1 00:00:06,840 --> 00:00:14,848 >>> THERE IS NO WAY FOR ANY AMERICAN TO KNOW IF A PRODUCT IS SAFE IF IT IS ULTRA PROCESSED. 2 00:00:14,914 --> 00:00:23,790 >> IT'S HARD TO FIND TWO PEOPLE WHO DISAGREE MORE ON HEALTH POLICY THAN ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR. AND FORMER FDA COMMISSIONER 3 00:00:23,857 --> 00:00:31,264 DAVID KESSLER, BUT THEY HAVE FOUND COMMON GROUND OVER A COMMON CULPRIT. ULTRA PROCESSED FOODS. 4 00:00:31,331 --> 00:00:40,473 HOW DOES THIS COMPARE WITH TOBACCO? >> IT'S AS LARGE IF NOT LARGER. >>> EVERYONE KEEPS CALLING YOU 5 00:00:40,540 --> 00:00:45,445 THE BABYIES. [ LAUGHTER ] >> YES. >> AND YOU ARE 80. 6 00:00:45,512 --> 00:00:54,621 >> YES. >> EVA CLARKE, HANA BERGER MORAN N AND MARK OLSKY ARE AMONG IF NOT THE YOUNGEST 7 00:00:54,687 --> 00:01:00,560 SURVIVORS OF THE HOLOCAUST. >> A WOMAN PRESENTED HERDS BABY TO -- HER BABY TO HIM. >> THERE'S A BABY. 8 00:01:00,627 --> 00:01:08,735 >> THIS ONE WE HAVE TO TRY TO SAVE. >>> I'M LESLEY STAHL. >> I'M SCOTT PELLEY. 9 00:01:08,802 --> 00:01:17,243 >> I'M BILL WHITAKER. >> I'M SHARYN ALFONSI. >> I'M JON WERTHEIM. >> I'M CECILIA VEGA. 10 00:01:17,310 --> 00:01:24,017 >> I'M ANDERSON COOPER, THOSE STORYIES AND IN OUR LAST- MINUTE, FILMMAKER TIM BURNS WITH A SURPRISE. 11 00:01:24,083 --> 00:01:33,993 TONIGHT ON "60 MINUTES." >>> TODAY, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF AMERICANS ACROSS THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM FROM MAKE 12 00:01:34,060 --> 00:01:41,067 AMERICA HEALTHY AGAIN ACTIVISTS TO EVERYDAY SHOPPERS -- ARE VOICING CONCERN ABOUT THE HEALTH IMPACT OF ULTRAPROCESSED 13 00:01:41,134 --> 00:01:47,607 FOODS THOSE BOXED AND WRAPPED IN PLASTIC, READY TO EAT ITEMS LINING GROCERY STORE SHELVES. LEADING THE CHARGE ARE TWO MEN 14 00:01:47,674 --> 00:01:58,785 WHO DISAGREE ON PRETTY MUCH EVERYTHING ELSE ABOUT PUBLIC HEALTH HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES SECRETARY ROBERT F. 15 00:01:58,852 --> 00:02:01,654 KENNEDY JR. AND DR. DAVID KESSLER, THE FORMER COMMISSIONER OF THE U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION. 16 00:02:01,721 --> 00:02:09,429 THE TWO MEN HAVE FOUND COMMON GROUND OVER A COMMON CULPRIT - A 67-YEAR-OLD GOVERNMENT CLASSIFICATION FOR SUBSTANCES 17 00:02:09,496 --> 00:02:17,036 IN OUR FOOD. IT'S CALLED GRAS, OR GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE. KENNEDY AND KESSLER SAY IT HAS 18 00:02:17,103 --> 00:02:25,345 ALLOWED BIG FOOD COMPANIES TO USE INGREDIENTS WITHOUT A FULL GOVERNMENT SAFETY REVIEW AND FLOOD THE MARKET WITH 19 00:02:25,411 --> 00:02:35,922 ULTRAPROCESSED FOODS THAT NOW MAKE UP 50 PERCENT OF OUR CALORIES AND 60 PERCENT OF OUR CHILDREN'S DIETS. 20 00:02:35,989 --> 00:02:45,131 >> OVER THE LAST 40 YEARS, THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN EXPOSED TO SOMETHING THAT OUR BIOLOGY WAS NEVER INTENDED TO HANDLE. 21 00:02:45,198 --> 00:02:54,874 ENERGY-DENSE, HIGHLY PALATABLE, RAPIDLY ABSORBABLE, ULTRAPROCESSED FOODS THAT HAVE ALTERED OUR METABOLISM AND HAVE 22 00:02:54,941 --> 00:03:04,484 RESULTED IN THE GREATEST INCREASE IN CHRONIC DISEASE IN OUR HISTORY. TYPE 2 DIABETES, PRE-DIABETES, 23 00:03:04,551 --> 00:03:15,929 HYPERTENSION, ABNORMAL LIPIDS, FATTY LIVER, HEART ATTACKS, STROKE, HEART FAILURE. >> FROM OUR FOOD 24 00:03:15,995 --> 00:03:24,504 >> FROM OUR FOOD. >> DAVID KESSLER WAS COMMISSIONER OF THE U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION DURING 25 00:03:24,571 --> 00:03:33,146 THE 1990s WHEN HE HELPED EXPOSE HOW THE TOBACCO COMPANIES MANIPULATED NICOTINE LEVELS TO HOOK CONSUMERS. 26 00:03:33,212 --> 00:03:38,318 >> I AM HERE TO PROVIDE YOU WITH ACTUAL INSTANCES OF NICOTINE CONTROL AND MANIPULATION IN THE TOBACCO 27 00:03:38,384 --> 00:03:44,324 INDUSTRY >> IF YOU'D RAISE YOUR RIGHT HAND. >> HE WAS A DRIVING FORCE IN 28 00:03:44,390 --> 00:03:50,863 BRINGING TOBACCO EXECUTIVES BEFORE CONGRESS AND TURNING PUBLIC ATTENTION TO THE INDUSTRY. 29 00:03:50,930 --> 00:03:59,739 HE'S NOW AIMING TO DO THE SAME WITH THE FOOD INDUSTRY. IN TERMS OF A PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS, HOW DOES THIS COMPARE 30 00:03:59,806 --> 00:04:08,214 WITH TOBACCO? >> IT'S AS LARGE, IF NOT LARGER. >> IT'S THAT SIGNIFICANT? 31 00:04:08,281 --> 00:04:12,251 >> THE SCALE OF THIS -- THIS AFFECTS EVERYBODY. UNDERSTAND, NOT EVERYBODY SMOKED. 32 00:04:12,318 --> 00:04:19,993 BUT LOOK AT THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO CONSUME ULTRAPROCESSED FOOD. IT TOUCHES ALL OF US. 33 00:04:20,059 --> 00:04:29,769 >> 70% OF AMERICANS ARE EITHER OBESE OR OVERWEIGHT, AND IT'S NOT BECAUSE THEY GOT INDOLENT OR BECAUSE WE BECAME LAZY OR 34 00:04:29,836 --> 00:04:37,443 BECAUSE WE SUDDENLY DEVELOPED GIANT APPETITES. IT'S BECAUSE WE'RE BEING GIVEN FOOD THAT IS LOW IN NUTRITION 35 00:04:37,510 --> 00:04:48,454 AND HIGH IN CALORIES AND IT'S MAKING IT'S DESTROYING OUR HEALTH . I SEE IT WHEN I GO ACROSS THE COUNTRY. 36 00:04:48,521 --> 00:04:54,460 >> WE MET WITH HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES SECRETARY ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR. LAST MONTH AFTER HE ISSUED NEW DIETARY GUIDELINES 37 00:04:54,527 --> 00:05:02,101 THAT FOR THE FIRST TIME ADVISE AGAINST HIGHLY PROCESSED FOODS. YOU HAVE SAID THAT THESE ULTRAPROCESSED FOODS ARE 38 00:05:02,168 --> 00:05:12,879 POISONING US. I THINK MANY AMERICANS WOULD BE SURPRISED TO HEAR THAT. >> WE'RE SEEING IN OUR 39 00:05:12,945 --> 00:05:19,385 POPULATION PEOPLE WHO ARE OBSCENELY OBESE AND AT THE SAME TIME MALNOURISHED. >> WHO WANTS TO START? 40 00:05:19,452 --> 00:05:26,793 >> KENNEDY SAYS THAT'S LARGELY BECAUSE WE DON'T KNOW THE HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF WHAT WE'RE EATING - THANKS TO THE 41 00:05:26,859 --> 00:05:34,467 GRAS EXEMPTION ENACTED BY CONGRESS IN 1958 THAT ALLOWS FOOD COMPANIES TO INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE SAFETY OF THEIR 42 00:05:34,534 --> 00:05:41,007 INGREDIENTS WITH NO GOVERNMENT OVERSIGHT IF THEY ARE GENERALLY RECOGNIZED BY EXPERTS AS SAFE. PENDING WHITE HOUSE APPROVAL, 43 00:05:41,074 --> 00:05:51,818 HE INTENDS TO CLOSE THAT BACKDOOR. >> THAT LOOPHOLE WAS HIJACKED BY THE INDUSTRY, AND IT WAS 44 00:05:51,884 --> 00:06:00,560 USED TO ADD THOUSANDS UPON THOUSANDS OF NEW INGREDIENTS INTO OUR FOOD SUPPLY. IN EUROPE, THERE'S ONLY 400 45 00:06:00,626 --> 00:06:07,934 LEGAL INGREDIENTS. THIS AGENCY DOES NOT KNOW HOW MANY INGREDIENTS THERE ARE IN AMERICAN FOOD. 46 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:12,238 >> THEY DO NOT KNOW. >> THEY DO NOT KNOW. THE ESTIMATES ARE BETWEEN 4,000 AND 10,000. 