1 00:00:00,710 --> 00:00:13,856 and FORD. We go further, so you can. >> HOW DOES A COUNTRY GO FROM DEMOCRACY TO DICTATORSHIP IN ONE 2 00:00:13,923 --> 00:00:21,164 GENERATION? IT'S EASIER THAN YOU MAY IMAGINE. THIS IS JUAN SEBASTIAN CHAMORRO, 3 00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:27,603 A GEORGETOWN-EDUCATED ECONOMIST, WHO WAS PLANNING TO CHALLENGE THE DICTATOR DANIEL ORTEGA FOR PRESIDENT OF NICARAGUA. 4 00:00:27,670 --> 00:00:34,310 >> SI ESTAN VIENDO ESTE VIDEO, ES PORQUE HE SIDO... >> THIS VIDEO WAS RECORDED JUST HOURS BEFORE HE WAS VIOLENTLY 5 00:00:34,377 --> 00:00:41,117 TAKEN FROM HIS HOME BY MASKED POLICE OFFICERS. IN IT, HE SAYS "IF YOU'RE SEEING THIS, I'VE BEEN CAPTURED." 6 00:00:41,184 --> 00:00:41,918 ( TICKING ) 7 00:00:44,554 --> 00:00:49,926 >> THIS WE'RE SAVING. I MEAN, YOU CAN SEE... >> WE AMERICANS SPEND 90% OF OUR TIME INSIDE BUILDINGS. 8 00:00:49,992 --> 00:00:57,633 WELL, WE FOUND A GROUP OF YOUNG ARCHITECTS WHO HAVE SET OUT TO CREATE A NEW MODEL OF ARCHITECTURE, ONE THAT IS BOTH 9 00:00:57,700 --> 00:01:03,840 BEAUTIFUL AND HEALTHY FOR THE PEOPLE WHO BUILD AND USE THEM-- INSPIRATION THEY SAY THEY GOT IN AFRICA AND HAVE NOW BROUGHT 10 00:01:03,906 --> 00:01:13,249 HOME. WHAT YOU WERE DOING IN RWANDA, YOU WERE ALSO DOING IN HAITI, MALAWI, AND POUGHKEEPSIE? 11 00:01:13,316 --> 00:01:15,685 >> ( LAUGHS ) ( TICKING ) 12 00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:23,693 >> YUVAL NOAH HARARI IS A WORLD- RENOWNED HISTORIAN WHO HAS LOOKED INTO THE FUTURE AND IS MORE THAN A LITTLE CONCERNED 13 00:01:23,759 --> 00:01:33,503 ABOUT WHAT HE SEES. >> WE WILL SOON HAVE THE POWER TO RE-ENGINEER OUR BODIES AND BRAINS-- WHETHER IT IS WITH 14 00:01:33,569 --> 00:01:41,844 GENETIC ENGINEERING OR BY DIRECTLY CONNECTING BRAINS TO COMPUTERS, OR BY CREATING COMPLETELY NON-ORGANIC ENTITIES, 15 00:01:41,911 --> 00:01:46,215 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. AND THESE TECHNOLOGIES ARE DEVELOPING AT BREAKNECK SPEED. ( TICKING ) 16 00:01:49,185 --> 00:01:53,823 >> I'M LESLEY STAHL. >> I'M BILL WHITAKER. >> I'M ANDERSON COOPER. >> I'M SHARYN ALFONSI. 17 00:01:53,890 --> 00:01:59,762 >> I'M JON WERTHEIM. >> I'M SCOTT PELLEY. THOSE STORIES AND MORE, TONIGHT, ON "60 MINUTES." 18 00:01:59,829 --> 00:02:06,502 ( TICKING ) 19 00:02:08,738 --> 00:02:16,679 >> Sharyn Alfonsi: NEXT WEEK, A COUNTRY WITH A LONG, COMPLICATED HISTORY WITH THE U.S. WILL HOLD ITS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. 20 00:02:16,746 --> 00:02:22,084 ITS PRESIDENT IS SEEKING A FOURTH CONSECUTIVE TERM, AND HAS MADE SURE NOTHING STANDS IN HIS WAY. 21 00:02:22,151 --> 00:02:28,658 HE'S CHANGED THE COUNTRY'S LAWS, SILENCED THE MEDIA, AND LOCKED UP CANDIDATES WHO PLANNED TO RUN AGAINST HIM. 22 00:02:28,724 --> 00:02:36,198 NICARAGUA'S DANIEL ORTEGA IS NOT THE FATIGUE-WEARING REVOLUTIONARY THAT YOU MAY REMEMBER. 23 00:02:36,265 --> 00:02:42,438 HE'S NOW 75, AND RARELY SEEN. STILL, MANY NICARAGUANS FEAR HE IS MORE DANGEROUS THAN HE'S EVER BEEN. 24 00:02:42,505 --> 00:02:48,444 AND TONIGHT, YOU WILL HEAR FROM TWO WOMEN WHOSE HUSBANDS WERE PLANNING TO CHALLENGE ORTEGA FOR THE PRESIDENCY. 25 00:02:48,511 --> 00:02:56,285 BOTH MEN WERE ARRESTED BY THE REGIME IN JUNE, AND THEIR WIVES HAVEN'T SEEN OR SPOKEN TO THEM SINCE. 26 00:02:56,352 --> 00:03:01,123 NOW, THE WOMEN ARE FIGHTING TO BRING BACK THEIR HUSBANDS, AND A DEMOCRACY LOST. >> Juan Sebastian Chamorro: 27 00:03:01,190 --> 00:03:08,798 SI, ESTAN VIENDO ESTE VIDEO, ES PORQUE HE SIDO... >> Alfonsi: "IF YOU'RE SEEING THIS, I'VE BEEN CAPTURED." 28 00:03:08,864 --> 00:03:13,002 THOSE WERE THE CHILLING WORDS OF JUAN SEBASTIAN CHAMORRO, HOURS BEFORE HE WAS TAKEN FROM HIS HOME BY MASKED POLICE OFFICERS 29 00:03:13,069 --> 00:03:18,841 IN JUNE. >> Victoria Cardenas: EIGHT POLICE PATROLS WERE COMING. THERE WAS A LOT OF CARS, A LOT 30 00:03:18,908 --> 00:03:27,383 OF NOISE, A LOT OF PEOPLE JUMPING IN OUR WALL. >> Alfonsi: VICTORIA CARDENAS IS JUAN SEBASTIAN CHAMORRO'S WIFE. 31 00:03:27,450 --> 00:03:32,655 CHAMORRO WAS PLANNING TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT AGAINST DANIEL ORTEGA, AND WAS CONSIDERED A LEADING CANDIDATE. 32 00:03:32,722 --> 00:03:36,759 >> Chamorro: POLICIA ORTEGUISTA. >> Alfonsi: BECAUSE OF THAT, CARDENAS SAYS, POLICE HAD BEEN HARASSING HIM OUTSIDE OF THEIR 33 00:03:36,826 --> 00:03:44,667 HOME FOR MONTHS. BUT ON JUNE 8, THEY CAME IN. >> Cardenas: HE WAS ON THE FLOOR WITH HIS HANDS UP, SAYING, "I AM 34 00:03:44,734 --> 00:03:52,008 HERE, PLEASE DON'T DO ANYTHING TO MY WIFE." WE ARE UNARMED. AND THEY JUMPED THE WALLS. 35 00:03:52,074 --> 00:04:00,449 THEY BROKE IN, AND THEY TOOK HIM VIOLENTLY. >> Alfonsi: CARDENAS HASN'T SEEN OR SPOKEN TO HIM SINCE. 36 00:04:00,516 --> 00:04:08,658 JUAN SEBASTIAN CHAMORRO, A GEORGETOWN-EDUCATED ECONOMIST, IS PART OF A PROMINENT POLITICAL FAMILY IN NICARAGUA. 37 00:04:08,724 --> 00:04:16,666 DAYS EARLIER, HIS COUSIN, CRISTIANA CHAMORRO-- WHO, COINCIDENTALLY, WAS ALSO RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT-- WAS ABOUT TO 38 00:04:16,732 --> 00:04:24,440 HOLD A PRESS CONFERENCE OUTSIDE HER HOME, WHEN POLICE IN RIOT GEAR SHOWED UP. YOU CAN SEE POLICE PUSH THE 39 00:04:24,507 --> 00:04:30,413 CROWD BACK. CHAMORRO WAS PLACED UNDER HOUSE ARREST. OVER THE NEXT TWO MONTHS, 40 00:04:30,479 --> 00:04:38,354 NICARAGUA'S POLICE FORCE DETAINED DOZENS OF CRITICS OF THE REGIME, JOURNALISTS, AND, ULTIMATELY, SEVEN OF THE LEADING 41 00:04:38,421 --> 00:04:43,893 CANDIDATES WHO PLANNED TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT AGAINST ORTEGA. >> Jose Miguel Vivanco: NOBODY REALLY SEE HIM. 42 00:04:43,959 --> 00:04:51,400 >> Alfonsi: JOSE MIGUEL VIVANCO IS A DIRECTOR OF HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, A NON-PROFIT ADVOCACY GROUP THAT'S BEEN REPORTING FROM 43 00:04:51,467 --> 00:04:56,205 INSIDE NICARAGUA FOR DECADES. A LOT OF DICTATORS WILL AT LEAST GO THROUGH THE MOTIONS OF PRETENDING THERE'S A LEGITIMATE 44 00:04:56,272 --> 00:05:06,449 ELECTION. HE'S NOT. >> Vivanco: ORTEGA'S DELIBERATE AND FLAGRANT CRACK-DOWN AGAINST 45 00:05:06,515 --> 00:05:16,459 PEACEFUL OPPOSITION LEADERS IS SOMETHING WITHOUT ANY PRECEDENT IN LATIN AMERICA SINCE THE '70s AND '80s, WHEN MOST OF THE 46 00:05:16,525 --> 00:05:24,467 REGION WAS UNDER MILITARY DICTATORSHIP. >> Alfonsi: WHAT MAKES IT UNPRECEDENTED? 47 00:05:24,533 --> 00:05:32,675 >> Vivanco: SINCE ORTEGA CONTROLS CONGRESS, HE MANAGED TO PASS LEGISLATION AT THE END OF LAST YEAR THAT SANCTIONED AS 48 00:05:32,742 --> 00:05:39,882 TREASON ESSENTIALLY ANY CRITICISM OF THE GOVERNMENT. >> Alfonsi: SO, IF YOU CRITICIZE THE GOVERNMENT, YOU CAN BE 49 00:05:39,949 --> 00:05:45,955 THROWN IN JAIL RIGHT NOW. >> Vivanco: THE LANGUAGE THAT THEY USE IS "ANY DAMAGE TO THE SUPERIOR INTERESTS OF THE 50 00:05:46,021 --> 00:05:51,761 NATION." >> Alfonsi: IT SOUNDS ORWELLIAN. >> Vivanco: ORWELLIAN. IT'S COMPLETELY ORWELLIAN. 