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{\an8}♪♪♪
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{\an1}NARRATOR: The emperor penguin
is the biggest
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00:00:16,966 --> 00:00:20,733
and the most iconic
of a remarkable family.
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One family...
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18 different faces.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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Making use of
extraordinary adaptations
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{\an1}and innovative abilities...
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{\an1}they've conquered some of
the most extreme places
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on Earth.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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{\an1}And, for the first time...
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you and I...
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are going to meet every member
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00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:04,876
of this incredible
penguin family.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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NARRATOR:
The forests of New Zealand.
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Not the first place
you'd expect to see a penguin.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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{\an1}But here, amongst the trees...
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{\an7}...lives the Snares penguin.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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{\an1}They almost seem out of place,
but in fact, it was here
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{\an1}that penguins first evolved
more than 60 million years ago.
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{\an1}And there are now more species
of penguins in New Zealand
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{\an1}than in any other country
on Earth.
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{\an1}60,000 of these penguins
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have made
the Snares Islands their home.
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{\an1}It's a maze of twists and turns.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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{\an1}But this well-trodden path
leads them to a secret hideaway.
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[ Chirping ]
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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{\an1}This is just one of the many
forest clearings
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{\an1}where the penguins come to nest.
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{\an1}With no native land predators,
New Zealand has always offered
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{\an1}these flightless seabirds
a sanctuary,
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{\an1}a safe haven for rearing
their young.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:09,633
But there is one big
disadvantage to forest living.
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Mud!
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{\an1}Thousands of tiny, webbed feet
turn the damp ground
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{\an1}into a veritable quagmire.
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{\an1}This doesn't just result
in a grubby appearance.
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{\an1}It could threaten their lives.
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{\an1}A penguin's feathers are crucial
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for waterproofing
and insulation out at sea.
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{\an1}If they're clogged with mud,
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{\an1}penguins can't regulate
their body temperature
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{\an1}and could die from the cold.
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But the Snares
have found a solution.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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It's time for a trip
to the penguin baths.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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00:05:14,033 --> 00:05:17,109
{\an1}After a thorough rinse,
the penguins spread
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00:05:17,133 --> 00:05:20,766
a very special wax
through their feathers.
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Produced in a gland
at the base of the tail,
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{\an1}it creates a waterproof barrier
that insulates and streamlines.
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{\an1}The wax is also antimicrobial,
deterring unwanted germs.
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{\an1}For some penguins, this process
can take up to 3 hours a day.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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{\an1}But it's a price worth paying
for their forest sanctuary.
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Penguins can be found
in unexpected places.
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{\an1}And perhaps nowhere is
more surprising than this one.
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{\an1}Here, penguins have found a way
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to survive the usual
sweltering heat of the equator.
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{\an1}They're one of the smallest
members of the family.
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{\an1}Standing at just 19 inches...
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00:06:43,533 --> 00:06:46,176
{\an7}the Galapagos penguins.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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{\an1}These remote volcanic islands
may seem harsh and unforgiving
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but the inlets
and coves offer a haven,
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{\an1}and not just for penguins.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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{\an1}With few land predators...
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[ Honking ]
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the rocky shores provide ample
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nesting sites
and shelter from the sun.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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Lava tubes crisscross
the islands.
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{\an1}It's the perfect place to escape
the midday heat...
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[ Chirping ]
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and raise young.
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[ Honking ]
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{\an1}There are other advantages, too.
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{\an1}Even though these islands
are located on the equator,
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{\an1}the water is much colder
than you'd expect.
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And it's all because
of the Humboldt Current.
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00:08:00,166 --> 00:08:08,166
{\an8}♪♪♪
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00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:12,876
{\an1}Traveling from over 5,000
miles away in Antarctica,
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00:08:12,900 --> 00:08:15,909
it delivers cold
penguin-friendly water
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00:08:15,933 --> 00:08:18,100
{\an1}to these volcanic islands...
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{\an1}...as well as food in abundance.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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It's thought that
the Humboldt Current
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00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:36,509
carried the penguins
here around 4 million years ago.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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00:08:41,400 --> 00:08:43,976
{\an1}They certainly didn't fly here.
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Penguins are believed
to have lost
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00:08:45,733 --> 00:08:49,176
that ability
60 million years ago.
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{\an1}Swimming is what penguins
do best.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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00:09:02,033 --> 00:09:06,342
{\an1}Sheltered islands, cool waters,
and a rich stream of food
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{\an1}allows the Galapagos penguin
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to live farther north
than any other.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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It might seem like
an unusual home for them,
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{\an1}but penguins are excellent
at pushing boundaries.
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{\an1}Cape Town, South Africa,
is home to 4.6 million people.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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And 3,000 penguins.
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{\an7}This is the African penguin.
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{\an1}When they've had enough
of posing for the cameras...
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WOMAN: Aah!
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{\an1}NARRATOR: They head for
an unexpected retreat.
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[ Horn honks ]
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{\an1}This female has secured herself
a perfect nesting spot
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{\an1}in a residential garden.
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{\an1}The road outside can get noisy,
but she doesn't seem to mind.
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{\an1}The traffic keeps predators
at bay.
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{\an1}She's hungry, but she must wait
for her mate to return
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{\an1}or risk losing the nest
to another penguin.
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00:10:51,966 --> 00:10:55,233
And he's just started
his journey home.
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[ Honking ]
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{\an1}We might be more used to seeing
penguins hopping up rocks...
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00:11:06,866 --> 00:11:10,166
but steps can be
much more convenient.
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00:11:11,500 --> 00:11:17,142
{\an8}♪♪♪
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00:11:17,166 --> 00:11:20,942
{\an1}It's rush hour in the city,
and to get back to the nest,
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he joins the rest
of Cape Town's commuters.