47 00:06:12,305 --> 00:06:20,146 WE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THEY ARE. >> HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT IS SAFE TO EAT? >> THERE IS -- NO WAY FOR ANY 48 00:06:20,213 --> 00:06:27,887 AMERICAN TO KNOW IF A PRODUCT IS SAFE IF IT IS ULTRAPROCESSED. >> FOR HIS PART, DAVID KESSLER 49 00:06:27,954 --> 00:06:38,197 IS PETITIONING KENNEDY TO GO FURTHER AND OUTRIGHT REVOKE THE GRAS STATUS FOR DOZENS OF PROCESSED REFINED CARBOHYDRATES 50 00:06:38,264 --> 00:06:41,801 SWEETENERS AND STARCHES SUCH AS CORN SYRUP AND MALTODEXTRIN - UNLESS THE COMPANIES CAN PROVE THEY ARE SAFE AND NOT 51 00:06:41,868 --> 00:06:48,541 FUELING OBESITY. >> THEY TOOK STARCH, RIGHT? THOSE CHEAP, EASY CALORIES. @AND THEY CONVERTED THOSE INTO 52 00:06:48,608 --> 00:06:58,584 WHOLE PANOPLY OF INGREDIENTS, THAT IT WAS ABLE TO REASSEMBLE. AND THOSE PRODUCTS ARE SO RAPIDLY ABSORBED IN OUR SYSTEM 53 00:06:58,651 --> 00:07:07,994 THAT IT CAUSED METABOLIC HAVOC. >> THEY TARGET THE BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITS THAT KEEP US COMING BACK FOR MORE. 54 00:07:08,060 --> 00:07:11,664 THEY TRIGGER OVEREATING. THEY DEPRIVE US OF ANY SENSE OF FULLNESS. >> WHAT WE ALL CALL EMPTY 55 00:07:11,731 --> 00:07:18,871 CALORIES. >> THOSE CALORIES ARE NOT JUST EMPTY. THEY'RE ENDING UP IN YOUR 56 00:07:18,938 --> 00:07:24,177 LIVER, AND THAT FAT IN YOUR LIVER IS GONNA MIGRATE INTO OTHER ORGANS. AND IT'S THE CAUSE OF 57 00:07:24,243 --> 00:07:33,619 CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASE. >> KESSLER, A PEDIATRICIAN, FILED HIS PETITION WITH THE FDA AFTER ZEROING IN ON GRAS 58 00:07:33,686 --> 00:07:40,026 INGREDIENTS LISTED IN PLAIN SIGHT ON THE BACKS OF PACKAGED FOODS. >> PICK UP ANY ONE OF THESE 59 00:07:40,092 --> 00:07:43,896 PRODUCTS. YOU EVER LOOK AT THE -- THE INGREDIENT LABEL? >> A LOT OF 'EM ARE THINGS I 60 00:07:43,963 --> 00:07:51,537 CAN'T EVEN PRONOUNCE. >> RIGHT. IS THAT FOOD? CORN SYRUP, CORN SOLIDS, 61 00:07:51,604 --> 00:08:01,747 MALTODEXTRIN, DEXTROSE, XYLOSE, HIGH-FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP. AND THEN THESE INGREDIENTS WERE SUBJECTED TO INDUSTRIAL 62 00:08:01,814 --> 00:08:11,457 PROCESSING SO THAT OUR SYSTEM CAN'T HANDLE IT. >> WE WILL ACT ON -- ON DAVID KESSLER'S PETITION. 63 00:08:11,524 --> 00:08:20,366 AND THE QUESTIONS THAT HE'S ASKING ARE QUESTIONS THAT FDA SHOULD'VE BEEN ASKING A LONG, LONG TIME AGO . 64 00:08:20,433 --> 00:08:24,904 >> KENNEDY TOLD US HE WILL USE GOLD STANDARD SCIENCE TO REVIEW GRAS INGREDIENTS. BUT HIS CREDIBILITY ON THAT 65 00:08:24,971 --> 00:08:31,043 SCORE HAS BEEN WIDELY CALLED INTO QUESTION BECAUSE OF HIS HISTORY OF VACCINE SKEPTICISM AND HIS AGENCY'S REVISION OF 66 00:08:31,110 --> 00:08:40,453 THE CHILDHOOD VACCINE SCHEDULE. ARE YOU CONCERNED AT ALL THAT YOUR STANCE ON VACCINES MIGHT MAKE PEOPLE RELUCTANT TO 67 00:08:40,519 --> 00:08:46,359 SUPPORT YOU ON ULTRAPROCESSED FOODS? >> MY STANCE ON VACCINES IS THE SAME. 68 00:08:46,425 --> 00:08:54,934 PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE GOOD SCIENCE AND THEY SHOULD HAVE CHOICE. >> SOME DOCTORS WORRY THAT -- THE NEW IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE 69 00:08:55,001 --> 00:09:01,374 SOWS CONFUSION AND WILL LEAD SOME AMERICANS NOT TO VACCINATE THEIR CHILDREN. >> PEOPLE WHO WANNA GET THOSE 70 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:11,150 VACCINES CAN GET THEM AND THEY CAN GET THEM FULLY INSURED. >> THE SECRETARY AND I, YOU KNOW, WE DISAGREE ON A NUMBER 71 00:09:11,217 --> 00:09:17,089 OF ISSUES, I MEAN, IN THE STRONGEST POSSIBLE TERMS. WHEN IT COMES TO VACCINES, I DISAGREE. 72 00:09:17,156 --> 00:09:29,468 BUT IF HE'S WILLING TO TAKE ACTION ON THESE ULTRAPROCESSED FOODS, I WILL BE THE FIRST -- TO APPLAUD THAT. 73 00:09:29,535 --> 00:09:39,478 >> IF YOU DON'T TRUST HIM ON VACCINES, WHY TRUST HIM WHEN IT COMES TO ULTRA PROCESSED FOODS? >> I DON'T THINK IT'S A 74 00:09:39,545 --> 00:09:47,687 QUESTION OF TRUST, BILL. I MEAN, THIS COUNTRY IS ILL. I'M A DOC. I CARE ABOUT THE PUBLIC HEALTH 75 00:09:47,753 --> 00:09:56,662 OF THIS COUNTRY AND IF WE CAN MAKE PROGRESS ON THAT, LET'S DO THAT. >> THE IMPACT ON CHILDREN HAS 76 00:09:56,729 --> 00:10:05,137 BEEN PARTICULARLY ALARMING. >> IN DECEMBER, SAN FRANCISCO CITY ATTORNEY DAVID CHIU FILEED A LANDS MARK LAND -- LANDMARK 77 00:10:05,204 --> 00:10:11,811 LAWSUIT AGAINST TEN MANUFACTURERS OF FOODS ALLEGEING LIKE THE TOBACCO COMPANYIES THEY KNOWINGLY EDGE 78 00:10:11,877 --> 00:10:17,483 NEARED AND MARKETED ADDICTIVE DANGEROUS PRODUCTS WHILE HIDEING THE RISKS AND CAUSEING A PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS THE 79 00:10:17,550 --> 00:10:23,155 CONSUMER BRANDS' ASSOCIATION ONE OF THE LARGEST TRADE GROUPS REPRESENTING THE FOOD INDUSTRY, DECLINEED TO RESPOND TO US WANT 80 00:10:23,222 --> 00:10:30,796 THE LAWSUIT. BUT IN A STATEMENT TO "60 MINUTES," SAID -- THERE'S NO AGREED UPON SCIENTIFIC 81 00:10:30,863 --> 00:10:37,803 DEFINITION OF ULTRA PROCESSED FOODS AND COMPANYIES ADHERE TO THE RIGOROUS EVIDENCE BASEED SAFETY STANDARDS AND NUTRITION 82 00:10:37,870 --> 00:10:45,578 POLICY ESTABLISHED BY THE FDA. TO DELIVER SAFE, AFFORDABLE, AND CONVENIENT PRODUCTS THAT CONSUMERS DEPEND ON EVERY DAY. 83 00:10:45,644 --> 00:10:49,081 >> OH MAN. >> GRANDDADDY. >> YEAH. >> OREOS. 84 00:10:49,148 --> 00:11:00,292 >> WE MET WITH FOOD AUTHOR MICHAEL POLLEN WHO FOR DECADES HAS BEEN WARM -- WARNING ABOUT INEXPENSIVE FACTORY PROCESSED 85 00:11:00,359 --> 00:11:04,096 FOODS. >> GRANOLA BAR, ALL LOOK VERY HEALTHY. EVEN THOUGH THEY'RE VERY 86 00:11:04,163 --> 00:11:11,270 DIFFERENT. WE HAVE A SNACK FOOD. A COUPLE OF SNACK FOODS. >> NATURE VALLEY? 87 00:11:11,337 --> 00:11:14,807 >> I WOULD ARGUE BECAUSE OF THE NUMBER OF AGREEMENTS IN IT. THERE'S A LOT LOT LOT OF CHICAGO IN HERE. 88 00:11:14,874 --> 00:11:22,114 >> THERE ISS THIS SOLD AS HEALTH FOOD. >> POLLEN COMMENDS KENNEDY FOR SHINEING A LIGHT ON ULTRAD 89 00:11:22,181 --> 00:11:28,054 FOODS. HE TIES THEIR UBIQUITY TO LONG- STANDING FEDERAL FARM SUBSIDYIES. 