >> Ricks: YEAH.
I MEAN, WHO-- WHO WOULDN'T? WHAT AN OPPORTUNITY. >> Stahl: BUT WHEN DR. FARMER SAID THEIR FIRST DESIGN LOOKED
LIKE AN ARMY BARRACKS, MURPHY DECIDED TO TAKE A YEAR OFF AND MOVE TO THE SITE CALLED BUTARO, WHERE FARMER GAVE HIM THREE
CHALLENGES HE SAYS HAVE DEFINED MASS' WORK TO THIS DAY: THE HOSPITAL SHOULD BE BEAUTIFUL; BUILDING IT SHOULD HELP AS MANY
LOCAL PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE; AND IT SHOULD HAVE NATURAL AIRFLOW, TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF DISEASES LIKE TUBERCULOSIS THAT OFTEN RAN
RAMPANT IN ENCLOSED WARDS AND WAITING ROOMS. >> Murphy: LET ME SHOW YOU THIS IMAGE.
>> Stahl: MURPHY SHOWED US THE DESIGN THEY CAME UP WITH TO MOVE FRESH AIR NATURALLY THROUGH EACH WARD.
>> Murphy: THAT'S SIMPLE PHYSICS, WHERE AIR MOVES FROM A LOWER TO HIGHER AREA. >> Stahl: BEDS WOULD GO IN THE
MIDDLE, GIVING EVERY PATIENT A BEAUTIFUL VIEW. >> Murphy: BEAUTY MATTERS. SPACES AROUND US THAT ARE
DESIGNED WITH BEAUTY SAY THAT WE MATTER AS INDIVIDUALS. >> Stahl: IF I WERE A DOCTOR, WOULDN'T I SAY, "I CARE ABOUT
BEAUTY, BUT I WANT A HEART MONITOR FIRST"? >> Farmer: WHY MAKE THIS A CHOICE BETWEEN A HEART MONITOR
AND BEAUTY? SURELY, WE CAN HAVE BOTH. >> Stahl: WHAT THEY COULDN'T HAVE?
HEAVY EQUIPMENT LIKE FRONT-END LOADERS, THAT WERE TOO COSTLY TO GET TO THE SITE. >> Murphy: AND SO, WE ASKED,
"COULD WE DIG IT BY HAND?" AND WE DUG THE FOUNDATION BY HAND. EMPLOY MORE PEOPLE.
AND, YOU KNOW, SHOCKER-- WE DID IT FASTER AND CHEAPER THAN... ( LAUGHS ) ...THAN IF...
>> Stahl: THAN IF YOU HAD THE BIG... >> Murphy: ...THAN IF WE HAD THE FRONT-END LOADER.
( LAUGHS ) >> Stahl: HOW MANY PEOPLE ACTUALLY WORKED ON THIS PROJECT, TOTAL?
>> Murphy: OVER 4,000 PEOPLE WORKED ON THE PROJECT. >> Stahl: AND INSTEAD OF TRUCKING IN MATERIALS, THEY
DECIDED TO USE VOLCANIC STONE THAT FARMERS HERE CONSIDER A NUISANCE, BECAUSE THEY HAVE TO CLEAR IT FROM THEIR FIELDS.
>> Ricks: YOU SEE THE STONE EVERYWHERE, BUT NORMALLY IT'S JUST PILED UP. AND WE THOUGHT, THIS WOULD BE A
REALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL IN-- IN THE U.S., YOU KNOW. COULD WE USE IT IN A DIFFERENT WAY?
>> Stahl: THEY DESIGNED THE WHOLE HOSPITAL FACADE WITH IT, HIRING DOZENS OF LOCAL MASONS AND SPAWNING A NEW INDUSTRY.
THIS WOMAN, WHO TRAINED AT BUTARO, IS NOW A FOREWOMAN WITH A TEAM OF MASONS SHE TRAINS. >> Benimana: THE AMOUNT OF HOURS
THEY SPENT DOING THIS. >> Stahl: CHRISTIAN BENIMANA, BACK FROM SHANGHAI, WAS IMPRESSED BY THE THOUGHT GIVEN
TO THE PROCESS OF BUILDING AND, BY GIVING SO MANY PEOPLE WORK, IMPROVING THE LOCAL ECONOMY. >> Benimana: IT IS CRITICAL FOR
US TO HAVE PROSPECT FOR A BETTER FUTURE. >> Stahl: AND GIVE PEOPLE PRIDE IN RWANDA.