51 00:05:51,827 --> 00:05:58,768 >> Alfonsi: IN JUNE, SECRETARY OF STATE ANTONY BLINKEN CALLED FOR PRESIDENT ORTEGA TO IMMEDIATELY RELEASE THE 52 00:05:58,834 --> 00:06:04,206 CANDIDATES, AND ANNOUNCED SANCTIONS AGAINST MEMBERS OF ORTEGA'S FAMILY AND INNER CIRCLE. 53 00:06:04,273 --> 00:06:08,978 UNTIL A FEW YEARS AGO, IT MIGHT HAVE LOOKED LIKE DANIEL ORTEGA HAD MELLOWED OUT WITH AGE... >> Ortega: CREAR LA CONDICIONES. 54 00:06:09,044 --> 00:06:16,652 >> Alfonsi: ...A FAR CRY FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY PRESIDENT CARTER INVITED TO THE WHITE HOUSE IN 1979. 55 00:06:16,719 --> 00:06:24,460 ORTEGA'S SANDANISTA GUERILLAS WERE CREDITED WITH BRINGING DOWN THE SOMOZA FAMILY DICTATORSHIP IN NICARAGUA. 56 00:06:24,527 --> 00:06:30,132 LATER, THEY FOUGHT OFF THE U.S.-SPONSORED CONTRAS. IN 1984, DANIEL ORTEGA WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT. 57 00:06:30,199 --> 00:06:33,202 AND LATER... >> Ortega: LA REVOLUCION NICARAGUÜENSE. >> Alfonsi: ...SAT DOWN WITH OUR 58 00:06:33,269 --> 00:06:40,676 MIKE WALLACE. >> Ortega: MUY GENEROSO. >> Alfonsi: ORTEGA WAS VOTED OUT OF OFFICE IN 1990, BUT RETURNED 59 00:06:40,743 --> 00:06:51,620 TO POWER IN 2006, PROMISING TO FIGHT CORRUPTION. INSTEAD, HE TIGHTENED HIS GRIP ON THE COUNTRY-- FIRST, CHANGING 60 00:06:51,687 --> 00:06:59,195 THE CONSTITUTION SO HE COULD SERVE MORE TERMS, THEN MAKING HIS WIFE, ROSARIO MURILLO, AN ECCENTRIC, NEW-AGE POET, HIS 61 00:06:59,261 --> 00:07:04,967 VICE PRESIDENT. THEIR CHILDREN ALSO HOLD KEY POSITIONS IN NICARAGUA. EIGHT OF THE COUPLE'S NINE 62 00:07:05,034 --> 00:07:12,441 CHILDREN WERE MADE PRESIDENTIAL ADVISORS. THEY OVERSEE A LUCRATIVE OIL DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS, AND MOST 63 00:07:12,508 --> 00:07:20,216 OF THE COUNTRY'S TV CHANNELS. BUT EVEN AS THE ORTEGA FAMILY'S WEALTH HAS EXPLODED, NICARAGUA REMAINS THE SECOND-POOREST 64 00:07:20,282 --> 00:07:28,657 COUNTRY IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. ( HORNS BLOWING ) IN 2018, NICARAGUANS REVOLTED. 65 00:07:28,724 --> 00:07:36,465 THOUSANDS TOOK TO THE STREETS TO PROTEST ORTEGA'S PROPOSED CUTS TO SOCIAL SECURITY FOR SENIOR CITIZENS. 66 00:07:36,532 --> 00:07:42,438 SOON, PROTESTORS WERE CALLING FOR ORTEGA AND HIS WIFE TO STEP DOWN. JOSE MIGUEL VIVANCO SAYS IT WAS 67 00:07:42,504 --> 00:07:48,444 A TURNING POINT FOR THE COUNTRY. >> Vivanco: THAT DEMONSTRATION... >> VANDO, VANDO! 68 00:07:48,510 --> 00:07:54,450 ( SHOTS FIRED ) >> Vivanco: ...WAS CONFRONTED WITH BRUTAL FORCE BY ORTEGA. ( GUNFIRE ) 69 00:07:54,516 --> 00:08:02,825 >> Alfonsi: THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE WERE INJURED, MORE THAN 700 WERE ARRESTED, AND AT LEAST 350 PEOPLE WERE KILLED BY POLICE OR 70 00:08:02,892 --> 00:08:12,434 PARAMILITARY GROUPS SUPPORTED BY THE NICARAGUAN GOVERNMENT. >> Vivanco: ALL OF THOSE CRIMES, ALL OF THOSE ATROCITIES 71 00:08:12,501 --> 00:08:17,406 COMMITTED BY ORTEGA AND HIS SECURITY FORCES JUST A COUPLE OF YEARS AGO, HE WAS ABLE TO GET AWAY WITH THOSE CRIMES. 72 00:08:17,473 --> 00:08:27,616 >> Alfonsi: BUT VIVANCO SAYS ORTEGA ALSO REALIZED THAT IF HE LOST POWER, HE MIGHT BE IMPRISONED FOR WHAT NICARAGUAN 73 00:08:27,683 --> 00:08:31,620 JOURNALISTS CALLED A "MASSACRE" OF PROTESTORS. >> Felix Maradiaga: VERY FEW PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD DOUBT 74 00:08:31,687 --> 00:08:37,826 THAT NICARAGUA IS A DICTATORSHIP. >> Alfonsi: FELIX MARADIAGA, A FORMER CABINET MEMBER, WAS ONE 75 00:08:37,893 --> 00:08:44,667 OF ORTEGA'S MOST OUTSPOKEN CRITICS. A GRADUATE OF HARVARD, HE ADDRESSED WORLD LEADERS AT THE 76 00:08:44,733 --> 00:08:51,907 GENEVA SUMMIT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN 2019. >> Maradiaga: I COME HERE WITH THE CONVICTION AND HOPE THAT THE 77 00:08:51,974 --> 00:08:59,648 WORLD WILL CONTINUE TO SUPPORT THE STRUGGLE OF MY PEOPLE TO BUILD A FREE AND OPEN SOCIETY. >> Alfonsi: FELIX MARADIAGA WAS 78 00:08:59,715 --> 00:09:05,254 TEACHING NON-VIOLENT ACTIVISM TO NICARAGUAN STUDENTS... ( SHOUTING ) ...WHEN WITNESSES SAY HE WAS 79 00:09:05,321 --> 00:09:12,695 BEATEN BY ORTEGA'S HENCHMEN IN 2018. ( LOUD CHANTING ) AFTER THIS ATTACK, MARADIAGA WAS 80 00:09:12,761 --> 00:09:20,669 HOSPITALIZED. FOR THE NEXT FEW YEARS, HE WAS UNDER CONSTANT SURVEILLANCE BY THE POLICE, ACCORDING TO HIS 81 00:09:20,736 --> 00:09:27,710 WIFE, BERTA VALLE. >> Berta Valle: THEY WATCH HIM. THEY PUT PATROLS IN FRONT OF HIS HOUSE. 82 00:09:27,776 --> 00:09:32,681 THE POLICE WOULD TELL HIM THAT HE WAS NOT ABLE TO GO OUT OF THE HOUSE. >> NO, NO PERMITA. 83 00:09:32,748 --> 00:09:40,789 >> Valle: AND FROM DECEMBER 2020 TO FEBRUARY '21, HE WAS UNDER HOUSE ARREST. >> Alfonsi: SO, NO WARRANT, BUT 84 00:09:40,856 --> 00:09:45,294 HE'S NOT ALLOWED TO LEAVE THE HOUSE? >> Valle: EXACTLY. >> Alfonsi: EVEN SO, FELIX 85 00:09:45,361 --> 00:09:53,268 MARADIAGA DECIDED HE WOULD RUN FOR PRESIDENT, ONE OF A GROUP OF OPPOSITION CANDIDATES WHO, FOR THE FIRST TIME, HAD DECIDED TO 86 00:09:53,335 --> 00:10:00,442 BAND TOGETHER TO TRY TO DEFEAT DANIEL ORTEGA. >> Valle: THEY SIGNED A DOCUMENT SAYING THAT THEY WERE WILLING TO 87 00:10:00,509 --> 00:10:08,684 SUPPORT THE ONE THAT COULD REPRESENT THE NICARAGUAN PEOPLE. >> Alfonsi: BUT THE OPPOSITION NEVER GOT THE CHANCE TO PUT 88 00:10:08,751 --> 00:10:16,658 THEIR CANDIDATE FORWARD. MOST WERE ARRESTED OR FLED THE COUNTRY BEFORE THEY COULD FILE THE PAPERWORK TO OFFICIALLY PUT 89 00:10:16,725 --> 00:10:22,131 THEM ON THE BALLOT. ON JUNE 8, FELIX MARADIAGA WAS SUMMONED TO MEET WITH GOVERNMENT PROSECUTORS. 90 00:10:22,197 --> 00:10:28,670 HIS FAMILY FEARED HE WOULD BE ARRESTED DURING THE MEETING. >> Valle: SO, HE WENT WITH A LAWYER, A FRIEND, AND HE WAS 91 00:10:28,737 --> 00:10:32,674 INTERVIEWED FOR FOUR HOURS. >> Alfonsi: SO, FELIX CAME OUT. HE TALKED TO THE INDEPENDENT PRESS. 92 00:10:32,741 --> 00:10:37,179 >> Valle: EXACTLY. >> Maradiaga: NO TENEMOS MIEDO, NO TENEMOS MIEDO. >> Valle: WE WERE WATCHING THIS 93 00:10:37,246 --> 00:10:42,451 LIVE, AND WE SAID, "OH, THANKS, GOD. HE CAME OUT, HE'S OKAY, HE'S GOING TO TAKE THE CAR, AND HE'S 94 00:10:42,518 --> 00:10:48,957 GOING TO LEAVE." >> Alfonsi: HIS ATTORNEY SAYS THEY WERE DRIVING AWAY WHEN MARADIAGA WAS DRAGGED OUT OF THE 95 00:10:49,024 --> 00:10:55,130 CAR AND BEATEN BY POLICE. HIS WIFE HASN'T SEEN HIM SINCE THAT MORNING IN JUNE. >> Maradiaga: FELIZ CUMPLEANOS, 96 00:10:55,197 --> 00:11:04,673 MI AMOR. >> Alfonsi: IT TURNS OUT, MARADIAGA KNEW HE WAS IN DANGER. HOURS BEFORE HIS ARREST, HE LEFT 97 00:11:04,740 --> 00:11:09,111 HIS DAUGHTER, ALEJANDRA, A SERIES OF VIDEOS SO SHE WOULD HEAR HIS VOICE IN CASE HE WASN'T THERE FOR HER EIGHTH BIRTHDAY. 