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[ Horn honks ]
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{\an1}Traveling with a group keeps him
safer on the busy roads
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and pathways.
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[ Horns honking ]
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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The hectic traffic
separates the pack.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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[ Squawking ]
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{\an1}A recent study has revealed
that African penguins
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{\an1}have a complex vocal repertoire
similar to that of humans,
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{\an1}and the group can recognize
individual calls.
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00:12:16,300 --> 00:12:20,042
{\an1}But it's hard to be heard over
the noise of rush hour traffic.
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[ Horn honks ]
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00:12:23,466 --> 00:12:25,500
{\an1}He needs to wait it out.
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00:12:29,866 --> 00:12:32,576
His mate will
have to be patient.
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00:12:32,600 --> 00:12:35,176
{\an1}He's going to be late again.
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00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:38,366
{\an8}♪♪♪
147
00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:44,042
Time to make a move.
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00:12:44,066 --> 00:12:52,066
{\an8}♪♪♪
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00:12:54,300 --> 00:12:58,366
{\an1}He needs to keep his eyes open
for distracted drivers.
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00:12:59,400 --> 00:13:02,500
{\an1}[ Tires squeal, horn honks ]
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00:13:04,733 --> 00:13:07,876
But he's almost home.
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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00:13:12,666 --> 00:13:15,533
[ Dog barking ]
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{\an8}♪♪♪
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00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:31,342
{\an1}African penguins have changed
their behaviors to adapt
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to the modern world.
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00:13:34,933 --> 00:13:38,076
This pair have chosen
a backstreet garden
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00:13:38,100 --> 00:13:40,942
{\an1}as a suitable nesting site.
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00:13:40,966 --> 00:13:45,276
{\an8}♪♪♪
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00:13:45,300 --> 00:13:49,109
[ Calling ]
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00:13:49,133 --> 00:13:52,742
{\an1}And finding a safe place
to raise young
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is a top priority
for all penguins.
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00:13:58,900 --> 00:14:03,076
{\an1}But one species has gone
to even greater lengths.
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00:14:03,100 --> 00:14:05,300
{\an1}[ Honking and squawking ]
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00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:17,000
{\an8}♪♪♪
166
00:14:26,033 --> 00:14:28,766
{\an8}These are Adélies.
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00:14:31,133 --> 00:14:35,033
{\an1}And this is the longest
penguin migration on Earth.
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00:14:38,333 --> 00:14:41,242
Adélies don't lay
their eggs on ice.
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00:14:41,266 --> 00:14:44,209
{\an1}They must continually monitor
the expanding
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00:14:44,233 --> 00:14:46,476
{\an1}and contracting ice edge,
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00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:49,109
{\an1}traveling 8,000 miles a year
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00:14:49,133 --> 00:14:54,909
{\an1}to stay close to an area
of Antarctica with bare rock.
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00:14:54,933 --> 00:15:01,076
99% of them return to
the same nests each year.
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00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:04,776
{\an1}But after a harsh winter,
the entire breeding ground
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00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:07,909
{\an1}is in need of renovation.
176
00:15:07,933 --> 00:15:10,809
{\an1}And time is of the essence.
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00:15:10,833 --> 00:15:14,766
{\an1}The males have just days
before their partners return.
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00:15:19,066 --> 00:15:21,076
{\an1}No other penguin in the family
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00:15:21,100 --> 00:15:24,100
puts as much effort
into building its nest.
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00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:28,509
{\an1}And this conscientious male
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00:15:28,533 --> 00:15:32,433
takes his time
selecting the perfect pebbles.
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00:15:40,033 --> 00:15:44,000
{\an1}Finding stones that are
just right isn't easy.
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00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:55,342
{\an1}So some sneaky individuals
have found a shortcut.
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00:15:55,366 --> 00:16:03,366
{\an8}♪♪♪
185
00:16:32,233 --> 00:16:34,842
{\an1}This poor male seems unaware
that his hard work
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00:16:34,866 --> 00:16:36,942
is being undermined.
187
00:16:36,966 --> 00:16:44,966
{\an8}♪♪♪
188
00:16:47,233 --> 00:16:51,500
{\an1}The thief's nest, however,
is coming along very nicely.
189
00:16:55,533 --> 00:16:59,042
{\an1}He clearly knows to keep a sharp
lookout for raiders.
190
00:16:59,066 --> 00:17:04,376
{\an8}♪♪♪
191
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:06,809
[ Squawks ]
192
00:17:06,833 --> 00:17:11,842
{\an8}♪♪♪
193
00:17:11,866 --> 00:17:16,376
{\an1}A few days later, the penguins
have finished their renovations.
194
00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:18,433
[ Calling ]
195
00:17:22,266 --> 00:17:26,933
{\an1}And with the females arriving,
it's just in the nick of time.
196
00:17:30,566 --> 00:17:34,342
{\an1}These couples haven't seen
each other for nine months.
197
00:17:34,366 --> 00:17:42,366
{\an8}♪♪♪
198
00:17:48,033 --> 00:17:51,376
{\an1}And whether through hard work
or thievery,
199
00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:55,309
{\an1}the newly renovated nests
seem to have impressed.
200
00:17:55,333 --> 00:18:03,333
{\an8}♪♪♪
201
00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:20,709
{\an1}Penguins are certainly
imaginative nest builders.
202
00:18:20,733 --> 00:18:23,633
{\an1}They're also devoted parents.
203
00:18:26,333 --> 00:18:31,209
{\an1}And no penguins demonstrate this
better than the rockhoppers.