>> Benimana: THAT'S VERY IMPORTANT TO ME, BECAUSE I-- MAKE ME PROUD, AS WELL. >> Stahl: HE JOINED THE TEAM AND
HELPED DESIGN HOUSING FOR DOCTORS AT THE HOSPITAL. >> Ricks: VERY QUICKLY, WE HAD A LOT OF WORK, BECAUSE THERE
WEREN'T MANY OTHER PEOPLE DOING THIS. >> Stahl: THEY DECIDED TO BECOME A NON-PROFIT ARCHITECTURE FIRM,
TO WORK ON PROJECTS THAT OTHERWISE COULDN'T AFFORD HIGH-PRICED DESIGNS. THEY'VE BUILT A MATERNITY CARE
CENTER IN MALAWI, A CHOLERA HOSPITAL IN HAITI, SCHOOLS-- ALL WITH THE SAME PRINCIPLES OF AIR FLOW, BEAUTY, AND CREATING JOBS.
A DECADE LATER, THEY HAVE A STAFF OF OVER 200, MORE THAN HALF OF THEM RWANDAN. THIS TREE IS EVEN MORE
BEAUTIFUL, CLOSE UP. WE VISITED BUTARO HOSPITAL THIS SUMMER. ITS CENTRAL COURTYARD FELT
PART-MEDICAL CENTER, PART-PUBLIC GARDENS, AND ITS COVERED OUTDOOR WAITING ROOM AND HALLWAYS IN THIS TIME OF COVID FELT
PRESCIENT. >> Murphy: THIS ENTIRE HOSPITAL IS DESIGNED AROUND THAT SIMPLE IDEA THAT AIR FLOW, AIR
MOVEMENT, ARE THE BASIC PREMISE THAT WE SHOULD DESIGN OUR BUILDINGS AROUND-- AND, IN PARTICULAR, OUR HOSPITALS, SO
THAT PATIENTS DON'T TRANSMIT AIRBORNE DISEASES TO EACH OTHER. >> Stahl: FOUR HOURS TO THE SOUTH, WE WENT TO SEE MASS'
LARGEST PROJECT YET, A 69-BUILDING CAMPUS FOR A BRAND-NEW COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE FUNDED BY AMERICAN
PHILANTHROPIST HOWARD BUFFETT... >> Ricks: THIS SPACE IS REALLY-- WE WANT TO CREATE A HUB. >> Stahl: IT'S SPECTACULAR.
...WHERE MASS IS PUSHING ITS PHILOSOPHY TO THE LIMIT. AS ALAN RICKS SHOWED US, JUST ABOUT EVERYTHING HERE, FROM THE
EARTHEN WALLS... >> Ricks: THE LINES YOU SEE ARE THE LAYERS. >> Stahl: ...TO THE FURNITURE...
>> Ricks: THE WOVEN BACK-RESTS OF THESE CHAIRS. >> Stahl: ...IS BEING MADE LOCALLY.
UNDER CHRISTIAN BENIMANA'S LEADERSHIP, MASS STARTED A FURNITURE DIVISION TO COLLABORATE WITH LOCAL ARTISANS
ON CREATIVE DESIGNS, INSTEAD OF ORDERING FROM A CATALOGUE. >> Benimana: IT'S ONE THING TO GO TO DUBAI AND TURKEY AND CHINA
AND EUROPE AND PICK A CHAIR FROM A SHOWROOM, PUT IT ON A FLIGHT AND BRING IT HERE; IT'S ANOTHER THING TO FIGURE OUT A SYSTEM
THAT CAN CREATE MORE OPPORTUNITIES FOR GROWTH. >> Stahl: AND IF YOU'RE THINKING MASS' MODEL COULD NEVER WORK IN
THE U.S.? MICHAEL MURPHY WASN'T SURE, EITHER-- UNTIL HE WAS CHALLENGED BY A COMMUNITY LEADER BACK HOME.