98 00:11:09,178 --> 00:11:14,850 >> Maradiaga: ESTA PENSANDO ENVOS HOY DIA TE CUPLEANOS. >> Alfonsi: "I'M THINKING OF YOU ON YOUR BIRTHDAY," HE SAYS, AND 99 00:11:14,917 --> 00:11:20,989 TELLS HER, "I LOVE YOU." >> Maradiaga: TE AMO. >> Alfonsi: SHE AND HER MOTHER HAVE BEEN LIVING IN THE UNITED 100 00:11:21,056 --> 00:11:27,696 STATES FOR THREE YEARS BECAUSE OF THREATS AT HOME, AND ARE NOW APPLYING FOR ASYLUM. WE CONCEALED ALEJANDRA'S 101 00:11:27,763 --> 00:11:34,536 IDENTITY FOR HER SAFETY. >> Alejandra: I WANT TO GO SEE MY DOG, MY FAMILY. I HAVE A CAT AND A DOG. 102 00:11:34,603 --> 00:11:40,676 >> Alfonsi: IN AUGUST, WE MET BERTA VALLE AND VICTORIA CARDENAS IN WASHINGTON, WHERE THEY'D BEEN PETITIONING U.S. 103 00:11:40,742 --> 00:11:45,647 LAWMAKERS TO HELP FREE THEIR HUSBANDS AND ABOUT 150 OTHER POLITICAL PRISONERS IN NICARAGUA. 104 00:11:45,714 --> 00:11:51,987 >> Valle: AND WE'RE DEMANDING JUSTICE... >> Alfonsi: AT THAT POINT, THE MEN HAD DISAPPEARED. 105 00:11:52,054 --> 00:11:56,658 NO ONE HAD HEARD FROM THEM OR SEEN THEM IN TWO MONTHS. DO YOU BELIEVE THAT HE'S STILL ALIVE? 106 00:11:56,725 --> 00:12:04,199 >> Valle: THAT'S WHAT I WANT TO- - TO BELIEVE, YOU KNOW? WE-- WE HAVE THE HOPE THAT-- THAT HE IS OKAY, BUT WE DON'T 107 00:12:04,266 --> 00:12:12,441 KNOW. AND THAT'S WHY WE ARE ASKING FOR A PROOF OF LIFE TO THIS POINT. AND THIS IS WHY WE ARE DOING ALL 108 00:12:12,508 --> 00:12:23,986 THIS EFFORT TO COME OUT AND TO-- TO GO TO THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, BECAUSE THERE'S NOTHING WE CAN DO IN NICARAGUA. 109 00:12:24,052 --> 00:12:30,459 >> Alfonsi: LAST MONTH, 87 DAYS AFTER THEIR ARRESTS, ATTORNEYS FOR FELIX MARADIAGA AND JUAN SEBASTIAN CHAMORRO WERE ALLOWED 110 00:12:30,526 --> 00:12:39,968 TO BRIEFLY SEE THEM AT EL CHIPOTE, THE NICARAGUAN PRISON THAT'S BEEN DESCRIBED BY HUMAN RIGHTS WORKERS AS "A DUNGEON." 111 00:12:40,035 --> 00:12:47,176 BOTH MEN WERE CHARGED WITH "CONSPIRACY TO UNDERMINE THE NATIONAL INTEGRITY" AT A CLOSED HEARING IN THE JAIL. 112 00:12:47,242 --> 00:12:54,449 ATTORNEYS SAY BOTH CHAMORRO AND MARADIAGA HAVE LOST SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT AND BEEN SUBJECTED TO MONTHS OF INTERROGATIONS AND 113 00:12:54,516 --> 00:13:01,156 PSYCHOLOGICAL TORTURE. >> Cardenas: IT'S A VIOLATION OF THE BASIC UMAN RIGHTS. IT'S NOT ONLY MY FAMILY WHO IS 114 00:13:01,223 --> 00:13:12,701 SUFFERING; IT'S MORE THAN 140 FAMILIES WHO HAVE POLITICAL PRISONERS WHO ARE INNOCENT AND ARE LIVING THIS AWFUL SITUATION. 115 00:13:12,768 --> 00:13:24,279 >> Alfonsi: VICTORIA CARDENAS AND BERTA VALLE CANNOT GO BACK TO NICARAGUA BECAUSE OF THEIR APPEALS FOR HELP TO WASHINGTON 116 00:13:24,346 --> 00:13:28,684 AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY. THE WOMEN HAVE BEEN CHARGED IN ABSENTIA WITH BEING "TRAITORS TO THE HOMELAND." 117 00:13:28,750 --> 00:13:35,591 SO, WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF YOU WENT BACK TO NICARAGUA NOW? WOULD YOU BE ARRESTED? >> Valle: DEFINITELY, YES. 118 00:13:35,657 --> 00:13:42,464 NOT ONLY ARRESTED, BUT, IF THEY CONDEMN ME, THAT WOULD BE LIFE-- LIFE PRISON. >> Alfonsi: THE VIOLENCE IN 119 00:13:42,531 --> 00:13:52,708 NICARAGUA IS FUELING AN EXODUS. TENS OF THOUSANDS OF NICARAGUANS HAVE FLED TO COSTA RICA, AND U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER 120 00:13:52,774 --> 00:14:00,215 PROTECTION SAYS ABOUT 38,000 NICARAGUANS HAVE REACHED THE U.S. BORDER SINCE JUNE COMPARED TO LESS THAN 800 PEOPLE OVER THE 121 00:14:00,282 --> 00:14:06,455 SAME TIME LAST YEAR. IN AUGUST, THE STATE DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCED MORE SANCTIONS AGAINST MEMBERS OF THE ORTEGA REGIME. 122 00:14:06,521 --> 00:14:14,529 BUT AT THE SAME TIME, THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND APPROVED SENDING MORE THAN $350 MILLION TO NICARAGUA THAT'S 123 00:14:14,596 --> 00:14:18,467 SUPPOSED TO HELP FIGHT HUNGER AND COVID. >> Elvira Salazar: WHAT DO YOU THINK THEY ARE GOING TO GIVE 124 00:14:18,533 --> 00:14:23,739 THAT MONEY TO? JUST TO PUT THESE PEOPLE IN JAIL AND TORTURE THEM EVEN MORE? >> Alfonsi: LAST MONTH, MEMBERS 125 00:14:23,805 --> 00:14:27,576 OF CONGRESS FROM BOTH PARTIES DEMANDED THE I.M.F. RECONSIDER SENDING MORE MONEY TO NICARAGUA... 126 00:14:27,643 --> 00:14:32,681 >> Albio Sires: THIS IS JUST NOT ACCEPTABLE. >> Alfonsi: ...AND CALLED FOR STRONGER SANCTIONS AGAINST 127 00:14:32,748 --> 00:14:39,721 ORTEGA. THE PENTAGON HAS ALSO WARNED CONGRESS THAT RUSSIA HAS BEEN SUPPLYING NICARAGUA WITH 128 00:14:39,788 --> 00:14:47,896 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN MILITARY EQUIPMENT AND TRAINING, AND THAT ORTEGA HAS ALLOWED RUSSIA TO BUILD A LISTENING STATION SO 129 00:14:47,963 --> 00:14:52,701 CLOSE TO THE U.S. HAVEN'T WE HEARD THIS STORY BEFORE? THIS ALL SOUNDS VERY FAMILIAR. 130 00:14:52,768 --> 00:14:57,205 >> Vivanco: IT-- IT IS, GOING BACK 35 YEARS TO THE-- TO THE MIDDLE OF THE COLD WAR. THAT IS UNFORTUNATELY THE 131 00:14:57,272 --> 00:15:04,680 SCENARIO WE ARE OPERATING, WE'RE LIVING NOW. >> Alfonsi: JOSE MIGUEL VIVANCO SAYS, WITH RUSSIA'S CONTINUED 132 00:15:04,746 --> 00:15:12,454 MILITARY AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT, U.S. SANCTIONS WILL NOT BE ENOUGH TO CONVINCE DANIEL ORTEGA TO CHANGE COURSE. 133 00:15:12,521 --> 00:15:16,725 >> Vivanco: ORTEGA HAS DECIDED TO STAY IN POWER FOR THE REST OF HIS LIFE. ( TICKING ) 134 00:15:24,766 --> 00:15:30,906 >> Lesley Stahl: WE AMERICANS SPEND 90% OF OUR TIME INSIDE OF BUILDINGS, YET MOST OF US GIVE LITTLE THOUGHT TO THE ROLE 135 00:15:30,972 --> 00:15:38,914 ARCHITECTURE PLAYS IN OUR LIVES AND OUR HEALTH. TONIGHT, WE BRING YOU A STORY ABOUT A GROUP OF AWARD-WINNING 136 00:15:38,980 --> 00:15:46,955 YOUNG ARCHITECTS WHO HAVE SET OUT TO CREATE A NEW MODEL OF ARCHITECTURE-- NOT A PARTICULAR STYLE OF BUILDING, BUT A WAY OF 137 00:15:47,022 --> 00:15:54,830 THINKING ABOUT HOW TO BUILD, WHO SHOULD BUILD, USING WHAT, AND FOR WHOM. THEIR NON-PROFIT FIRM, BASED IN 138 00:15:54,896 --> 00:16:02,904 BOSTON, IS CALLED MASS, SHORT FOR "MODEL OF ARCHITECTURE SERVING SOCIETY." AND, THOUGH THEY TRAINED AT 139 00:16:02,971 --> 00:16:12,714 HARVARD, THEY SAY THEY LEARNED THE MOST IMPORTANT LESSONS OF ARCHITECTURE DURING THEIR TIME SPENT IN, OF ALL PLACES, RWANDA. 140 00:16:12,781 --> 00:16:22,924 RWANDA IS A COUNTRY MANY PEOPLE KNOW FOR ONE THING: THE 1994 GENOCIDE THAT KILLED MORE THAN 800,000 PEOPLE. 141 00:16:22,991 --> 00:16:33,668 TODAY, RWANDA IS AT PEACE, A BUSTLING NATION OF 13 MILLION, WORKING HARD TO LIFT ITS POPULATION OUT OF POVERTY. 142 00:16:33,735 --> 00:16:44,546 THERE ARE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ALL AROUND THE COUNTRY, SEVERAL OF THEM BEING DESIGNED BY MASS. THOUGH STARTED BY AMERICANS, THE 143 00:16:44,613 --> 00:16:50,852 HEAD OF ITS TEAM IN KIGALI TODAY IS RWANDAN ARCHITECT CHRISTIAN BENIMANA. I HEARD THAT WHEN MASS STARTED, 144 00:16:50,919 --> 00:16:54,790 THERE WAS NO WORD FOR "ARCHITECT" IN YOUR LANGUAGE. >> Christian Benimana: AND THERE IS STILL NO WORD FOR 145 00:16:54,856 --> 00:17:00,695 "ARCHITECT." YOU HAVE AN EXPRESSION: ( SPEAKING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE ) >> Stahl: MEANING? 