204
00:18:31,233 --> 00:18:39,233
{\an8}♪♪♪
205
00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:45,133
[ Warbling ]
206
00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:52,766
{\an1}This male stands guard over his
newly hatched and hungry chick.
207
00:18:56,966 --> 00:18:59,233
He has nothing left to feed him.
208
00:19:01,466 --> 00:19:06,276
{\an1}And if mom doesn't get back
soon, the chick will starve.
209
00:19:06,300 --> 00:19:14,300
{\an8}♪♪♪
210
00:19:17,366 --> 00:19:20,009
{\an1}She's been out fishing
for several days
211
00:19:20,033 --> 00:19:22,376
{\an1}and is on her way back,
212
00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:26,009
but there's
a huge challenge ahead.
213
00:19:26,033 --> 00:19:31,500
{\an1}The rough sea crashing on this
jagged coastline is treacherous.
214
00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:38,042
{\an1}And a huge male sea lion,
215
00:19:38,066 --> 00:19:42,333
100 times her size,
is on the hunt for food.
216
00:19:52,933 --> 00:19:56,076
{\an1}In such immense waves,
strong chest
217
00:19:56,100 --> 00:19:59,966
{\an1}and back muscles help her
to withstand the impact.
218
00:20:07,833 --> 00:20:10,900
{\an1}Each step is hard won.
219
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:16,809
And worse is to come.
220
00:20:16,833 --> 00:20:23,509
{\an8}♪♪♪
221
00:20:23,533 --> 00:20:28,209
{\an1}Any loss will have dire
consequences for a family.
222
00:20:28,233 --> 00:20:36,233
{\an8}♪♪♪
223
00:20:41,066 --> 00:20:44,376
{\an1}Mom and the others battle on.
224
00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:52,400
{\an8}♪♪♪
225
00:21:10,466 --> 00:21:12,909
She's almost there.
226
00:21:12,933 --> 00:21:20,933
{\an8}♪♪♪
227
00:21:45,166 --> 00:21:47,166
[ Grumbles ]
228
00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:53,066
{\an1}Safely back on solid ground.
229
00:21:56,200 --> 00:22:01,142
And now she does
what all rockhoppers do best.
230
00:22:01,166 --> 00:22:04,033
{\an1}She hops all the way back home.
231
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:13,400
{\an8}♪♪♪
232
00:22:13,566 --> 00:22:15,466
{\an1}She makes it look easy.
233
00:22:18,033 --> 00:22:20,176
The youngsters...
234
00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:22,042
{\an1}will get there eventually.
235
00:22:22,066 --> 00:22:25,466
{\an8}♪♪♪
236
00:22:31,433 --> 00:22:38,409
{\an8}♪♪♪
237
00:22:38,433 --> 00:22:42,176
{\an1}After an arduous climb
for over a mile,
238
00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:46,142
{\an1}and out of reach of even
the most tenacious sea lion,
239
00:22:46,166 --> 00:22:48,142
she makes it home.
240
00:22:48,166 --> 00:22:56,166
{\an8}♪♪♪
241
00:22:57,133 --> 00:23:01,466
And at last,
her chick gets a meal.
242
00:23:09,733 --> 00:23:13,342
{\an1}Over the next two months,
these devoted parents pull out
243
00:23:13,366 --> 00:23:17,200
{\an1}all the stops to ensure
their youngster's survival.
244
00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:22,200
{\an1}With dad starving himself
to protect the chick...
245
00:23:25,466 --> 00:23:28,433
{\an1}...and mom risking the waves
and the sea lions...
246
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:33,833
again and again.
247
00:23:46,700 --> 00:23:50,109
{\an1}Penguins are incredibly
dedicated parents,
248
00:23:50,133 --> 00:23:53,566
{\an1}going to extraordinary lengths
to protect their chicks.
249
00:23:55,633 --> 00:23:57,909
{\an8}♪♪♪
250
00:23:57,933 --> 00:24:02,766
{\an1}But penguin chicks aren't always
as helpless as they seem.
251
00:24:04,900 --> 00:24:10,709
{\an1}Antarctica is the coldest
and windiest continent on Earth.
252
00:24:10,733 --> 00:24:15,576
{\an8}♪♪♪
253
00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:18,376
The largest member of
the penguin family
254
00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:21,509
chooses to breed
here regardless.
255
00:24:21,533 --> 00:24:29,533
{\an8}♪♪♪
256
00:24:31,533 --> 00:24:34,542
Emperor chicks
are the only offspring
257
00:24:34,566 --> 00:24:39,342
to be born
in the Antarctic winter.
258
00:24:39,366 --> 00:24:43,042
To survive here,
they have to be tough.
259
00:24:43,066 --> 00:24:46,242
{\an8}♪♪♪
260
00:24:46,266 --> 00:24:48,776
[ Chirping ]
261
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:52,209
{\an8}♪♪♪
262
00:24:52,233 --> 00:24:55,476
{\an1}Special brooding pouches
have provided months
263
00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:58,576
of shelter
from the bitter winds.
264
00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:04,276
{\an8}♪♪♪
265
00:25:04,300 --> 00:25:06,809
{\an1}The chicks may look vulnerable,
266
00:25:06,833 --> 00:25:09,809
but they have special
adaptations of their own
267
00:25:09,833 --> 00:25:11,466
to stay warm.
268
00:25:14,300 --> 00:25:17,909
{\an1}Feathery ankles keep out
the biting cold
269
00:25:17,933 --> 00:25:22,076
and the fat-rich food
they're fed allows them
270
00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:26,509
to build up
a thick layer of blubber.
271
00:25:26,533 --> 00:25:28,842
Some chicks...
272
00:25:28,866 --> 00:25:30,733
{\an1}are fatter than others.