>> Murphy: HE SAID, "YOU'RE DOING ALL THIS WORK IN HAITI AND RWANDA. WHEN ARE YOU GOING TO COME BACK
TO YOUR HOMETOWN AND WORK WITH US IN POUGHKEEPSIE? WE NEED A LOT OF HELP." >> Stahl: POUGHKEEPSIE, LIKE
MANY ONCE-THRIVING INDUSTRIAL CITIES, HAD SEEN FACTORIES CLOSE, ITS DOWNTOWN CHOKED OFF BY HIGHWAYS, ITS STOREFRONTS
BOARDED UP. TO TOP IT OFF, ITS CREEK FLOODED DURING HURRICANE IRENE. >> Murphy: WE HAD JUST BEEN IN
ONE OF THE MOST RURAL PLACES IN THE WORLD, AND WE HAD SEEN A HOSPITAL CHANGE THE ECONOMY. I SAID, "WHY CAN'T WE DO THAT
SAME THING HERE IN POUGHKEEPSIE?" >> Stahl: SO, MASS OPENED A SMALL OFFICE ON MAIN STREET AND
GOT TO WORK CONVERTING THE CITY'S OLD TROLLEY BARN INTO AN ART SPACE AND DESIGNING HOUSING. IT'S HELPING TURN THIS OLD
BUILDING INTO A FOOD HALL... >> WE'RE GOING TO SAVE THIS BUILDING. >> Stahl: ...AND CONVERTING THIS
LONG-ABANDONED FACTORY INTO A NEW HEADQUARTERS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP SCENIC HUDSON.
>> Murphy: IF YOU LOOK UP, YOU CAN SEE THAT THIS WHOLE OPENING WAS ONCE A WINDOW. >> Stahl: THAT WAS A WINDOW?
>> Murphy: THAT WAS ALL A WINDOW. >> Stahl: OH, MY GOODNESS. MURPHY SAYS OLD BUILDINGS LIKE
THIS WERE DESIGNED TO LET IN FRESH AIR, BUT WITH THE INVENTION OF AIR CONDITIONING, "BIG WINDOWS BECAME A LIABILITY,
SO WE SHRUNK THEM AND SEALED OUR BUILDINGS AIR-TIGHT." >> Murphy: THIS IS A SORT OF DEVIL'S BARGAIN, BECAUSE IT HAS
MADE ALL OF OUR BUILDINGS HAVE REALLY LIMITED AIR FLOW. AND HENCE, DURING COVID, WE WERE ALL VERY VULNERABLE.
>> Stahl: WE SAW IT WITH THE NURSING HOMES. >> Murphy: AND THE PRISONS. >> Stahl: DO YOU THINK THAT
COVID WILL CHANGE ARCHITECTURE FOR EVERYBODY? >> Murphy: EVERYONE AROUND THE WORLD IS GOING THROUGH A SHIFT
IN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF THE BUILDINGS AROUND US-- THAT THEY MAY MAKE US SICKER; THAT THEY COULD MAKE US HEALTHIER IF THEY
WERE BETTER DESIGNED. >> Stahl: MASS' NEW DESIGN WILL REOPEN THE WINDOWS AND, LIKE A CUTTING-EDGE VERSION OF THE
HOSPITAL IN RWANDA, USE A SOLAR- POWERED SYSTEM TO HEAT AND COOL AIR AT EACH WINDOW, ELIMINATING TRADITIONAL AIR CONDITIONING AND
HEATING ENTIRELY. AND, THEY HAVE A PLAN TO TRANSFORM THAT FLOODING CREEK THAT HAS BECOME SOMETHING OF A
GARBAGE DUMP. >> Sierra Bainbridge: SOME GUTTERS. WE GET SHOPPING CARTS.
>> Stahl: WHAT IS THAT? AN AIR CONDITIONER? >> Bainbridge: MM-HMM. MM-HMM.
>> Stahl: MASS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT SIERRA BAINBRIDGE CAME HERE WITH IDEAS ABOUT WIDENING THE CREEK TO HELP WITH FLOODING,
BUT ALSO... >> Bainbridge: IF YOU'RE TAKING A HOLISTIC VIEW OF THE PROBLEM, THEN THE SOLUTION ALSO BEGINS TO
BE A HOLISTIC VIEW. >> Stahl: MASS CAME UP WITH DESIGNS TO TURN THE BLIGHTED CREEK INTO BEAUTIFUL PARK SPACE
THAT WOULD RUN ALL THROUGH POUGHKEEPSIE. >> Bainbridge: EACH PROJECT HAS TO NOT SOLVE FOR THAT ONE THING.