146 00:17:00,762 --> 00:17:10,205 >> Benimana: "EXPERT IN THE CREATION OF BUILDINGS." >> Stahl: BENIMANA TOLD US HE DREAMED OF CREATING BUILDINGS 147 00:17:10,272 --> 00:17:18,713 EVEN AS A LITTLE BOY. BUT, WITH NO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE IN POST-GENOCIDE RWANDA, HE HAD TO STUDY IN 148 00:17:18,780 --> 00:17:24,686 CHINA, IN MANDARIN. MICHAEL MURPHY, MASS' EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, HAD A VERY DIFFERENT PATH TO ARCHITECTURE. 149 00:17:24,753 --> 00:17:28,423 >> Michael Murphy: I STUDIED ENGLISH LITERATURE. >> Stahl: WELL, THAT'S GOING TO GET YOU FAR IN ARCHITECTURE. 150 00:17:28,490 --> 00:17:34,930 >> Murphy: YEAH. ( CHUCKLES ) >> Stahl: MURPHY'S LIFE TOOK A SHARP TURN AFTER COLLEGE, WHEN 151 00:17:34,996 --> 00:17:42,704 HIS FATHER WAS DIAGNOSED WITH CANCER, GIVEN JUST A FEW WEEKS TO LIVE. MURPHY RUSHED BACK TO 152 00:17:42,771 --> 00:17:47,209 POUGHKEEPSIE, NEW YORK, TO THEIR OLD HOME THAT HIS DAD HAD SPENT WEEKENDS RESTORING. >> Murphy: I SAID, "WHAT CAN I 153 00:17:47,275 --> 00:17:52,981 DO WHILE I WAIT HERE ON DEATH WATCH?" SO, I START WORKING ON THE HOUSE, AND, AFTER THREE WEEKS, 154 00:17:53,048 --> 00:17:58,286 HE WAS STILL ALIVE. SIX WEEKS, WE STARTED WORKING TOGETHER. AFTER A YEAR AND A HALF-- I'D 155 00:17:58,353 --> 00:18:02,824 FULLY RESTORED THE BUILDING. HE WAS FULLY IN REMISSION, AND HE SAID, "YOU KNOW, WORKING ON THIS HOUSE WITH YOU, IT SAVED MY 156 00:18:02,891 --> 00:18:06,728 LIFE. IT HEALED ME." >> Stahl: WHOA. WOW. 157 00:18:06,795 --> 00:18:11,166 >> Murphy: AND THEN I SAID, "WELL, I HAVE TO BE AN ARCHITECT NOW." >> Alan Ricks: AND HE CAME IN 158 00:18:11,233 --> 00:18:16,938 WEARING THESE SILVER COWBOY BOOTS. ( LAUGHS ) >> Stahl: ALAN RICKS AND MURPHY 159 00:18:17,005 --> 00:18:24,746 BECAME FAST FRIENDS AS FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS AT HARVARD'S GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN. BUT AS THEY DOVE IN, BOTH FOUND 160 00:18:24,813 --> 00:18:30,752 SOMETHING WANTING IN THE CURRICULUM. >> Murphy: WE WERE LEARNING ABOUT THE HEROISM OF 161 00:18:30,819 --> 00:18:35,590 ARCHITECTURE, THE BEAUTIFUL SCULPTURES, THE NAMES OF THE FAMOUS ARCHITECTS. >> Stahl: BUT NOT SO MUCH ABOUT 162 00:18:35,657 --> 00:18:45,300 HOW ARCHITECTURE COULD HELP PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES. DURING FIRST SEMESTER, MURPHY WENT TO A TALK BY ONE OF HIS 163 00:18:45,367 --> 00:18:51,006 IDOLS, DR. PAUL FARMER, WHO HAD FOUNDED THE NON-PROFIT PARTNERS IN HEALTH TO PROVIDE MEDICAL CARE FOR THE NEEDIEST 164 00:18:51,072 --> 00:18:54,976 POPULATIONS AROUND THE WORLD. >> Murphy: HE SAID, "WE'RE BUILDING HOSPITALS, WE'RE BUILDING CLINICS, WE'RE BUILDING 165 00:18:55,043 --> 00:19:00,749 SCHOOLS." AND SO, WHEN I WENT UP TO HIM AFTERWARDS TO ASK, YOU KNOW, "WHO ARE THE ARCHITECTS THAT 166 00:19:00,815 --> 00:19:06,288 YOU'RE WORKING WITH?," HE SAID, "YOU KNOW, ARCHITECTS HAVE NEVER ASKED US HOW THEY COULD BE OF SERVICE TO WHAT WE'RE DOING, SO 167 00:19:06,354 --> 00:19:11,593 WE OFTEN HAVE TO DO IT OURSELVES." >> Stahl: WHY WEREN'T ARCHITECTS ATTRACTED TO WORKING WITH YOU? 168 00:19:11,660 --> 00:19:16,464 I MEAN, A LOT OF THEM CARE ABOUT THE POOR. >> Dr. Paul Farmer: THEY CERTAINLY DO. 169 00:19:16,531 --> 00:19:20,969 BUT THE WAY THE INCENTIVE STRUCTURE IS SET UP IS, "HEY, YOU GIVE US MONEY, WE'LL DESIGN SOMETHING FOR YOU." 170 00:19:21,036 --> 00:19:27,976 >> Stahl: SO, WHEN MURPHY OFFERED TO VOLUNTEER ON A PARTNERS IN HEALTH PROJECT IN RWANDA THE FOLLOWING SUMMER OF 171 00:19:28,043 --> 00:19:31,212 2007, DR. FARMER SAID, "BRING IT ON." >> Farmer: WE GAVE HIM SOME VERY HUMBLE PROJECTS. 172 00:19:31,279 --> 00:19:35,417 >> Stahl: YOU'RE SMILING. ( LAUGHS ) MUST BE PRETTY GOOD. >> Murphy: HE ASKED ME IF I 173 00:19:35,483 --> 00:19:39,854 WOULD DESIGN A LITTLE LAUNDRY BUILDING. >> Stahl: A LAUNDRY BUILDING? >> Murphy: ( LAUGHS ) 174 00:19:39,921 --> 00:19:42,891 >> Stahl: WELL, HOW DID THE LAUNDRY LOOK? >> Farmer: IT LOOKED PRETTY GOOD. 175 00:19:42,958 --> 00:19:49,397 IT STILL LOOKS GOOD. >> Stahl: SO GOOD, HE CALLED MICHAEL MURPHY A FEW MONTHS LATER AND ASKED IF HE COULD HELP 176 00:19:49,464 --> 00:19:57,172 DESIGN A BRAND NEW HOSPITAL FOR A REMOTE DISTRICT OF 350,000, THAT DIDN'T EVEN HAVE A DOCTOR. YOU'RE STILL A STUDENT. 177 00:19:57,238 --> 00:20:00,842 >> Murphy: STILL A STUDENT. SO, I LOOKED AROUND MY CLASSMATES AND SAID, "THIS CRAZY CALL CAME IN. 178 00:20:00,909 --> 00:20:06,381 CAN ANYONE HELP ME?" >> Stahl: YOU SAID YES RIGHT AWAY, WITHOUT HESITATION. >> Ricks: YEAH. 179 00:20:06,448 --> 00:20:12,721 I MEAN, WHO-- WHO WOULDN'T? WHAT AN OPPORTUNITY. >> Stahl: BUT WHEN DR. FARMER SAID THEIR FIRST DESIGN LOOKED 180 00:20:12,787 --> 00:20:22,931 LIKE AN ARMY BARRACKS, MURPHY DECIDED TO TAKE A YEAR OFF AND MOVE TO THE SITE CALLED BUTARO, WHERE FARMER GAVE HIM THREE 181 00:20:22,998 --> 00:20:30,772 CHALLENGES HE SAYS HAVE DEFINED MASS' WORK TO THIS DAY: THE HOSPITAL SHOULD BE BEAUTIFUL; BUILDING IT SHOULD HELP AS MANY 182 00:20:30,839 --> 00:20:37,579 LOCAL PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE; AND IT SHOULD HAVE NATURAL AIRFLOW, TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF DISEASES LIKE TUBERCULOSIS THAT OFTEN RAN 183 00:20:37,646 --> 00:20:43,051 RAMPANT IN ENCLOSED WARDS AND WAITING ROOMS. >> Murphy: LET ME SHOW YOU THIS IMAGE. 184 00:20:43,118 --> 00:20:50,225 >> Stahl: MURPHY SHOWED US THE DESIGN THEY CAME UP WITH TO MOVE FRESH AIR NATURALLY THROUGH EACH WARD. 185 00:20:50,291 --> 00:20:56,031 >> Murphy: THAT'S SIMPLE PHYSICS, WHERE AIR MOVES FROM A LOWER TO HIGHER AREA. >> Stahl: BEDS WOULD GO IN THE 186 00:20:56,097 --> 00:21:02,671 MIDDLE, GIVING EVERY PATIENT A BEAUTIFUL VIEW. >> Murphy: BEAUTY MATTERS. SPACES AROUND US THAT ARE 187 00:21:02,737 --> 00:21:09,310 DESIGNED WITH BEAUTY SAY THAT WE MATTER AS INDIVIDUALS. >> Stahl: IF I WERE A DOCTOR, WOULDN'T I SAY, "I CARE ABOUT 188 00:21:09,377 --> 00:21:12,847 BEAUTY, BUT I WANT A HEART MONITOR FIRST"? >> Farmer: WHY MAKE THIS A CHOICE BETWEEN A HEART MONITOR 189 00:21:12,914 --> 00:21:20,955 AND BEAUTY? SURELY, WE CAN HAVE BOTH. >> Stahl: WHAT THEY COULDN'T HAVE? 190 00:21:21,022 --> 00:21:25,260 HEAVY EQUIPMENT LIKE FRONT-END LOADERS, THAT WERE TOO COSTLY TO GET TO THE SITE. >> Murphy: AND SO, WE ASKED, 191 00:21:25,326 --> 00:21:31,132 "COULD WE DIG IT BY HAND?" AND WE DUG THE FOUNDATION BY HAND. EMPLOY MORE PEOPLE. 192 00:21:31,199 --> 00:21:34,502 AND, YOU KNOW, SHOCKER-- WE DID IT FASTER AND CHEAPER THAN... ( LAUGHS ) ...THAN IF... 193 00:21:34,569 --> 00:21:38,073 >> Stahl: THAN IF YOU HAD THE BIG... >> Murphy: ...THAN IF WE HAD THE FRONT-END LOADER. 194 00:21:38,139 --> 00:21:41,409 ( LAUGHS ) >> Stahl: HOW MANY PEOPLE ACTUALLY WORKED ON THIS PROJECT, TOTAL? 