273
00:25:34,833 --> 00:25:38,476
Blubber is vital
for keeping warm,
274
00:25:38,500 --> 00:25:41,842
{\an1}but thinner chicks have
an incredible adaptation
275
00:25:41,866 --> 00:25:45,709
that helps to keep them alive.
276
00:25:45,733 --> 00:25:48,442
{\an1}Scientists have discovered
that the cells of the chicks
277
00:25:48,466 --> 00:25:51,942
{\an1}who eat less actually work
more efficiently,
278
00:25:51,966 --> 00:25:56,333
{\an1}helping them to conserve more
heat even on the coldest days.
279
00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:02,309
So chubby or not,
these remarkable chicks
280
00:26:02,333 --> 00:26:04,576
{\an1}are built to survive here.
281
00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:09,409
{\an8}♪♪♪
282
00:26:09,433 --> 00:26:12,409
{\an1}[ Penguins squawking ]
283
00:26:12,433 --> 00:26:16,309
{\an1}Emperor and king penguins
are the only birds on Earth
284
00:26:16,333 --> 00:26:19,033
to incubate the egg
on their feet.
285
00:26:21,266 --> 00:26:24,976
But once hatched,
they can't stay there forever,
286
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,542
and today, this chick
287
00:26:27,566 --> 00:26:31,209
must venture out onto
the freezing ice alone.
288
00:26:31,233 --> 00:26:37,842
{\an8}♪♪♪
289
00:26:37,866 --> 00:26:40,133
{\an1}With a little encouragement
from dad...
290
00:26:42,366 --> 00:26:45,909
{\an1}...he takes his first steps
onto the snow.
291
00:26:45,933 --> 00:26:52,042
{\an8}♪♪♪
292
00:26:52,066 --> 00:26:55,409
{\an1}His feet are perfectly adapted
to the terrain,
293
00:26:55,433 --> 00:26:58,242
{\an1}with special fats to keep them
from freezing
294
00:26:58,266 --> 00:27:00,900
and strong claws
to grip the ice.
295
00:27:02,900 --> 00:27:05,776
{\an1}Dad keeps a close eye,
296
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:07,709
but these first solo
explorations
297
00:27:07,733 --> 00:27:12,209
{\an1}are so important for this
chick's eventual independence.
298
00:27:12,233 --> 00:27:20,233
{\an8}♪♪♪
299
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:38,276
{\an1}Being able to make new friends
will be crucial
300
00:27:38,300 --> 00:27:41,276
to a successful life
in the colony.
301
00:27:41,300 --> 00:27:49,300
{\an8}♪♪♪
302
00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:59,409
{\an1}But it can be dangerous
to stray too far from dad.
303
00:27:59,433 --> 00:28:04,166
{\an8}♪♪♪
304
00:28:09,833 --> 00:28:16,276
{\an8}♪♪♪
305
00:28:16,300 --> 00:28:19,733
[ Squawking ]
306
00:28:23,033 --> 00:28:26,276
{\an1}So strong is the parental urge
to raise a chick
307
00:28:26,300 --> 00:28:28,942
that these adults,
who have lost their chicks
308
00:28:28,966 --> 00:28:32,533
in the bitter storms,
try to kidnap others.
309
00:28:35,433 --> 00:28:38,876
Desperation can turn
to violence.
310
00:28:38,900 --> 00:28:46,900
{\an8}♪♪♪
311
00:28:49,433 --> 00:28:52,609
This chick has had
a lucky escape.
312
00:28:52,633 --> 00:28:54,709
[ Wind whistling ]
313
00:28:54,733 --> 00:29:02,733
{\an8}♪♪♪
314
00:29:08,333 --> 00:29:13,309
{\an1}The volatile Antarctic weather
can change in an instant.
315
00:29:13,333 --> 00:29:18,976
{\an8}♪♪♪
316
00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:21,742
{\an1}Despite its cold weather
adaptations,
317
00:29:21,766 --> 00:29:25,709
{\an1}this chick isn't quite ready
for complete independence.
318
00:29:25,733 --> 00:29:28,276
{\an1}Without its insulating
adult feathers
319
00:29:28,300 --> 00:29:32,242
and the warmth
of its parents, it will perish.
320
00:29:32,266 --> 00:29:40,266
{\an8}♪♪♪
321
00:29:40,866 --> 00:29:45,076
{\an1}The chick's call is as unique
as a fingerprint.
322
00:29:45,100 --> 00:29:47,000
[ Chirping ]
323
00:29:50,233 --> 00:29:53,976
{\an8}♪♪♪
324
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:59,109
Even from a distance,
through howling winds,
325
00:29:59,133 --> 00:30:01,376
dad recognizes it.
326
00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:07,309
{\an8}♪♪♪
327
00:30:07,333 --> 00:30:11,209
[ Chirping ]
328
00:30:11,233 --> 00:30:19,233
{\an8}♪♪♪
329
00:30:27,666 --> 00:30:31,309
{\an1}That's enough excitement
for one day.
330
00:30:31,333 --> 00:30:35,942
{\an8}♪♪♪
331
00:30:35,966 --> 00:30:40,276
[ Wind whistling ]
332
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:42,876
{\an1}Penguins are especially
successful
333
00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:45,866
{\an1}because of their ability
to live in a colony...
334
00:30:49,133 --> 00:30:53,542
{\an1}...creating some of the largest
bird gatherings on Earth.
335
00:30:53,566 --> 00:31:01,566
{\an8}♪♪♪
336
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:07,742
{\an7}Over a million royal penguins
337
00:31:07,766 --> 00:31:11,466
{\an7}gather on the Pacific Ocean's
Macquarie Island.