WE HAVE TO BE THINKING ABOUT HOW MUCH CAN WE MAKE DESIGN HAVE THE BIGGEST POSSIBLE IMPACT? >> Stahl: IT'S A LESSON MASS
BELIEVES CAN APPLY IN MANY AMERICAN CITIES. THEY HAVE PROJECTS NOW IN CLEVELAND, BIRMINGHAM, AND
SANTA FE. AND THEIR GOSPEL OF ARCHITECTURE SERVING SOCIETY HAS REACHED INSIDE THAT IVORY TOWER, WHOSE
TEACHINGS THEY ONCE FOUND LACKING. LAST SPRING, MURPHY TAUGHT LESSONS HE LEARNED IN RWANDA,
BACK AT HARVARD. >> Murphy: THERE'S SOME CLEAR SIMPLICITY TO IT-- THERE'S THINGS WE HAVE TO BUILD, THERE'S
PEOPLE WE HAVE TO HIRE, THERE'S MATERIALS WE HAVE TO USE. AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT THE WHOLE THING AS A DESIGN PROJECT, YOU
CAN HAVE A LOT MORE IMPACT. ( TICKING )
>> WHY DOES AN ARCHITECTURE FIRM EMPLOY FILMMAKERS? >> HOPEFULLY, PEOPLE START DEMANDING SOMETHING DIFFERENT
FROM THE BUILDINGS THAT THEY LIVE IN.
( TICKING )
>> Anderson Cooper: WHEN YUVAL NOAH HARARI PUBLISHED HIS FIRST BOOK "SAPIENS" IN 2014 ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES, IT
BECAME A GLOBAL BESTSELLER AND TURNED THE LITTLE-KNOWN ISRAELI HISTORY PROFESSOR INTO ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR WRITERS AND
THINKERS ON THE PLANET. BUT WHEN WE MET WITH HARARI IN TEL AVIV THIS SUMMER, IT WASN'T OUR SPECIES' PAST THAT CONCERNED
HIM; IT WAS OUR FUTURE. HARARI BELIEVES WE MAY BE ON THE BRINK OF CREATING NOT JUST A NEW, ENHANCED SPECIES OF HUMAN,
BUT AN ENTIRELY NEW KIND OF BEING, ONE THAT IS FAR MORE INTELLIGENT THAN WE ARE. IT SOUNDS LIKE SCIENCE FICTION,
BUT YUVAL NOAH HARARI SAYS IT'S ACTUALLY MUCH MORE DANGEROUS THAN THAT. YOU SAID, "WE ARE ONE OF THE
LAST GENERATIONS OF HOMO SAPIENS. WITHIN A CENTURY OR TWO, EARTH WILL BE DOMINATED BY ENTITIES
THAT ARE MORE DIFFERENT FROM US THAN WE ARE DIFFERENT FROM CHIMPANZEES." >> Yuval Noah Harari: YEAH.
>> Cooper: WHAT THE HELL DOES THAT MEAN? THAT FREAKED ME OUT. >> Harari: YOU KNOW WE WILL SOON
HAVE THE POWER TO RE-ENGINEER OUR BODIES AND BRAINS-- WHETHER IT IS WITH GENETIC ENGINEERING; OR BY DIRECTLY CONNECTING BRAINS
TO COMPUTERS; OR BY CREATING COMPLETELY NON-ORGANIC ENTITIES, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WHICH IS NOT BASED AT ALL ON THE ORGANIC
BODY AND THE ORGANIC BRAIN. AND THESE TECHNOLOGIES ARE DEVELOPING AT BREAK-NECK SPEED. >> Cooper: IF THAT IS TRUE, THEN
IT CREATES A WHOLE OTHER SPECIES. >> Harari: THIS IS SOMETHING WHICH IS WAY BEYOND JUST ANOTHER
SPECIES. >> Cooper: YUVAL NOAH HARARI IS TALKING ABOUT THE RACE TO DEVELOP ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,
AS WELL AS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES LIKE GENE EDITING, THAT COULD ONE DAY ENABLE PARENTS TO CREATE SMARTER OR MORE ATTRACTIVE
CHILDREN, AND BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACES THAT COULD RESULT IN HUMAN/MACHINE HYBRIDS. WHAT DOES THAT DO TO A SOCIETY?