195 00:21:41,476 --> 00:21:47,315 >> Murphy: OVER 4,000 PEOPLE WORKED ON THE PROJECT. >> Stahl: AND INSTEAD OF TRUCKING IN MATERIALS, THEY 196 00:21:47,382 --> 00:21:54,556 DECIDED TO USE VOLCANIC STONE THAT FARMERS HERE CONSIDER A NUISANCE, BECAUSE THEY HAVE TO CLEAR IT FROM THEIR FIELDS. 197 00:21:54,622 --> 00:21:59,194 >> Ricks: YOU SEE THE STONE EVERYWHERE, BUT NORMALLY IT'S JUST PILED UP. AND WE THOUGHT, THIS WOULD BE A 198 00:21:59,260 --> 00:22:06,334 REALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL IN-- IN THE U.S., YOU KNOW. COULD WE USE IT IN A DIFFERENT WAY? 199 00:22:06,401 --> 00:22:14,909 >> Stahl: THEY DESIGNED THE WHOLE HOSPITAL FACADE WITH IT, HIRING DOZENS OF LOCAL MASONS AND SPAWNING A NEW INDUSTRY. 200 00:22:14,976 --> 00:22:22,650 THIS WOMAN, WHO TRAINED AT BUTARO, IS NOW A FOREWOMAN WITH A TEAM OF MASONS SHE TRAINS. >> Benimana: THE AMOUNT OF HOURS 201 00:22:22,717 --> 00:22:30,759 THEY SPENT DOING THIS. >> Stahl: CHRISTIAN BENIMANA, BACK FROM SHANGHAI, WAS IMPRESSED BY THE THOUGHT GIVEN 202 00:22:30,825 --> 00:22:35,964 TO THE PROCESS OF BUILDING AND, BY GIVING SO MANY PEOPLE WORK, IMPROVING THE LOCAL ECONOMY. >> Benimana: IT IS CRITICAL FOR 203 00:22:36,030 --> 00:22:42,704 US TO HAVE PROSPECT FOR A BETTER FUTURE. >> Stahl: AND GIVE PEOPLE PRIDE IN RWANDA. 204 00:22:42,771 --> 00:22:48,643 >> Benimana: THAT'S VERY IMPORTANT TO ME, BECAUSE I-- MAKE ME PROUD, AS WELL. >> Stahl: HE JOINED THE TEAM AND 205 00:22:48,710 --> 00:22:53,648 HELPED DESIGN HOUSING FOR DOCTORS AT THE HOSPITAL. >> Ricks: VERY QUICKLY, WE HAD A LOT OF WORK, BECAUSE THERE 206 00:22:53,715 --> 00:23:00,755 WEREN'T MANY OTHER PEOPLE DOING THIS. >> Stahl: THEY DECIDED TO BECOME A NON-PROFIT ARCHITECTURE FIRM, 207 00:23:00,822 --> 00:23:09,664 TO WORK ON PROJECTS THAT OTHERWISE COULDN'T AFFORD HIGH-PRICED DESIGNS. THEY'VE BUILT A MATERNITY CARE 208 00:23:09,731 --> 00:23:18,773 CENTER IN MALAWI, A CHOLERA HOSPITAL IN HAITI, SCHOOLS-- ALL WITH THE SAME PRINCIPLES OF AIR FLOW, BEAUTY, AND CREATING JOBS. 209 00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:24,746 A DECADE LATER, THEY HAVE A STAFF OF OVER 200, MORE THAN HALF OF THEM RWANDAN. THIS TREE IS EVEN MORE 210 00:23:24,813 --> 00:23:33,755 BEAUTIFUL, CLOSE UP. WE VISITED BUTARO HOSPITAL THIS SUMMER. ITS CENTRAL COURTYARD FELT 211 00:23:33,822 --> 00:23:39,494 PART-MEDICAL CENTER, PART-PUBLIC GARDENS, AND ITS COVERED OUTDOOR WAITING ROOM AND HALLWAYS IN THIS TIME OF COVID FELT 212 00:23:39,561 --> 00:23:46,634 PRESCIENT. >> Murphy: THIS ENTIRE HOSPITAL IS DESIGNED AROUND THAT SIMPLE IDEA THAT AIR FLOW, AIR 213 00:23:46,701 --> 00:23:52,240 MOVEMENT, ARE THE BASIC PREMISE THAT WE SHOULD DESIGN OUR BUILDINGS AROUND-- AND, IN PARTICULAR, OUR HOSPITALS, SO 214 00:23:52,307 --> 00:24:00,748 THAT PATIENTS DON'T TRANSMIT AIRBORNE DISEASES TO EACH OTHER. >> Stahl: FOUR HOURS TO THE SOUTH, WE WENT TO SEE MASS' 215 00:24:00,815 --> 00:24:09,057 LARGEST PROJECT YET, A 69-BUILDING CAMPUS FOR A BRAND-NEW COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE FUNDED BY AMERICAN 216 00:24:09,123 --> 00:24:13,194 PHILANTHROPIST HOWARD BUFFETT... >> Ricks: THIS SPACE IS REALLY-- WE WANT TO CREATE A HUB. >> Stahl: IT'S SPECTACULAR. 217 00:24:13,261 --> 00:24:21,536 ...WHERE MASS IS PUSHING ITS PHILOSOPHY TO THE LIMIT. AS ALAN RICKS SHOWED US, JUST ABOUT EVERYTHING HERE, FROM THE 218 00:24:21,603 --> 00:24:26,040 EARTHEN WALLS... >> Ricks: THE LINES YOU SEE ARE THE LAYERS. >> Stahl: ...TO THE FURNITURE... 219 00:24:26,107 --> 00:24:30,979 >> Ricks: THE WOVEN BACK-RESTS OF THESE CHAIRS. >> Stahl: ...IS BEING MADE LOCALLY. 220 00:24:31,045 --> 00:24:39,387 UNDER CHRISTIAN BENIMANA'S LEADERSHIP, MASS STARTED A FURNITURE DIVISION TO COLLABORATE WITH LOCAL ARTISANS 221 00:24:39,454 --> 00:24:46,928 ON CREATIVE DESIGNS, INSTEAD OF ORDERING FROM A CATALOGUE. >> Benimana: IT'S ONE THING TO GO TO DUBAI AND TURKEY AND CHINA 222 00:24:46,995 --> 00:24:53,501 AND EUROPE AND PICK A CHAIR FROM A SHOWROOM, PUT IT ON A FLIGHT AND BRING IT HERE; IT'S ANOTHER THING TO FIGURE OUT A SYSTEM 223 00:24:53,568 --> 00:24:59,173 THAT CAN CREATE MORE OPPORTUNITIES FOR GROWTH. >> Stahl: AND IF YOU'RE THINKING MASS' MODEL COULD NEVER WORK IN 224 00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:06,381 THE U.S.? MICHAEL MURPHY WASN'T SURE, EITHER-- UNTIL HE WAS CHALLENGED BY A COMMUNITY LEADER BACK HOME. 225 00:25:06,447 --> 00:25:10,518 >> Murphy: HE SAID, "YOU'RE DOING ALL THIS WORK IN HAITI AND RWANDA. WHEN ARE YOU GOING TO COME BACK 226 00:25:10,585 --> 00:25:17,091 TO YOUR HOMETOWN AND WORK WITH US IN POUGHKEEPSIE? WE NEED A LOT OF HELP." >> Stahl: POUGHKEEPSIE, LIKE 227 00:25:17,158 --> 00:25:23,498 MANY ONCE-THRIVING INDUSTRIAL CITIES, HAD SEEN FACTORIES CLOSE, ITS DOWNTOWN CHOKED OFF BY HIGHWAYS, ITS STOREFRONTS 228 00:25:23,564 --> 00:25:31,472 BOARDED UP. TO TOP IT OFF, ITS CREEK FLOODED DURING HURRICANE IRENE. >> Murphy: WE HAD JUST BEEN IN 229 00:25:31,539 --> 00:25:38,046 ONE OF THE MOST RURAL PLACES IN THE WORLD, AND WE HAD SEEN A HOSPITAL CHANGE THE ECONOMY. I SAID, "WHY CAN'T WE DO THAT 230 00:25:38,112 --> 00:25:46,754 SAME THING HERE IN POUGHKEEPSIE?" >> Stahl: SO, MASS OPENED A SMALL OFFICE ON MAIN STREET AND 231 00:25:46,821 --> 00:25:54,662 GOT TO WORK CONVERTING THE CITY'S OLD TROLLEY BARN INTO AN ART SPACE AND DESIGNING HOUSING. IT'S HELPING TURN THIS OLD 232 00:25:54,729 --> 00:25:59,367 BUILDING INTO A FOOD HALL... >> WE'RE GOING TO SAVE THIS BUILDING. >> Stahl: ...AND CONVERTING THIS 233 00:25:59,434 --> 00:26:06,140 LONG-ABANDONED FACTORY INTO A NEW HEADQUARTERS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP SCENIC HUDSON. 234 00:26:06,207 --> 00:26:10,378 >> Murphy: IF YOU LOOK UP, YOU CAN SEE THAT THIS WHOLE OPENING WAS ONCE A WINDOW. >> Stahl: THAT WAS A WINDOW? 235 00:26:10,445 --> 00:26:14,916 >> Murphy: THAT WAS ALL A WINDOW. >> Stahl: OH, MY GOODNESS. MURPHY SAYS OLD BUILDINGS LIKE 236 00:26:14,983 --> 00:26:22,924 THIS WERE DESIGNED TO LET IN FRESH AIR, BUT WITH THE INVENTION OF AIR CONDITIONING, "BIG WINDOWS BECAME A LIABILITY, 237 00:26:22,991 --> 00:26:31,032 SO WE SHRUNK THEM AND SEALED OUR BUILDINGS AIR-TIGHT." >> Murphy: THIS IS A SORT OF DEVIL'S BARGAIN, BECAUSE IT HAS 238 00:26:31,099 --> 00:26:36,337 MADE ALL OF OUR BUILDINGS HAVE REALLY LIMITED AIR FLOW. AND HENCE, DURING COVID, WE WERE ALL VERY VULNERABLE. 239 00:26:36,404 --> 00:26:42,076 >> Stahl: WE SAW IT WITH THE NURSING HOMES. >> Murphy: AND THE PRISONS. >> Stahl: DO YOU THINK THAT 240 00:26:42,143 --> 00:26:48,750 COVID WILL CHANGE ARCHITECTURE FOR EVERYBODY? >> Murphy: EVERYONE AROUND THE WORLD IS GOING THROUGH A SHIFT 241 00:26:48,816 --> 00:26:57,191 IN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF THE BUILDINGS AROUND US-- THAT THEY MAY MAKE US SICKER; THAT THEY COULD MAKE US HEALTHIER IF THEY 242 00:26:57,258 --> 00:27:06,768 WERE BETTER DESIGNED. >> Stahl: MASS' NEW DESIGN WILL REOPEN THE WINDOWS AND, LIKE A CUTTING-EDGE VERSION OF THE 243 00:27:06,834 --> 00:27:13,074 HOSPITAL IN RWANDA, USE A SOLAR- POWERED SYSTEM TO HEAT AND COOL AIR AT EACH WINDOW, ELIMINATING TRADITIONAL AIR CONDITIONING AND 244 00:27:13,141 --> 00:27:21,516 HEATING ENTIRELY. AND, THEY HAVE A PLAN TO TRANSFORM THAT FLOODING CREEK THAT HAS BECOME SOMETHING OF A 245 00:27:21,582 --> 00:27:26,020 GARBAGE DUMP. >> Sierra Bainbridge: SOME GUTTERS. WE GET SHOPPING CARTS. 