90 00:11:28,120 --> 00:11:33,292 >> WE SUBSIDIZE AS TAXPAYERS, THROUGH THE FARM BILL, THE LEAST HEALTHY CALORIES IN THE DIET. 91 00:11:33,359 --> 00:11:38,898 MOST OF WHICH GOES TO PEOPLE FARMING CORN AND SOYBEANS. >> WHAT'S WRONG WITH CORN AND SOYBEANS? 92 00:11:38,964 --> 00:11:44,170 >> WHEN YOU HEAR CORN AND SOY, YOU THINK FOOD. THIS IS NOT CORN ON THE COB. THIS IS COMMODITY CORN. 93 00:11:44,236 --> 00:11:51,744 >> IT'S NOT THE SWEET CORN WE EAT IN THE SUMMER? >> NO, YOU CAN'T EAT IT IN FACT. 94 00:11:51,811 --> 00:11:56,115 IT'S ALL STARCH. BIG COBS. YOU WOULD BREAK YOUR TEETH ON IT AND THEN SOY WHICH IS NOT IN 95 00:11:56,182 --> 00:12:04,023 THE FORM WE GROW IT AS A COMMODITY, IS NOT EDAMAME, YOU CAN'T EAT IT. THESE ARE RAW INGREDIENTS FOR 96 00:12:04,090 --> 00:12:11,230 PROCESSED FOODS. AND ANIMAL FEED. >> SO THE GOVERNMENT IS SUBSIDIZEING CROPS THAT ARE 97 00:12:11,297 --> 00:12:12,398 MAKEING US UNHEALTHY. >> YES. SICK. YEAH. 98 00:12:12,465 --> 00:12:25,044 IN ONE WAY TO LOOK AT IT IS WE ARE SUPPORTING BOTH SIDES IN THE WAR ON TYPE 2 DIABETES. WE ARE -- WE'RE SUBSIDIZEING 99 00:12:25,111 --> 00:12:29,181 THE HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP AND THEN WE'RE PAYING IF THE HEALTH CARE COSTS. MAKES NO SENSE AT ALL. 100 00:12:29,248 --> 00:12:36,188 >> IN A STATEMENT THE AMERICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERATION THE LARGEST GENERAL FARM ORGANIZATION IN THE U.S., TOLD 101 00:12:36,255 --> 00:12:43,796 US, A HEALTHY DIET RELYIES ON A VARIETY OF NUTRIENT DENSE FOODS AND A BALANCE OF HEALTHY FATS, CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEIN AND 102 00:12:43,863 --> 00:12:51,904 FIBER. SOME OF WHICH CAN COME FROM SHELF STABLE FOODS. WHY ARE THERE NOT SUBSIDYIES TO 103 00:12:51,971 --> 00:12:57,476 PRODUCE MORE OF THE HEALTHY FOODS? >> CHEAP FOODS IS THE GOAL OF ALL GOVERNMENTS. 104 00:12:57,543 --> 00:13:03,782 IF YOU WERE TO REMOVE THESE CORN SUBSIDYIES, THERE'S CONCERN THAT THE PRICE OF CORN WOULD RAISE AND THAT WOULD BE A 105 00:13:03,849 --> 00:13:07,586 PROBLEM FOR THE WHOLE FOOD INDUSTRY. WHICH OF COURSE IS A VERY POWERFUL LOBBY. 106 00:13:07,653 --> 00:13:17,229 AND WOULD BE A PROBLEM FOR THE CONSUMER CONCEIVE CONCEIVABLY. >> WHEN YOU ARE TAKEING ON ULTRA PROCESS FOODS, YOU ARE 107 00:13:17,296 --> 00:13:23,636 ALSO TAKEING ON POWERFUL INDUSTRYIES. BIG AG, BIG FOOD. WHAT MAKES YOU BELIEVE YOU WILL 108 00:13:23,702 --> 00:13:27,473 PREVAIL? >> MY BELIEF THAT I WILL PREVAIL IS BECAUSE WE HAVE THE PRESIDENT BEHIND US. 109 00:13:27,540 --> 00:13:36,182 >> BUT THE PRESIDENT HAS SHOWN HIMSELF TO BE PRETTY MUCH AGAINST REGULATIONS. SO WHY WOULD HE SUPPORT 110 00:13:36,248 --> 00:13:42,454 REGULATEING ULTRA PROCESSED FOODS? >> WELL, I'M NOT SAYING THAT WE'RE GOING TO REGULATE ULTRA 111 00:13:42,521 --> 00:13:47,726 PROCESSED FOODS. OUR JOB IS TO MAKE SURE THAT EVERYBODY UNDERSTANDS WHAT THEY'RE GETTING TO HAVE AN 112 00:13:47,793 --> 00:13:54,667 INFORMED PUBLIC. >> THERE ARE AMERICANS WHO LIVE IN SO-CALLED FOOD DESERTS WITH LITTLE ACCESS TO WHOLE FOODS. 113 00:13:54,733 --> 00:14:02,508 AND THESE ARE FOODS THAT MANY OF THEM CAN'T AFFORD ANYWAY. SO HOW DO YOU SPEAK TO THAT AMERICAN? 114 00:14:02,575 --> 00:14:11,250 >> WE ARE LASER FOCUSED ON MAKEING ALL OF THESE FOODS AFFORDABLE AND ACCESSIBLE TO EVERY AMERICAN. 115 00:14:11,317 --> 00:14:17,056 >> THE CON CONSUMER BRANDS ASSOCIATION TOLD US THE GRASS PROCESS ALLOWS COMPANYIES TO INNOVATE AND FOOD COMPANYIES 116 00:14:17,122 --> 00:14:24,964 ADHERE TO FDA SCIENCE AND RISK BASEED EVALUATION OF INGREDIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER THEY ARE IN THE MARKETPLACE. 117 00:14:25,030 --> 00:14:32,805 DAVID KESSLER SAYS THAT'S NOT ENOUGH. >> WE CHANGE HOW THIS COUNTRY VIEWS TOBACCO. 118 00:14:32,871 --> 00:14:41,914 WE NEED TO CHANGE HOW THIS COUNTRY VIEWS THESE ULTRA PROCESSED FOODS. >> WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE THE 119 00:14:41,981 --> 00:14:49,922 CEOs OF BIG FOOD COMPANYIES COME BEFORE CONGRESS AND RAISE THEIR HAND AND BE QUESTIONED LIKE THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY WAS? 120 00:14:49,989 --> 00:15:01,667 >> I'D LIKE THEM TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSEQUENCES OF WHAT THEY ARE DOING AND TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT. 121 00:15:04,570 --> 00:15:12,578 >>> MICHAEL POLLEN'S FOOD RULES TO LIVE BY. FLUSH IF YOU CAN'T PRONOUNCE THE INGREDIENTS, IT'S NOT FOOD. 122 00:15:12,645 --> 00:15:18,984 >> AT 60MINUTESOVERTIME.COM. 123 00:15:19,051 --> 00:15:24,123 >>> LAST SPRING MARKED THE 80th ANNIVERSARY OF THE END OF WORLD WAR II IN EUROPE AND THE LIBERATION OF THE LAST 124 00:15:24,189 --> 00:15:30,496 REMAINING NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMPS. IT MIGHT FEEL, NEARLY A CENTURY LATER, AS THOUGH THERE ARE FEW 125 00:15:30,562 --> 00:15:37,770 HOLOCAUST SURVIVAL STORIES LEFT TO TELL. BUT THEN WE FOUND THIS ONE. IT BEGINS WITH THREE YOUNG 126 00:15:37,836 --> 00:15:46,078 WOMEN WHO WERE MARRIED AND NEWLY PREGNANT IN 1944 WHEN THEY WERE SENT TO THE NOTORIOUS DEATH CAMP AUSCHWITZ, THEN 127 00:15:46,145 --> 00:15:55,054 ASSIGNED TO WORK AS SLAVE LABORERS IN GERMANY. WITH PREGNANCY AN OFFENSE PUNISHABLE BY DEATH IN THE 128 00:15:55,120 --> 00:16:04,430 CAMPS, THE STORY OF HOW THESE THREE WOMEN MANAGED TO DECEIVE THEIR NAZI CAPTORS AND GIVE BIRTH TO THREE TINY BABIES -- 129 00:16:04,496 --> 00:16:14,973 WHO ARE NOW 80 YEARS OLD -- INVOLVES NARROW MISSES, SEEMINGLY IMPOSSIBLE TWISTS OF FATE AND LUCK, UNIMAGINABLE 130 00:16:15,040 --> 00:16:20,813 SUFFERING, AND MIRACLES. EVERYONE KEEPS CALLING YOU THE BABIES. >> YES. 131 00:16:20,879 --> 00:16:23,282 [ LAUGHTER ] >> AND YOU'RE 80. >> YES. >> ARE YOU OKAY WITH THAT -- 132 00:16:23,349 --> 00:16:27,386 >> OH YES. >> OH YEAH. >> ABSOLUTELY. WE'RE PROUD OF IT. 133 00:16:27,453 --> 00:16:34,893 >> TOTALLY. >> EVA CLARKE, HANA BERGER- MORAN, AND MARK OLSKY ARE AMONG -- IF NOT THE -- YOUNGEST 134 00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:42,434 SURVIVORS OF THE HOLOCAUST.. >> APRIL 12th. >> APRIL 