IT SEEMS LIKE THE RICH WILL HAVE ACCESS, WHEREAS OTHERS WOULDN'T. >> Harari: ONE OF THE DANGERS IS THAT WE WILL SEE IN THE COMING
DECADES, A PROCESS OF, OF-- OF-- GREATER INEQUALITY THAN IN ANY PREVIOUS TIME IN HISTORY, BECAUSE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, IT
WILL BE REAL, BIOLOGICAL INEQUALITY. IF THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE AVAILABLE ONLY TO THE RICH OR
ONLY TO PEOPLE FROM A CERTAIN COUNTRY, THEN HOMO SAPIENS WILL SPLIT INTO DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL CASTES, BECAUSE THEY REALLY HAVE
DIFFERENT BODIES AND-- AND DIFFERENT ABILITIES. >> Cooper: HARARI HAS SPENT THE LAST FEW YEARS LECTURING AND
WRITING ABOUT WHAT MAY LIE AHEAD FOR HUMANKIND. >> Harari: IN THE COMING GENERATIONS, WE WILL LEARN HOW
TO ENGINEER BODIES AND BRAINS AND MINDS. >> Cooper: HE HAS WRITTEN TWO BOOKS ABOUT THE CHALLENGES WE
FACE IN THE FUTURE, "HOMO DEUS" AND "21 LESSONS FOR THE 21st CENTURY," WHICH, ALONG WITH "SAPIENS" HAVE SOLD MORE THAN 35
MILLION COPIES AND BEEN TRANSLATED INTO 65 LANGUAGES. HIS WRITINGS HAVE BEEN RECOMMENDED BY PRESIDENT BARACK
OBAMA AS WELL AS TECH MOGULS BILL GATES AND MARK ZUCKERBERG. YOU RAISE WARNINGS ABOUT TECHNOLOGY.
YOU'RE ALSO EMBRACED BY A LOT OF FOLKS IN SILICON VALLEY. >> Harari: YEAH. >> Cooper: ISN'T THAT SORT OF A
CONTRADICTION? >> Harari: THEY ARE A BIT AFRAID OF THEIR OWN POWER; THAT THEY HAVE REALIZED THE IMMENSE
INFLUENCE THEY HAVE OVER THE WORLD, OVER THE COURSE OF EVOLUTION, REALLY. AND I THINK THAT SPOOKS AT LEAST
SOME OF THEM, AND THAT'S A GOOD THING. AND THIS IS WHY THEY ARE KIND OF, TO SOME EXTENT, OPEN TO
LISTENING. >> Cooper: YOU STARTED AS A HISTORY PROFESSOR. WHAT DO YOU CALL YOURSELF NOW?
>> Harari: I'M STILL A HISTORIAN, BUT I THINK HISTORY IS THE STUDY OF CHANGE, NOT JUST THE STUDY OF THE PAST.
BUT IT COVERS THE FUTURE, AS WELL. >> Cooper: HARARI GOT HIS Ph.D. IN HISTORY AT OXFORD AND LIVES
IN ISRAEL, WHERE THE PAST IS STILL VERY PRESENT. HE TOOK US TO THIS ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE CALLED TEL GEZER.
>> Harari: 4,000 OR 5,000 YEARS AGO, THIS WAS ONE OF THE BIGGEST CITIES IN THE AREA. >> Cooper: HARARI SAYS CITIES
LIKE THIS WERE ONLY POSSIBLE BECAUSE ABOUT 70,000 YEARS AGO, OUR SPECIES, HOMO SAPIENS, EXPERIENCED A COGNITIVE CHANGE
THAT HELPED US CREATE LANGUAGE, WHICH THEN MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR US TO COOPERATE IN LARGE GROUPS AND DRIVE NEANDERTHALS AND ALL
OTHER LESS-COOPERATIVE HUMAN SPECIES INTO EXTINCTION. HARARI FEARS WE ARE NOW THE ONES AT RISK OF BEING DOMINATED BY
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. >> Harari: MAYBE THE BIGGEST THING THAT WE ARE FACING IS REALLY A KIND OF EVOLUTIONARY
DIVERGENCE. FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS, INTELLIGENCE AND CONSCIOUSNESS WENT TOGETHER.
CONSCIOUSNESS IS THE ABILITY TO FEEL THINGS LIKE PAIN AND PLEASURE AND LOVE AND HATE. INTELLIGENCE IS THE ABILITY TO
SOLVE PROBLEMS. BUT COMPUTERS OR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, THEY DON'T HAVE CONSCIOUSNESS.
THEY JUST HAVE INTELLIGENCE. THEY SOLVE PROBLEMS IN A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT WAY THAN US.
NOW, IN SCIENCE FICTION, IT'S OFTEN ASSUMED THAT AS COMPUTERS WILL BECOME MORE AND MORE INTELLIGENT, THEY WILL
INEVITABLY ALSO GAIN CONSCIOUSNESS. BUT ACTUALLY, IT'S-- IT'S MUCH MORE FRIGHTENING THAN THAT; IN A
WAY, THEY WILL BE ABLE TO SOLVE MORE AND MORE PROBLEMS, BETTER THAN US, WITHOUT HAVING ANY CONSCIOUSNESS, ANY FEELINGS.