246 00:27:26,087 --> 00:27:29,824 >> Stahl: WHAT IS THAT? AN AIR CONDITIONER? >> Bainbridge: MM-HMM. MM-HMM. 247 00:27:29,891 --> 00:27:34,929 >> Stahl: MASS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT SIERRA BAINBRIDGE CAME HERE WITH IDEAS ABOUT WIDENING THE CREEK TO HELP WITH FLOODING, 248 00:27:34,996 --> 00:27:42,770 BUT ALSO... >> Bainbridge: IF YOU'RE TAKING A HOLISTIC VIEW OF THE PROBLEM, THEN THE SOLUTION ALSO BEGINS TO 249 00:27:42,837 --> 00:27:50,044 BE A HOLISTIC VIEW. >> Stahl: MASS CAME UP WITH DESIGNS TO TURN THE BLIGHTED CREEK INTO BEAUTIFUL PARK SPACE 250 00:27:50,111 --> 00:27:56,084 THAT WOULD RUN ALL THROUGH POUGHKEEPSIE. >> Bainbridge: EACH PROJECT HAS TO NOT SOLVE FOR THAT ONE THING. 251 00:27:56,150 --> 00:28:00,755 WE HAVE TO BE THINKING ABOUT HOW MUCH CAN WE MAKE DESIGN HAVE THE BIGGEST POSSIBLE IMPACT? >> Stahl: IT'S A LESSON MASS 252 00:28:00,822 --> 00:28:06,761 BELIEVES CAN APPLY IN MANY AMERICAN CITIES. THEY HAVE PROJECTS NOW IN CLEVELAND, BIRMINGHAM, AND 253 00:28:06,828 --> 00:28:14,902 SANTA FE. AND THEIR GOSPEL OF ARCHITECTURE SERVING SOCIETY HAS REACHED INSIDE THAT IVORY TOWER, WHOSE 254 00:28:14,969 --> 00:28:22,643 TEACHINGS THEY ONCE FOUND LACKING. LAST SPRING, MURPHY TAUGHT LESSONS HE LEARNED IN RWANDA, 255 00:28:22,710 --> 00:28:28,316 BACK AT HARVARD. >> Murphy: THERE'S SOME CLEAR SIMPLICITY TO IT-- THERE'S THINGS WE HAVE TO BUILD, THERE'S 256 00:28:28,382 --> 00:28:34,222 PEOPLE WE HAVE TO HIRE, THERE'S MATERIALS WE HAVE TO USE. AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT THE WHOLE THING AS A DESIGN PROJECT, YOU 257 00:28:34,288 --> 00:28:36,824 CAN HAVE A LOT MORE IMPACT. ( TICKING ) 258 00:28:41,129 --> 00:28:47,034 >> WHY DOES AN ARCHITECTURE FIRM EMPLOY FILMMAKERS? >> HOPEFULLY, PEOPLE START DEMANDING SOMETHING DIFFERENT 259 00:28:47,101 --> 00:28:53,741 FROM THE BUILDINGS THAT THEY LIVE IN. 260 00:28:55,143 --> 00:28:58,446 ( TICKING ) 261 00:28:59,313 --> 00:29:06,954 >> Anderson Cooper: WHEN YUVAL NOAH HARARI PUBLISHED HIS FIRST BOOK "SAPIENS" IN 2014 ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES, IT 262 00:29:07,021 --> 00:29:13,094 BECAME A GLOBAL BESTSELLER AND TURNED THE LITTLE-KNOWN ISRAELI HISTORY PROFESSOR INTO ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR WRITERS AND 263 00:29:13,161 --> 00:29:19,100 THINKERS ON THE PLANET. BUT WHEN WE MET WITH HARARI IN TEL AVIV THIS SUMMER, IT WASN'T OUR SPECIES' PAST THAT CONCERNED 264 00:29:19,167 --> 00:29:27,108 HIM; IT WAS OUR FUTURE. HARARI BELIEVES WE MAY BE ON THE BRINK OF CREATING NOT JUST A NEW, ENHANCED SPECIES OF HUMAN, 265 00:29:27,175 --> 00:29:34,916 BUT AN ENTIRELY NEW KIND OF BEING, ONE THAT IS FAR MORE INTELLIGENT THAN WE ARE. IT SOUNDS LIKE SCIENCE FICTION, 266 00:29:34,982 --> 00:29:39,487 BUT YUVAL NOAH HARARI SAYS IT'S ACTUALLY MUCH MORE DANGEROUS THAN THAT. YOU SAID, "WE ARE ONE OF THE 267 00:29:39,554 --> 00:29:45,326 LAST GENERATIONS OF HOMO SAPIENS. WITHIN A CENTURY OR TWO, EARTH WILL BE DOMINATED BY ENTITIES 268 00:29:45,393 --> 00:29:48,863 THAT ARE MORE DIFFERENT FROM US THAN WE ARE DIFFERENT FROM CHIMPANZEES." >> Yuval Noah Harari: YEAH. 269 00:29:48,930 --> 00:29:55,102 >> Cooper: WHAT THE HELL DOES THAT MEAN? THAT FREAKED ME OUT. >> Harari: YOU KNOW WE WILL SOON 270 00:29:55,169 --> 00:30:03,244 HAVE THE POWER TO RE-ENGINEER OUR BODIES AND BRAINS-- WHETHER IT IS WITH GENETIC ENGINEERING; OR BY DIRECTLY CONNECTING BRAINS 271 00:30:03,311 --> 00:30:13,087 TO COMPUTERS; OR BY CREATING COMPLETELY NON-ORGANIC ENTITIES, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WHICH IS NOT BASED AT ALL ON THE ORGANIC 272 00:30:13,154 --> 00:30:21,162 BODY AND THE ORGANIC BRAIN. AND THESE TECHNOLOGIES ARE DEVELOPING AT BREAK-NECK SPEED. >> Cooper: IF THAT IS TRUE, THEN 273 00:30:21,229 --> 00:30:27,235 IT CREATES A WHOLE OTHER SPECIES. >> Harari: THIS IS SOMETHING WHICH IS WAY BEYOND JUST ANOTHER 274 00:30:27,301 --> 00:30:34,875 SPECIES. >> Cooper: YUVAL NOAH HARARI IS TALKING ABOUT THE RACE TO DEVELOP ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 275 00:30:34,942 --> 00:30:43,084 AS WELL AS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES LIKE GENE EDITING, THAT COULD ONE DAY ENABLE PARENTS TO CREATE SMARTER OR MORE ATTRACTIVE 276 00:30:43,150 --> 00:30:49,123 CHILDREN, AND BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACES THAT COULD RESULT IN HUMAN/MACHINE HYBRIDS. WHAT DOES THAT DO TO A SOCIETY? 277 00:30:49,190 --> 00:30:58,032 IT SEEMS LIKE THE RICH WILL HAVE ACCESS, WHEREAS OTHERS WOULDN'T. >> Harari: ONE OF THE DANGERS IS THAT WE WILL SEE IN THE COMING 278 00:30:58,099 --> 00:31:05,573 DECADES, A PROCESS OF, OF-- OF-- GREATER INEQUALITY THAN IN ANY PREVIOUS TIME IN HISTORY, BECAUSE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, IT 279 00:31:05,640 --> 00:31:13,080 WILL BE REAL, BIOLOGICAL INEQUALITY. IF THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE AVAILABLE ONLY TO THE RICH OR 280 00:31:13,147 --> 00:31:23,090 ONLY TO PEOPLE FROM A CERTAIN COUNTRY, THEN HOMO SAPIENS WILL SPLIT INTO DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL CASTES, BECAUSE THEY REALLY HAVE 281 00:31:23,157 --> 00:31:31,098 DIFFERENT BODIES AND-- AND DIFFERENT ABILITIES. >> Cooper: HARARI HAS SPENT THE LAST FEW YEARS LECTURING AND 282 00:31:31,165 --> 00:31:37,104 WRITING ABOUT WHAT MAY LIE AHEAD FOR HUMANKIND. >> Harari: IN THE COMING GENERATIONS, WE WILL LEARN HOW 283 00:31:37,171 --> 00:31:45,012 TO ENGINEER BODIES AND BRAINS AND MINDS. >> Cooper: HE HAS WRITTEN TWO BOOKS ABOUT THE CHALLENGES WE 284 00:31:45,079 --> 00:31:51,218 FACE IN THE FUTURE, "HOMO DEUS" AND "21 LESSONS FOR THE 21st CENTURY," WHICH, ALONG WITH "SAPIENS" HAVE SOLD MORE THAN 35 285 00:31:51,285 --> 00:31:58,659 MILLION COPIES AND BEEN TRANSLATED INTO 65 LANGUAGES. HIS WRITINGS HAVE BEEN RECOMMENDED BY PRESIDENT BARACK 286 00:31:58,726 --> 00:32:04,899 OBAMA AS WELL AS TECH MOGULS BILL GATES AND MARK ZUCKERBERG. YOU RAISE WARNINGS ABOUT TECHNOLOGY. 