338
00:31:13,666 --> 00:31:16,576
{\an7}Having spent months out
in the open ocean,
339
00:31:16,600 --> 00:31:20,609
{\an1}the cramped conditions
can be challenging at first.
340
00:31:20,633 --> 00:31:23,542
[ Squawking ]
341
00:31:23,566 --> 00:31:28,076
{\an1}But there is safety in numbers.
342
00:31:28,100 --> 00:31:32,109
{\an7}In Peru, the Humboldt penguin
teams up with other sea birds,
343
00:31:32,133 --> 00:31:36,076
{\an8}like cormorants,
to form huge mixed colonies.
344
00:31:36,100 --> 00:31:41,742
{\an8}♪♪♪
345
00:31:41,766 --> 00:31:46,676
{\an1}And across the Antarctic region,
24 million macaronis
346
00:31:46,700 --> 00:31:49,033
{\an1}live in close-knit colonies.
347
00:31:51,033 --> 00:31:55,842
{\an1}Macaronis are the most numerous
of any penguin species.
348
00:31:55,866 --> 00:32:00,200
{\an1}They gather chicks together
into crèches to keep them safe.
349
00:32:04,900 --> 00:32:06,876
{\an1}Such dedicated parenting
350
00:32:06,900 --> 00:32:12,176
has enabled penguins
to thrive in large numbers.
351
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:15,009
{\an1}And their unique biology
has seen them conquer
352
00:32:15,033 --> 00:32:17,800
{\an1}the Southern Ocean and beyond.
353
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:28,509
{\an8}♪♪♪
354
00:32:28,533 --> 00:32:32,633
{\an1}This is the fastest penguin
on the planet...
355
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:38,442
the gentoo.
356
00:32:38,466 --> 00:32:42,909
{\an8}♪♪♪
357
00:32:42,933 --> 00:32:47,633
{\an1}Here in the Falkland Islands,
lobster krill occur in swarms.
358
00:32:50,633 --> 00:32:54,800
For the gentoo,
it's a favorite feast.
359
00:32:58,733 --> 00:33:02,776
{\an1}Reaching speeds of 22 miles
an hour,
360
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:06,209
{\an1}diving as deep as 650 feet,
361
00:33:06,233 --> 00:33:09,842
{\an1}and holding their breath
for up to seven minutes,
362
00:33:09,866 --> 00:33:13,542
{\an1}they've evolved to become
supreme aquatic athletes.
363
00:33:13,566 --> 00:33:17,933
{\an8}♪♪♪
364
00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:23,266
Bellies full,
they head for shore.
365
00:33:32,100 --> 00:33:36,066
And now their skills
are really put to the test.
366
00:33:39,466 --> 00:33:41,676
A southern sea lion.
367
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:49,700
{\an8}♪♪♪
368
00:33:52,333 --> 00:33:55,009
{\an1}The penguins' streamlined bodies
allow them
369
00:33:55,033 --> 00:33:58,776
{\an1}to shoot out of the water,
370
00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:03,533
{\an1}a trick known as porpoising,
thought to confuse predators.
371
00:34:07,466 --> 00:34:12,733
{\an1}Short feet act like rudders,
catapulting them into the air.
372
00:34:15,866 --> 00:34:21,009
{\an1}And fused muscular flippers
allow them to make sharp turns.
373
00:34:21,033 --> 00:34:27,009
{\an8}♪♪♪
374
00:34:27,033 --> 00:34:30,442
{\an1}Sea lions are extremely adept
in the water,
375
00:34:30,466 --> 00:34:34,509
{\an1}but they can't quite compete
with the gentoo's agility.
376
00:34:34,533 --> 00:34:40,776
{\an8}♪♪♪
377
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:45,709
On land, however,
the penguins' advantage is lost.
378
00:34:45,733 --> 00:34:53,733
{\an8}♪♪♪
379
00:35:01,700 --> 00:35:05,976
{\an1}The gentoo's only chance
is to get back to the sea.
380
00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:14,000
{\an8}♪♪♪
381
00:35:22,833 --> 00:35:25,133
[ Squawks, honks ]
382
00:35:27,566 --> 00:35:35,566
{\an8}♪♪♪
383
00:35:53,233 --> 00:35:56,409
[ Squawking ]
384
00:35:56,433 --> 00:36:00,209
{\an8}♪♪♪
385
00:36:00,233 --> 00:36:01,933
He's made it.
386
00:36:11,966 --> 00:36:15,076
{\an7}The Fjordland penguin uses
its streamlined body
387
00:36:15,100 --> 00:36:17,542
{\an7}for another purpose...
388
00:36:17,566 --> 00:36:22,242
{\an1}to zip up the narrow streams
and rivers of New Zealand,
389
00:36:22,266 --> 00:36:25,276
{\an1}a perfect shortcut to safe
nesting grounds
390
00:36:25,300 --> 00:36:26,933
deep in the forest.
391
00:36:33,766 --> 00:36:37,442
{\an1}Penguins are supremely adapted
to an aquatic life,
392
00:36:37,466 --> 00:36:42,009
{\an1}spending 75% of their lives
in the water.
393
00:36:42,033 --> 00:36:47,342
{\an1}But all penguins have to walk
on land at some point.
394
00:36:47,366 --> 00:36:48,776
And to get around,
395
00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:51,800
they've developed
a remarkable technique.
396
00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:59,009
{\an8}♪♪♪
397
00:36:59,033 --> 00:37:04,509
{\an1}This is the chinstrap penguin.
398
00:37:04,533 --> 00:37:07,576
{\an1}It makes its home on some of
the most hostile islands
399
00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:09,233
{\an1}of the Southern Ocean.