>> Cooper: AND THEY WILL HAVE POWER OVER US? >> Harari: THEY ARE ALREADY GAINING POWER OVER US.
>> Cooper: SOME LENDERS ROUTINELY USE COMPLEX ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS TO DETERMINE WHO QUALIFIES FOR
LOANS, AND GLOBAL FINANCIAL MARKETS ARE MOVED BY DECISIONS MADE BY MACHINES ANALYZING HUGE AMOUNTS OF DATA IN WAYS EVEN
THEIR PROGRAMMERS DON'T ALWAYS UNDERSTAND. HARARI SAYS THE COUNTRIES AND COMPANIES THAT CONTROL THE MOST
DATA WILL IN THE FUTURE BE THE ONES THAT CONTROL THE WORLD. >> Harari: TODAY, IN THE WORLD, DATA IS WORTH MUCH MORE THAN
MONEY. TEN YEARS AGO, YOU HAD THESE BIG CORPORATIONS PAYING BILLIONS AND BILLIONS FOR WHATSAPP, FOR
INSTAGRAM. AND PEOPLE WONDERED, "ARE THEY CRAZY? WHY DO THEY PAY BILLIONS TO GET
THIS APPLICATION THAT DOESN'T PRODUCE ANY MONEY?" AND THE REASON WHY? BECAUSE IT PRODUCED DATA.
>> Cooper: AND DATA IS THE KEY? >> Harari: THE WORLD IS INCREASINGLY KIND OF CUT UP INTO SPHERES OF-- OF-- OF-- OF DATA
COLLECTION, OF DATA HARVESTING. IN THE COLD WAR, YOU HAD THE IRON CURTAIN. NOW, WE HAVE THE SILICON CURTAIN
BETWEEN THE U.S.A. AND CHINA. AND WHERE DOES THE DATA GO? CALIFORNIA. OR DOES IT GO TO SHENZHEN AND TO
SHANGHAI AND TO BEIJING? >> Cooper: HARARI IS CONCERNED THE PANDEMIC HAS OPENED THE DOOR FOR MORE INTRUSIVE KINDS OF DATA
COLLECTION, INCLUDING BIOMETRIC DATA. WHAT IS BIOMETRIC DATA? >> Harari: IT'S DATA ABOUT
WHAT'S HAPPENING INSIDE MY BODY. WHAT WE HAVE SEEN SO FAR, IT'S CORPORATIONS AND GOVERNMENTS COLLECTING DATA ABOUT WHERE WE
GO, WHO WE MEET, WHAT MOVIES WE WATCH. THE NEXT PHASE IS SURVEILLANCE GOING UNDER OUR SKIN.
>> Cooper: I'M WEARING A-- LIKE, A TRACKER, THAT TRACKS MY HEART RATE, MY SLEEP. I DON'T KNOW WHERE THAT
INFORMATION IS GOING. >> Harari: YOU WEAR THE K.G.B. AGENT ON YOUR WRIST WILLINGLY. >> Cooper: AND I THINK IT'S
BENEFITING ME. >> Harari: AND IT IS BENEFITING YOU. I MEAN, THE WHOLE THING IS THAT
IT'S NOT JUST DYSTOPIAN, IT'S ALSO UTOPIAN. I MEAN, THIS KIND OF DATA CAN ALSO ENABLE US TO CREATE THE
BEST HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN HISTORY. THE QUESTION IS, WHAT ELSE IS BEING DONE WITH THAT DATA?
AND WHO SUPERVISES IT? WHO REGULATES IT? >> Cooper: EARLIER THIS YEAR, THE ISRAELI GOVERNMENT GAVE ITS
CITIZENS' HEALTH DATA TO PFIZER TO GET PRIORITY ACCESS TO THEIR VACCINE. THE DATA DID NOT INCLUDE
INDIVIDUAL CITIZENS' IDENTITIES. SO, WHAT DOES PFIZER WANT THE DATA OF ALL ISRAELIS FOR? >> Harari: BECAUSE, TO DEVELOP
NEW MEDICINES, NEW TREATMENTS, YOU NEED THE MEDICAL DATA. INCREASINGLY, THAT'S THE BASIS FOR HOW-- FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH.