20. >> APRIL 29th. 135 00:16:42,501 --> 00:16:48,207 >> BORN IN APRIL 1945, JUST BEFORE GERMANY'S SURRENDER IN MAY. AT THE TIME, THEY WERE NAZI 136 00:16:48,273 --> 00:16:58,384 PRISONERS, BUT THEIR STORY BEGINS LONG BEFORE THAT, WHEN EVA'S MOTHER ANKA, FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA; MARK'S MOTHER 137 00:16:58,450 --> 00:17:05,424 RACHEL, FROM POLAND, AND HANA'S MOTHER PRISKA, ALSO FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA, WERE YOUNG JEWISH WOMEN IN A WORLD THAT 138 00:17:05,491 --> 00:17:14,666 WAS ABOUT TO BE SHATTERED. >> MY DEAR LATE MOTHER GREW UP IN A SMALL TOWN. AND HER PARENTS WERE OWNERS OF 139 00:17:14,733 --> 00:17:19,805 A LITTLE CAFI, LITTLE JEWISH CAFI. >> SHE HAD EIGHT SIBLINGS. >> MARK'S MOTHER WAS FROM A 140 00:17:19,872 --> 00:17:28,313 TEXTILE MANUFACTURING TOWN; EVA'S FROM EAST OF PRAGUE. >> SHE WAS A CHAMPION SWIMMER, JUNIOR BACKSTROKE SWIMMING 141 00:17:28,380 --> 00:17:34,887 CHAMPION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA. >> FOR THE WHOLE COUNTRY? >> FOR THE WHOLE COUNTRY, YEAH. >> WOW. 142 00:17:34,953 --> 00:17:39,758 AND THEY EACH FELL IN LOVE WITH THEIR HUSBANDS AS EUROPE WAS DESCENDING INTO WAR. >> MY LATE FATHER WAS A 143 00:17:39,825 --> 00:17:45,130 JOURNALIST. >> HOW DID THEY MEET? >> THEY MET, I BELIEVE, IN A NIGHTCLUB -- 144 00:17:45,197 --> 00:17:49,368 >> OH. [ LAUGHTER ] >> ACROSS A CROWDED ROOM. >> SHE AVOIDED GOING INTO 145 00:17:49,435 --> 00:17:55,507 DETAILS. SHE TALKED ABOUT THINGS. >> MARK'S MOTHER NEVER TOLD HIM MUCH ABOUT HIS FATHER, BUT SHE 146 00:17:55,574 --> 00:18:01,246 DID SPEAK OF HIM TO MARK'S SON, HER GRANDSON CHARLIE. >> SHE TOLD ME THAT I LOOKED LIKE HIM. 147 00:18:01,313 --> 00:18:04,883 AND I SAID, "REALLY?" AND SHE SAID, "BUT THAT'S IT. HE WAS SO ELEGANT. [ LAUGHTER ] YOU'RE NOTHING 148 00:18:04,950 --> 00:18:08,720 LIKE HIM." >> AND YOU'RE NOT. >> UM... [ LAUGHTER ] 149 00:18:08,787 --> 00:18:14,493 >> BUT SOON AFTER THE NEWLY MARRIED COUPLE MOVED INTO THEIR FIRST APARTMENT IN WARSAW, GERMAN SOLDIERS CAME ONE 150 00:18:14,560 --> 00:18:19,364 MORNING AND SEIZED IT. >> SHE WAS STILL IN HER NIGHTGOWN. SHE SAID SHE STILL HAD HER 151 00:18:19,431 --> 00:18:25,037 TOOTHBRUSH. AND SHE WAS JUST SENT INTO THE STREETS. >> THEY TOOK MY GRANDPARENTS IN 152 00:18:25,103 --> 00:18:34,746 1942, MY -- MY AUNT IN 1943. >> AS THE NAZIS OCCUPIED POLAND AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA, JEWS WERE ROUNDED UP IN GHETTOS AND SENT 153 00:18:34,813 --> 00:18:42,721 TO CAMPS. MARK'S PARENTS SPENT MUCH OF THE WAR IN THE WARSAW AND LODZ GHETTOS. 154 00:18:42,788 --> 00:18:50,429 EVA'S WERE SENT TO A CZECH CAMP CALLED TEREZIN, WHERE SHE WAS CONCEIVED, IN VIOLATION OF CAMP RULES. 155 00:18:50,496 --> 00:18:56,001 >> TO BECOME PREGNANT IN A CONCENTRATION CAMP WAS CONSIDERED A CRIME BY THE NAZIS. 156 00:18:56,068 --> 00:19:01,173 >> FOR A JEWISH PERSON TO GET PREGNANT WAS A CRIME? >> A CRIME, BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, THEY WERE TRYING TO MURDER -- 157 00:19:01,240 --> 00:19:06,578 THEY WERE TRYING TO ANNIHILATE EVERY MEMBER OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE. >> BY MID-TO-LATE 1944, THE 158 00:19:06,645 --> 00:19:16,822 KILLINGS HAD ACCELERATED. REMAINING GHETTOS WERE LIQUIDATED, AND ALL THREE WOMEN, NEWLY PREGNANT, WERE 159 00:19:16,889 --> 00:19:23,195 LOADED FROM DIFFERENT CITIES ONTO PACKED FREIGHT CARS HEADED FOR AUSCHWITZ. HANA'S MOTHER ALONGSIDE HER 160 00:19:23,262 --> 00:19:29,735 HUSBAND. >> THEY WERE SITTING IN THE TRAIN ON THE FLOOR. AND MY MOTHER IS SAYING, "IF 161 00:19:29,801 --> 00:19:33,372 IT'S A GIRL, IT'S GONNA BE HANA. IF IT'S A BOY, IT WILL BE MICHAEL." 162 00:19:33,438 --> 00:19:38,043 >> THIS IS ON THE TRAIN TO AUSCHWITZ -- >> ON THE TRAIN TO AUSCHWITZ. >> DID THEY KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT 163 00:19:38,110 --> 00:19:43,015 AUSCHWITZ? >> OH, THEY DID. THEY ALREADY KNEW THOSE WERE DEATH CAMPS. 164 00:19:43,081 --> 00:19:50,956 >> THE ARRIVAL PLATFORM AT THE AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU CONCENTRATION CAMP WAS A PLACE OF UNIMAGINABLE CRUELTY. 165 00:19:51,023 --> 00:19:59,565 FAMILIES WERE RIPPED APART, WITH MOST, INCLUDING MOTHERS WITH CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY, SENT STRAIGHT TO DEATH IN GAS 166 00:19:59,631 --> 00:20:08,707 CHAMBERS THAT AT THEIR PEAK MURDERED 6,000 PEOPLE A DAY. THE LUCKY FEW SELECTED FOR WORK, INCLUDING THE THREE 167 00:20:08,774 --> 00:20:16,281 WOMEN, WERE STRIPPED, SHAVEN, AND SENT TO OVERFLOWING BARRACKS. DID YOUR MOTHER EVER SEE YOUR 168 00:20:16,348 --> 00:20:21,587 FATHER AGAIN? >> ONCE, ABOUT A WEEK AFTER SHE -- THEY -- GOT THERE. SHE SAW HIM ACROSS THE -- 169 00:20:21,653 --> 00:20:28,360 BARBED WIRE FENCE. AND MY DAD SAID TO HER, "BE CAREFUL AND THINK ONLY GOOD THOUGHTS." 170 00:20:28,427 --> 00:20:40,172 "THINK ONLY GOOD THOUGHTS." HE JUST KEPT REPEATING THAT SENTENCE. >> AND THAT'S THE LAST TIME 171 00:20:40,238 --> 00:20:52,784 THEY EVER SAW EACH OTHER? >> YEAH. I WISH I WOULD HAVE KNOWN HIM. >> PRISONERS ENDURED FREQUENT 172 00:20:52,851 --> 00:21:07,265 SELECTIONS, SOME BY NAZI DR. JOSEF MENGELE, KNOWN FOR HIS GRUESOME EXPERIMENTS ON CAMP INMATES. 173 00:21:07,332 --> 00:21:09,401 >> WHEN MENGELE CAME BY -- >> SHE MET MENGELE? >> SHE DID. AND MENGELE IS LOOKING AT HER. 174 00:21:09,468 --> 00:21:12,237 SHE'S STANDING IN THE -- IN THE LINE WITH OTHER WOMEN. >> YEAH. >> UNFORTUNATELY, NAKED. 175 00:21:12,304 --> 00:21:19,378 AND HE LOOKS AT HER AND SAYS IN GERMAN, "GOOD LOOKING WOMAN. ARE YOU PREGNANT?" AND MY MOTHER SAYS, "NEIN, I'M 176 00:21:19,444 --> 00:21:26,818 NOT." >> EACH OF THEM AT THAT MOMENT HAD TO DECIDE WHETHER TO CONFESS THAT THEY WERE OR TO 177 00:21:26,885 --> 00:21:31,790 DENY IT, WHETHER THAT WOULD SAVE THEM AND THEIR UNBORN CHILD OR NOT. >> AUTHOR WENDY HOLDEN HAS 178 00:21:31,857 --> 00:21:37,996 STUDIED AUSCHWITZ AND WRITTEN A BOOK ABOUT THE THREE BABIES AND THEIR MOTHERS. >> EACH OF THEM SENSED THAT 179 00:21:38,063 --> 00:21:45,637 THEY WERE IN THE PRESENCE OF GREAT DANGER, AND THEY EACH DENIED IT. >> ALL THREE WOMEN LIED TO 180 00:21:45,704 --> 00:21:52,310 MENGELE, AND ALL THREE WOMEN GET SENT TO A SLAVE LABOR CAMP IN GERMANY. >> FREIBERG, SAXONY, YES. 181 00:21:52,377 --> 00:21:57,416 >> DID THE THREE EVER MEET? >> NO, AND THEY NEVER KNEW ABOUT EACH OTHER. IT WAS SO IMPORTANT THAT THEY 182 00:21:57,482 --> 00:22:01,920 DIDN'T REVEAL THEIR PREGNANCIES. >> THEY WERE AMONG MORE THAN A THOUSAND WOMEN PRISONERS 183 00:22:01,987 --> 00:22:12,798 WORKING 12-HOUR SHIFTS IN A MASSIVE CONVERTED PORCELAIN FACTORY, MANUFACTURING PARTS FOR GERMAN FIGHTER PLANES. 