400
00:37:12,133 --> 00:37:15,909
{\an1}Active volcanos here warm
the ground,
401
00:37:15,933 --> 00:37:18,333
{\an1}melting the snow early
in the year.
402
00:37:20,633 --> 00:37:25,166
{\an1}Trouble is, the best spots
are far from the sea.
403
00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:31,276
To get there
means a very long walk.
404
00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:39,066
{\an8}♪♪♪
405
00:37:42,266 --> 00:37:47,066
{\an1}The tough hike is made easier
by the infamous penguin waddle.
406
00:37:50,566 --> 00:37:55,076
{\an1}This unusual style of locomotion
may look inefficient,
407
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:58,400
but surprisingly,
it works in their favor.
408
00:38:01,766 --> 00:38:03,209
Like a pendulum,
409
00:38:03,233 --> 00:38:05,976
{\an1}the side-to-side motion
stores energy
410
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:08,209
{\an1}at the end of each movement,
411
00:38:08,233 --> 00:38:11,100
{\an1}energy that can be used
in the next step.
412
00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:18,609
{\an1}We humans get 65% of the energy
back with each step,
413
00:38:18,633 --> 00:38:21,166
{\an1}but penguins can get up to 80%.
414
00:38:23,900 --> 00:38:28,342
{\an1}So the waddle is more efficient
than our own walk.
415
00:38:28,366 --> 00:38:31,400
Which means they can
walk farther, for longer.
416
00:38:36,966 --> 00:38:39,109
And when it comes
to a cliff face covered
417
00:38:39,133 --> 00:38:41,666
{\an1}in slippery volcanic ash...
418
00:38:46,266 --> 00:38:49,842
{\an1}...the penguin's strong feet
and hooked beak pull
419
00:38:49,866 --> 00:38:51,733
and push it upwards.
420
00:38:55,933 --> 00:39:00,200
{\an1}A bird built for life at sea
has mastered the land.
421
00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:10,542
{\an1}Now all this dad has to do
is find his family...
422
00:39:10,566 --> 00:39:13,300
{\an1}amongst a million others.
423
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:29,400
{\an1}Another secret to the penguins'
success is its feathers.
424
00:39:32,366 --> 00:39:35,576
{\an1}But only if they're kept
in perfect condition.
425
00:39:35,600 --> 00:39:43,600
{\an8}♪♪♪
426
00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:48,142
{\an7}A yearly process of regeneration
is crucial,
427
00:39:48,166 --> 00:39:52,676
{\an8}and king penguins
take this very seriously indeed.
428
00:39:52,700 --> 00:39:56,600
{\an8}♪♪♪
429
00:39:59,366 --> 00:40:01,942
Months of battering
by the Southern Ocean
430
00:40:01,966 --> 00:40:04,733
have taken their toll
on the kings' feathers.
431
00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:09,509
{\an1}And now, in South Georgia,
432
00:40:09,533 --> 00:40:14,376
{\an1}thousands are coming ashore
for an essential makeover.
433
00:40:14,400 --> 00:40:16,976
[ Grunting ]
434
00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:21,276
{\an1}But first they have to get past
this pile of blubber.
435
00:40:21,300 --> 00:40:29,300
{\an8}♪♪♪
436
00:40:41,900 --> 00:40:45,042
{\an1}[ Grunting, trumpeting ]
437
00:40:45,066 --> 00:40:53,066
{\an8}♪♪♪
438
00:41:03,266 --> 00:41:06,400
The colony at last.
439
00:41:10,633 --> 00:41:13,400
{\an1}The great transformation
can begin.
440
00:41:17,466 --> 00:41:22,376
{\an1}Starting with a really
good scratch.
441
00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:26,509
{\an8}♪♪♪
442
00:41:26,533 --> 00:41:30,509
Small, stiff feathers
tightly packed over soft down
443
00:41:30,533 --> 00:41:35,442
{\an1}have given this penguin
a blanket of insulation.
444
00:41:35,466 --> 00:41:38,609
But he must now shed
all four layers,
445
00:41:38,633 --> 00:41:42,576
a process known
as the catastrophic molt.
446
00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:49,442
{\an8}♪♪♪
447
00:41:49,466 --> 00:41:53,776
{\an1}Shedding thousands of feathers
is a tedious process,
448
00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:56,609
but every penguin
must do it once a year.
449
00:41:56,633 --> 00:42:03,709
{\an8}♪♪♪
450
00:42:03,733 --> 00:42:08,609
{\an1}The longer it takes, the longer
he'll have to go without food,
451
00:42:08,633 --> 00:42:10,909
{\an1}a true trial of endurance.
452
00:42:10,933 --> 00:42:18,933
{\an8}♪♪♪
453
00:42:22,500 --> 00:42:26,509
{\an1}But after a long month,
454
00:42:26,533 --> 00:42:29,600
{\an1}he is the image of perfection.
455
00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:36,209
{\an1}Like a new winter coat,
his feathers are restored.
456
00:42:36,233 --> 00:42:43,076
{\an8}♪♪♪
457
00:42:43,100 --> 00:42:46,576
{\an1}And he doesn't waste any time
testing it out.
458
00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:54,600
{\an8}♪♪♪
459
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:59,476
{\an1}A long awaited meal is in store.
460
00:42:59,500 --> 00:43:07,500
{\an8}♪♪♪
461
00:43:16,633 --> 00:43:18,442
{\an1}Over millions of years,
462
00:43:18,466 --> 00:43:23,309
{\an1}penguins have evolved to
master life on land and at sea,
463
00:43:23,333 --> 00:43:28,242
{\an1}to become superb parents
and to conquer forests,
464
00:43:28,266 --> 00:43:31,766
{\an1}deserts, and even cities.