IT'S NOT ALL BAD. >> Cooper: HARARI HAS BEEN CRITICIZED FOR POINTING OUT PROBLEMS WITHOUT OFFERING
SOLUTIONS, BUT HE DOES HAVE SOME IDEAS ABOUT HOW TO LIMIT THE MISUSE OF DATA. >> Harari: ONE KEY RULE IS THAT
IF YOU GET MY DATA, THE DATA SHOULD BE USED TO HELP ME, AND NOT TO MANIPULATE ME. ANOTHER KEY RULE?
THAT WHENEVER YOU INCREASE SURVEILLANCE OF INDIVIDUALS, YOU SHOULD SIMULTANEOUSLY INCREASE SURVEILLANCE OF THE CORPORATION
AND GOVERNMENTS AND THE PEOPLE AT THE TOP. AND THE THIRD PRINCIPLE IS THAT, NEVER ALLOW ALL THE DATA TO BE
CONCENTRATED IN ONE PLACE. THAT'S THE RECIPE FOR A DICTATORSHIP. NETFLIX TELLS US WHAT TO WATCH,
AND AMAZON TELLS US WHAT TO BUY. EVENTUALLY, WITHIN 10 OR 20 OR 30 YEARS, SUCH ALGORITHMS COULD ALSO TELL YOU WHAT TO STUDY AT
COLLEGE, AND WHERE TO WORK, AND WHOM TO MARRY, AND EVEN WHOM TO VOTE FOR. >> Cooper: WITHOUT GREATER
REGULATION, HARARI BELIEVES WE ARE AT RISK OF BECOMING WHAT HE CALLS "HACKED HUMANS." WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?
>> Harari: TO HACK A HUMAN BEING IS TO GET TO KNOW THAT PERSON BETTER THAN THEY KNOW THEMSELVES, AND BASED ON THAT,
TO INCREASINGLY MANIPULATE YOU. THIS OUTSIDE SYSTEM, IT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO REMEMBER EVERYTHING-- EVERYTHING YOU EVER
DID, AND TO ANALYZE AND FIND PATTERNS IN THIS DATA AND TO GET A MUCH BETTER IDEA OF WHO YOU REALLY ARE.
I CAME OUT AS GAY WHEN I WAS 21. IT SHOULD'VE BEEN OBVIOUS TO ME WHEN I WAS 15 THAT I'M GAY, BUT SOMETHING IN THE MIND BLOCKED
IT. NOW, IF YOU THINK ABOUT A TEENAGER TODAY, FACEBOOK CAN KNOW THAT THEY ARE GAY, OR
AMAZON CAN KNOW THAT THEY ARE GAY LONG BEFORE THEY DO, JUST BASED ON ANALYZING PATTERNS. >> Cooper: AND BASED ON THAT,
YOU CAN TELL SOMEBODY'S SEXUAL ORIENTATION? >> Harari: COMPLETELY. AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF YOU
LIVE IN IRAN OR IF YOU LIVE IN RUSSIA OR IN SOME OTHER HOMOPHOBIC COUNTRY, AND THE POLICE KNOW THAT YOU ARE GAY
EVEN BEFORE YOU KNOW IT? >> Cooper: WHEN PEOPLE THINK ABOUT DATA, THEY THINK ABOUT COMPANIES FINDING OUT WHAT THEIR
LIKES AND DISLIKES ARE. BUT THE DATA THAT YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT GOES MUCH DEEPER THAN THAT?
>> Harari: LIKE, THINK IN 20 YEARS, WHEN THE ENTIRE PERSONAL HISTORY OF EVERY JOURNALIST, EVERY JUDGE, EVERY POLITICIAN,
EVERY MILITARY OFFICER, IS HELD BY SOMEBODY IN BEIJING OR IN WASHINGTON. YOUR ABILITY TO MANIPULATE THEM
IS LIKE NOTHING BEFORE IN HISTORY. >> Cooper: HARARI LIVES OUTSIDE TEL AVIV WITH HIS HUSBAND, ITZIK
YAHAV. THEY HAVE BEEN TOGETHER FOR NEARLY 20 YEARS. IT WAS YAHAV WHO READ HARARI'S
LECTURE NOTES FOR A HISTORY COURSE AND CONVINCED HIM TO TURN THEM INTO HIS FIRST BOOK, "SAPIENS."
>> Itzik Yahav: I READ THE LESSONS; I COULDN'T STOP TALKING ABOUT IT. FOR ME, IT WAS CLEAR THAT IT
COULD BE A HUGE BESTSELLER. >> Cooper: YAHAV IS NOW HARARI'S AGENT, AND TOGETHER THEY STARTED A COMPANY CALLED SAPIENSHIP.