287 00:32:04,965 --> 00:32:10,204 YOU'RE ALSO EMBRACED BY A LOT OF FOLKS IN SILICON VALLEY. >> Harari: YEAH. >> Cooper: ISN'T THAT SORT OF A 288 00:32:10,271 --> 00:32:18,746 CONTRADICTION? >> Harari: THEY ARE A BIT AFRAID OF THEIR OWN POWER; THAT THEY HAVE REALIZED THE IMMENSE 289 00:32:18,813 --> 00:32:23,751 INFLUENCE THEY HAVE OVER THE WORLD, OVER THE COURSE OF EVOLUTION, REALLY. AND I THINK THAT SPOOKS AT LEAST 290 00:32:23,818 --> 00:32:31,092 SOME OF THEM, AND THAT'S A GOOD THING. AND THIS IS WHY THEY ARE KIND OF, TO SOME EXTENT, OPEN TO 291 00:32:31,158 --> 00:32:39,233 LISTENING. >> Cooper: YOU STARTED AS A HISTORY PROFESSOR. WHAT DO YOU CALL YOURSELF NOW? 292 00:32:39,300 --> 00:32:45,239 >> Harari: I'M STILL A HISTORIAN, BUT I THINK HISTORY IS THE STUDY OF CHANGE, NOT JUST THE STUDY OF THE PAST. 293 00:32:45,306 --> 00:32:52,546 BUT IT COVERS THE FUTURE, AS WELL. >> Cooper: HARARI GOT HIS Ph.D. IN HISTORY AT OXFORD AND LIVES 294 00:32:52,613 --> 00:32:59,253 IN ISRAEL, WHERE THE PAST IS STILL VERY PRESENT. HE TOOK US TO THIS ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE CALLED TEL GEZER. 295 00:32:59,320 --> 00:33:07,094 >> Harari: 4,000 OR 5,000 YEARS AGO, THIS WAS ONE OF THE BIGGEST CITIES IN THE AREA. >> Cooper: HARARI SAYS CITIES 296 00:33:07,161 --> 00:33:13,100 LIKE THIS WERE ONLY POSSIBLE BECAUSE ABOUT 70,000 YEARS AGO, OUR SPECIES, HOMO SAPIENS, EXPERIENCED A COGNITIVE CHANGE 297 00:33:13,167 --> 00:33:21,242 THAT HELPED US CREATE LANGUAGE, WHICH THEN MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR US TO COOPERATE IN LARGE GROUPS AND DRIVE NEANDERTHALS AND ALL 298 00:33:21,308 --> 00:33:29,483 OTHER LESS-COOPERATIVE HUMAN SPECIES INTO EXTINCTION. HARARI FEARS WE ARE NOW THE ONES AT RISK OF BEING DOMINATED BY 299 00:33:29,550 --> 00:33:35,256 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. >> Harari: MAYBE THE BIGGEST THING THAT WE ARE FACING IS REALLY A KIND OF EVOLUTIONARY 300 00:33:35,322 --> 00:33:42,630 DIVERGENCE. FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS, INTELLIGENCE AND CONSCIOUSNESS WENT TOGETHER. 301 00:33:42,696 --> 00:33:49,103 CONSCIOUSNESS IS THE ABILITY TO FEEL THINGS LIKE PAIN AND PLEASURE AND LOVE AND HATE. INTELLIGENCE IS THE ABILITY TO 302 00:33:49,170 --> 00:33:56,777 SOLVE PROBLEMS. BUT COMPUTERS OR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, THEY DON'T HAVE CONSCIOUSNESS. 303 00:33:56,844 --> 00:34:01,081 THEY JUST HAVE INTELLIGENCE. THEY SOLVE PROBLEMS IN A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT WAY THAN US. 304 00:34:01,148 --> 00:34:07,421 NOW, IN SCIENCE FICTION, IT'S OFTEN ASSUMED THAT AS COMPUTERS WILL BECOME MORE AND MORE INTELLIGENT, THEY WILL 305 00:34:07,488 --> 00:34:15,229 INEVITABLY ALSO GAIN CONSCIOUSNESS. BUT ACTUALLY, IT'S-- IT'S MUCH MORE FRIGHTENING THAN THAT; IN A 306 00:34:15,296 --> 00:34:20,501 WAY, THEY WILL BE ABLE TO SOLVE MORE AND MORE PROBLEMS, BETTER THAN US, WITHOUT HAVING ANY CONSCIOUSNESS, ANY FEELINGS. 307 00:34:20,568 --> 00:34:25,039 >> Cooper: AND THEY WILL HAVE POWER OVER US? >> Harari: THEY ARE ALREADY GAINING POWER OVER US. 308 00:34:25,105 --> 00:34:31,312 >> Cooper: SOME LENDERS ROUTINELY USE COMPLEX ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS TO DETERMINE WHO QUALIFIES FOR 309 00:34:31,378 --> 00:34:38,919 LOANS, AND GLOBAL FINANCIAL MARKETS ARE MOVED BY DECISIONS MADE BY MACHINES ANALYZING HUGE AMOUNTS OF DATA IN WAYS EVEN 310 00:34:38,986 --> 00:34:45,759 THEIR PROGRAMMERS DON'T ALWAYS UNDERSTAND. HARARI SAYS THE COUNTRIES AND COMPANIES THAT CONTROL THE MOST 311 00:34:45,826 --> 00:34:51,232 DATA WILL IN THE FUTURE BE THE ONES THAT CONTROL THE WORLD. >> Harari: TODAY, IN THE WORLD, DATA IS WORTH MUCH MORE THAN 312 00:34:51,298 --> 00:34:57,538 MONEY. TEN YEARS AGO, YOU HAD THESE BIG CORPORATIONS PAYING BILLIONS AND BILLIONS FOR WHATSAPP, FOR 313 00:34:57,605 --> 00:35:03,244 INSTAGRAM. AND PEOPLE WONDERED, "ARE THEY CRAZY? WHY DO THEY PAY BILLIONS TO GET 314 00:35:03,310 --> 00:35:09,583 THIS APPLICATION THAT DOESN'T PRODUCE ANY MONEY?" AND THE REASON WHY? BECAUSE IT PRODUCED DATA. 315 00:35:09,650 --> 00:35:17,892 >> Cooper: AND DATA IS THE KEY? >> Harari: THE WORLD IS INCREASINGLY KIND OF CUT UP INTO SPHERES OF-- OF-- OF-- OF DATA 316 00:35:17,958 --> 00:35:23,330 COLLECTION, OF DATA HARVESTING. IN THE COLD WAR, YOU HAD THE IRON CURTAIN. NOW, WE HAVE THE SILICON CURTAIN 317 00:35:23,397 --> 00:35:31,105 BETWEEN THE U.S.A. AND CHINA. AND WHERE DOES THE DATA GO? CALIFORNIA. OR DOES IT GO TO SHENZHEN AND TO 318 00:35:31,171 --> 00:35:37,077 SHANGHAI AND TO BEIJING? >> Cooper: HARARI IS CONCERNED THE PANDEMIC HAS OPENED THE DOOR FOR MORE INTRUSIVE KINDS OF DATA 319 00:35:37,144 --> 00:35:43,083 COLLECTION, INCLUDING BIOMETRIC DATA. WHAT IS BIOMETRIC DATA? >> Harari: IT'S DATA ABOUT 320 00:35:43,150 --> 00:35:50,958 WHAT'S HAPPENING INSIDE MY BODY. WHAT WE HAVE SEEN SO FAR, IT'S CORPORATIONS AND GOVERNMENTS COLLECTING DATA ABOUT WHERE WE 321 00:35:51,025 --> 00:35:59,233 GO, WHO WE MEET, WHAT MOVIES WE WATCH. THE NEXT PHASE IS SURVEILLANCE GOING UNDER OUR SKIN. 322 00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:05,806 >> Cooper: I'M WEARING A-- LIKE, A TRACKER, THAT TRACKS MY HEART RATE, MY SLEEP. I DON'T KNOW WHERE THAT 323 00:36:05,873 --> 00:36:11,245 INFORMATION IS GOING. >> Harari: YOU WEAR THE K.G.B. AGENT ON YOUR WRIST WILLINGLY. >> Cooper: AND I THINK IT'S 324 00:36:11,312 --> 00:36:16,884 BENEFITING ME. >> Harari: AND IT IS BENEFITING YOU. I MEAN, THE WHOLE THING IS THAT 325 00:36:16,951 --> 00:36:22,523 IT'S NOT JUST DYSTOPIAN, IT'S ALSO UTOPIAN. I MEAN, THIS KIND OF DATA CAN ALSO ENABLE US TO CREATE THE 326 00:36:22,590 --> 00:36:27,328 BEST HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN HISTORY. THE QUESTION IS, WHAT ELSE IS BEING DONE WITH THAT DATA? 327 00:36:27,394 --> 00:36:35,269 AND WHO SUPERVISES IT? WHO REGULATES IT? >> Cooper: EARLIER THIS YEAR, THE ISRAELI GOVERNMENT GAVE ITS 328 00:36:35,336 --> 00:36:41,942 CITIZENS' HEALTH DATA TO PFIZER TO GET PRIORITY ACCESS TO THEIR VACCINE. THE DATA DID NOT INCLUDE 329 00:36:42,009 --> 00:36:49,083 INDIVIDUAL CITIZENS' IDENTITIES. SO, WHAT DOES PFIZER WANT THE DATA OF ALL ISRAELIS FOR? >> Harari: BECAUSE, TO DEVELOP 330 00:36:49,149 --> 00:36:57,891 NEW MEDICINES, NEW TREATMENTS, YOU NEED THE MEDICAL DATA. INCREASINGLY, THAT'S THE BASIS FOR HOW-- FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH. 331 00:36:57,958 --> 00:37:03,230 IT'S NOT ALL BAD. >> Cooper: HARARI HAS BEEN CRITICIZED FOR POINTING OUT PROBLEMS WITHOUT OFFERING 332 00:37:03,297 --> 00:37:11,238 SOLUTIONS, BUT HE DOES HAVE SOME IDEAS ABOUT HOW TO LIMIT THE MISUSE OF DATA. >> Harari: ONE KEY RULE IS THAT 333 00:37:11,305 --> 00:37:19,079 IF YOU GET MY DATA, THE DATA SHOULD BE USED TO HELP ME, AND NOT TO MANIPULATE ME. ANOTHER KEY RULE? 334 00:37:19,146 --> 00:37:28,789 THAT WHENEVER YOU INCREASE SURVEILLANCE OF INDIVIDUALS, YOU SHOULD SIMULTANEOUSLY INCREASE SURVEILLANCE OF THE CORPORATION 335 00:37:28,856 --> 00:37:35,262 AND GOVERNMENTS AND THE PEOPLE AT THE TOP. AND THE THIRD PRINCIPLE IS THAT, NEVER ALLOW ALL THE DATA TO BE 336 00:37:35,329 --> 00:37:43,103 CONCENTRATED IN ONE PLACE. THAT'S THE RECIPE FOR A DICTATORSHIP. NETFLIX TELLS US WHAT TO WATCH, 337 00:37:43,170 --> 00:37:51,779 AND AMAZON TELLS US WHAT TO BUY. EVENTUALLY, WITHIN 10 OR 20 OR 30 YEARS, SUCH ALGORITHMS COULD ALSO TELL YOU WHAT TO STUDY AT 338 00:37:51,845 --> 00:37:59,720 COLLEGE, AND WHERE TO WORK, AND WHOM TO MARRY, AND EVEN WHOM TO VOTE FOR. >> Cooper: WITHOUT GREATER 339 00:37:59,787 --> 00:38:06,293 REGULATION, HARARI BELIEVES WE ARE AT RISK OF BECOMING WHAT HE CALLS "HACKED HUMANS." WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? 