465
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:40,476
{\an1}But we humans are changing the
planet faster than ever before,
466
00:43:40,500 --> 00:43:43,576
and some penguins
are struggling to keep up.
467
00:43:43,600 --> 00:43:48,209
{\an8}♪♪♪
468
00:43:48,233 --> 00:43:50,909
{\an8}The smallest penguin
in the world,
469
00:43:50,933 --> 00:43:53,342
{\an7}the aptly named little penguin,
470
00:43:53,366 --> 00:43:55,709
{\an8}has lived on Australia's beaches
471
00:43:55,733 --> 00:43:59,509
{\an7}for 2.4 million years.
472
00:43:59,533 --> 00:44:01,676
{\an1}But in the last 200 years,
473
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:04,576
with the introduction
of cats and foxes,
474
00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:07,100
they're now at risk
of extinction.
475
00:44:11,233 --> 00:44:13,376
{\an1}On New Zealand's South Island,
476
00:44:13,400 --> 00:44:17,133
{\an8}yellow-eyed penguins
used to be hunted for food.
477
00:44:19,966 --> 00:44:23,576
{\an7}More recently, habitat loss
and alien predators
478
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,809
{\an1}have decimated their numbers,
479
00:44:26,833 --> 00:44:29,666
{\an1}leaving just 2,000 pairs.
480
00:44:33,866 --> 00:44:38,142
{\an1}On the east coast of Patagonia
lives another colony
481
00:44:38,166 --> 00:44:41,609
of penguins in serious decline.
482
00:44:41,633 --> 00:44:48,776
{\an8}♪♪♪
483
00:44:48,800 --> 00:44:54,142
{\an7}The Magellanic penguin makes its
home in the scorching desert.
484
00:44:54,166 --> 00:45:02,166
{\an8}♪♪♪
485
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:04,809
Every few years,
486
00:45:04,833 --> 00:45:09,209
this colony suffers
a dramatic loss of chicks.
487
00:45:09,233 --> 00:45:15,542
{\an1}As many as 60% will die in one
season, and no one knows why.
488
00:45:15,566 --> 00:45:18,366
{\an8}♪♪♪
489
00:45:20,500 --> 00:45:23,976
{\an1}Now a group of scientists
from Swansea University
490
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:26,509
{\an1}are on a mission to find out.
491
00:45:26,533 --> 00:45:30,576
{\an8}♪♪♪
492
00:45:30,600 --> 00:45:33,042
{\an1}They believe the problem may lie
493
00:45:33,066 --> 00:45:36,776
in what they're
eating out at sea.
494
00:45:36,800 --> 00:45:39,076
{\an1}But how do you keep up with
fast-swimming
495
00:45:39,100 --> 00:45:41,733
deep-diving penguins out there?
496
00:45:45,800 --> 00:45:48,109
{\an1}The answer is cameras.
497
00:45:48,133 --> 00:45:56,133
{\an8}♪♪♪
498
00:45:56,366 --> 00:46:00,342
{\an1}Streamlined and super light,
they're carefully attached,
499
00:46:00,366 --> 00:46:02,042
{\an1}and in a matter of minutes,
500
00:46:02,066 --> 00:46:04,309
{\an1}the parents are returned
to their chicks,
501
00:46:04,333 --> 00:46:07,909
entirely unfazed
by their mini backpacks.
502
00:46:07,933 --> 00:46:15,933
{\an8}♪♪♪
503
00:46:18,400 --> 00:46:21,642
{\an1}Penguins spend the majority
of their time at sea,
504
00:46:21,666 --> 00:46:25,200
{\an1}but it's the part of their lives
we know the least about.
505
00:46:28,300 --> 00:46:31,609
So this technology
is groundbreaking.
506
00:46:31,633 --> 00:46:33,800
{\an8}♪♪♪
507
00:46:39,833 --> 00:46:44,876
{\an1}The cameras show the Magellanics
traveling as far as 200 miles
508
00:46:44,900 --> 00:46:48,766
{\an1}and diving up to 400 times
on each fishing trip.
509
00:46:50,200 --> 00:46:52,976
And when the penguin
finally finds food,
510
00:46:53,000 --> 00:46:55,100
{\an1}it does something astonishing.
511
00:46:57,166 --> 00:47:00,009
{\an1}It chooses to ignore it.
512
00:47:00,033 --> 00:47:05,809
Time and time again,
it swims past shrimp, squid,
513
00:47:05,833 --> 00:47:09,600
and lobster krill,
all viable penguin food.
514
00:47:13,633 --> 00:47:16,766
{\an1}It seems to be searching
for something else.
515
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:27,209
{\an1}Anchovies, rich in oil,
a penguin superfood.
516
00:47:27,233 --> 00:47:35,233
{\an8}♪♪♪
517
00:47:36,866 --> 00:47:39,642
{\an1}They are the most nutritious
prey Magellanics
518
00:47:39,666 --> 00:47:42,776
{\an1}can feed their chicks,
and this footage proves
519
00:47:42,800 --> 00:47:45,442
that the penguins
actively seek them out.
520
00:47:45,466 --> 00:47:51,209
{\an8}♪♪♪
521
00:47:51,233 --> 00:47:56,109
{\an1}But anchovies are heavily
fished for human consumption.
522
00:47:56,133 --> 00:48:01,709
{\an8}♪♪♪
523
00:48:01,733 --> 00:48:04,709
{\an1}And now scientists believe
that overfishing
524
00:48:04,733 --> 00:48:07,800
is the main
cause of chick mortality.
525
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:15,376
Without access to
the most nutritious food,
526
00:48:15,400 --> 00:48:18,276
the chicks
are just not surviving.