184 00:22:12,864 --> 00:22:16,768 >> LIVING ON REALLY DIET OF WATER -- ERSATZ COFFEE IN THE MORNING, AND THIN SOUP, AND THEN MAYBE A TINY PIECE OF 185 00:22:16,835 --> 00:22:21,473 BREAD EVERY DAY. >> HOW DID THEY HIDE THEIR PREGNANCY? >> THEY WERE GIVEN, EACH OF 186 00:22:21,540 --> 00:22:26,978 THEM AT AUSCHWITZ, CLOTHING FROM THOSE WHO'D BEEN GASSED. AND THEY, EACH OF THEM FORTUNATELY ENDED UP WITH -- 187 00:22:27,045 --> 00:22:33,652 WITH BAGGY DRESSES. >> DURING THE SIX MONTHS SHE WAS THERE, SHE WAS BECOMING PROGRESSIVELY MORE AND MORE 188 00:22:33,719 --> 00:22:38,557 STARVED AND MORE AND MORE OBVIOUSLY PREGNANT. BUT FORTUNATELY, NONE OF THE GERMANS REALIZED SHE WAS 189 00:22:38,623 --> 00:22:43,695 PREGNANT, BECAUSE HAD THEY DONE SO, THEY MIGHT WELL HAVE SENT HER BACK TO AUSCHWITZ TO BE KILLED. 190 00:22:43,762 --> 00:22:51,503 >> BUT BY THE EARLY SPRING OF 1945, THE ALLIES WERE ADVANCING, AUSCHWITZ HAD BEEN LIBERATED, AND PLANS WERE BEING 191 00:22:51,570 --> 00:22:58,176 MADE TO GET RID OF THE SLAVE LABORERS. >> THE GERMANS DECIDED THEY HAD TO ERADICATE THE EVIDENCE, AND 192 00:22:58,243 --> 00:23:02,180 THEY WERE GOING TO SEND THEM TO BE GASSED, AND JUST KILL THEM ALL. >> THEY KNEW THEY WERE LOSING, 193 00:23:02,247 --> 00:23:06,218 THE GERMANS. THEY KNEW THAT THE AMERICANS OR THE RUSSIANS WERE GONNA COME IN. 194 00:23:06,284 --> 00:23:10,856 >> YES. >> AND THEY DID NOT WANT THEM TO KNOW HOW BADLY THEY HAD TREATED THESE PEOPLE. 195 00:23:10,922 --> 00:23:15,727 >> VERY MUCH SO, AND ALSO THERE WAS NO MORE WORK. THE -- ALL THE MATERIALS HAD DRIED UP. 196 00:23:15,794 --> 00:23:20,165 THEY DIDN'T -- THEY WEREN'T REALLY EVEN FEEDING THEM ANYMORE. THAT'S WHEN HANA'S MOTHER WENT 197 00:23:20,232 --> 00:23:25,604 INTO LABOR ON THE FACTORY FLOOR. >> ON A PLANK THAT WAS PUT ACROSS A TABLE. 198 00:23:25,670 --> 00:23:31,143 AND THE GUARDS WATCHED. AND THEY TOOK BETS ON WHETHER IT WAS GOING TO BE A BOY OR A GIRL. 199 00:23:31,209 --> 00:23:34,880 >> THE GUARDS WATCHED THE BABY BEING BORN? >> YES. >> MY MOM SAID IT WAS LIKE A 200 00:23:34,946 --> 00:23:41,486 SHOW. AND I SAID, "MOM, WERE YOU EMBARRASSED?" "I DIDN'T HAVE CHANCE TO BE 201 00:23:41,553 --> 00:23:48,260 EMBARRASSED. YOU WERE BEING BORN. THAT WAS ALL THAT MATTERED TO ME." 202 00:23:48,326 --> 00:23:53,465 >> 36 HOURS LATER, THE SLAVE LABORERS AND NEWBORN HANA WERE LOADED ONTO THE SAME TRAIN. 203 00:23:53,532 --> 00:23:57,869 >> THIS TIME IT WAS IN OPEN COAL WAGONS. SO OPEN TO THE SKIES, AND FILTHY. 204 00:23:57,936 --> 00:24:04,676 >> THIS WAS THE DEATH TRAIN. >> IT WAS THE DEATH TRAIN. THEY WERE LOOKING FOR A CAMP WHERE THEY COULD KILL ALL THESE 205 00:24:04,743 --> 00:24:13,285 WOMEN. >> SHE SAID IT WAS A NIGHTMARE OF A JOURNEY. 16 DAYS ON THE TRAIN. 206 00:24:13,351 --> 00:24:17,255 >> NO FOOD AND HARDLY ANY WATER. >> SHE'S NINE MONTHS PREGNANT, EFFECTIVELY-- 207 00:24:17,322 --> 00:24:24,496 >> YES. AND AT ONE POINT, THE TRAIN WAS STOPPED, AND THE DOORS WERE OPENED, AND A FARMER WALKED BY, 208 00:24:24,563 --> 00:24:33,205 AND HE SAW MY MOTHER. AND HE HAD SUCH A SHOCK. MY MOTHER DESCRIBED HERSELF AS LOOKING LIKE A SCARCELY- LIVING 209 00:24:33,271 --> 00:24:39,144 PREGNANT SKELETON. AND THIS FARMER BROUGHT HER A GLASS OF MILK. SHE MAINTAINED THAT SAVED HER 210 00:24:39,211 --> 00:24:44,149 LIFE. WHO KNOWS. >> MY GRANDMOTHER, IN THE MEANTIME, HAD GOTTEN SO ILL. 211 00:24:44,216 --> 00:24:48,854 SHE WAS UNDER 70 POUNDS AND NINE MONTHS PREGNANT. AND THEY PUT HER IN THE SICK CAR. 212 00:24:48,920 --> 00:24:53,358 >> DID PEOPLE DIE IN THIS CAR? >> YES. >> I MEAN, THEY LITERALLY THREW THEM OFF THE TRAIN. 213 00:24:53,425 --> 00:25:01,900 >> YEAH. SHE WAS LYING DOWN, AND THERE WAS A WOMAN WITH A BAD LEG, AND THEY HAD -- SHE HAD TO PUT HER 214 00:25:01,967 --> 00:25:04,903 LEG UP ON HER PREGNANT STOMACH, 'CAUSE THAT WAS THE HIGHEST PLACE IN THE TRAIN TO REST IT. >> SO SHE'S SURROUNDED BY DYING 215 00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:12,210 PEOPLE, AND GIVES BIRTH WITH A WOMAN'S FOOT ON HER STOMACH. I MEAN, THIS IS -- BEYOND INHUMANITY. 216 00:25:12,277 --> 00:25:18,884 >> YES. SOMEHOW SHE GAVE BIRTH. SHE DIDN'T THINK SHE WOULD. >> SHE THOUGHT SHE WAS GONNA 217 00:25:18,950 --> 00:25:21,753 DIE. >> AND SHE FIGURED SHE WOULD'VE GIVEN BIRTH TO A DEAD BABY; THAT HER BODY COULDN'T SUSTAIN 218 00:25:21,820 --> 00:25:28,293 IT. BUT HE WAS ALIVE. AND SHE FIGURED, "BUT I WON'T HAVE MILK," BUT SHE DID. 219 00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:30,962 >> SHE LEARNED THE DATE WAS APRIL 20th. >> SOMEBODY ANNOUNCED ON THE TRAIN, "AH, IT'S HITLER'S 220 00:25:31,029 --> 00:25:35,300 BIRTHDAY TODAY." AND SO THAT WAS HIS BIRTHDAY. >> YOU WERE BORN ON HITLER'S BIRTHDAY? 221 00:25:35,367 --> 00:25:45,210 >> YES. >> AFTER NINE MORE DAYS ON THAT TRAIN, THEY REACHED A CAMP IN AUSTRIA THAT WAS MEANT TO BE 222 00:25:45,277 --> 00:25:53,385 THEIR END, MAUTHAUSEN, ONE OF THE LAST CAMPS STANDING. EVA'S MOTHER WENT INTO LABOR JUST AS THE TRAIN ARRIVED. 223 00:25:53,451 --> 00:25:59,658 >> SHE HAD TO CLIMB OFF THE COAL TRUCK, UNAIDED. SHE HAD TO CLIMB ONTO A CART, BECAUSE THE PRISONERS WHO WERE 224 00:25:59,724 --> 00:26:04,896 NOT STRONG ENOUGH TO WALK UP THE STEEP HILL TO THE CAMP, THEY HAD TO GET ON CARTS, AND THEY WERE PULLED UP BY OTHERS. 225 00:26:04,963 --> 00:26:09,668 >> I THINK I WOULD GIVE UP. I'M -- I'M SURE I WOULD GIVE UP -- >> WELL, THAT'S WHAT I USED TO 226 00:26:09,734 --> 00:26:13,505 SAY TO MY MOTHER, THAT I WOULD'VE GIVEN UP AT THE FIRST HURDLE. I WOULD'VE COLLAPSED. 227 00:26:13,571 --> 00:26:20,712 SHE SAID, "YOU HAVE NO IDEA." SHE SAID, "YOU JUST DON'T KNOW WHAT YOU CAN WITHSTAND UNTIL YOU HAVE TO." 228 00:26:20,779 --> 00:26:29,020 AND SHE SAID, "AND FORTUNATELY, MOST PEOPLE ARE NOT TESTED." >> SHE WAS HAULED UP THROUGH THE WOODED VALLEY. 