THEY ARE CREATING AN INTERACTIVE EXHIBIT THAT WILL TAKE VISITORS THROUGH THE HISTORY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION, AND CHALLENGE THEM TO
THINK ABOUT THE FUTURE OF MANKIND. HARARI ALSO JUST PUBLISHED THE SCOND INSTALLMENT OF A GRAPHIC
NOVEL BASED ON "SAPIENS," AND HE'S TEACHING COURSES AT ISRAEL'S HEBREW UNIVERSITY IN ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY FOR
COMPUTER SCIENTISTS AND BIO- ENGINEERS. >> Harari: WHEN PEOPLE WRITE CODE, THEY ARE RESHAPING
POLITICS AND ECONOMICS AND ETHICS, AND THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SOCIETY. >> Cooper: WHEN I THINK OF
CODERS AND ENGINEERS, I DON'T THINK OF PHILOSOPHERS AND POETS. >> Harari: IT'S NOT THE CASE NOW, BUT IT SHOULD BE THE CASE,
BECAUSE THEY ARE INCREASINGLY SOLVING PHILOSOPHICAL AND POETICAL RIDDLES. IF YOU'RE DESIGNING, YOU KNOW, A
SELF-DRIVING CAR, SO, THE SELF-DRIVING CAR WILL NEED TO MAKE ETHICAL DECISIONS LIKE, SUDDENLY, A KID JUMPS IN FRONT
OF THE CAR AND THE ONLY WAY TO-- TO-- TO PREVENT RUNNING OVER THE KID IS TO SWERVE TO THE SIDE AND BE HIT BY A TRUCK, AND YOUR OWN-
- OWNER, WHO IS ASLEEP IN THE BACK SEAT, WILL-- MIGHT BE KILLED. YOU NEED TO TELL THE ALGORITHM
WHAT TO DO IN THIS SITUATION. SO, YOU NEED TO ACTUALLY SOLVE THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTION, WHO TO KILL.
>> Cooper: LAST MONTH, THE UNITED NATIONS SUGGESTED A MORATORIUM ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS THAT
SERIOUSLY THREATEN HUMAN RIGHTS UNTIL SAFEGUARDS ARE AGREED UPON, AND ADVISERS TO PRESIDENT BIDEN ARE PROPOSING WHAT THEY
CALL A "BILL OF RIGHTS" TO GUARD AGAINST SOME OF THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES. HARARI SAYS JUST AS HOMO SAPIENS
LEARNED TO COOPERATE WITH EACH OTHER MANY THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO, WE NEED TO COOPERATE NOW. >> Harari: CERTAINLY.
NOW, WE ARE AT THE POINT WHEN WE NEED GLOBAL COOPERATION. YOU CANNOT REGULATE THE EXPLOSIVE POWER OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE ON A NATIONAL LEVEL. I'M NOT TRYING TO KIND OF PROPHESY WHAT WILL HAPPEN; I'M
TRYING TO WARN PEOPLE ABOUT THE MOST DANGEROUS POSSIBILITIES IN THE HOPE THAT WE WILL DO SOMETHING IN THE PRESENT TO
PREVENT THEM. ( TICKING )
>> Stahl: NOW, AN UPDATE ON A STORY WE REPORTED EARLIER THIS MONTH. SCOTT PELLEY SPOKE WITH FRANCES
HAUGEN, THE UP-TO-THEN-ANONYMOUS FACEBOOK WHISTLEBLOWER. WHEN SHE LEFT THE COMPANY, SHE TOOK TENS OF THOUSANDS OF PAGES
OF INTERNAL RESEARCH WITH HER. >> Pelley: MISINFORMATION, ANGRY CONTENT IS ENTICING TO PEOPLE AND KEEP...
>> Haugen: VERY ENTICING. >> Pelley: ...KEEPS THEM ON THE PLATFORM. >> Haugen: YES.
>> Stahl: SINCE THEN, SHE HAS TESTIFIED BEFORE THE SENATE AND THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT. IN NOVEMBER, SHE MEETS WITH THE
EUROPEAN UNION. MORE THAN 18 NEWS ORGANIZATIONS, INCLUDING CBS NEWS, HAVE JOINED IN EXAMINING THE RESEARCH, AND
CONGRESS IS LOOKING AT POSSIBLE REGULATIONS LIMITING HOW SOCIAL MEDIA MAY HARM YOUNG USERS. I'M LESLEY STAHL.
WE'LL BE BACK NEXT WEEK WITH