527
00:48:18,300 --> 00:48:22,109
[ Chirping ]
528
00:48:22,133 --> 00:48:23,976
{\an1}With this vital information,
529
00:48:24,000 --> 00:48:27,409
scientists can now
influence policymakers
530
00:48:27,433 --> 00:48:30,009
to set sustainable
fishing quotas
531
00:48:30,033 --> 00:48:33,509
and help to secure
the Magellanics' future.
532
00:48:33,533 --> 00:48:36,742
{\an8}♪♪♪
533
00:48:36,766 --> 00:48:39,209
{\an8}[ Wind whistling ]
534
00:48:39,233 --> 00:48:41,376
{\an7}Of all the penguin species,
535
00:48:41,400 --> 00:48:45,709
{\an8}the least known is
the erect-crested penguin.
536
00:48:45,733 --> 00:48:48,476
{\an8}It lives so remotely
in the South Pacific
537
00:48:48,500 --> 00:48:51,709
{\an1}that few people have ever
seen it,
538
00:48:51,733 --> 00:48:53,633
let alone studied it.
539
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:58,042
So, if the species
is in decline,
540
00:48:58,066 --> 00:49:01,842
we might not know
until it's too late.
541
00:49:01,866 --> 00:49:06,176
{\an1}And the 18th and final penguin
in the family could disappear
542
00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:09,000
before anyone
has had a chance to save it.
543
00:49:12,400 --> 00:49:16,609
{\an1}Even the iconic emperor
penguin is in trouble.
544
00:49:16,633 --> 00:49:20,209
{\an1}Up to 20% of them could
disappear in the next century
545
00:49:20,233 --> 00:49:24,776
{\an1}as a result of receding sea ice.
546
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:27,842
{\an1}But it's not all bad news.
547
00:49:27,866 --> 00:49:32,209
{\an1}Technology is giving us
new insights.
548
00:49:32,233 --> 00:49:36,476
{\an1}The very fact that emperors live
so remotely has historically
549
00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:39,233
{\an1}made them incredibly hard
to monitor.
550
00:49:41,900 --> 00:49:45,042
Until now.
551
00:49:45,066 --> 00:49:47,842
{\an1}Over 400 miles above us,
552
00:49:47,866 --> 00:49:52,142
{\an1}satellites continually
capture images of the Earth...
553
00:49:52,166 --> 00:49:56,509
{\an8}♪♪♪
554
00:49:56,533 --> 00:49:58,509
images so detailed
555
00:49:58,533 --> 00:50:02,700
{\an1}that scientists are making
some startling discoveries.
556
00:50:05,666 --> 00:50:12,442
{\an1}From space, Antarctica is
a great expanse of white.
557
00:50:12,466 --> 00:50:17,500
{\an1}Except for these strange brown
patches dotted across the ice.
558
00:50:20,900 --> 00:50:24,342
Brown patches...
559
00:50:24,366 --> 00:50:26,466
of penguin droppings.
560
00:50:30,400 --> 00:50:34,442
Emperor colonies,
10,000 birds strong,
561
00:50:34,466 --> 00:50:36,509
{\an1}leave a mess behind them.
562
00:50:36,533 --> 00:50:39,033
{\an8}♪♪♪
563
00:50:41,533 --> 00:50:44,076
{\an1}As the ground beneath them
gets dirtier,
564
00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:48,500
{\an1}they migrate across the ice
to fresh, clean snow.
565
00:50:52,333 --> 00:50:56,376
{\an1}And as they, do they leave
a trail behind them.
566
00:50:56,400 --> 00:51:01,076
{\an8}♪♪♪
567
00:51:01,100 --> 00:51:05,400
{\an1}From space, a penguin colony
would be difficult to spot...
568
00:51:08,833 --> 00:51:12,800
{\an1}...but the marks they leave
behind stand out.
569
00:51:15,400 --> 00:51:18,376
{\an1}So without even stepping foot
on Antarctica,
570
00:51:18,400 --> 00:51:24,509
{\an1}scientists are discovering new
populations of emperor penguins,
571
00:51:24,533 --> 00:51:27,376
{\an1}and they can even determine
the size of the colony
572
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:30,033
from the dimensions
of these trails.
573
00:51:33,733 --> 00:51:38,242
{\an1}37 new colonies have been found
in this way,
574
00:51:38,266 --> 00:51:40,976
{\an1}more than doubling the known
global population
575
00:51:41,000 --> 00:51:44,209
of the species.
576
00:51:44,233 --> 00:51:48,676
With each new colony
discovered, there is hope.
577
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:53,842
{\an8}♪♪♪
578
00:51:53,866 --> 00:51:58,009
{\an1}From the forests of their
ancestral home in New Zealand
579
00:51:58,033 --> 00:52:01,809
{\an1}to the equator and back,
580
00:52:01,833 --> 00:52:04,942
{\an1}the penguin family story
581
00:52:04,966 --> 00:52:08,366
is one of resilience
and adaptation.
582
00:52:12,400 --> 00:52:15,909
{\an1}It's easy to see why they're one
of the most beloved
583
00:52:15,933 --> 00:52:18,542
{\an1}animal families on Earth.
584
00:52:18,566 --> 00:52:23,000
{\an8}♪♪♪
585
00:52:25,766 --> 00:52:33,766
{\an8}♪♪♪
586
00:53:03,200 --> 00:53:05,109
{\an8}To learn more
about what you've seen
587
00:53:05,133 --> 00:53:06,809
{\an7}on this "Nature" program,
588
00:53:06,833 --> 00:53:09,009
{\an8}visit pbs.org.
589
00:53:09,033 --> 00:53:15,266
{\an8}♪♪♪