229 00:26:29,087 --> 00:26:34,793 >> WHILE SHE'S IN LABOR? >> WHILE SHE'S IN LABOR. >> OH MY GOSH. >> AND SHE REMEMBERS LOOKING 230 00:26:34,859 --> 00:26:41,299 BACK, YOU LOOK DOWN ONTO THE RIVER DANUBE. IT WAS APRIL, SO THERE WERE BLOSSOMS AND BIRDS SINGING. 231 00:26:41,366 --> 00:26:45,937 AND, SHE SAID SHE THOUGHT IT WAS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL THING SHE'D EVER SEEN. AND SHE ALSO THOUGHT IT WOULD 232 00:26:46,004 --> 00:26:50,542 BE THE LAST THING SHE'D EVER SEE. >> BUT IT WASN'T THE LAST THING SHE'D SEE, FOR A STUNNING 233 00:26:50,608 --> 00:26:59,451 REASON. THE LAST DAY THE GAS CHAMBERS AT MAUTHAUSEN WERE USED WAS THE DAY BEFORE. 234 00:26:59,517 --> 00:27:07,993 >> ON THE 28th OF APRIL, 1945, THE NAZIS HAD RUN OUT OF GAS. >> SO WAIT, YOU ARRIVED ONE DAY AFTER THE GAS RAN OUT? 235 00:27:08,059 --> 00:27:13,565 >> RAN OUT. SO HAD THE TRAIN ARRIVED ON THE 26th OR 27th, NONE OF US WOULD'VE SURVIVED. 236 00:27:13,631 --> 00:27:20,839 >> EVERY LITTLE TINY FACTOR OF THIS STORY IS AMAZING. >> YES. WELL, I CALL THEM THE MIRACLE 237 00:27:20,905 --> 00:27:25,377 BABIES, AND WITH VERY GOOD REASON. >> MIRACULOUS TOO, THAT THEY MANAGED TO SURVIVE AT 238 00:27:25,443 --> 00:27:34,486 MAUTHAUSEN FOR ALMOST A WEEK -- BABY HANA WITH INFECTED SORES ALL OVER HER BODY -- UNTIL FINALLY HELP ARRIVED. 239 00:27:34,552 --> 00:27:44,262 >> MY MOM, SHE SAW A LITTLE GREEN ARMY CAR AND MUSIC. "ROLL OUT THE BARRELS." "ROLL OUT THE BARRELS, DA-DA-DA- 240 00:27:44,329 --> 00:27:48,199 DA-DA-DA." [ LAUGHTER ] AND SHE SAID, "THIS IS NOT GERMAN." >> SHE KNEW THE SONG? 241 00:27:48,266 --> 00:27:57,842 >> OH, YEAH. AND SUDDENLY, YOUNG SOLDIER WITH A HELMET, RED CROSS ON IT, COMES WALKING BY, AND MY MOTHER 242 00:27:57,909 --> 00:28:06,217 SAYS TO HIM IN ENGLISH, "I HAVE SOMETHING TO SHOW YOU." >> THAT "SOMETHING" WAS HANA. >> HE SAID TO MY MOTHER IN 243 00:28:06,284 --> 00:28:12,090 ENGLISH, "I'LL GET THE DOCTOR BECAUSE YOUR BABY NEEDS HELP." AND HE RAN AND BROUGHT THE DOCTOR. 244 00:28:12,157 --> 00:28:17,729 THEY TOOK ME. >> WAIT, THEY TOOK YOU OFF AND LEFT HER WITHOUT YOU? >> YES. 245 00:28:17,796 --> 00:28:21,232 >> AND SHE LET THEM DO THAT? >> YES. YES, SHE DID. SHE TRUSTED THEM. 246 00:28:21,299 --> 00:28:28,640 >> WOW. >> AND THE NEXT DAY, A NURSE CAME, ME WRAPPED IN BANDAGES, AND MY MOTHER SAYS, "IS SHE 247 00:28:28,706 --> 00:28:43,822 DEAD?" THE NURSE SAID NO, NO SHE'S NOT. SHE'S SLEEPING. 248 00:28:43,888 --> 00:28:46,424 >> HANA'S MOTHER NEVER FORGOT THAT YOUNG AMERICAN MEDIC WHO SAVED HER BABY'S LIFE, AND IT TURNS OUT, THAT MEDIC NEVER 249 00:28:46,491 --> 00:28:59,971 FORGOT HANA EITHER. >> HE ALWAYS MENTIONED, "I WONDER WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE BABY." 250 00:29:00,038 --> 00:29:11,816 >> REALLY? >> YES. 251 00:29:11,883 --> 00:29:20,024 >>> THE HEROISM OF AMERICAN FIGHTERS IN THE FIERCE BATTLES OF WORLD WAR II IS LEGENDARY. BUT FOR SOME OF THOSE YOUNG 252 00:29:20,091 --> 00:29:24,095 SOLDIERS, AMONG THEIR MOST SEARING WARTIME MEMORIES WERE WHAT THEY WITNESSED AFTER THE SHOOTING STOPPED, WHEN THEY 253 00:29:24,162 --> 00:29:31,669 ENTERED NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMPS AS LIBERATORS. ONE OF THOSE CAMPS WAS MAUTHAUSEN, A FORTRESS-LIKE 254 00:29:31,736 --> 00:29:41,479 COMPOUND HIGH ON A HILL WEST OF VIENNA, WHERE MORE THAN 95,000 PRISONERS DIED -- AND WHERE THREE BABIES AND THEIR MOTHERS 255 00:29:41,546 --> 00:29:52,090 ARRIVED ON APRIL 29th, 1945. SIX DAYS LATER, A SMALL UNIT OF TWO DOZEN SOLDIERS FROM THE 11th ARMORED DIVISION OF 256 00:29:52,157 --> 00:30:01,032 GENERAL PATTON'S THIRD ARMY WAS CHECKING BRIDGES IN THE AREA WHEN THEY CAME UPON THE CAMP ALMOST BY ACCIDENT. 257 00:30:01,099 --> 00:30:09,741 A WARNING -- THE IMAGES OF WHAT THEY FOUND ARE DISTURBING. ONE OF THE SOLDIERS THAT DAY WAS A 22-YEAR-OLD MEDIC FROM 258 00:30:09,807 --> 00:30:20,552 ILLINOIS NAMED LEROY "PETE" PETERSOHN. THIS IS THE SCRAPBOOK THAT HE KEPT? 259 00:30:20,618 --> 00:30:27,325 >> THIS IS ONE OF A COUPLE. >> PETE PETERSOHN WAS DRAFTED INTO THE ARMY IN 1942. >> MY DAD WAS A -- A HUMBLE 260 00:30:27,392 --> 00:30:33,431 MAN. HE ALWAYS HAD A SMILE. >> BRIAN PETERSOHN IS PETE'S YOUNGEST SON. 261 00:30:33,498 --> 00:30:40,138 >> ALRIGHT, HERE'S THE GASKET. >> HE AND HIS TWO SONS HAVE BEEN RE-BUILDING AN ARMY-STYLE JEEP THAT USED TO BE HIS DAD'S. 262 00:30:40,205 --> 00:30:44,409 >> YOU KNOW, GRANDPA'S GONNA-- >> HE'S GONNA -- HE'LL BE SMILING ON US. >> PETERSOHN LIVED THROUGH A 263 00:30:44,475 --> 00:30:49,380 JEEP EXPLOSION. >> THAT IS THE EXACT TIME. >> WHEN THE JEEP WAS BLOWN UP. >> THAT'S WHEN THE JEEP WAS 264 00:30:49,447 --> 00:30:53,751 BLOWN UP. >> AND HE SURVIVED. AND FOUGHT IN THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE, BEFORE HIS UNIT 265 00:30:53,818 --> 00:31:00,825 LIBERATED MAUTHAUSEN. HE SUFFERED, YEARS LATER, FROM PTSD. DO YOU THINK IT WAS FROM THE 266 00:31:00,892 --> 00:31:06,364 BATTLES? OR DO YOU THINK IT WAS FROM THE CAMPS? >> FROM THE CAMPS -- THE SMELLS 267 00:31:06,431 --> 00:31:15,106 AND THE SOUNDS AND THE SIGHTS THAT -- THAT BOTHERED HIM. >> THIS OFFICIAL U.S. ARMY PHOTO OF AMERICANS LIBERATING 268 00:31:15,173 --> 00:31:22,614 MAUTHAUSEN CAPTURES THE JOY OF PRISONERS FINALLY BEING FREED, BUT THE PHOTOS PETERSOHN KEPT IN HIS SCRAPBOOK SHOW A FAR 269 00:31:22,680 --> 00:31:31,122 DARKER REALITY. HE TOOK THESE? >> YES. >> OH. 270 00:31:31,189 --> 00:31:37,895 >> PILES OF EMACIATED CORPSES. OH, MY GOD. OH, MY GOD. AND IN THIS PHOTO, A MAN WHO 271 00:31:37,962 --> 00:31:43,468 DIED RIGHT IN FRONT OF PETERSOHN'S EYES. AND LOOK AT THIS MAN. I MEAN, HOW ARE THEY-- 272 00:31:43,534 --> 00:31:47,805 >> JUST SKIN AND BONES. >> HOW -- YEAH. PETERSOHN'S JOB WAS TO TRIAGE WHICH INMATES COULD BE HELPED, 273 00:31:47,872 --> 00:31:56,281 WHEN HE CAME UPON A SHOCKER OUTSIDE ONE OF THE BARRACKS. >> A WOMAN PRESENTED HER BABY TO HIM AND SHOWED HIM THAT SHE 274 00:31:56,347 --> 00:32:06,624 WAS BADLY INFECTED. >> HE'S NOW JUST SEEN ALL THESE DEAD BODIES. AND THERE'S A BABY. 275 00:32:06,691 --> 00:32:13,998 >> THIS ONE WE HAVE TO TRY TO SAVE. >> PETERSOHN TOLD BRIAN THAT HE AND THE UNIT DOCTOR USED 276 00:32:14,065 --> 00:32:19,437 PENICILLIN -- BRAND NEW AT THE TIME -- TO TREAT THE BABY'S WOUNDS AND HELPED SEW HER UP. HE NEVER GOT THE INCIDENT OUT 277 00:32:19,504 --> 00:32:26,778 OF HIS MIND. >> LITERALLY, EVERY TIME THAT WE LOOKED AT THIS BOOK, THAT WAS HIS FINAL THOUGHTS. 