340 00:38:06,360 --> 00:38:13,100 >> Harari: TO HACK A HUMAN BEING IS TO GET TO KNOW THAT PERSON BETTER THAN THEY KNOW THEMSELVES, AND BASED ON THAT, 341 00:38:13,167 --> 00:38:22,309 TO INCREASINGLY MANIPULATE YOU. THIS OUTSIDE SYSTEM, IT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO REMEMBER EVERYTHING-- EVERYTHING YOU EVER 342 00:38:22,376 --> 00:38:31,085 DID, AND TO ANALYZE AND FIND PATTERNS IN THIS DATA AND TO GET A MUCH BETTER IDEA OF WHO YOU REALLY ARE. 343 00:38:31,151 --> 00:38:37,357 I CAME OUT AS GAY WHEN I WAS 21. IT SHOULD'VE BEEN OBVIOUS TO ME WHEN I WAS 15 THAT I'M GAY, BUT SOMETHING IN THE MIND BLOCKED 344 00:38:37,424 --> 00:38:45,532 IT. NOW, IF YOU THINK ABOUT A TEENAGER TODAY, FACEBOOK CAN KNOW THAT THEY ARE GAY, OR 345 00:38:45,599 --> 00:38:54,408 AMAZON CAN KNOW THAT THEY ARE GAY LONG BEFORE THEY DO, JUST BASED ON ANALYZING PATTERNS. >> Cooper: AND BASED ON THAT, 346 00:38:54,475 --> 00:38:59,446 YOU CAN TELL SOMEBODY'S SEXUAL ORIENTATION? >> Harari: COMPLETELY. AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF YOU 347 00:38:59,513 --> 00:39:06,153 LIVE IN IRAN OR IF YOU LIVE IN RUSSIA OR IN SOME OTHER HOMOPHOBIC COUNTRY, AND THE POLICE KNOW THAT YOU ARE GAY 348 00:39:06,220 --> 00:39:13,093 EVEN BEFORE YOU KNOW IT? >> Cooper: WHEN PEOPLE THINK ABOUT DATA, THEY THINK ABOUT COMPANIES FINDING OUT WHAT THEIR 349 00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:20,701 LIKES AND DISLIKES ARE. BUT THE DATA THAT YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT GOES MUCH DEEPER THAN THAT? 350 00:39:20,768 --> 00:39:27,241 >> Harari: LIKE, THINK IN 20 YEARS, WHEN THE ENTIRE PERSONAL HISTORY OF EVERY JOURNALIST, EVERY JUDGE, EVERY POLITICIAN, 351 00:39:27,307 --> 00:39:35,249 EVERY MILITARY OFFICER, IS HELD BY SOMEBODY IN BEIJING OR IN WASHINGTON. YOUR ABILITY TO MANIPULATE THEM 352 00:39:35,315 --> 00:39:42,055 IS LIKE NOTHING BEFORE IN HISTORY. >> Cooper: HARARI LIVES OUTSIDE TEL AVIV WITH HIS HUSBAND, ITZIK 353 00:39:42,122 --> 00:39:47,227 YAHAV. THEY HAVE BEEN TOGETHER FOR NEARLY 20 YEARS. IT WAS YAHAV WHO READ HARARI'S 354 00:39:47,294 --> 00:39:54,601 LECTURE NOTES FOR A HISTORY COURSE AND CONVINCED HIM TO TURN THEM INTO HIS FIRST BOOK, "SAPIENS." 355 00:39:54,668 --> 00:39:59,373 >> Itzik Yahav: I READ THE LESSONS; I COULDN'T STOP TALKING ABOUT IT. FOR ME, IT WAS CLEAR THAT IT 356 00:39:59,439 --> 00:40:07,181 COULD BE A HUGE BESTSELLER. >> Cooper: YAHAV IS NOW HARARI'S AGENT, AND TOGETHER THEY STARTED A COMPANY CALLED SAPIENSHIP. 357 00:40:07,247 --> 00:40:14,087 THEY ARE CREATING AN INTERACTIVE EXHIBIT THAT WILL TAKE VISITORS THROUGH THE HISTORY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION, AND CHALLENGE THEM TO 358 00:40:14,154 --> 00:40:21,562 THINK ABOUT THE FUTURE OF MANKIND. HARARI ALSO JUST PUBLISHED THE SCOND INSTALLMENT OF A GRAPHIC 359 00:40:21,628 --> 00:40:27,100 NOVEL BASED ON "SAPIENS," AND HE'S TEACHING COURSES AT ISRAEL'S HEBREW UNIVERSITY IN ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY FOR 360 00:40:27,167 --> 00:40:34,341 COMPUTER SCIENTISTS AND BIO- ENGINEERS. >> Harari: WHEN PEOPLE WRITE CODE, THEY ARE RESHAPING 361 00:40:34,408 --> 00:40:39,546 POLITICS AND ECONOMICS AND ETHICS, AND THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SOCIETY. >> Cooper: WHEN I THINK OF 362 00:40:39,613 --> 00:40:47,221 CODERS AND ENGINEERS, I DON'T THINK OF PHILOSOPHERS AND POETS. >> Harari: IT'S NOT THE CASE NOW, BUT IT SHOULD BE THE CASE, 363 00:40:47,287 --> 00:40:55,095 BECAUSE THEY ARE INCREASINGLY SOLVING PHILOSOPHICAL AND POETICAL RIDDLES. IF YOU'RE DESIGNING, YOU KNOW, A 364 00:40:55,162 --> 00:41:03,237 SELF-DRIVING CAR, SO, THE SELF-DRIVING CAR WILL NEED TO MAKE ETHICAL DECISIONS LIKE, SUDDENLY, A KID JUMPS IN FRONT 365 00:41:03,303 --> 00:41:10,744 OF THE CAR AND THE ONLY WAY TO-- TO-- TO PREVENT RUNNING OVER THE KID IS TO SWERVE TO THE SIDE AND BE HIT BY A TRUCK, AND YOUR OWN- 366 00:41:10,811 --> 00:41:17,184 - OWNER, WHO IS ASLEEP IN THE BACK SEAT, WILL-- MIGHT BE KILLED. YOU NEED TO TELL THE ALGORITHM 367 00:41:17,251 --> 00:41:22,723 WHAT TO DO IN THIS SITUATION. SO, YOU NEED TO ACTUALLY SOLVE THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTION, WHO TO KILL. 368 00:41:22,789 --> 00:41:27,527 >> Cooper: LAST MONTH, THE UNITED NATIONS SUGGESTED A MORATORIUM ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS THAT 369 00:41:27,594 --> 00:41:35,269 SERIOUSLY THREATEN HUMAN RIGHTS UNTIL SAFEGUARDS ARE AGREED UPON, AND ADVISERS TO PRESIDENT BIDEN ARE PROPOSING WHAT THEY 370 00:41:35,335 --> 00:41:42,743 CALL A "BILL OF RIGHTS" TO GUARD AGAINST SOME OF THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES. HARARI SAYS JUST AS HOMO SAPIENS 371 00:41:42,809 --> 00:41:49,082 LEARNED TO COOPERATE WITH EACH OTHER MANY THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO, WE NEED TO COOPERATE NOW. >> Harari: CERTAINLY. 372 00:41:49,149 --> 00:41:54,354 NOW, WE ARE AT THE POINT WHEN WE NEED GLOBAL COOPERATION. YOU CANNOT REGULATE THE EXPLOSIVE POWER OF ARTIFICIAL 373 00:41:54,421 --> 00:42:01,094 INTELLIGENCE ON A NATIONAL LEVEL. I'M NOT TRYING TO KIND OF PROPHESY WHAT WILL HAPPEN; I'M 374 00:42:01,161 --> 00:42:07,367 TRYING TO WARN PEOPLE ABOUT THE MOST DANGEROUS POSSIBILITIES IN THE HOPE THAT WE WILL DO SOMETHING IN THE PRESENT TO 375 00:42:07,434 --> 00:42:11,305 PREVENT THEM. ( TICKING ) 376 00:42:18,478 --> 00:42:23,016 >> Stahl: NOW, AN UPDATE ON A STORY WE REPORTED EARLIER THIS MONTH. SCOTT PELLEY SPOKE WITH FRANCES 377 00:42:23,083 --> 00:42:32,359 HAUGEN, THE UP-TO-THEN-ANONYMOUS FACEBOOK WHISTLEBLOWER. WHEN SHE LEFT THE COMPANY, SHE TOOK TENS OF THOUSANDS OF PAGES 378 00:42:32,426 --> 00:42:38,365 OF INTERNAL RESEARCH WITH HER. >> Pelley: MISINFORMATION, ANGRY CONTENT IS ENTICING TO PEOPLE AND KEEP... 379 00:42:38,432 --> 00:42:42,803 >> Haugen: VERY ENTICING. >> Pelley: ...KEEPS THEM ON THE PLATFORM. >> Haugen: YES. 380 00:42:42,869 --> 00:42:49,242 >> Stahl: SINCE THEN, SHE HAS TESTIFIED BEFORE THE SENATE AND THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT. IN NOVEMBER, SHE MEETS WITH THE 381 00:42:49,309 --> 00:42:58,285 EUROPEAN UNION. MORE THAN 18 NEWS ORGANIZATIONS, INCLUDING CBS NEWS, HAVE JOINED IN EXAMINING THE RESEARCH, AND 382 00:42:58,352 --> 00:43:06,393 CONGRESS IS LOOKING AT POSSIBLE REGULATIONS LIMITING HOW SOCIAL MEDIA MAY HARM YOUNG USERS. I'M LESLEY STAHL. 383 00:43:06,460 --> 00:43:07,461 WE'LL BE BACK NEXT WEEK WITH