278 00:32:26,844 --> 00:32:35,420 "I WONDER WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THAT BABY." [ LAUGHTER ] >> IN THE WEEKS AFTER 279 00:32:35,486 --> 00:32:40,725 LIBERATION, THAT BABY, AND HER MOTHER, LIKE MANY FREED PRISONERS, TRAVELED BACK TO THEIR HOMETOWNS ACROSS EUROPE 280 00:32:40,792 --> 00:32:52,937 IN HOPES OF FINDING LIVING FAMILY MEMBERS -- AND IN MARK'S, EVA'S, AND HANA'S MOTHERS' CASES, THEIR HUSBANDS. 281 00:32:53,004 --> 00:32:59,610 SADLY, ALL THREE MEN HAD DIED. WHILE MARK'S AND EVA'S MOTHERS LATER REMARRIED, NONE OF THE WOMEN HAD OTHER CHILDREN.. 282 00:32:59,677 --> 00:33:06,284 SO MARK OLSKY, EVA CLARKE, AND HANA BERGER-MORAN GREW UP AS ONLY CHILDREN, LEARNING ABOUT THE WAR IN BITS AND PIECES FROM 283 00:33:06,351 --> 00:33:15,093 THEIR MOTHERS. >> I WAS TOLD THAT I HAD BEEN -- THAT I WAS BORN ON A TRAIN. BUT NOT-- NO DETAILS. 284 00:33:15,159 --> 00:33:27,472 AND SO I THOUGHT, "OH, HEY, COOL, I'M BORN-- I WAS BORN ON A TRAIN." >> BUT AS HE LEARNED THE TRUTH, 285 00:33:27,538 --> 00:33:35,546 HE BECAME ENRAGED. >> WHEN I WAS 12, 13 PEOPLE ASKED ME, "WHAT DO YOU WANNA DO WITH YOUR LIFE?" 286 00:33:35,613 --> 00:33:41,519 AND I SAID, "I WANNA GO TO EUROPE AND JUST KILL AS MANY GERMANS AS I CAN." YES. 287 00:33:41,586 --> 00:33:47,625 >> HE VIVDLY REMEMBERS HIS MOTHER'S RESPONSE. >> IN ALMOST THE EXACT WORDS, SHE SAID, "THEY TOOK SO MUCH 288 00:33:47,692 --> 00:33:53,064 FROM US. IF THIS IS WHAT YOU BECOME LIKE, THEY WILL HAVE TAKEN YOUR SOUL." 289 00:33:53,131 --> 00:33:56,868 >> OH, SHE SAID THAT TO YOU? WOW. WOW. HANA'S MOTHER RAISED HER IN 290 00:33:56,934 --> 00:34:02,707 CZECHOSLOVAKIA, BUT AS AN ADULT, HANA MOVED TO ISRAEL, THEN TO THE UNITED STATES FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL. 291 00:34:02,774 --> 00:34:11,783 HER MOTHER SENT HER OFF WITH A REQUEST. TRY TO TRACK DOWN THAT YOUNG AMERICAN MEDIC. 292 00:34:11,849 --> 00:34:22,693 >> AND SHE SAYS, "PLEASE FIND HIM." >> FIND HIM? >> -"FIND HIM." 293 00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:27,732 >> HOW WERE YOU SUPPOSED TO DO THAT? >> I DIDN'T KNOW HIS NAME. SHE DISCOVERED IT WAS THE 11th 294 00:34:27,799 --> 00:34:32,870 ARMORED DIVISION THAT LIBERATED MAUTHAUSEN AND SENT THEM A LETTER. >> I WAS GETTING VARIOUS 295 00:34:32,937 --> 00:34:34,839 MESSAGES. THIS NAME, THAT NAME. I GOT IN TOUCH WITH THEM. "OH NO, IT'S NOT ME." 296 00:34:34,906 --> 00:34:41,746 AND FINALLY, I GET THE MESSAGE, "OH. YOU WANT TO TALK TO-- TO PETE PETERSOHN." 297 00:34:41,813 --> 00:34:46,083 >> PETERSOHN WAS 81 AT THE TIME. BRIAN PETERSOHN: DAD MENTIONED THAT HE HAD HEARD FROM A WOMAN 298 00:34:46,150 --> 00:34:54,592 -- THAT HE BELIEVES IS THE BABY THAT HE SAVED AT MAUTHAUSEN. >> OH MY GOD. THEY MET IN MAY 2005, 60 YEARS 299 00:34:54,659 --> 00:35:06,637 AFTER THEIR FIRST MEETING. >> I WAS SO HAPPY TO FINALLY TOUCH HIM, SEE HIM. >> HE WAS ACTUALLY STARING AND 300 00:35:06,704 --> 00:35:17,448 LOOKING AT HER. >> I SAVED THAT PERSON. >> THAT'S YOU, THAT'S YOU, THAT'S REALLY YOU. 301 00:35:17,515 --> 00:35:19,417 AND I WAS ABLE TO THANK HIM FINALLY. [GIGGLE] TRULY THANK HIM BECAUSE HE 302 00:35:19,484 --> 00:35:27,725 SAVED MY LIFE. HE DID. >> DO YOU THINK KNOWING THAT SHE SURVIVED HELPED WITH THE 303 00:35:27,792 --> 00:35:34,098 P.T.S.D. IN ANY WAY? >> OH ABSOLUTELY. THAT LIFTED A BIG WEIGHT OFF OF 304 00:35:34,165 --> 00:35:43,107 HIM. >> AND I ASKED HIM IF I CAN CALL HIM DADDY PETE. >> DADDY PETE? 305 00:35:43,174 --> 00:35:50,648 >> I DIDN'T HAVE A FATHER, YOU KNOW? SO HE BECAME MY DADDY. >> HE ADOPTED YOU. 306 00:35:50,715 --> 00:35:58,055 >> WELL, HE HAD NO CHOICE. >> YOU ADOPTED HIM, LET ME PUT IT THAT WAY. HANA SPENT A WEEK WITH HIM 307 00:35:58,122 --> 00:36:09,200 DURING HIS FINAL ILLNESS. WHAT'S YOUR RELATIONSHIP NOW? >> SHE'S MY BIG SISTER. >> EXACTLY AND HE BETTER 308 00:36:09,267 --> 00:36:14,572 LISTEN. FROM THE PAST, NOBODY SURVIVEED. SO I HAVE MY FAMILY. 309 00:36:14,639 --> 00:36:20,912 I AM SO LUCKY. >> AND SHE WAS ABOUT TO GET EVEN LUCKIER. >> I HAD FOUND OUT THAT IT WAS 310 00:36:20,978 --> 00:36:26,918 THE 11th ARMORED DIVISION THAT HAD LIBERATED MAUTHAUSEN. >> EVA, WHOSE MOTHER HAD RAISED HER IN THE U.K., REACHED OUT TO 311 00:36:26,984 --> 00:36:34,659 THE LIBERATORS A FEW YEARS AFTER HANA HAD, SENDING A PICTURE OF HER MOTHER AND 3 GENERATIONS OF DESCENDANTS. 312 00:36:34,725 --> 00:36:38,763 THE PHOTO APPEARED ON THE COVER OF THE DIVISION'S NEXT NEWSLETTER. >> I OPENED THIS MAGAZINE AND 313 00:36:38,829 --> 00:36:49,040 I SAID TO MY MOTHER, "YOU'RE NOT GONNA BELIEVE THIS." THERE WAS HANA'S STORY. >> ANOTHER BABY. 314 00:36:49,106 --> 00:36:54,045 >> ANOTHER BABY. UP TO THAT POINT, MY MOTHER HAD ALWAYS THOUGHT THAT WE WERE THE ONLY ONES. 315 00:36:54,111 --> 00:37:02,253 >> SO SHE HAD NO IDEA-- >> NO. >> THE TWO "BABIES" SPOKE AND MADE PLANS TO MEET JUST AFTER 316 00:37:02,320 --> 00:37:07,058 THEIR 65th BIRTHDAYS, AT THE MAUTHAUSEN CAMP, NOW A PRESERVED MEMORIAL, WHERE THE ANNIVERSARY OF LIBERATION WOULD 317 00:37:07,124 --> 00:37:15,900 BE CELEBRATED. AND THAT'S WHERE BABY NUMBER THREE COMES IN. THAT SAME SPRING, MARK'S SON 318 00:37:15,967 --> 00:37:23,975 CHARLIE WAS STRUGGLING TO FIND A 65th BIRTHDAY PRESENT FOR HIS DAD. >> HE'S VERY HARD TO SHOP FOR. 319 00:37:24,041 --> 00:37:26,377 SO I THOUGHT, "MAYBE I'LL DO SOME RESEARCH. SEE IF I CAN FIND SOMEBODY WHO HAS A STORY. 320 00:37:26,444 --> 00:37:32,116 IT MUSTA BEEN REALLY MIRACULOUS TO HAVE A BABY IN A CONCENTRATION CAMP." >> A GOOGLE SEARCH BROUGHT HIM 321 00:37:32,183 --> 00:37:41,092 TO THE WEBSITE OF THE 11th ARMORED DIVISION, WHERE HE SAW EVA'S FAMILY PHOTO, AND STORY. >> AND I LOOKED AT THE STORY 322 00:37:41,158 --> 00:37:47,565 AND IT WAS EVERYTHING I'D EVER HEARD FROM MY GRANDMOTHER. EVERYTHING MATCHED UP. IT WAS THE LABOR CAMP IN 323 00:37:47,632 --> 00:37:51,802 FREIBERG, THAT THE MOTHER HID THE PREGNANCY, THAT THEY HAD RUN OUT OF GAS. THE DATES, EVERYTHING LINED UP. 324 00:37:51,869 --> 00:37:59,176 AND I COULDN'T BELIEVE IT. THE WEBSITE'S ADMINISTRATOR CONNECTED HIM TO EVA AND HANA WITHIN AN HOUR. 325 00:37:59,243 --> 00:38:07,852 >> HANA WAS IN SAN FRANCISCO AND WROTE ME ACK IMMEDIATELY-- >> OH MY GOSH. >> AND SAID, "THIS IS 326 00:38:07,918 --> 00:38:10,721 INCREDIBLE. WE'RE MEETING FOR THE FIRST TIME IN TWO WEEKS AT THE CAMP, SO IT'S TOO BAD YOU'RE JUST 327 00:38:10,788 --> 00:38:18,596 FINDING US NOW." AND I THOUGHT, "TOO BAD NOTHING. THIS IS GREAT." 328 00:38:18,663 --> 00:38:24,468 >> "WE'RE COMING." >> FIRST THING HE SAID-- FIRST THING OUT OF HIS MOUTH THAT I HEARD WAS-- "WOULD YOU LIKE TO 329 00:38:24,535 --> 00:38:29,106 GO TO AUSTRIA WITH ME AROUND THE TIME OF YOUR BIRTHDAY?" MY MIND IS, "ONE OF MY KIDS WANTS TO SPEND A BUNCHA TIME 330 00:38:29,173 --> 00:38:41,085 WITH ME? SURE. YEAH, WHY N-- I'M THERE." >> AND THAT'S HOW THE THREE 331 00:38:41,152 --> 00:38:45,790 BABIES MET FOR THE FIRST TIME IN MAY 2010. >> WE SPENT THE WHOLE OF THE SATURDAY IN ONE CAFI TALKING, 332 00:38:45,856 --> 00:38:52,830 LAUGHING, AND CRYING, AND TALKING ABOUT OUR MOTHERS, AND COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THEIR THREE STORIES. 333 00:38:52,897 --> 00:39:04,608 >> "DOES YOUR MOTHER DO THIS? DOES YOUR MOTHER DO THAT?" >> AND WE WERE ALL INCREDULOUS, ABSOLUTELY INCREDULOUS. 334 00:39:04,675 --> 00:39:07,178 >> IT WAS LIKE WE'VE KNOWN EACH OTHER ALL THIS TIME, AND WE JUST HAD TO GET CAUGHT UP ON WHAT HAPPENED FOR THE LAST 65 335 00:39:07,244 --> 00:39:17,988 YEARS. >> HELL OF A BIRTHDAY PRESENT. >> IT WAS THE BEST BIRTHDAY PRESENT I EVER GOT. 336 00:39:18,055 --> 00:39:25,062 >> THE NEXT YEAR I WAS LIKE, "I AM JUST GETTING YOU A GIFT CERTIFICATE." (LAUGHTER) 337 00:39:25,129 --> 00:39:34,872 >> THAT YEAR, AT AGE 65, THEY MARCHED IN THE ANNUAL COMMEMORATION AT MAUTHAUSEN. [ APPLAUSE ] 338 00:39:34,939 --> 00:39:39,944 THIS PAST YEAR, AT 80, THEY MARCHED AGAIN.. AT THE SPECIAL 80th ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION, WHERE THOUSANDS 339 00:39:40,010 --> 00:39:51,288 CAME FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD TO REMEMBER THE PRISONERS WHO WORKED AND DIED HERE, AND THEIR LIBERATORS. 340 00:39:51,355 --> 00:39:58,696 >> Announcer: THEs DELEGATION. >> BRIAN PETERSOHN MADE THE TRIP TO HONOR HIS FATHER.. WHILE THE SON OF THE U.S. 341 00:39:58,763 --> 00:40:21,318 SERGEANT WHO LED HIS SOLDIERS INTO THE CAMP PLAYED "TAPS." AND WHILE THE BABIES WERE FAR TOO YOUNG TO HAVE THEIR OWN 342 00:40:21,385 --> 00:40:23,821 MEMORIES, THEY TOLD US, INSIDE ONE OF THE STILL-STANDING BARRACKS, THAT THEY COULDN'T HELP BUT SENSE THE PRESENCE OF 343 00:40:23,888 --> 00:40:27,158 THEIR MOTHERS. WHAT ARE YOU FEELING IN THIS PLACE? DO YOU CARRY HER EMOTIONS WITH 344 00:40:27,224 --> 00:40:32,163 YOU? >> ALL I AM THINKIN ABOUT IS, I'VE BEEN HERE BEFORE. I'VE BEEN HERE BEFORE. 345 00:40:32,229 --> 00:40:41,438 I HAVE BEEN HERE BEFORE. BUT I LEFT. >> AT ALL THE 80th ANNIVERSARY COMMEMORATIONS, LIKE THIS 346 00:40:41,505 --> 00:40:46,944 CONCERT IN VIENNA, THE THREE BABIES WERE CELEBRATED GUESTS OF HONOR.. QUITE THE JOURNEY FROM HOW 347 00:40:47,011 --> 00:40:55,619 THEIR LIVES BEGAN. HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THIS RELATIONSHIP? >> IT'S ONE OF SIBLINGS. 348 00:40:55,686 --> 00:41:03,327 >> THAT'S RIGHT. >> AND I'M VERY GLAD TO HAVE SIBLINGS. >> WE FOUND EACH OTHER. 349 00:41:03,394 --> 00:41:07,131 WE-- WE SHOULDA BEEN TOGETHER FROM DAY ONE. >> YOU CERTAINLY, AND YOUR MOTHERS ABSOLUTELY, WERE MARKED 350 00:41:07,198 --> 00:41:10,568 FOR DEATH. YOU WERE SUPPOSED TO BE ANNIHILATED. >> MY MOTHER OCCASIONALLY 351 00:41:10,634 --> 00:41:20,778 WOULD SAY-- "AND IN THE END, WE WON." >> BECAUSE YOU ALL SURVIVED. >> AND WE HAVE FAMILYIES. 352 00:41:20,845 --> 00:41:25,482 >> HOW MANY GRANDCHILDREN? >> I HAVE FOUR. >> I HAVE TWO. >> I HAVE FIVE GRANDCHILDREN. 353 00:41:25,549 --> 00:41:39,797 >> AND THEIR MOTHERS LIVEED TO BE 96, 90 AND 84. THE LINES GO ON. >> LIFE GOES ON. 354 00:41:39,864 --> 00:41:50,407 >> LORD BE PRAISEED.>> L'CHAIM. >> TO OUR LIFE, AND TO OUR 355 00:41:50,474 --> 00:41:58,315 >>> THE LAST-MINUTE OF 60 MINUTES MINUTES -- "60 MINUTES" IS SPONSORED BY UNITEDHEALTHCARE. 356 00:41:58,382 --> 00:42:03,954 COVERAGE YOU CAN COUNT ON FOR YOUR WHOLE LIFE AHEAD. >> FILMMAKER KEN BURNS HAS GIVEN VIEWERS A NEW 357 00:42:04,021 --> 00:42:09,026 UNDERSTANDING OF AMERICAN HISTORY WITH HIS DOCUMENTARIES INCLUDING "THE CIVIL WAR" AND "THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 358 00:42:09,093 --> 00:42:14,398 TO MARK THE 250th ANNIVERSARY OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, WE ASKED BURNS, "WHAT WOULD SURPRISE THE 359 00:42:14,465 --> 00:42:21,538 NATION'S FOUNDERS ABOUT AMERICA TODAY?" >> I THINK THE FOUNDERS WOULD BE VERY PLEASED THAT THEIR 360 00:42:21,605 --> 00:42:27,978 REVOLUTION BECAME A MODEL FOR DEMOCRACIES AROUND THE WORLD. I THINK THEY WOULD ALSO BE SURPRISED PLEASANTLY SO 361 00:42:28,045 --> 00:42:34,018 THAT WE ARE STILL HERE 250 YEARS LATER. THEY WERE HUGELY CONCERNED ABOUT THE STRAINS ON THE NEW 362 00:42:34,084 --> 00:42:39,924 COUNTRY. IF THEY WERE TO MAGICALLY ARRIVE IN THIS MOMENT, I THINK THEY WOULD BE TROUBLED ABOUT 363 00:42:39,990 --> 00:42:47,097 HOW STRESSED OUR SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES IS BUT EQUALLY IMPRESSED THAT WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO OVERCOME 364 00:42:47,164 --> 00:42:53,370 SIGNIFICANT NATIONAL AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES. THEY WOULD BE DISAPPOINTED I THINK NOT BECAUSE OF HOW 365 00:42:53,437 --> 00:42:59,810 DIVIDED WE ARE WE ALWAYS HAVE BEEN BUT HOW WE ARE INCREASINGLY STRUGGLING TO ACKNOWLEDGE OUR SHARED VALUES. 366 00:42:59,877 --> 00:43:06,817 MY HOPE FOR THE 250th ANNIVERSARY OF OUR FOUNDING IS THAT AMERICANS UNDERSTAND THAT DEMOCRACY AND SELF-GOVERNANCE 367 00:43:06,884 --> 00:43:13,624 REQUIRES OUR CONSTANT ATTENTION. THE BEST WAY TO COMMEMORATE THE 250th IS TO STUDY OUR HISTORY, 368 00:43:13,691 --> 00:43:20,764 IN ALL ITS COMPLEXITIES AND TO VOTE! >> I'M ANDERSON COOPER. WE'LL BE BACK NEXT WEEK WITH 369 00:43:20,831 --> 00:43:25,302 ANOTHER EDITION OF "60 MINUTES." BUT COMING UP NEXT, A SPECIAL CBS NEWS "THINGS THAT MATTER" 370 00:43:25,369 --> 00:43:30,841 TOWN HALL WITH MARYLAND GOVERNOR WES MOORE.